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IJCRR - 11(21), November, 2019

Pages: 05-15

Date of Publication: 09-Nov-2019


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A Study of Clinical and CSF Characteristics in Cases of Acute Meningoencephalitis in Immunocompetent Adults in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern India

Author: Md. Hamid Ali, Sinjan Ghosh, Nandini Chatterjee, Udas Chandra Ghosh

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Meningoencephalitis is a very critical illness that is widespread andit remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity with neurological disabilities. It usually presents with varying degrees of symptoms of meningeal inflammation, posing difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Study was conducted to Evaluate clinical severity and CSF(cerebrospinal fluid) findings at presentation. Encompassing the clinical status, CSF assays, along with revelations of recent trends of infection responsible formeningoencephalitis, this study also shows that early confirmation of clinical suspicion with judgement of severity & CSF study, is of great significance. Prompt diagnosis providesphysicians with an opportunity to prevent undue mortality and morbidity.. Here lies therelevance of this study.

Keywords: Acute Meningoencephalitis, Cerebrospinal fluid, MRI of brain

Full Text:

Introduction:

The incidence of acute encephalitis in western countries is 7.4 cases per100,000 population per year. In tropical countries, the incidence is 6.34 per 100,000 per year.[3]  Herpes simplex encephalitis has an incidence of 2–4 per million population per year. [4]  The common pathogens which are encountered in adult bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae (30-50%), Neisseria meningitidis (10-35%), Staphylococci (5-15%), other Streptococcus species, Haemophilus influenza (1-3%), Gram negative bacilli (1-10%) and Listeria monocytogenes[4]. Prompt recognition, early diagnosis, efficient decision making followed byrapid institution of therapy plays a pivotal role in saving a large salvageable portion of the affected population and thus reducing mortality. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) remains the most common presentation. In spite of advances in diagnostic technology and effective therapeutic options, it continues to pose significant management challenges. Despite anti-TB chemotherapy, 20-50% of the affected people die and many who survive have significant neurological deficits. The case fatality noted to be associated significantly with delay in diagnosis and treatment. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) generally occur in course of a sub acute or chronic case but TBM may have an acute presentation. The duration of presenting symptoms may vary from 1 day to 9 months, although several cases may present with symptoms of less than 2 weeks duration. Diagnostic evaluation includes various microbiological, pathologic, molecular, and biochemical investigations & imaging modalities. Imaging helps in early diagnosis and helps in preventing morbidity and mortality.[5]

Aims and objectives of these studies: Evaluation of clinical severity and CSF(cerebrospinal fluid) findings at presentation in Acute Meningoencephalitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

