International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 14(3), February, 2022

Pages: 06-11

Date of Publication: 01-Feb-2022


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Studies on Characterization and Optimization Parameters of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis

Author: Sirohi Sandeep, Chinta Koteswara Rao, Andanamala Vijay Rajesh, Talapudi Sruthi, DV Surya Prakash

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are metal oxide nanomaterials and are widely used in a variety of sectors due to their peculiar physicochemical properties. In the present work, the zinc oxide nanopowder was first chemically synthesized and then detailed characterization is done by various analytical techniques, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Aim: Studies on Characterization and Optimization Parameters of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis Methods: In the current study, nanoparticles of zinc oxide were synthesized by a wet chemical process with the help of precursors zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide the properties of starch were used as a stabilizing material. The powder form of zinc oxide nanoparticles that appeared white in color was purified through the centrifugation process and was stored in an Eppendorf tube at 40C for further work. Results: Synthesis conditions of zinc oxide nanoparticles were optimized using different parameters are metal ion concentrations (0.1M to 0.8M), contact time variations (0.5hr to 4hr), the effect of pH (4 to 9), and effect of temperatures (55 to 850C). The resultant ZnO NPs powder was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. Conclusion: This research work was showed the best results of ZnO NPs synthesis and the further part will continue on antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: Zinc nitrate, Zinc oxide, Nanoparticle, Optimization, FTIR, UV-VIS Spectra

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Nanobiotechnology essentially combines biotechnology and nanotechnology to produce bio-synthetic, natural, and nanoscale-based goods.1 Nanomaterial have evolved as effective antimicrobial properties for killing microbes. Nanomaterials have a unique potential to kill germs, and researchers are currently focusing their efforts on microbial resistance to metal ions, antibiotics, and the formation of resistance stains.2 The recent development in porous and nanometric materials prepared by non-conventional methods has opened new vistas in the area of zinc oxide nanoparticles.3 Nano-sized innovations have risen over the previous decade due to advancements in sciences and technology. However, metal nanoparticles have occupied utmost consideration in recent years because of their exceptional properties and potential application in catalysis, plasmonics, optoelectronics, biological sensor, and pharmaceutical applications.4 Synthesis and characterization of nano-scale substances have been an important subject for studying in applied sciences. Metal oxide nanoparticles have been extensively utilized in the previous year’s.5 The synthesis of metal oxides has made it possible to utilize the properties of nanoparticles at ground level. Now a day’s zinc oxide nanoparticles have been given utmost importance because of their unique properties like UV filtration, antibacterial, high catalytic, antifungal, and photochemical action, etc. Inorganic materials, for instance, metal and metal oxides have been laid utmost importance over the previous decade because of their unique ability to understand tedious processes. Metal oxides, for instance, ZnO, TiO2, CaO, and MgO are of peculiar interest since they are very stable under unusual tedious process conditions, these metal oxides are also known as comfortable materials for the use of human beings and animals.6 The application of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles has been seen as an important tool to stop infectious diseases because of their uncommon antimicrobial properties. The intrinsic property of different metal oxide nanoparticles is characterized its shape, size, composition, morphology, crystallinity, and various other properties.7 Zinc oxide nanoparticles are used as an effective antibacterial and antifungal agent when they are incorporated into various materials, such as cosmetics, paints, and textiles. Zinc oxide has been used in personal care products due to its bacteriostatic, fungistatic, and bactericidal properties. Zinc oxide, on the other hand, has unusual properties when reduced to nano-size compared to its bulk equivalent. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have unique features that allow them to interact with bacteria more effectively.8 As a result, less zinc oxide nanoparticles are needed to achieve the same or better fungal static and biostatic behavior. It is an excellent chemical additive for cotton fabrics in the textile sector due to its non-toxicity and skin compatibility.9

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemicals

Zinc nitrate, soluble starch, sodium hydroxide, MES buffer, Tris-HCl, Zinc nitrate hexahydrate.

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles

1% soluble starch was prepared by dissolving 0.5gm in 500 ml of lukewarm distilled water. Zinc nitrate 14.874gm (0.1mol) was added in the above solution followed by constant stirring in magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes for the complete dissolution of zinc nitrate.10 0.2 M (300ml) NaoH was added dropwise under constant stirring. After 2hr of stirring the completed reaction solution was incubated overnight. The supernatant solution was then discarded very carefully and the rest of the solution was centrifuged 10 min for 10,000 rpm.11 The supernatant was discarded again. The nanoparticle obtained were washed twice using distilled water to remove by-products and excessive starch bound with nanoparticles. After that, it was dried overnight at 80°C. Zinc hydroxide was transformed to ZnO NPs during drying.

