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IJCRR - 6(6), March, 2014

Pages: 87-92

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ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) IN ORAL PRECANCEROUS DISORDERS AND ORAL CANCER- A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Author: Vaishali Keluskar

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Oral cancer is a major global health problem andaffects more than 200000 people worldwide. These are often led by preexisting oral lesions termed as potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. Oral cancer is associated with multiple risk factors. Though tobacco and alcohol consumption are the most common risk factors, studies have also revealed that DNA viruses, especially human papillomavirus (HPV) may be an important etiological factor for head and neck malignancy. HPV infection is a significant risk factor for cervical carcinoma; however the role of HPV in OSCC is less well defined. Hence this article throws a light on various studies which were done previously to show an association between HPV and potentially malignant disorders and oral cancers.

Keywords: Human papillomavirus (HPV), oral premalignant disorders, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Oral cancer is the 6 th most common malignancy in developed countries, representing almost 3% of all malignancies, accounting for 50% of all cancersespecially in India and other regions of Southeast Asia.. Besides the main risk factors of tobacco, smoking and alcohol, infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) and genetic alterations are likely to play an important role in these lesions. More than 90% of these malignancies are often preceded by preexisting oral lesions termed as potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa.1 In several epidemiological studies, the role of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption as major risk factors for potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer is well documented.2 Literature reveals that oncogenic HPVs are main causative agent for cervical cancer, but its role in potentially malignant disorders and carcinomas of the oral cavity is less established.3Association of HPV with oral and pharyngeal carcinogenesis was first proposed in 1983 by Syrjanenet al. 4 HPVs are small (55 nm), nonenveloped, icosahedral, epitheliotropic DNA tumor viruses that are transmitted early in life. To date more than 75 different HPV genotypes have been cloned and characterized. 16 HPV DNA genotypes have been isolated from oral lesions among whichmajority are low risk HPVs (6, 11, 13, 32) associated with benign papillomatous lesions having little potential for malignant progression. Whereas highrisk HPV genotypes (16,18,31,32,33,35) are frequently associated with epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinomaand have increasedmalignant potential.5

