International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 5(15), August, 2013

Pages: 76-81

Date of Publication: 17-Aug-2013


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CHANGING MICROBIOLOGICAL TRENDS IN CASES OF CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA PATIENTS

Author: Bansal Sulabh, Ojha Tarun, Kumar Suresh, Singhal Amit, Vyas Pratibha

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is a common infectious chronic ear disease in India.The present study was aimed to identify bacterial isolates associated with CSOM and their Antibiogram in patients attending ENT OPD of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from 190 patients (both male and female) in all age groups during the period of Jan 2012 to June 2012 suffering from CSOM and having active ear discharge. Their Gram staining, Direct microscopy with KOH, Culture sensitivity, and Biochemical tests were carried out to identify the organisms and to know their sensitivity pattern. Drug susceptibility testing was conducted using a modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The most common causal organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 80 (45.9%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 46 (26.4%) amongst the 167 (87.9%) bacterial isolates (including 10 isolates of MRSA). Fungi accounted for 7 (3.7%) of the isolates while 16 (8.4%) were culture negative isolates. The antimicrobial profile of the major isolates i.e. Pseudomonas and Staph. Aureus revealed maximum sensitivity to Piperacillin / Tazobactum against 90% isolates. Conclusion: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus. Both of these are sensitive to Piperacillin / Tazobactum. The study of microbial pattern and their antibiotic sensitivity determines the prevalent bacterial organisms causing CSOM in local area and to start empirical and more targeted treatment of otitis media and its complications for successful outcome, thus to prevent the emergence of resistant strains.

Keywords: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media, Ear Discharge, Methicillin – resistant Stphylococcus aureus, Microbiology, Sensitivity

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Otitis Media is and inflammation of the middle ear cleft irrespective of etiology and pathogenesis. Sources of infection in Otitis Media is mainly dependent on the route by which the infection reaches the middle ear and the chief route by which this occurs is the Eustachian Tube.(1) Causes in such cases is nasopharyngeal disease and in children it is usually the adenoids. The causative infection may be in the nose, paranasal sinuses, or in the oropharynx. (2)   

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is a persistent disease of middle ear, which is capable

of causing severe destruction and sequelae with manifestation of Deafness, Discharge and Perforation .(3)Disease is more common in children belonging to lower socioeconomic group.(3) Most common organism found in CSOM are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonae, E.coli, Aspergillus sps. and Candida.(4)The disease is mainly classified into two types: Mucosal and Squamosal type depending upon whether  the disease process  affects the Pars tensa or the Pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane.(5)

However, due to increased and irrational use of wide?spectrum antibiotics, the resistance in the bacterial isolates has become very common along with emergence of multiple strains of bacteria. (6) Changes in the Microbiological flora following the use of sophisticated synthetic Antibiotics have increased the relevance of the reappraisal of the modern day flora in CSOM and their in vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern is very important for the clinician to plan a general outline of Treatment. (7)

The present series deals with study of the Bacterial flora in cases of CSOM who attended the ENT Department OPD with complaints of chronically discharging ear.

MATERIAL METHODS

The study was carried out at ENT Outdoors of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur from Jan 2012 to June 2012. A total of 190 patients of all age groups and both genders were included. Only those were selected who had not taken any treatment either systemic or local in the form of eardrops for the last seven days. The ear discharge from each diseased ear taken on a sterile swab in ENT OPD and sent to the Microbiology Department for their Gram staining, Direct microscopy with KOH, Culture sensitivity, and Culture Sensitivity testing. Swabs were taken from the deeper part of External Auditory Canal were inoculated on MacConkey’s, Blood, Chocolate and Sabouraud’s Dextrose agar and incubated aerobically at 37 degree for 24-48 hrs. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Muller Hilton agar using the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The antibiotics tested were: Amikacin, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem, Augmentin (Amoxycillin/Clavulanic Acid), Tazocin (Tazobactum/Piperacillin), Levofloxacin, Vancomycin.

