International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 13(16), August, 2021

Pages: 138-143

Date of Publication: 30-Aug-2021


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Depression and Stress Induced Infertility: A Review in Unisex

Author: Gnanaraj VDP, Manohar SS, Dharmaseelan SE, Kandhasamy K

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Today, infertility has become more common among young adults due to various reasons which are not easy to determine. The prevalence varies significantly in different parts of the world, ranging sparingly from less than 5% to over 30%. The recent trending cause estimated is the depression and stress due to occupational work. Infertility caused by depression and stress may further cause depression which again worsens the condition. This being the social problem, mass attention has to be achieved in terms of research for resolving it. Many researchers explained the neurophysiology of stress-induced infertility and its probable treatment whereas the exact reason and solution is still a question. In this review, we focus on the neurophysiology, infertility experienced by different occupational workers and the management of stress-induced infertility. A structured and orderly means were undertaken as a key aspect for the systematic literature review.

Keywords: Infertility, Stress, depression, Anxiety, Occupation, Hormones

Full Text:

Introduction

Infertility is a common term that resonates in every part and parcel of the world. To define infertility in the terms of the World Health Organization (WHO),it, specifically, is a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.1 In the year 2002, the WHO estimated that infertility affects approximately 80 million people all over the world.2 Bovin et al., in 2007, suggested that nearly 72.4 million couples experience fertility problems.3 This crucial problem is estimated to affect 10-15% of couples in the course of their lifetime.4,5 The prevalence varies significantly in different parts of the world, ranging sparingly from less than 5% to over 30%.3 The major breathtaking estimation is announced by the WHO, that approximately One in every ten couples has primary or secondary infertility. It is essential to identify the clear relationship between age and infertility. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) reports that in the United States, infertility affects married women, independently from race and ethnicity, approximately with these percentages: 11% of women aged 15-29 years, 17% of women aged 30-34, 23% of women aged 35-39 and 27% of women ages 40-44.6 Moreover, few authors have deliberately come forward to report that the probability of conception decline with age.4,5,6Apart from all these studies, the causal role of psychological disturbances in the development of infertility is still a matter of debate for ages. Anxiety in infertile couples was considerably higher than the general public, with 8%–28% of infertile couples showing substantial clinical anxiety.7

Discussion

Neurophysiology of stress-induced infertility

Intriguingly, neurotransmitters and nuclei within the hypothalamus control stress and reproduction. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron recruitment and activity is regulated by a balance between stimulation, suppression and permissiveness controlled by noradrenaline (NA), neuropeptide Y (NP-Y) and serotonin (5-HT) from the brain stem, impact from glutamate in the medial preoptic area and NP-Y in the arcuate nucleus (AN), in opposition to the restraining influences of Gamma-amino benzoic acid (GABA) within the medial preoptic area and opioids from the AN. Also, Stress activates NP-Yperikarya in the AN and brain stem NA neurons. The latter project indirectly, via the medial preoptic area, or directly to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to release corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). Stimulation of CRH neurons in the PVN also activates GABA and opioid neurons in the medial preoptic area and reduces GnRH cell recruitment, thereby decreasing GnRH pulse frequency. Oestradiol enhances stress-induced NA suppression of luteinizing hormone(LH) pulse frequency but when applied in the PVN nucleus or brain stem, and not in the medial preoptic area or AN. Another stress-activated pathway involves the amygdala and bed of the nucleus striaterminalis, which contain CRH neurons and accumulate GABA during stress.8 Although both adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) and glucocorticoids (GCs) are elevated in stress, there is little evidence that these hormones directly affect gonadotropin (Gn) secretion or ovulation.9

In normal intact animals, estradiol activation of GnRH–LH surge secretion involves an initial stimulatory oestradiol signal but restraining modulation is mediated by NA and opioid regulation of suppressive GABA neurons. During the later transmission phase in which oestradiol concentrations are higher, a gradual removal of opioid influence may mediate the uncoupling of NA restraint on GABA cells, resulting in a (now oestradiol-independent) more positive NA influence on GnRH–LH release. At the end of the transmission phase, neurotransmitters control the recruitment of more GnRH neurons, culminating in coordinated hyperpolarization and massive outpouring of GnRH into the portal capillaries to cause secretion of the prepared stores of LH. Several reproductive situations involve suppression of GnRH–LH pulsatility mediated by increased sensitivity to oestradiol in different parts of the hypothalamus and brain stem. 8