  1. Patients, who were admitted in between January 2013—August 2014 in the department of General Medicine of NRS Medical College and Hospital from rural and urban catchment area, were included in this study as simple random selection. 50 patients, aged>12years were included in this prospective observational study with Fever and Signs of Meningitis (Nuchal rigidity, vomiting, and headache) or Signs of meningoencephalitis: Meningeal signs with altered sensorium, focal neuro-deficits, and seizures. The following patients with Sepsis, Metabolic Encephalopathy, Dyselectrolytemia, Poisoning, Cerebrovascular Accident, Intracranial SOL, Neurocysticercosis, Enteric Fever with meningism, Vascular Aneurysms producing local compressive effect, Acute disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Cerebral Malaria were excluded from the study. Clinical Characteristics-Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) Scoring( 3 to 15) as a marker of clinical severity on admission. According to the score calculated on admission, patients divided into three groups-Gr. A(GCS 3-5), Gr. B (GCS 6-9), Gr. C (GCS 10-15). : The macroscopic appearance of the CSF recorded. A routine CSF total and differential count were done by a haemocytometer by standard methods. The CSF samples subjected to a cytospin by using Shandon cytospin MODEL 001/ 002. Gram stained of CSF was done and examined under  microscope. ZN staining, Bacterial culture, TB culture (BACTEC) and Cryptococcal staining(India Ink Stain) were also done. Specific viral analysis was done by ELISA according to relevance, availability and feasibility. All CSF samples were cultured on Sheep blood agar, Chocolate agar, MacConkey's agar and Thioglycollate broth for specific diagnosis. Neuroimaging may precede CSF study by lumbar puncture if there is any contraindication to the procedure like history suggestive of presence of Intracranial SOL, Papilloedema, focal neurodeficits, and signs of increased intracranial tension or new onset seizures. We used laboratory methods available in the Hospital and NABL accredited private laboratory. It was a Simple observational study. History taking and Meticulous Clinical Examination & Haemato-Pathological and Biochemical Investigations: including complete blood count, Fasting and Post Prandial Glucose, Blood Urea and Creatinine, Serum Sodium and Potassium, Blood Culture study, HIV 1& 2, HBs Ag and Anti HCV Antibody, Malaria dual antigen, Dengue Ns1 antigen and Dengue specific IgG and IgM,  Widal’s Test, Leptospira specific IgM antibody. CSF was analysed for a) Cytology-Cell type and Cell count, b) Biochemistry- Glucose, Protein and Chloride and c) Microbiology-Gram staining, ZN staining, Bacterial culture, TB culture(BACTEC) and Cryptococcal staining(India Ink Stain) d) Specific Viral analysis by CSF ELISA according to relevance, availability and feasibility. Final Diagnosis Based on Set Criteria and Segregation of cases according to etiological groups from CSF and MRI findings. Descriptive statistical methods were used, utilizing the SPSS software for data analysis.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Mortality of acute bacterial meningitis is 25%. Morbidity in the tem of neuro-deficit is also very high. Now are going through the advanced stage of antibiotic era & critical care facility. In spite of that we are facing increased mortality. The prognosis is worse with a delay in management.[6] Increased morbidity and mortality is seen in both high and low-income group &countries.[5] It is very tough job to select patients for timely antibiotic administration in emergency room.[7]

Schutte CM and Van der Meyden CH in their study found good correlation between both the GCS and CSF-protein level at admission and the outcome of patients with meningitis was found. With the GCS value being a better prognostic indicator than high CSF protein levels.[8] Syamal Modi and Amit Kumar Anand in their study found Streptococcus pneumonia was the most common pathogen which was isolated in 120 (60%) culture positive cases. Cell counts showed the predominance of neutrophils in all cases with ABM. In ABM protein is high & sugar is low.[9] Gram staining is one of the cornerstones methods in diagnosing ABM in developing countries.

Mani R, Pradhan S et al in their study conducted in South India (NIMHANS) in 2007 [10] observed that, as compared to Western studies, the relative incidence of meningitis caused by H. influenza, N. meningitides and Listeria is less in South-East Asia. On the contrary, gram negative bacilli such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosaare increasingly being recognised as important pathogens of community-acquired as well as nosocomial meningitis especially among the elderly and in patients with chronic debilitating diseases like cirrhosis, diabetes and malignancies.[11]. Steiner, H. Budka et al in their review of diagnosis and management recommendations in Viral encephalitis states that analysis of CSF for protein and glucose contents, cellular analysis and identification of the pathogen by biotechnology method like PCR  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. Hospitalisation is mandatory with ICCU facility [21] .  Combinations of meningitis/ encephalitis and myelitis/ radiculitis are associated with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV); myelitis with VZV, CMV, EBV, and HSV-2; and ventriculitis/encephalitis with VZV and CMV. Brainstem encephalitis due to HSV and VZV, and poly myeloradiculitis due to CMV are well documented. Recent large CSF PCR studies have shown that VZV, EBV, and CMV more frequently produce meningitis, encephalitis, or encephalopathy in immunocompetent hosts than was formerly realized.[12]