RESULTS

The study included 190  patients in the Age ranged from 6 month to 80 Years, with Peak age group being 15-30 years was noted in 108 cases (56.84 %).(Table 1) The male and female distribution was 62.1 % and 37.9 % respectively .Out of the 190 swabs, 174 showed growth giving an Isolation Rate of 91.6 %. The analysis by sex and age did not show a predominance of any particular group of patients related to any aetiological agents. Result of sensitivity pattern of organisms isolated from Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media patients are showen in table no 2. TaZobactum / Piperacillin-TZ (80%), Levofloxacin - LEV (73.1%) and Ceftazidime - CAZ (72.9 %) showed maximum activity to most of isolated organisms.

In 190 patients, mild Degree of hearing loss were found in 71 (37.%) patients, moderate Degree of hearing loss in 86 patients (45.2 %), while in 33 patients (45.7 %) sever to profound of hearing loss  were observed.(Table 3).

DISCUSSION

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is a major public-health problem, and India is one of the countries with high-prevalence where urgent attention is needed.(8) The otologist and paediatrician are commonly observing CSOM and its various complications such as facial palsy, unalterable local destruction of middle ear structures, serious intracranial and extracranial complications. (8) Early diagnosis of etiological microbes can avoid these complications, however it also facilitate rapid and successful treatment.

High prevalence of culture positive cases of CSOM (91.18%) was seen in the present study. We found that the CSOM was more prevalent in first and second decade of life and accounted for 51% of the cases. This finding agrees well with the observations made by other researchers. (9,10) Children are more prone to upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Furthermore, cold weather pre-disposes children to URTI. Both of these two reasons contribute well to high-prevalence of CSOM in children. (11)

The male is to female ratio was found to be 1.2:1. Cases of CSOM were more common in females than in males.This study was comparable with the outcome of few authors (10,12)nd in difference with other researchers.(13) 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa the most common isolate (45.9%) in our study was 100% sensitive to Tazocin (Tazobactum/Piperacillin), 92 % to Imipanum and 88.7% to Levofloxacin. P. aeruginosa resistance against Quinolones may be due to irrational use, wrong dosage,  easy accessibility and developing enzymatic resistance of organism against Quinolones.(14) Similar differences have been noted in literature regarding activity of Aminoglycosides against P. aeruginosa.(14)Pseudomonas, however, is the predominant cause of CSOM in tropical region does not usually inhabit the upper respiratory tract, its presence in the middle-ear cannot be ascribed to an invasion through Eustacian Tube other researches from India,(9) and Pakistan(10) demonstrated similar trends as Pseudomonas was the most prevalent organism and this could be due to regional and effect of climatic difference may results the variation in micro-organisms.                                          Staphylococcus aureus (other than MRSA) the second most common isolate (20.6 %) in our study was 100% sensitive to Tazocin (Tazobactum/Piperacillin), 72.2% to Levofloxacin and 52% to Amikacin. The susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus found in our study against most of the antibiotics is almost consistent with the one reported in few other local studies this observation was in line with diversity of microbial flora of CSOM infection in colder regions as reported in studies by Ettehad, et al. (16) from Iran (31.15%) and Singh, et al.(17)  from India (36%).

Coliforms including Proteus and Escherichia   coli were isolated from 8.0% and 6.8% cases respectively, and these findings were tandem to the reports by Mansoor, et al. (10) who reported the same to be 8% and 4% .

The most commonly found fungi in CSOM are Candida species and Aspergillus species. (18) In the present study, fungal etiology was found in 7 (12.25%) cases .In a study from Haryana, India, fungal etiology was found in 15% of cases. (19) Fungal infections of the middle-ear are common as fungi thrive well in moist pus.

Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was carried out for all the aerobic isolates (except for 10 isolates of Diptheroids). AK was found to be most effective drug followed by CAX, GEN and ciprofloxacin (CIP). These findings were parallel to the reports by other authors. (10,19,20) For the antibiotics commonly available as topical ear drops, GEN, and CIP showed good activity for most of the commonly isolated organism and can be used as effective first line topical antibiotic in the treatment of CSOM. Studies have revealed that quinolones like CIP are safe and effective particularly against S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.(21,22)
Isolation of various aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal isolates shows that different conditions of CSOM could be differentiated on microbiological grounds. Thus, for better management of CSOM, microbial classification of infection as well as drug sensitivity test of organism recovered are essential for making appropriate decision of antimicrobials that will effectively eradicate the pathogen.