Effect of occupational stress on infertility

Industrial chemist

In today’s economically fast-moving world, with an increasing number of women entering the work force worldwide, women are exposed to various reproductive toxins. An increasing body of evidence shows a correlation between environmental and occupational exposures and reproductive adverse effects. Eventually, studies have examined the adverse effects of exposures to cigarette smoke,10,11caffeine12 pesticides,13,14 air pollution,15,16 organic solvents,17-22 and occupational stress.23 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimated that 9.8 million workers in the United States were occupationally exposed to solvents. Organic solvents identified as potential reproductive toxins include benzene,17,18,24 toluene,19,20,21 and related compounds.22 Studies have begun to suggest that even low level occupational exposure to organic solvents is linked to a broad range of adverse reproductive outcomes which is shocking.24,25 There is growing evidence that many environmental and occupational factors are associated with reduced birth weight.26,27 As it is evident, benzene is known to produce several toxic metabolites that affect rapidly growing cells such as bone marrow, cause oxidative damage in the cells, and suppress cell growth.28,29 Likewise, benzene and other organic aromatic solvents were repeatedly shown to be fetotoxic in animal studies, leading to delayed fetal growth and decreased birth weight.30,31 The mechanism by which maternal stress affects birth outcome was thought to be through stress dependent hormones or immunological pathways.32

One notion that is least bothered is that the critical period prior to conception and during pregnancy is an important period for adverse influence on fertility and pregnancy outcome, and that environmental tobacco smoke, and exposures from video display terminals (VDT) and indoor air quality, are the most common concerns of women in their places of work. Benzo[a]pyrene from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in tobacco smoke and diesel exhaust cause meiotic maturation of oocytes and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts in sperm, oocytes and embryos of IVF patients. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)from oils, electric coolant causes impaired response to ovulation induction, reduced parity, impaired lactation, and potential reduced fecundability. Further, dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) from incineration of plastics, automobile exhaust, and pesticide manufacturing cause potential for change in sex ratio and increased risk of endometriosis. Pesticides, usually from herbicides used in combination, cause no apparent effects alone, but decrease in semen content and fecundity, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, and low in mixtures for gestational age. Also Dichlorophenyl(tri/di)chloroethylene (DDT/DDE) a causes reduced parity, impaired lactation, decreased semen quality, impaired fertility, and small-for-gestational-age babies. Decreased sperm counts & infertility are evidently caused by Dibromochloropropane. Even lead and various metals cause decreased semen quality, increased time to pregnancy, and spontaneous abortion.33

Another important factor is physical load and heavy physical work (high energy expenditure) which cause spontaneous abortion, low birth weight.  And frequent heavy lifting cause pre-term birth, spontaneous abortion. Prolonged standing results in low birth weight, pre-term birth, spontaneous abortion. Physical factors like ionizing radiation induces spontaneous abortion, congenital defects and reduced sperm count azoospermia. Similarly noise (0.90 dBA)can also cause spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, pre-term birth.34

Oncopharmacist

While infertility was reported as an effect of chemotherapy for some cancer patients, there was no investigation into the connection of infertility with occupational exposure. Self-reported infertility is consequently associated with occupational handling of chemotherapeutic drugs prior to onset of infertility. Most importantly, prevention of chemotherapy side effects by use of available protection is preferable to risking infertility.35

Flight attendant

In the case of flight attendants, cosmic radiation and circadian disruption are potential reproductive hazards.36 Miscarriage was associated with flight attendants who work during sleep hours and people who work under high physical job demands and who are associated with work under cosmic radiation exposure.37,38,39 and menstrual irregularities.40 Workplace exposures of concern include cosmic ionizing radiation[41] and circadian rhythm disruption.42 Galactic cosmic radiation generates secondary and tertiary radiation at aircraft altitudes,43 including neutrons and energetic photons (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)-known human [group 1] carcinogens).One should note that the solar particle events (transient solar surface eruptions) are also another source of cosmic radiation exposure. To put together, flying across time zones or working during normal sleep hours can affect reproductive hormones with circadian regulation.44

Nurses

Shifts in circadian rhythms may play a role in regulating the reproductive hormones which control the menstrual cycle, either through sleep disturbances or through altered melatonin development. Shift work is even more prevalent among nurses, 24–28% of whom work in the evenings, nights, or rotating shifts. Most studies examining the relationship between shift work and menstrual cycle characteristics support an association between working at night and menstrual function. So night work, long hours, and physically demanding work might clearly relate to menstrual disturbances. The sober thing is that the menstrual cycle is a marker of general reproductive health.45

Inhalation anesthetist

Inhalation anesthetics are commonly administered to veterinary patients. Some of these agents can enter the operating room atmosphere, exposing veterinary personnel to potential risks from chronic exposure to inhalation anesthetic gas concentrations. Epidemiological studies of humans and laboratory studies of animals have suggested that chronic exposure to trace levels of anesthetics may constitute health hazards including fetal death, spontaneous abortion, birth defects and cancer. Significant difference is noted in reproductive risk for women working in veterinary anesthesia when compared to women working in veterinary critical care.46

Military personnel

A person of military is often subjected to work-related stress or life event stress which result in alterations in their menstrual function. Study suggests that women in the military report less day-to-day job stress but more atypical life events, including those related to their jobs, and that these life events in the long run are associated with adverse menstrual consequences.47

