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IJCRR - 8(24), December, 2016

Pages: 13-18

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EVALUATION OF LIVER SPACE OCCUPYING LESIONS BY FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY

Author: Sameer B. Dalsaniya, Majal G. Shah, Trupti S. Patel, Jahnavi S. Gandhi, Dhaval H. Jetly, Priti P. Trivedi

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Objective: To evaluate the different liver space occupying lesions diagnosed on FNAC presenting at our hospital and share our experience of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of liver lesions.
Material and Method: Retrospective study of total of 400 cases of liver space occupying lesions was done at Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad during 6 months period (January 2015 to June 2015). Papanicolau (PAP) and May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) stained smears were reviewed and analyzed. Inconclusive aspirations and inadequate aspirations were excluded from study.
Results: 294 cases out of 400 cases - where FNA yielded adequate cellularity were analyzed. Age ranged from 1 to 80 years with male predominance. Out of 294 cases, 292 cases (99.32%) were diagnosed as neoplastic and 2 cases (0.68%) as non neoplastic lesions. Of total 292 cases, 66 cases (22.44%) were diagnosed as primary hepatic malignancies in which 7 cases (2.37%) were of Hepatoblastoma and 59 cases (20.07%) of Hepatocellular carcinoma. Metastatic tumor was the most common and constituted 226 cases (76.88%). Metastatic lesions were Adenocarcinoma (62.93%), Small cell carcinoma (7.15%), Squamous cell carcinoma (1.36%), Malignant Melanoma (1.36%), Neuroendocrine tumor (1.70%) and Medullary carcinoma (0.34%) in decreasing order of frequency. The two non neoplastic lesions were of Abscess formation (0.68%).
Conclusion: Cytology is a first line of investigation in liver space occupying lesions as the procedure is minimally invasive, safe, simple, quick and cost effective.

Keywords: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Liver SOL, Ultrasonography

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Liver can be affected by a variety of diseases which can be metabolic, infectious or neoplastic. These diseases are suspected clinically and biochemically. Radiologically they present either as diffuse involvement or as focal lesions and also designated as Space Occupying Lesions (SOLs).

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has been proven to be a very effective means of obtaining tissue from many different body sites – superficial as well as deep lesions for diagnosis. It was applied in liver as early as 1985. FNAC is a rapid, inexpensive and minimally invasive technique for diagnosis of liver SOLs without significant complications[1]. Ultrasonography (USG) or Computed Tomography (CT) – guided FNAC is an accurate method for arriving at a definite tissue diagnosis in focal liver lesions [2]. Occasional inflammatory lesions or diffuse liver diseases may mimic mass like lesions or appear as non homogenous regions on radiographs. Such lesions can also be well sampled by FNA to rule out neoplasm from differential diagnosis [3].

According to literature, the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for liver lesion is greater than 85% and in malignant lesion its sensitivity is around 90% (67-100%) [4].

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the different liver SOLs diagnosed on FNAC presenting at our hospital and share our experience of FNAC of liver lesions.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

A retrospective study of 400 cases of liver SOLs who presented at Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad during a 6 months period (January 2015 to June 2015) was done. Clinical and Radiological details were obtained. USG or CT guided FNACs performed using 20/21-gauge disposable spinal needle, attached to a 10 ml disposable syringe in a liver space occupying lesions diagnosed clinically or radiologically with normal range of coagulation profile. The area was cleaned with the antiseptic and during suspended respiration; needle was introduced percutaneously in to the lesion evaluated by ultrasound guidance. One to three passes were done. At least six smears were made from aspirated material. Five smears were immediately fixed in 100% methanol for 15 minutes and then stained by Papanicolau (PAP) stain while one dry smear was stained by May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain.

294 cases out of 400 cases - where FNA yielded adequate cellularity were selected for this study. Inconclusive aspirations - when smear had some cells, not sufficient enough for diagnosis and inadequate aspirations - when smear did not show any epithelial cells were excluded from the study. Lesions were categorized in to Non Neoplastic and Neoplastic lesions. Neoplastic lesions were further classified as Benign and Malignant. Malignant lesions further sub typed as primary and secondary (metastatic) tumors. Non Neoplastic lesions include inflammatory or infective lesions.