A study conducted by Rathore SK, Dwibedi B et al during April 2011 to July 2012. Blood and CSF samples of 526 AES cases are investigated by serology and/or PCR. Viral aetiology was identified in 91 (17·2%) cases. Herpes simplex virus (HSV; types I/ II) was most common (16·1%), followed by measles (2·6%), Japanese encephalitis virus (1·5%), dengue virus (0·57%), varicella zoster virus (0·38%) and enteroviruses (0·19%).   Simultaneous infection of HSV-I  and measles were observed in seven cases. This report provides the first evidence on viral aetiology of acute encephalitis syndrome viruses from eastern India showing dominance of HSV that will be useful in informing the public health system.[13] However, measurement of antibodies in single specimen of serum and CSF lacks sensitivity; they interpreted the positivity (positive for IgM and/or IgG antibody) in relation to other supportive clinical, electroencephalographic and neuro-radiological evidences. CSF-PCR is the diagnostic test of choice, which has sensitivity rate as high as 98-99% and specificity of100%.,[14]. HSE is the only form of sporadic encephalitis which has a specific antiviral therapy i.e. acyclovir.,[15] F. Frantzidou, F. Kamaria et al found in their study that Entero viruses was the most common cause of adult aseptic meningitis and together with HSV-1 the main causes of encephalitis.[16].

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

GENDER DISTRIBUTION: (Figure 1&Chart 1) All immune-competent patients aged 12yrs or more were selected randomly over a period of 19 months for this observational study as per the clinical inclusion criteria.18 cases (36%) were male and 32 cases (64%) were female. Patients ranging from ages 12 yrs to 77 yrs were selected and divided into age groups. Maximum number of patients (26%) belonged to 12-20 yrs age group.

Groups according to the Glasgow coma Scale: (See Figure 4 & Chart 2)The patients were clinically examined and classified into three groups according to the Glasgow coma scale.15 cases(30%) belonged to group A(GCS 3 to 5), 22 cases(44%)Belonged to Gr. B(GCS 6 to 9) while 13 cases (26%) belonged to Gr. C (GCS 10 to 15) on admission, 30% patients had a very poor clinical condition (GCS 3 to 5) during admission as evident from the GCS category distribution while majority of patients belonged to group B. ( See table2 & Chart 2)

Etiological groups& gender distribution: (See Figure 2& Chart 3) After obtaining the investigation results the cases were segregated into etiological groups and Re classified according to the GCS groups and gender. Majority of cases had a viral aetiology (56%) followed by tuberculous (28%) and bacterial aetiology (16%). Pyogenic meningitis cases had a Male predilection (62.5%) while tuberculous and viral meningitis had female predilection in incidence, 57.14%  and 75% respectively.

Distribution according to age groups :(See Figure 3&Chart 5)

Majority of pyogenic meningitis cases (37.5%) belonged to 31-40yrs age group while maximum number of tuberculous meningitis cases (35.71%) and viral Meningoencephalitis cases (28.57%) belonged to 12-20 yrs age group. Out of 50 cases 8 cases(16%) were diagnosed as  pyogenic meningitis[ 5males(62.5%)  and3 females(37.5%)]

Distribution of Patients according to GCS on admission: (See figure 4 & Chart 6) 1case was in gr A(GCS 3 to 5), 5 cases in gr B(GCS 6 to 9) and2 cases were in gr C(GCS 10 to 15). So 12.5% cases presented in a clinically severe state(GCS 3 to 5) during admission.14 cases(28%) were diagnosed as tuberculous meningitis[ 6males(42.86%)  and 8 females(57.14%)] 6 cases were in gr A(GCS 3 to 5), 6 cases in gr B(GCS 6 to 9) and 2 cases were in gr C(GCS 10 to 15). 42.86% cases presented in a clinically poor condition(GCS 3 to 5) on admission. (See table 5 & Chart 5)28 cases (56%) were diagnosed as viral meningoencephalitis. [ 7males (25%)  and 21females(75%)] 8 cases were in Gr A(GCS 3 to 5), 11 cases in Gr B(GCS 6 to 9)and 9 cases were in Gr. C(GCS 10 to 15)28.57% cases presented in a clinically poor state(GCS 3 to 5) on admission.