Psychological distress in the workplace

Psychological distress has long been suspected as having an important impact on infertility.48-53 In both sexes, psychological factors were found to be predictors of the couple’s fertility status.50-53 However, it is not yet well known if psychological stress is part of the etiology of infertility as a causal factor or occurs as a consequence of the overall question of infertility. While other aspects of work, primarily exposure to chemicals, radiation, etc., have been studied, the effect of working conditions and psychological distress in the workplace on female infertility is a significant but less researched aspect of infertility. It is likely that occupational stress serves as an etiological factor among the male population, although it may be an advice in women. The social responsibility for reproduction and treatment falls even more on women's shoulders than on men. On the other hand, it is possible that choosing a career delays conception and thus recognition of their infertility occurs only at an older age.54

Effect of stress on semen quality

Reports affirm that mental stress causes abnormality of spermiogram parameters. Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive free radical gas that has been demonstrated to have an exceptional range of biological functions.50 NOS has been found in the male reproductive system.56 Being both a cytotoxic and necessary molecule for normal sperm production, NO has a dual function. Under physiological conditions, NO plays an important role in normal sperm production and motility. Evidently, low NO concentrations have been shown to enhance sperm motility,57whereas high NO concentrations reduce it.58Extrahepaticarginase may play a role in reactions other than those of the urea cycle.59 Since arginase is an arginine-depleting enzyme, it is an important part of the cellular arginine regulatory system affecting NOS activity.60 Psychological stress causes an increase of NO level and a decrease of arginase activity in the L-arginine-NO pathway. In addition, poor quality of the sperm may be due to excessive NO production under psychological stress. Thus the arginine-NO pathway, together with arginase and NO synthase, are involved in semen quality under stress conditions.

Stress-induced effects also tend to include meiotic and structural changes in the sperm cells. The spermatogenic process was enhanced after a period of Modulating Radiance Therapy (CRM therapy) conveyor suggesting stress is an important risk factor for idiopathic infertility.61 Identifying the psychosocial risk factors such as stress for poor semen quality is important for improving fecundity and fertility, and may also have implications for life course and intergenerational health.62 In studies examining life stress, one prospective study found no association,63 and another study found positive results for only one particular stressful life event (death of a family member),64 and others were inconsistent with the semen parameter which found an association.64-67 Similarly, a detailed analysis of stress at work found an inverse correlation with semen quality,68 yet two others have not.63, 64

Management

Oxidative stress is thought to have an impact on male fertility and on normal embryonic development in the male germ line. Fertility specialists are therefore actively investigating the treatment of such stress in spermatozoa and evaluating the potential use of antioxidants to relieve this disorder. The antioxidant efficacy of vitamin-C alone on sperm oxidative stress was first demonstrated69 in a small number of smokers. Vitamin-E, on the other hand, was found to effectively reduce ROS concentration and improve fertilization or pregnancy rates. The positive effects of zinc on semen parameters have been known for some time and documented in at least five clinical studies.70-74 A research recently showed the antioxidant efficacy of zinc in reducing multiple oxidant stress measures and increasing motility in asthenospermic patients.75 Thus, the quest to identify novel antioxidants and combinations that are optimized for safety and efficacy is likely to continue. On theoretical grounds, an appropriate combination of antioxidants should be more effective than any single antioxidant since oxidative stress is a non-localized heterogeneous phenomenon. For example, vitamin-C, carnitines, zinc and NAC are all highly hydrophilic molecules; conversely, vitamin-E and carotenoids such as astaxanthin are highly lipophilic structures. Each of these naturally occurring antioxidants with their own unique pharmacodynamic profile for the male reproductive tract is likely to neutralize at least some of the nearby ROS, therefore it transpires collectively to a more effective management of sperm oxidative stress.76

Owing to hormone disorders, auricular acupuncture appears to offer useful alternative treatment for female infertility. As Cindy Margolis puts it, "Infertility is a massive roller coaster of emotions." Psychological intervention is not only necessary to alleviate negative psychological symptoms, to escape anxiety, depression and phobia, but also to improve physical health and a healthy pregnancy. Psychosocial counseling should be offered frequently at any stage of infertility treatment, and not only when treatment fails.77 High glucose level in the blood lead to hormone disruption as there is weight gain and insulin resistance in the body. Hormonal imbalance cause ovary dysfunction which may further cause depression and hence glucose level has to be maintained. 78

Conclusion

Infertility being a global problem everyone as an individual should show attention in resolving the problem. The risk factors explained above should be considered and lifestyle changes should be adopted with respect to the occupation.

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge the suggestions and guidance from management and faculties of all departments and other employees for completing this study.

Source of Funding

Nil.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contribution

DPG Vimala has helped develop the concepts, acquire knowledge and analyse data. In the literary quest, SM Sharumathi contributed. Ebenezer D Sam helped prepare the manuscript. The manuscript was examined by K Krishnaveni and revised.

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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