Optimization of process parameter for zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis

a. Effect of metal ion concentration on zinc nanoparticles synthesis

The concentration of Zinc nitrate hexahydrate is an important parameter. Different concentrations ranging from (0.1–0.8M) of zinc nitrate hexahydrate used as substrate and effect on the NP synthesis was ascertained.12

b. Effect of contact time on zinc nanoparticles synthesis

Zinc nanoparticles synthesis was evaluated at different (30 min to 3 hour) contact time taking absorbance with UV–VIS spectroscopy.13

c. Effect of temperature on zinc nanoparticles synthesis

Impact of temperature on zinc nanoparticles synthesis was evaluated at different temperature (25°C-95°C) of incubator, keeping other conditions are same.

d. Effect of pH on zinc nanoparticles synthesis

The production of zinc nanoparticles was optimized by varying the pH (5-9). The pH was adjusted to 5.5 –10.5 (MES buffer, 4mM for pH 5.5-6.5 and Tris-HCl, 4mM for pH 7.5-10.5) at an interval of pH 1.0.

Characterization techniques for synthesized ZnO NPs

a.UV-VIS Spectra Analysis of ZnO Nanoparticles

Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy technique is used for optical characterization of nanoparticles. Its absorption spectra is ranges from 300 to 700nm scale.14,15 V-530 ( JASCO) model of this spectrometer is used for this research work. (I am modified above the matter)

b. Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR)

It is identity of various varieties of chemical substances is viable by this technique.16 The spectroscopy merely dependent on the records that particles soak up particular frequencies which might be feature of their shape named as resonant frequencies.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chemical Synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles

Wet chemical method as described by Taguchi was used for the fabrication of the zinc oxide nanoparticles using sodium hydroxides, zinc nitrate as precursors while starch acted as stabilizing agent in reaction Figure-1A. After synthesis powder form of zinc oxide nanoparticles seems to be white in colour as seen in Figure-1B. The same method was applied by Vigneshwaran et al. in 2006 and they found small crystals of zinc oxide nanoparticles white in colour. Reddy et al., 2006 also used top-down approach for the quick biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Liqianga et al. (2006) found the photoluminescence spectrum of zinc oxide nanocrystals with an excitation wavelength at 325nm with the same method.17 Chakarborti et al. (2010) used sol-gel injection for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles inside a porous silica matrix they successfully synthesized Zn2SiO4 crystals using similar approach.

 

  1. ZnO NPs synthesis. (B) Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles in Eppendorf after purification

Optimization of ZnO NPs synthesis

Optimization of ZnO NPs was done during the present study with respect to particle size distribution. Wet chemical method was used for optimal conditions. Following steps are involved in the optimization of ZnO NPs.

Effect of metal ion concentrations on zinc nanoparticles synthesis

The impact of different concentrations (0.1M to 0.8M) of zinc nitrate for the formation of ZnO nanoparticles was optically monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR. It is clearly seen from figure-3 that absorption spectrum of ZnO NPs was in the range of 380 - 420 nm at different concentration of zinc nitrate.18 The optimum concentration for the synthesis of ZnO NPs was exhibited at 0.3M concentration resulting in sharpest peak among all concentrations at 390 nm (figure-7), which stored in anhydrous form in eppendorf (figure-2). Increasing concentrations of zinc nitrate were used in optimization of metal ion concentration. It clearly seen from the present study that concentration of zinc nitrate from 0.1M to 0.3M exhibited upward formation of peaks however at concentration 0.3M the peak was highest subsequently concentration of zinc nitrate from 0.4M to 0.8M, there was hump formation in the peaks indicating poor absorption of zinc nitrate.19 Hence, it was concluded on the basis of present results that increasing concentration of metal ions beyond the limit leads to decreasing the formation of ZnO NPs. Similar observations for the optimization of nanoparticles with different metal ion concentrations were also reported by Kumar et al. (2013). For the better control of synthesis, optimization and morphological characteristics Bhattacharjee et al. (2011) also revealed similar results. Jamdagni et al. (2016) revealed that when they increased the concentration of flower extract from 0.25ml to 1ml, the maximum absorption was reported at 1ml of flower extract in 50ml of zinc acetate. If we alter this volume either increase or decrease then simultaneously decrease in the absorption values, their results also corroborated the present findings.      

    .

Effect of contact time on zinc nanoparticles synthesis

          The contact or incubation time is one of the influencing factor for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The obtained results of UV- Vis spectra are depicted in figure-4a and 4b. For contact hours, a spectrum up to 3 hours was recorded. The sharpest absorption peak was observed in 393 nm (after 2 hr) which remain stable after 3 hr.20 While in 0.5 and 1 hr no peak were observed. Chan (2008) found the effect of contact time on the synthesis of nanoparticles, their findings were also similar to our findings. They further also revealed that sharpness and enhancement of UV-Vis absorption peaks with an increase in incubation period. However, in the present work it is optimized at 2 hour duration and stable up to several hours as illustrated in figure-4b.