Classification according to gcs in different etiological groups :(See Figure 5)

After comparative analysis of three etiological groups and their GCS categories it was found that tuberculous meningitis cases(42.8%) presented in a more severe state followed by cases of viral meningoencephalitis(28.57%) and pyogenic meningitis(12.5%).

CSF Findings

Cytology: Cell Count & Cell Type: (See Figure 5 & Chart 7 & 8)

In cases that were later diagnosed as pyogenic meningitis, the cell counts ranged from 120 to

5900 cells/cumm with a mean count of   950.5± 3748.84 cells/cumm and neutrophil

predominance. In cases with a final diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis, the cell counts ranged from 60 to 460 cells/cumm with a mean count of   225.86±217.22  cells/cumm with a lymphocyte

predominance. In cases categorized as viral meningoencephalitis, the cell counts ranged from 30 to 510cells/cumm with a mean count of 128.607±276.86cells/cumm and a predominantly lymphocytic picture.

Biochemistry  & ADA levels: (See Figure 6 & Chart 9)

Pyogenic meningitis cases revealed a mean CSF glucose of 19±18.9mg/dl,mean protein levels of  62.375±48.52mg/dl, mean chloride levels of 112.88±12.48 meq/Lt with mean ADA level of 8.025±24.14. This picture was consistent with hypoglycorrhachias expected in pyogenic meningitis. Tuberculous meningitis cases revealed a mean CSF glucose of 35.79±22.9mg/dl, mean protein levels of  268.86±368.12 mg/dl, mean chloride levels of n112.714±12.54 meq/Lt with mean ADA level of 16.29±16.14 U/L. Protein levels were markedly increased with ADA levels also higher than normal range along with low glucose levels consistent with the diagnosis. Viral meningoencephalitis cases revealed a mean CSF glucose of 60.11±32.28 mg/dl, mean protein levels of 96.96±91.98 mg/dl, mean chloride levels of113.45±14.32 meq/Lt with mean ADA level of 3.76±4.38U/L. The protein levels were higher with normal glucose levels.

CSF Culture, staining and viral PCR:

According to affordability of the patient and availability of appropriate facilities in Eastern India - CSF culture and staining, CSF viral antibody detection by ELISA (when suspected) were sent with the routine samples. Some cases were diagnosed accurately from CSF culture and ELISA that were corroborating with the clinical assumptions and radiological imaging findings.

Pyogenic Meningitis etiologies:- (N=8): (See Figure 7 & Chart 10)

CSF gram staining and culture revealed Streptococcus pneumoniae in 4(50%) cases, Neisseria meningitides in 1(12.5%) case, Staphylococcus aureus in 1(12.5%) case and culture negative in 2(25%) cases. This shows that majority of the culture positive cases were positive for Streptococcus pneumonia followed by equal incidence of Neisseria meningitides and Staphylococcus aureus.  25 % cases that were culture negative had classical symptoms which

resolved with empiric antibiotics.

Tuberculous Meningitis:- (N= 14)

All the cases suspicious of tuberculous etiology were ZN smear negative. CSF culture was negative in 10 cases(71.4%) while culture could not be done in 4 cases(28.6%). Diagnosis had to be established on clinical features, CSF cytology, CSF biochemistry, brain imaging and therapeutic response to anti tubercular drugs.

Viral Meningoencephalitis:- (N=28): (See Figure 8 & Chart 11)

Patients with CSF cytology indicating a viral infection revealed the following viral etiologies in CSF Elisa (IgG). 10 cases(35.72 %) were positive for Herpes simplex, 3 cases(10.72%) were positive for Varicella zoster, 4 cases(14.28%) were positive for Japanese B while 11cases (39.28%) were negative or indeterminate..