REVIEW

Various studies have been carried out to know the prevalence of HPV in the oral cavity, yetits role in oncogenic development is unclear. This could be attributedto varied studies carried out in diversepopulation, with different sample size and different assays to detect viral DNA.Hence a retrospective review of the existing epidemiologic data wascompiledto highlight the relationship of HPV in the development of potentially malignant disorders and OSCC. Syrjanen K and Syrjanen Set al. in 1983 assessed biopsies from 40 cases of OSCCand observedassociation of HPV with malignancy. Morphological signs of the flat-type HPV lesion were found in 4 cases (10%), inverted type in 3 cases (7.5%), and papillomatous type in 9 cases (22.5%). Epithelial cells (mostly koilocytes) showing HPV-positive nuclei were disclosed in 5 papillomatous lesions, in 2 inverted lesions and in 1 flat lesion. Thus according to them HPV could be the etiological factor for certain types of OSCC.4 Shroyer KR and Greer RO in 1991 compared the sensitivity of detection of HPV DNA in premalignant and malignant oral lesions by in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As per his observations HPV DNA was found among 4 of 24 cases of epithelial dysplasia, 4 of 14 cases of verrucous hyperplasia, and 1 of 10 cases of squamous cell carcinoma. The 10 cases of smokeless tobacco keratoses and 3 cases of verrucous carcinoma were all negative for HPV DNA. According to them, PCR was an effective technique for identifying HPV 16 DNA from premalignant and malignant oral lesions.6 Young SK and Min KW et al. in 1991 evaluated potentially malignant and malignant lesions with biotinylated double-stranded DNA probesfor detection of HPV types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35.According to his observations 62% (13/21) of oral squamous papillomas were positive for HPV DNA among which 6 and 11 HPV types demonstrated the strongest reactivity. Of the 13 cases, 10 also showed some reactivity with HPV- 16/18 and -31/33/35. This study thus confirmedthat HPV DNA is frequently found in oral squamous cell papillomas and may not be detected in keratotic, premalignant, or cancerous lesions of the oral mucous membranes.7 The studies by Chang et al in 1991, Yeudall in 1992 and Miller and Johnstone in 2001 detected many low risk types of HPV ( 6 and 11) with benign lesions and HPVs( 16,18 and 33) with malignant lesions.8-10 Shindoh Met al in 1992 studied an association of HPV DNAs in carcinomas of the oral cavity.According to their observations HPV-16 DNA sequences may have the capability to maintain the proliferative state of epithelial cells, and thus may contribute to the production of malignant phenotypes.11 Yeudall WA and Paterson ICet alin 1995 studied patients with tobacco history and their association with HPV. They suggested that though p53 mutation was a frequent genetic event in oral cancer, this does not preclude a papilloma viral etiology for these tumors. 12 Zhonghua Kou et. al. in1996 detected HPV 16 and 18 type DNA in OSCC and normal mucosa (NOM) by PCR, and thenanalyzed the PCR products using southern blot hybridization. They observed that the positive rates of HPV DNA were 47.8% (11/23) in OSCC, including HPV16 in 6 samples, HPV 18 in 3 samples and 16, 18 coinfection in 2 samples. Whereas HPV16 DNA was found to be 20% (2/10) in normal oral mucosa, thus suggesting that HPV may play a role in carcinogenesis of OSCC.13 Bustos D.A et al in 1999 studied association of HPV with cervical and oral cancer.According to their observations, HPV DNA in cancer biopsy specimens were detected less frequently among tobacco smokers and pan chewers and more frequently among heterosexuals or those who practiced oral sex.14 Martha Bouda et. Al. in 2000 conducted a study to examine HPV infection in oral hyperplasias, dysplasias and squamous cell carcinomas as well as in normal oral mucosa by nested polymerase chain reaction (NPCR) , type specific PCR (TS– PCR), restrictionfragment length polymorphism RFLP) analysis, dot blotting (DB), and nonisoropic in situ hybridization (NISH). They suggested that, association of high risk HPV types with oral carcinogenesis and high percentage in hyperplasias and dysplasias to be an indicator of an early involvement of HPV in oral neoplasia.15 Scully et. al. in 2000 also suggested that viral factors like HPV may contribute to the etiology of OSCC.16 Klussmann JP and Weissenborn SJ et. al. in 2001 reported 25 Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCCs) (26%) to be HPV positive. The frequency of HPV positive lesions was 18% in the oral cavity, 45% for oropharynx, 25% for hypopharynx, 8% for nasopharynx, and 7% for larynx.17 Nagpal et. al. in 2002 analyzed the genetic predisposition of Indian population to HPV infection and oral carcinogenesis. They screened 110 patients of oral cancer, who were highly addicted to betel quid and tobacco chewing for HPV 16/18 infection and its association with polymorphism at p53 codon. Total 37 patients (33.6%) showed the presence of HPV 16 in 22.7%, HPV 18 in 14.5% and HPV 16/18 coinfection in 10%.18 Hansson BG and Rosenquist K et. al. in 2005 demonstrated a strong association between infection with high-risk types of HPV and oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC), suggesting that high-risk HPV types play a key role in carcinogenesis.19 Syrjanen S. et. al. in 2005 were the first to present evidence on the involvement of HPV infections in both laryngeal and oral carcinogenesis. Until 2002, 4768 oral carcinomas had been analysed for HPV DNA, and 22% were reported to contain HPV. Tonsillar carcinomas appeared to have the highest prevalence of HPV among all non genital cancers. By the end of 2002, 422 cases of tonsillar carcinoma were analyzed for the presence of HPV DNA, with the overall detection rate of 51%. HPV 16 was the most prevalent type found in 84% .The role of HPV in laryngeal squamous cell papilloma and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is well - established, whereas the role of HPV in laryngeal carcinomatosis remains controversial. The molecular mechanism of HPV-associated carcinogenesis of the head and neck is still not understood.20 KoppikarP et. al. in 2005 studied HPV DNA in oral carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and reported that HPV contributed to carcinogenesis. High risk HPVs are predominantly found in oral cancer and may play a role in its progression, while low risk subtypes are usually associated with oral precancerous lesions.21 Chen PC and Pan CC et. al. in 2006 analyzed the association of potentially malignant lesions with HPV. According to them HPV 16 and 18 were frequently identified with all potentially malignant lesions, whereas HPV 6 and 11 were found only in squamous papilloma. HPV 18, betel quid chewing and smoking were significantly associated with leukoplakia and squamous papilloma, while only betel quid chewing and smoking were significantly associated with oralsubmucous fibrosis (OSMF).22 Chen SL et. al. in 2007 suggested that the role of HPV infection is due to oncoproteins E6 and E7 which inactivate p53 and pRB respectively. The oncogene E5 has also been found to transform cells by modulating growth factor receptors, thus suggesting that several oncoproteins contribute in carcinogenesis.23 Katie M. Applebaum and C. Sloane Furniss et. al. in 2007 suggested HPV 16 seropositivity and alcohol and tobacco use to be associated with risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. According to them, the strongest risk factors by tumor site were smoking for laryngeal cancer, alcohol for cancer of the oral cavity, and HPV16 for pharyngeal cancer. For pharyngeal cancer, risk increased with increasing alcohol consumption and smoking among HPV16-seronegative subjects but not among HPV16-seropositive subjects. Among light drinkers or never smokers, HPV16 seropositivity was associated with a 30-fold increased risk of pharyngeal cancer. They concluded thatalcohol or tobacco use does not further increase risk of HPV16-associated paryngeal cancer and the risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma associated with smoking, alcohol, and HPV16 differs by tumor site.24 Liang XH and Lewis J et. al. in 2008 carried out a study to examine the prevalence and significance of HPV infection and its clinical significance in patients with oral tongue cancer. They suggested that the incidence of HPV in oral tongue cancer was low and was unlikely to play a significant role in etiology, pathogenesis and clinical outcomes of oral tongue cancer, as there was a rising trend of oral tongue cancer in the young populations.25 Scapoli L and Palmieri A et. al. in 2008 carried out a study to evaluate the presence of high-risk tHPV in a large, well defined sample of oral squamous-cell carcinoma. Data obtained from 314 oral squamous-cell carcinoma, indicated that the prevalence of high - risk HPV was as low as 2% and thus did not support a major role of HPV in the etiology of oral squamous-cell carcinoma. 26 Jalouli J and Ibrahim SO et. al. in 2010 illustrated human simplex virus (HSV), HPV and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infections to be common and may influence oral health and cancer development. According to them, there was a high prevalence of HPV in Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis and the etiologic implication of this finding warrants further studies.27

CONCLUSION

The role of HPV in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma has gained attention due to biological similarities between the epithelium of the cervix and the oral cavity. HPV is an important risk factor for potentially malignant disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. HPV 16 and 18 were detected more frequently in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma than potentially malignant disorders and absent in the normal samples. This suggests an association of the virus with oral carcinogenesis. Data pertaining to prevalence of HPV in patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. without history of smoking, alcohol or betel nut habit is limited. Hence, further studies need to be carried out to find the prognostic value of HPV infection as a biomarker for early diagnosis ofpotentially malignant disorders and Oral Cancer.

References:

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A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17

A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16

A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15

A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020

A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) IN ORAL PRECANCEROUS DISORDERS AND ORAL CANCER- A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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