International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 8(3), February, 2016

Pages: 19-22

Date of Publication: 11-Feb-2016


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ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AMONG THE WOMEN

Author: Kumari M. J.

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: The aim of study was to assess the level of knowledge on reproductive health among the women at Puducherry and find out relationship between the knowledge on reproductive health and the selected clinical variables of women. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adapted to assess the level of knowledge on reproductive health among the women in multi-specialty Hospital, Puducherry. Consecutive sampling technique was used to select 500 women who were fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The data collection was done in regional language (Tamil) by face to face interview method through using structured interview schedule. Results: The study findings revealed that the level of knowledge on reproductive health among the 500 women, 220(44%) had inadequate knowledge, 253 (50.6%) women had moderately adequate knowledge and only 27 (5.4%) women had adequate knowledge. The mean value of knowledge regarding reproductive health among the women was 6.8 with the standard deviation of 2.4. There was statistically significant relationship found between the knowledge and history of reproductive health problems, family history of reproductive illness and use of family planning methods among the women. Conclusion: The study concluded that out of 500 women, only 27 had adequate knowledge on reproductive health. It shows that they want to improve their knowledge on reproductive health to prevent reproductive disease and promote their health. The health care providers have to take right steps promptly to reduce mortality and morbidity of the women..

Keywords: Reproductive health, Women reproductive health problems, Sexual disorders

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
A healthy person is an asset to the society. Health of women is not merely a state of physical well-being but also an expression of many roles they play as wives, mothers, health care providers in the family and in the changed scenario even as wage earners. Health picture of Indian Women is still not satisfactory. In the Indian context the female children before, during and after the birth have suffered a neglect, which is reflected in their higher infant mortalities, low proportion in the total population, female infanticide and even feticides and lower levels of nutrition. Reproductive health of the women means that they have the ability to reproduce and to regulate their fertility and are able to undergo pregnancy and child birth safely. A woman’s reproductive system is a delicate and complex system in the body. Half of the young women in India got married before legal age of 18 years. They are unaware about reproductive health and health reproductive practice. It will cause unnecessary illness to them. It is important to take steps to protect it from infections and injury, and prevent problems—including some long-term health problems.

The aim of study was to assess the level of knowledge on reproductive health among the women at Puducherry and find out relationship between the knowledge on reproductive health and the selected clinical variables of women. It is a challenging task to raise awareness regarding reproductive health care issues in women because of the social standing of women which distances them from the right source of information and also because of the taboos regarding the discussions on issues like menstruation, safe sex, unsafe sexual practices etc. Knowledge on reproductive health among women is very important to prevent reproductive problems. The health care team members have a vital role to create awareness regarding reproductive health among the women.

MATERIAL AND METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adapted to assess the level of knowledge on reproductive health among the women in multi-specialty Hospital, Puducherry. The study population was all the married women who were living in Puducherry. The sample size consists of 500 married women who were fulfilling the inclusion criteria such as residence of Puducherry with age group of 18 to 50, women who were able to speak in Tamil or English and who were attending female gynecological out patients department. Exclusion criteria of the study were women who were unmarried and not willing to participate in the study. Consecutive sampling technique was adopted for selection of samples. Ethical clearance was obtained from Institute before the main study. There was no fund support from any agencies for the study. The data collection was done in regional language (Tamil) by face to face interview method through using structured interview schedule for each woman.

The studytool consisted of two parts such as clinical variables related to reproductive problems and structures multiple choice questionnaires were used to assess the level of knowledge on reproductive health. Each correct answer carried one score. The total score less than 50% considered as inadequate, 50% to 74% noted as moderately adequate and 75% and above mentioned as adequate knowledge. After completing the data collection as per the interview schedule, the investigator has given health education on reproductive health, with the help of Laptop and explained about anatomy and physiology of reproductive system, menstruation cycle, menstrual hygiene, how the baby forms, antenatal care, delivery, postnatal care and immunization in power point presentation. The data obtained was analyzed and interpreted by descriptive and inferential statistical based on the objectives of the study.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the distribution of clinical variables related to reproductive health of the women in number and percentage. The study findings shows that among the 500 women, 263 (52.6%) were stated that the girls become psychological and emotionally matured at the age of 18 years; this was through the awareness created by mass media and other informative sources like friends, relatives, neighbors. Totally 245 (49%) women answered correctly that the changes in size and shape of the body will occur during puberty. May be based on their own experiences and by seeing the other girls they came to know correct answer. One fourth of the women 124 (24.8%) stated that uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes are reproductive organs. Because of lack of education, they have not known about the own body organs. Only 117 (23.4%) women stated that ovum and sperm are necessary to form a fetus and 63 (12.6%) women expressed that ovum was produced from ovary.