DISCUSSION

Pyogenic Meningitis

Acute bacterial meningitis is more common in resource-poor than resource-rich settings. Survival is dependent on rapid diagnosis and early treatment, both of which are difficult to achieve when laboratory support and antibiotics are scarce. Syamal Modi and Amit Kumar Anand in their study Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiogram of CSF Isolates in Acute Bacterial Meningitis done in a tertiary care hospital Patna (India) found that 62.3% patients were males and 37.7% were females. The gender distribution and male preponderance in disease incidence was also marked (62.5 % males and 37.5% females) in our study done in Eastern India. In our study sample size was smaller in comparison to theirs. This male predilection reported in several previous studies. [17] Similar to the study by Marjolein J. Lucas, Matthijs C. Brouwer et al (2014),[18] patients using immunosuppressive drugs and those with asplenia, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, or infection with immunodeficiency virus were considered immune compromised and excluded from our study. Schutte CM, van der Meyden CH in their study found patients with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) value of > 12 had a good neurological outcome, while those with a GCS value of ≤ 8 had a poor outcome. They concluded that the GCS value was a better prognostic indicator than high CSF protein levels[8]. In our study we adapted GCS as the criteria for clinical severity. Group A (GCS 3 to 5) was considered as most severe clinical category.  Pyogenic meningitis can be accurately and rapidly diagnosed by gram staining. Some studies have reported sensitivities of 60-90% and specificities of >97% of CSF gram staining in the diagnosis of ABM.[6], . In our study:  50% cases were diagnosed as Streptococcus pneumoniae induced meningitis, followed by equal incidence of Neisseria meningitides and Staphylococcus aureus cases (12.5% each) on CSF gram staining and culture 25 percentage cases did not reveal any organism on CSF culture. Negative CSF cultures are estimated to occur in11%–20% of patients with bacterial meningitis.[19],[6] However, the clinical presentation of patients with culture-positive bacterial meningitis and patients with culture-negative bacterial meningitis was reported to be similar. R Mani, S Pradhan et al in their study conducted in South India (NIMHANS), found that streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common etiological agent of community-acquired meningitis in all age groups. This accounting for 238 (61.8%) cases in their study, reflecting a similar trend reported in an earlier study from their institute (1978-1988).[20] Most Indian studies have also reported a high incidence of pneumococcal meningitis[21],[22]. In our study, also Streptococcus pneumonia was the most common organism isolated from CSF culture (50% cases. Analysis of the CSF is essential, and simple techniques can enhance the yield of diagnostic microbiology. Penicillin-resistant and chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria are a considerable threat in resource-poor settings that go undetected if CSF and blood cannot be cultured.

The future rests with the provision of effective conjugate vaccines against S pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitides to children in the poorest regions of the World.

Viral Meningoencephalitis

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis (Davison et al., 2003; Mailles et al., 2007). In some recent reports from Scandinavia and central Europe, however, varicella zoster has been identified as the most common viral agent responsible for encephalitis (Cizman & Jazbec, 1993; Studahl et al., 1998; Koskiniemi et al., 2001).[23] A study named - Viral aetiology and clinico-epidemiological features of acute encephalitis syndrome in eastern India conducted by Rathore SK, Dwibedi B et al during  April 2011 to July 2012.[13] Blood and CSF samples of 526 AES cases were investigated by serology and/or PCR. Viral aetiology was identified in91 (17·2%) cases. Herpes simplex virus (HSV; types I or II) was most common (16·1%). Simultaneous infection of HSV I and measles was observed in seven cases.     This report provides the first evidence on viral aetiology of Acute encephalitis syndrome viruses from eastern India showing dominance of HSV that will be useful in informing the public health system.  In our study there were majority of HSV cases. In CSF Elisa (IgG). 10 cases (35.72%) were positive for Herpes simplex, 3 cases (10.72%) were positive for Varicella zoster, 4 cases(14.28%) were positive for Japanese B while 11 cases(39.28%) were negative or indeterminate. So there is a similarity and etiological preponderance of HSV in both western and eastern India.