 

Effect of temperature on zinc nanoparticles synthesis

       Temperature is another most important physical factor for the synthesis of ZnO NPs, UV-Vis spectroscopy signify the role of temperature during nanoparticles synthesis.21 The optimization of the suitable temperature for the reduction of nanoparticles in the reaction process was optimized between 250C to 950C however no spectra were observed between 250C to 450C. Spectra between 550C to 650C are visualized similar pattern with low and extremely wide absorption peak, while absorption peak increased considerable on 750C as depicted in figure- 5a. A sharp and stable peak was observed at 850C with the absorption 390 nm figure- 5b. No prominent peak was observed at 950C. No major peak shifted during optimization process in the synthesis of ZnO NPs.22 However it was noticed that high temperature (850C) was most favourable for ZnO NPs synthesis. Rajendran et al. (2010) found different particle size of ZnO, depending on the range of pH and Temperature. Dissipation of zinc ion in nuclei was increased with higher temperature due to enhanced rate of reduction. Shaymurat et al. (2011) also worked on the ZnO NPs with different ranges of temperature and reported similar findings.

Effect of pH on zinc nanoparticles synthesis

pH has an unavoidable factor for the nanoparticles synthesis. The effect of pH in the synthesis of ZnO NPs was also estimated by using UV-Vis spectroscopy.23 The production of ZnO nanoparticles were mostly determined by the pH of the reaction media. The present results are depicted by figure – 9a and 10b. It was also observed during the present research work, that there was no absorption peak at 4 pH, However at pH 7 and 8 absorption band were also formed broadening band patterns indicates synthesis of large size of nanoparticles while highest absorption and peak formation occurred at pH 9 which suggest the optimum pH for the synthesis of ZnO NPs.24 Jamdagni et al. (2016) discussed about the two major governing factors i.e. pH and temperature in biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The absorbance values increased when the pH level was raised from 9 to 12. At pH 12 and 13 characteristic absorption peak was recorded while at pH 9 no absorption peak i.e. straight line was reported, However, at pH 12 the sharpness and absorbance both were recorded better that is called as optimized pH.

Characterization techniques of ZnO nanoparticles

 UV-VIS Spectra Analysis of ZnO Nanoparticles

The absorption spectra of chemically synthesized ZnO NPs prepared with the help of soluble starch are depicted in Figure-7a. The spectrum of these nanoparticles were in the range of 390-420 nm with absorption maxima at 392 nm in the figure. Similar results were also presented in the study carried out by Vigneswaran et al. (2006).

FTIR analysis of ZnO Nanoparticles

FTIR spectroscopy analyzed Zn oxide (control) and synthesized ZnO nanoparticles which were obtained after optimization through FTIR.25 Various peaks were found at 3169,3119, 2939, 2429, 2339, 2074, 1919, 1764, 1634, 1509, 1384, 1154, 1104, 1019, 934 and 834 cm-1 in Zn oxide samples as control. The IR spectrum of Zn oxide showed sharp absorption bands at 3169 and 3119 cm-1 that may be due to O-H bond stretching vibrations N-H stretch. Peaks at 2429 to 1919 correspondence to stretching vibrations of C ≡ C stretch of alkynes. The 1764 to 1509 peaks result from the stretching bands of function group C = O. The peak of 1384 to 1104 results from aromatic amines and the peak 1019 and 934 indicates the C-N stretching (Rastogi and Arunachalam, 2011). The peaks of below 834 and above 614 indicate alkanes and C-H band. Further, the FTIR spectra of ZnO NPs represents peaks at 3444, 3384, 3342, 3288, 3225, 3201, 2973, 2946, 2898, 2745, 2343, 1767, 1638,1590, 1591, 1497, 1383, 1236, 1152, 1077, 1020, 924, 831, 759 and 738 cm-1 due to symmetric stretching vibration of surface bounded zinc oxide molecules. Therefore, on the basis of these results it is concluded that Zn oxide worked as both reducing as well as capping agents in ZnO NPs formation. Morley et al. (2007) also found similar observations with respect to the bands at 1390 and 1155 can be attributed to the C-N stretching vibrations of the aliphatic and aromatic amines. Here FTIR spectrogram of ZnO NPs at 0.8 M concentration of Zinc nitrate was shown in figure 7b.

CONCLUSION

Metal nanoparticles have been extensively used in the recent past. Inorganic materials like, metal and metal oxides have gained a lot of interest in the recent years due to their properties which help them withstand adverse process conditions. Now a day’s zinc oxide nanoparticles are considered as important material because of their number of unique properties like antibacterial, antifungal, UV filtration property, high catalytic and photochemical activity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are useful as effective antibacterial and antifungal agents. In the current study, nanoparticles of zinc oxide were synthesized by wet chemical process with the help of precursors zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide the properties of starch were used as a stabilizing material. The powder form of zinc oxide nanoparticles appeared white in color was purified through centrifugation process and was stored in eppendorf tube at 40C for further work. Synthesis conditions of zinc oxide nanoparticles were optimized using different parameters, are metal ion concentrations (0.1M to 0.8M), contact time variations (0.5hr to 4hr), effect of pH (4 to 9), and effect of temperatures (55 to 850C). The resultant Zno NPs powder was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR analysis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thanks the Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.

Financial Support: Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut provide the financial support for this research work.

Conflict of interest: None declared

Authors’ Contribution: Dr.Sandeep Sirohi and Dr.Vijay Rajesh are conceptualized in this research while Dr. Surya Prakash and Dr. Koteswar rao are supervised the study.

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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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