RESULTS

FNAC of total 400 cases of liver SOLs were studied. It was conclusive in 294 cases. The diagnostic yield was 73.5%.

The patient’s age ranged from 1 to 80 years out of which 162 were male (55.10%) and 132 were female (44.90%).

Table I show various cytological diagnoses in Liver SOLs – 294 cases.

Table I : - Spectrum of FNAC findings in Liver SOLs

 

Diagnosis of FNAC

No of cases

Percentage

A

Neoplastic lesion

292

99.32%

1

Primary malignancy

66

22.44%

a

Hepatoblastoma

07

2.38%

b

Hepatocellular carcinoma

59

20.06%

2

Secondary malignancy

226

76.88%

a

Adenocarcinoma

185

62.93%

b

Small cell carcinoma

21

7.15%

c

Squamous cell carcinoma

04

1.36%

d

Melanoma

04

1.36%

e

Neuroendocrine tumor

05

1.70%

f

Spindle cell tumor

03

1.02%

g

Round cell tumor

03

1.02%

h

Medullary carcinoma

01

0.34%

B

Non neoplastic lesion

02

0.68%

1

Abscess

02

0.68%

Out of 294 cases, 292 (99.32%) were malignant and 2 cases (0.68%) were of infective etiology – abscess formation. Of 292 malignant cases diagnosed, 66 (22.44%) were primary liver neoplasm and 226 (76.88%) were secondaries (metastasis). Benign hepatic lesions were not seen in our study. Out of 66 primary liver neoplasms, 7 cases were of hepatoblastoma and 59 cases were of Hepatocellular carcinoma. The most important cytomorphological features of primary tumors – HCC were cellularity, architectural patterns, cytological features of individual cell and background material. The main architectural pattern seen was broad trabeculae with transgressing blood vessels, cohesive clusters and endothelial wrapping and bare atypical nuclei in the background. The cytological features included were polygonal cells with centrally placed nuclei with high N:C ratio, single or multiple macronucleoli, abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions and bile plugging (figure-1). Serum alphafetoprotein (S.AFP) level was raised in 41 cases and normal in 13 cases of HCC while in 5 cases S.AFP level was not done.

The hepatoblastoma is a primary liver tumor in pediatric age group, consisting of small round to oval uniform sized cells. The cytoplasm was granular with indistinct borders. The nuclei have smooth nuclear membrane, chromatin was fine to coarsely granular and evenly distributed. Few cells had single nucleolus. The background was dirty with fragments of capillaries and plump spindle shaped endothelial cells (figure - 2). S.AFP levels were elevated in all the cases of hepatoblastoma.

Metastatic tumor was the most common malignant hepatic lesion (226 cases- 76.88%). Metastatic adenocarcinoma was the commonest type (185 cases) followed by small cell carcinoma (21 cases), neuroendocrine tumor (5 cases), squamous cell carcinoma (4 cases), melanoma (4 cases), spindle cell tumor (3 cases), round cell tumor (3 cases) and medullary carcinoma (1 case). The commonest primary sites of adenocarcinoma were the lung, breast, GI tract, pancreas, ovary and gall bladder in decreasing order of frequency.

The common cytological features of adenocarcinoma were high cellularity, columnar or cuboidal tumor cells with nuclear pleomorphism, high nuclear to cytolplasmic (N:C) ratio with central to eccentrically placed nucleus, fine dispersed to coarse chromatin and scanty to moderate, vacuolated or pale cytoplasm. Cells were arranged in glands, acinar or palisade like patterns; three dimensional clusters; or singly. Inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis were seen in some cases. Most of them showed benign hepatocytes in the background (figure - 3). In 167 cases (73.89%) out of 226 cases, the commonest primary site of adenocarcinoma was the lung, breast, GI tract, pancreas, ovary, gall bladder in decreasing order of frequency. Rest 59 cases (26.11%) presented as metastasis of unknown origin to liver.