Panagariya A, Jain RS et al[24] in a study conducted in North West India with Herpes simplex encephalitis cases included patients admitted with provisional diagnosis of an encephalitic illness over a period of 30 months. Special investigations included CSF analysis, EEG, CT scan and MRI. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) antibody estimation in CSF and blood was done simultaneously using ELISA. 28 patients showed electroencephalographic, serologic and/or neuro radiological evidence of herpes simplex encephalitis. Exact incidence of this disease (HSE) is the most difficult to estimate, because only few patients with common cause of fatal sporadic acute encephalitis with severe disease report to hospital whereas mild and self limiting cases usually go unrecognised. In India, HSE appears to be under diagnosed; probably due to lack of awareness and diagnostic facilities.CSF polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immuno-cytochemistry could not be done in their study because of non-availability. CSF PCR is not always available in laboratories in eastern part of India, due to which it could not be done in our study. Moreover affordability was also a point of concern in case of patients attending our hospital. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of encephalitis in Southeast Asia, where 30,000–50,000 cases are recorded annually (Tsai, 1997).[25] The World Health Organisation estimated nearly 14,000 deaths due to JE in the year 2002. Of these, 8,500 occurred in Southeast Asia, 3,000 in the western Pacific region and about 2,000 in the eastern Mediterranean region.

The incidence of neurologic complications associated with varicella is estimated to be 1–3 per 10,000 cases [26]. The central nervous system (CNS) manifestations that occur most frequently with varicella are cerebellar ataxia and encephalitis [26]. The most serious CNS complication of varicella, has an incidence of 1–2 episodes per 10,000varicella cases, with the highest incidence in adults and infants.[27] The CSF findings are usually abnormal with elevated opening pressure, a mild-to-moderate lymphocytic pleocytosis (usually <100 cells/μL), mildly elevated protein (50–100 mg/dL), and normal glucose levels. Dengue encephalopathy is a well-recognized and common entity, the incidence ranging from 0.5 to 6.2 %.[28] Dengue is not classically a neurotropic virus, although there is recent evidence of direct neuronal injury. Dengue encephalitis must be thought of in differentials of encephalopathy, in patients with dengue. We found 3 such cases in our study with feature of encephalopathy who were diagnosed cases of IgM positive dengue with CSF analysis indicating a viral etiology and a normal MRI. Dengue specific IgM antibody (ELISA) was negative in 2 and could not be done in 1 case. In light of our knowledge regarding dengue encephalopathy a negative CSF antibody cannot refute its presence. So whether the encephalopathy was due to  some other viral pathogen or as consequence of dengue could not be confirmed. All 3 patients survived without any residual neuro deficit or CNS complications. Infection of the CNS with the measles virus (MV) may result in 1) acute post infectious encephalitis, 2) acute progressive encephalitis, and 3) SSPE. Data about imaging findings in acute measles encephalitis are sparse. T2WI may reveal cortical edema and bilateral symmetric hyper intense lesions within the putamen and caudate nuclei as well as within the centrum semiovale.[29] Sometimes patients also present bilateral thalamic lesions and signal abnormalities within the corpus callosum. We found 2 cases with a recent history of measles who subsequently developed features of encephalopathy. The disease was self limiting and their MRI were normal.

We would sum up in accordance to I. Steiner, H. Budka et al and their review of diagnosis and management recommendations in Viral encephalitis.[30].  A holistic approach to diagnosis should be based on medical history, examination; followed by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for protein and glucose contents, cellular analysis and identification of the pathogen by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification(recommendation level A)and serology (recommendation level B). Lumbar puncture can follow neuroimaging when immediately available, but if this

cannot be obtained at the shortest span of time it should be delayed only in the presence of strict contraindications. Brain biopsy should be reserved only for unusual and diagnostically difficult cases. All encephalitis cases must be hospitalized with an access to intensive care units. Supportive therapy is an important basis of management. Specific, evidence-based, anti-viral therapy, acyclovir, is available for herpes encephalitis (recommendation level A). Acyclovir might also be effective for varicella-zoster virus encephalitis, gancyclovir and foscarnet for cytomegalovirus encephalitis