CONCLUSION

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common isolate followed by Staphlococcus aureus from the culture specimens of Chronic Otitis Media. Both of these are sensitive to Tazobactum/Piperacillin, except MRSA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 100% sensitive to Tazobactum/Piperacillin combination. Pseudomonas is increasingly becoming more resistant to the common drugs like Quinolones. Vancomycin is 100% effective against MRSA.

Therefore, evaluation of microbiological pattern and their Antibiotic Sensitivity pattern in local area become helpful in prescribing empirical antibiotics for successful treatment of Otitis Media and thus minimizing its complications and emergence of resistance strains.

References:

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  2. Vartianien E. Effect of aerobic bacteriology on clinical presentation and treatment results of CSOM. J Laryngo-Oto, 1996, 315-8.
  3. Altuntas A, Aslam A, Eren A. Susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from CSOM to Ciprofloxacin. Eur Arch Otorhino Laryngology, 1996, 364 -6.
  4. Jakimovska F, Cakarm, Lazareveskia, et.al. CSOM –Microbiological findings. Balkan j otolneuro –otol, 2002, 104-6.
  5. A Mathur, M Bradoora. Bacteriology of CSOM without cholesteatoma. Indian Practitioner Journal, 2002, 426-28.
  6. Sabella C. Management of otorrhoea in infants and children. Paed infectious dis J, 2000, 1007-8.
  7. Indudharan R, Haq JA, Aiyar S. Antibiotics in chronic suppurative otitis media: A bacteriologic study. Ann OtolRhinolLaryngol1999;108:440-5.
  8. Acuin J. Global burden of disease due to chronic suppurative otitis media: Disease, deafness, deaths and DALYs Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media-Burden of Illness and Management Options. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2004. p. 9-23. (Accessed August 29, 2012, at http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/hearing_care/otitis_media.pdf).
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  10. Mansoor T, Musani MA, Khalid G, Kamal M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic suppurative otitis media: Sensitivity spectrum against various antibiotics in Karachi. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2009;21:120-3.
  11. Gordon MA, Grunstein E, Burton WB. The effect of the season on otitis media with effusion resolution rates in the New York Metropolitan area. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004;68:191-5.
  12. Loy AH, Tan AL, Lu PK. Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2002;43:296-9.
  13. Poorey VK, Lyer A. Study of bacterial flora in csom and its clinical significance. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;54:91-5.
  14. Mirza IA, Ali L, Arshad M. Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media-experience at Bahawalpur. Pak Armed Forces Med J 2008; 58:372-6.
  15. Vishvanath S, Mukhopadhyay C, Prakash R, Pillai S, Pujary K, Pujary P. Chronic suppurative otitis media: Optimizing initial antibiotic therapy in a tertiary care setup. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;64:285-9.
  16. Ettehad GH, Refahi S, Nemmati A, Pirzadeh A, Daryani A. Microbial and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from patients with chronic otitis media in Ardebil. Int J Trop Med 2006;1:62-5.
  17. Singh AH, Basu R, Venkatesh A. Aerobic bacteriology of chronic suppurative otitis media in Rajahmundry. Biol Med 2012;4:73-9.
  18. Ibekwe AO, al Shareef Z, Benayam A. Anaerobes and fungi in chronic suppurative otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:649-52.
  19. Kumar H, Seth S. Bacterial and fungal study of 100 cases of chronic suppurative otitis media. J Clin Diagn Res 2011;5:1224-7
  20. Gulati SK. Investigative profile in patients of chronic suppurative otitis media. Indian J Otol 1997;3:59-62.
  21. Kardar AA, Usman M, Tirmizi S. Topical quinolones versus topical aminoglycosides in the medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media: A comparative trial. J Sur Pak 2003;8:6-9. 
  22. Macfadyen CA, Acuin JM, Gamble C. Topical antibiotics without steroids for chronically discharging ears with underlying eardrum perforations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;4:CD004618.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
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A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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