The small cell carcinoma showed small monomorphic cells with finely granular chromatin, inconspicuous or absent nucleoli and scanty cytoplasm. Nuclear moulding, smearing artifact along with apoptosis and mitosis were also seen (figure - 4).

Neuroendocrine tumor revealed monomorphic, plasmacytoid cells in vascular pattern with salt and pepper chromatin, small nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. Mitotic activity and necrosis were not evident (figure - 5).

The squamous cell carcinoma showed squamoid tadpole like cells with irregular hyperchromatic nuclei and well defined, abundant, keratinized cytoplasm. The cells were present in the necrotic inflammatory background.

Metastatic Melanoma showed dispersed large polygonal cells with centrally placed nuclei, macronucleoli, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions with presence of intracytoplasmic melanin pigments (figure - 6).

Metastatic spindle cell tumor showed cohesive tissue fragments of spindle cells with mild atypia without necrosis and mitosis. These cases were known case of Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) of small bowel.

Metastatic round cell tumor (3 cases) showed discrete small round cells with high N:C ratio with features suggestive of NHL, Wilm’s tumor and Ewing’s Sarcoma respectively.

One case of metastatic medullary carcinoma from thyroid was also seen during this study.

Two Non Neoplastic lesions were of infective etiology showing numerous polymorphs, necrosis and debris. ZN stain and PAS stain were performed to rule out tuberculosis and fungal infection respectively.

DISCUSSION

Lundquist et al in 1971 first showed the utility of FNAC in diagnosing hepatic lesions [1]. Guided FNAC is a very useful procedure for the diagnosis of various Neoplastic and Non Neoplastic hepatic lesions. It is a minimal intervening procedure at low cost and without major complication. The only contraindications are marked hemorrhagic diathesis and suspected vascular lesions [5,6]. No complications were seen during our study.

The diagnostic yield of our study was 73.5%; almost similar results were seen in the earlier studies [7,8,9].

For any SOL in liver the differential diagnosis includes inflammatory lesions, metastatic deposits and primary liver malignancy. The imaging techniques helps, but some overlap between the radiologic features of liver abscess, Hepatocellular carcinoma and metastasis are seen. Tumor either primary or secondary can undergo extreme necrosis and present radiologically as cavitary neoplasm mimicking abscess and similarly abscesses with accompanied proliferative reactive changes mimic neoplastic process radiologically. In this situation guided FNAC plays an important complementary role for the accurate cytological diagnosis of various liver lesions [10]. In focal liver lesions multiple aspirates can be done replacing core needle biopsy to a large extent [11]. It helps to categorize liver lesions into primary, metastatic or non neoplastic. With the use of cell blocks diagnostic accuracy is improved as it facilitates study of multiple sections, use of special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) [12].

Metastatic tumors were the most common (76.88%) among the malignant liver lesions. Our results are comparable with other studies such as, Dhameja et al [13], Rasania et al [9] and Ali SR et al [14] which showed 77.7%, 70.4% and 58% of metastatic tumors respectively among the total liver malignancies. However, study by Swamy et al [15] found primary malignancies more common than metastatic lesions.

We studied and evaluated the different features in HCC as described by Ali et al [16] and Tao et al [17]. The cytomorphological features were cellular arrangement, cell size, N:C ratio, cohesiveness of cells, nuclear shape and size, location, multinucleation, prominent nucleolus, amount of cytoplasm, vacuolation, bile production and hyaline bodies.

HCC was differentiated from other malignant and nonmalignant condition of liver by the different features collectively like cellularity, trabecular pattern, hyperchromasia, uniformly prominent nucleoli, multiple nucleoli and atypical naked nuclei. The most important and helpful cytological features were the trabecular pattern, irregular granular chromatin, prominent nucleoli and atypical striped nuclei [18]. The atypical naked nuclei were included as one of the important criteria for the diagnosis of HCC by Pedio et al [19] as these were rarely seen in benign and metastatic condition. Three criteria differentiate HCC from metastatic tumor; polygonal cells with centrally placed nuclei, malignant cells separated by sinusoidal capillaries and bile. Two additional criteria, namely endothelial cells surrounding tumor cell clusters and intranuclear inclusions were identified as being important secondary criteria for HCC [20].