Tuberculous Meningitis

J Kalita, UK Misra in their study evaluated the clinical and radiological outcome of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) patients. In this study most of the patients were females who were anemic.MRI revealed hydrocephalus, exudates, infarction and multiple granuloma and the majority of the patients improved following ant tubercular therapy. In our study there was a female predilection (57.14%). Under nutrition and anaemia may be a result or risk factor for development of tuberculous meningitis. Adults with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) can often present with the classic meningitis symptoms of fever, headache and stiff neck along with focal neurological deficits, behavioural changes, and alterations in consciousness [31]. The presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis on chest X- ray ranges from 30 to 50%. TBM may have an acute presentation. The duration of presenting symptoms may vary from 1 day to 9 months, although several cases may present with symptoms of less than 2 weeks duration. In our cases patients had a history of less than 2 weeks duration prior to admission. Cerebrovascular complications of tuberculous meningitis that occur typically as multiple or bilateral lesions in the territories of the middle cerebral artery perforating vessels are termed as tuberculous vasculopathy. Vessel pathology appears to be a consequence of its immersion in the local inflammatory exudates. Infiltrative, proliferative and necrotising vessel pathologies have been described, leading to luminal thrombosis. There is some evidence that vasospasm may mediate strokes early in the course of the disease and proliferative intimal disease later strokes [32]. In this study we encountered 28.57% cases with cerebral infarcts.

SUMMARY

This observational study was done in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India. 50 consecutive hospital admitted patients (>12 yrs) fulfilling the inclusion criteria were randomly selected over a period of 19 months. A male preponderance was marked in Pyogenic meningitis cases while a female preponderance was noted in tuberculous meningitis and viral meningo encephalitis cases.

An increased propensity of disease occurrence was seen in age groups 31-40 yrs in pyogenic meningitis and younger age groups (12- 30 yrs) were more affected in tuberculous and viral meningoencephalitis. Individual patients were assessed by clinical status on admission and divided into three GCS group.  15 cases(30%) belonged to group A(GCS 3 to 5), 22 cases(44%) belonged to gr B(GCS 6 to 9) while 13 cases( 26%) belonged to gr C( GCS 10 to 15) on admission. 18cases(36%) were male and 32 cases(64%) were female. Patient’s ages ranging from 12 yrs to77 yrs were selected and divided into age groups. CSF study and MRI brain was done and etiologically the cases were reclassified. Out of 50 cases 8 cases(16%) were diagnosed as pyogenic meningitis [ 5 males (62.5%)  and 3 females(37.5%)], 14cases (28%) were diagnosed as tuberculous meningitis [6males (42.86%) and 8 females (57.14%)] and 28 cases(56%) were diagnosed as  viral meningoencephalitis [7males (25%) and 21females (75%)].CSF study revealed neutrophilic picture with hypoglycorrhachia in bacterial meningitis with CSF culture studies revealing Streptococcus pneumoniae as the most commonly isolated pathogen(50% cases). Tuberculous meningitis revealed CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis with significantly increased protein and ADA levels. CSF ZN staining in all  cases were negative, CSF culture for tuberculosis was negative in 71.4% cases and could not be done in 28.6% cases although the diagnosis was established on other parameters and imaging evidence.

The CSF samples of viral meningoencephalitis revealed lymphocytic picture and increased protein with majority of cases being positive for Herpes simplex antibody (in CSF by ELISA method) in 35.72%. 14.28% cases were positive for Japanese B antibody. 10.72% cases were diagnosed as Varicella zoster cases. Serological confirmation of diagnosis was not possible in other cases due to non-availability of the specific test (Viral PCR) or a negative serology in 39.28%.