This was also due to illiteracy, ignorance and lack of knowledge. Most of the women 289 (57.8%) were had knowledge on menstruation was a cyclic process, 359(71.8%) women were aware about menstruation happens once in a month and 351(70.2%) women stated that normal interval of menstrual cycle is 28 days. Nearly 275 (55%) women reported that duration of menstrual bleeding was 3-5 days and 281 (56.2%) were knew that menstrual bleeding starts from uterus. They knew all these the information due to their own experience in their reproductive life. Most of the women 385 (77%) said that above 21 years in female is the recommended age for marriage life. Among 500 women,181(36.2%) had said that iron rich diet was very important for pregnant women, 158(31.6%) women understand the dangers of premarital sex and it leads unwanted pregnancy and infections and 428(85.6%) women knew that pregnancy is getting through sexual contact. The level of knowledge on reproductive health among the 500 women, 220(44%) had inadequate knowledge, 253 (50.6%) women had moderately adequate knowledge and only 27 (5.4%) women had adequate knowledge.

The mean value of knowledge regarding reproductive health among the women was 6.8 with the standard deviation of 2.4. The study findings supported by the Kiran, Susan, Jiny and Joseph (2013)study. They conducted a descriptive cross sectional study on the reproductive health status and its related factors among the women living in the post tsunami intermediate shelters of Andaman Islands, India among the 166 women in the reproductive age group (15 - 49 years). The study finding revealed that the knowledge of women regarding specific aspects of reproductive health and morbidity was found to be deficient. The women were lacking knowledge on reproductive health and its problems.

This study was supported by Haque et al (2015) who conducted a comparative study on knowledge about reproductive health among the urban and rural women of Bangladesh on 2015. The study finding revealed that the proportion of poor knowledge regarding reproductive health was more (84%) among rural women, but good knowledge was more rampant (75%) among the urban women. The overall knowledge difference between urban and rural women regarding reproductive health was highly significant (p < 0.001). Table 2 shows that there was statistically significant relationship between the knowledge and history of reproductive health problems, family history of reproductive illness and use of family planning methods among the women. There was no significance between knowledge with other clinical variables such reason of reproductive health problems, type of family planning and person adopted family planning methods.

A significant difference in the knowledge about family planning methods was observed between the two sub-centers (urban and rural). Women were better informed about family planning methods compared in urban than in rural.

CONCLUSION The present study findings revealed that minimum number of women only had adequate knowledge on reproductive health. The health care providers and school teachers have the vital responsibilities in motivating and increasing awareness on reproductive health among the women and the school going girls. The women mortality and morbidity will reduce only by the self-awareness among the women which should be facilitated through creating mass health education in hospitals, community and schools.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I acknowledge Dr. Mrs. A. Kalaimathy, Mother Teresa Women’s University, for her guidance. I would like to thank the Head of the Institute for permitting me to conduct the study in Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry. I delight to Thank Dr. Thirunaaukarasu, Professor, Department of Community, for edit this article. I express my gratitude toall participants who were involved in the study.

References:

1. Vinitha CT, Singh S, and Rajendran A.K. (2007). Level of Reproductive Health Awareness and Factors Affecting it in A Rural Community of South India. Health and Population Perspectives and Issues: 30 (1) 24-44.

2. Kiran PR, Susan A, Jiny S, Joseph B. A study of the reproductive health status and its related factors among women living in the post tsunami intermediate shelters of Andaman islands, India. Annals of Community Health, . 2013.Vol.1 No1 .

3. Haque M, Hossain s, Ahmed KR, Sultana T, Chowdhury HA, and Akter J.A Comparative Study on Knowledge about Reproductive Health among Urban and Rural Women of Bangladesh. J Family Reprod Health. 2015 Mar; 9(1): 35–40. PMCID: PMC4405515.

4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405515/

5. Yadav N,Women & Reproductive Health. http://www.cdc.gov/ reproductivehealth/womensrh/.

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Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
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A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
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A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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