Hepatoblastoma usually affects 3 years old or younger children and has markedly elevated S.AFP level as seen in our study. Hepatoblastoma is not associated with cirrhosis. On FNAC, a hepatoblastoma can resemble a normal liver if it exhibits a predominantly fetal type differentiation with trabecular pattern. If other epithelial components such as embryonal, small cell or macrotrabecular patterns are present, the tumor shows a more heterogenous population of variably sized cells with or without trabecular groups, suggesting diagnosis of hepatoblastoma. On cytology smears alone, abundant embryonal or small cell components may resemble other small-cell tumors of childhood, such as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, Wilm’s tumor and Lymphoma [4]. The macrotrabecular component can be more cytologically pleomorphic, mimicking HCC [1].

Metastatic Adenocarcinoma show variable differentiation. The cytoplasm differs markedly from that of hepatocytes. Necrosis, inflammation, mucin and columnar or cuboidal differentiation favours metastatic adenocarcinoma [9,10,15].

Metastatic Squamous cell carcinoma, usually from the lung, may not pose any diagnostic difficulty except for poorly differentiated tumors, in the absence of keratin and in the presence of marked necrosis and inflammation [9,10,15].

Metastatic Melanoma may present diagnostic difficulty with HCC, especially when the primary has not been discovered. Melanoma has several features in common with HCC, including polygonal cells with centrally placed nuclei, prominent nucleoli and intra nuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. Presence of coarse brown pigment of melanin has been considered an important diagnostic feature of melanoma. Even melanin pigment may resemble various liver cell pigments. Melanin may not be found in metastatic lesions. In such cases Immunohistochemistry for HMB-45, S-100 and cytokeratin is recommended [11].

Small/Intermediate round cell malignancies include neuroendocrine tumor, small cell carcinoma, lymphoma and round cell tumors. Most neuroendocrine tumors are from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreatico-biliary tract or lung. A primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumor is unusual. Small cell carcinoma usually arises from the lung. Lymphoma seldom present as primary neoplasm, although hepatic involvement is common in advanced disease. It can be mistaken for poorly differentiated carcinoma or HCC [10].

Hence, this study shows different neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions can be accurately diagnosed by guided FNAC as shown by other studies.

CONCLUSION

In the present setup from this study it is felt that USG guided FNAC is very useful in a diagnosis of different liver SOLs lesions as the procedure is simple, safe, quick, economical and accurate. It can segregate benign and malignant lesions and primary and secondary malignancies with accuracy. Early diagnosis decreases the length of stay in hospital and minimizes further ancillary investigations. Accurately sampled, well prepared and well stained cytological samples along with clinical and radiological correlation yield the best results.

So, FNAC is a simple and effective tool in our hand.

DECLARATION

Prior Publication - NIL

Support - NIL

Ethical Clearance- Approved.

Source of Funding – NA

Conflict of Interest – NIL

ABBREVIATION

FNAC - Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

PAP - Papanicolau

MGG - May-Grunwald-Giemsa

SOL - Space Occupying Lesions

USG - Ultrasonography

CT - Computed Tomography

S.AFP - Serum alphafetoprotein

GIST - Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumor

NHL – Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

ZN - Ziehl–Neelsen

PAS - Periodic acid–Schiff

IHC - ImmunoHistoChemistry

HCC – HepatoCellular Carcinoma

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose article cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Note: The present study was undertaken at tertiary care hospital of Gujarat to know the etiology of the various liver space occupying lesions by FNAC. In the present study, FNAC performed on the patient as routine diagnostic procedure which was with prior consent of the patients. Ethical committee clearance has not been required as confidentiality of patients’ details has not been published.

             

             

References:

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A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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