CONCLUSION

In this Eastern India based study viral etiologies were more frequently detected (56%) followed by tubercular(28%) and pyogenic(16%) causes of disease. There was an overall female preponderance (64%) with maximum number of patients belonging to younger age groups. Male predilection in pyogenic meningitis (62.5%) and a female predilection (57.14%) in tuberculous meningitis was noted, which was similar to several other studies done in other parts of the world. Most of the tuberculous meningitis cases (42.8%) were clinically more severe according to the GCS category during admission followed by viral meningoencephalitis (28.57%) and pyogenic meningitis (12.5%).CSF cytology revealed neutrophillic picture in pyogenic and lymphocyticpleocytosis in tuberculous and viral meningoencephalitis. CSF biochemistry revealed hypoglycorrhachia in pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis and  high protein levels in viral and grossly high protein content in tuberculous meningitis cases. ADA levels were also high in tuberculous meningitis.CSF gram staining, culture and serology results showed Streptococcus

pneumoniae as the most common pathogen causing pyogenic meningitis(50%)  and Herpes simplex as most common viral pathogen (35.72%) causing meningoencephalitis. This is a potential area of research and rightfully demands attention in the near future. India being a resource poor nation, improvisation of the specific diagnostic modalities and implementation with regard to affordability should be prioritised. Especially in this part of the world, there is a dearth of multicentric prospective studies on meningoencephalitis. More studies should be conducted based on correlation of clinical aspects with brain imaging; prognostication and taking into account the long term outcomes.

Limitations of the study

Sample size is small (N= 50). This study was done over a certain catchment area, hence not a multicentric study. As the study was done in a tertiary care hospital, the mean values may not properly reflect the actual population mean. Due to small sample size and wide range of variation in the values of the CSF parameters, in certain cases the standard deviation exceeded the mean values.CSF PCR could not be done due to non-availability during that period. Empiric therapy had to be started in most of the cases prior to confirmation of diagnosis, for the sake of the patients. Some of the patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, had to be excluded due to economic constraints.

Conflict of interest- Authors did not have any conflict of interest.

Corresponding author: Dr. Sinjan Ghosh. Department of Neurology, Nil Ratan Sircar  Medical College and Hospital,Kolktata 14, West Bengal, India

 

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  10. Mani R, Pradhan S, Nagarathna S, Wasiulla R, Chandramuki A. Bacteriological profile of community acquired acute bacterial meningitis: A ten-year retrospective study in a tertiary neurocare centre in South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007;25:108-14

  11. Tang LM, Chen ST, Hsu WC, Lyu RK. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults: A hospital-based epidemiological study. QJM 1999; 92 :719-25.

  12. Domingues R.B., Fink M.C.D., Tsanaclis A.M.C., de Castro C.C., Cerri C.C., Mayo M.S., et al.Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis by magnetic resonance imaging and polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid. J NeurolSci. 1998;157:148-153

  13. Rathore SK, Dwibedi B, Kar SK, Dixit S, Sabat J, Panda M. Viral aetiology and clinico-epidemiological features of acute encephalitis syndrome in eastern India. Epidemiol Infect. 2014; 24:1-8

  14. Satishchandra P, Ravi V, Shankar SK : Herpes simplex encephalitis : Clinicopathological and virological appraisal. Progress in Clinical Neuro Sciences1996; 11 : 167-186

  15. Coren ME, Buchdahl RM et al : Imaging and laboratory investigation in herpes simplex encephalitis. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry1999; 67 : 243-245

  16. Frantzidou, F., Kamaria, F., Dumaidi, K., Skoura, L., Antoniadis, A. and Papa, A. (2008), Aseptic meningitis and encephalitis because of herpesviruses and enteroviruses in an immunocompetent adult population. European J Neurol, 15: 995–997

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  18. Marjolein J. Lucas, Matthijs C. Brouwer, ,Arie van der Ende and Diederik van de Beek. Outcome in patients with bacterial meningitis presenting with a minimal Glasgow Coma Scale score.Neurol Neuroimmunol.2014;1: 1 e9

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  23. Misra, U. K., Tan, C. T. and Kalita, J. Viral encephalitis and epilepsy.Epilepsia 2008; 49: 13–18

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  31. Sutlas PN, Unal A, Forta H, Senol S, Kirbas D. Tuberculous meningitis in adults: Review of 61 cases. Infection. 2003;31:387–391.

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Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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