International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 6(15), August, 2014

Pages: 15-19

Date of Publication: 10-Aug-2014


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INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING APPROACHES: THE BEST PRACTICE FOR BASIC SCIENCE TEACHERS

Author: Ayodele Mathew Olagoke, Olatunbosun Segun Mobolaji, Daramola Mercy A

Category:

Abstract:This paper provides information obtained from Junior Secondary School teachers on their orientation towards the use of inquirybased approach for teaching Basic Science in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The population of the study comprises all the Basic Science teachers in the State. A sample of one hundred and eighty (180) teachers was selected from the three (3) senatorial districts of the State using multi-stage sampling technique. A fifteen-item scaled response questionnaire was used as an instrument. The items addressed teachers' related beliefs, orientation and difficulties in implementing IBL in Basic Science classrooms. The fourscale, adopted likert-scale questionnaire was distributed by the researchers to the participants in their schools. The instrument was validated by experts in the fields of language, science education and evaluation while the reliability coefficient of 0.74 was obtained for the questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using the mean score and standard deviation of each statement while the only hypothesis formulated was tested using t-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that many teachers had no knowledge of IBL as reflected in their responses, but they have a strong belief that IBL has the potential to overcome learning problems of students in Basic Science. The study also revealed that teachers suffer from lack of resources, unequipped laboratory, too large class size and lack of time allocation in the school time-table for implementing IBL. The study also revealed that the opinion of male and female teachers in the use of IBL did not differ significantly. It was recommended that practicing science teachers should endeavor to employ IBL in their teaching because of its great benefits to students as it allows
them to reflect on their own ideas in an effort to build their knowledge, understanding and interpretation of ideas.

Keywords: Inquiry-based learning, basic science teachers, junior secondary school and teachers’ orientation

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Inquiry-based learning (IBL) approaches have been gaining significant influence among the science educators. It is an approach to teaching and learning that places students’ questions, ideas and observations at the centre of the learning experience. Inquiry-based learning ranges from a rather structured and guided activity, particularly at lower levels where the teacher may pose the questions and give guidance in how to solve the problem, through an independent research. IBL draws on constructivist ideas of learning in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their experiences and prior knowledge (Kanselaar, 2002). Similarly, IBL is a student centered approach that encourages participants to draw on prior knowledge and experience in exploring their inquiries (Kahn and O’Rourke, 2005). In IBL, the student is responsible for constructing his/ her own meaning and understanding from the learning activities. According to Scardamailia (2002), educators play an active role throughout the process by establishing a culture where ideas are respectfully challenged, tested, redefined and viewed as improvable, moving children from a position of wondering to a position of enacted understanding and further questioning. For students to be able to engage actively in the inquiry process, they need specific skills. These are:

(i) identify causal relationships;

(ii) describe the reasoning process;

(iii) use data as evidence and;

(iv) evaluate. (Scardamailia, 2002)

Being aware of these skills, students have the opportunity to develop in self-directed inquiry, develop and diagnose problems, formulate hypothesis, identify variables, collect data, document their work and finally, interpret and communicate the results (Wu and Hsied, 2006).

Research has shown that there are three types of IBL, structured, guided and open inquiry-based learning (National Research Council, 2000), and the usage depend on the specific needs in the science classroom. Inquiry spans from more student-centered types of inquiry to more teacher-centered types. Understanding the different aspects of inquiry can help educators vary the types of teaching and learning experiences to better meet the needs of all science students. Studies on IBL revealed that teachers have responsibility of finding creative ways to introduce students to ideas and to subject matter that is of interest to them and offers “inquiry potential” or promise in terms of opportunities for students to engage in sustained inquiry of their own (Scardamalia, 2002). Another role of teachers is to provide the most valuable questions that lead to other questions and provide germs for future investigations (Lucas, Broderick, Lehrer, and Bohanan, 2005). However, there are times when inquiry begins not with a question or problem, but with a shared experience. Teachers are to support students’ engagement in inquiry and engage them in constructing meaningful understandings. The kind of support needed by the students strongly depends on the type of problem at hand and on the experience students have already got with IBL. It is worth nothing that, teachers have to provide the precise support to facilitate student learning. According to De Garcia (2013), the following practices are crucial to the teachers:

(i) anticipate student responses to challenging mathematical tasks;

(ii) monitor and support students’ work on and engagement with the tasks;

(iii) select particular students to present their mathematical work;

(iv) the student responses that will be displayed in specific order; and

(v) different students’ responses and connect the responses to key ideas.

Teacher questioning skills have a great influence on IBL culture and on students learning. Teachers have the ability to encourage their students to put forward their ideas, explore and discuss their point of view while using dialogic, critical and thought-provoking questions and giving students time to think and answer (Chin, 2007). Teacher as a key factor in a classroom must possess certain attitudes and skills to encourage student success in the inquiry-based classroom. According to Colburn (2000), teacher must support inquiry-based instruction; he must believe in the value of students having some element of control over what they will do and how they will behave. Hence, inquiry-based learning shifted the role of teacher as a source of knowledge to a facilitator of learning, made the students more responsible and selfdirected in the learning process. Spronken-Smith, Angelo, O’Steen, and Robertson (2007) provide a review of the potential benefits for teaching personnel that use an IBL approach. They cite a strengthening of teaching-research links, the rewarding aspect of seeing students being so engaged and gaining improved understanding and skills. Another benefit for teachers is the increased interaction with students and the induction into a wider community or practice of IBL practitioners (Slatta, 2004). Like students, teachers can have difficulties adjusting to the approach and IBL can be challenging and involve emotional turmoil (Spronken-Smith et al., 2007). Evidence from researches have shown that IBL is generally more effective than traditional teaching for achieving a variety of student learning outcomes such as academic achievement, student perceptions, process skills, analytic abilities, critical thinking and creativity (Prince and Felder, 2006). For example, Berg, Bergendahl, and Lundberg (2003) compared the learning outcomes of an open-inquiry and an expository version of a first year chemistry laboratory experiment. Data on student experiences of the two approaches were gained from interviews, questions during the experiment and students’ self-evaluations. The key findings of this study were that students taking the open-inquiry experiment version had more positive outcomes including a deeper understanding, higher degree of reflection, the achievement of higher order learning and more motivation. In a similar study, Justice, Rice, Warry and Laurie (2007) used five years of data to examine whether taking a first year IBL course made a difference in students’ learning and performance. In a comparative study between students taking an IBL course and those who did not, and, taking into consideration factors such as age, gender, high-school grade point averages etc., they found that students who took the inquiry course had statistically significant positive gains in passing grades, achieving honours and remaining in the university. Despite the benefits of IBL, there were divergence views on the use of IBL, for instance, Justice et al. (2003) show that students perceived an increased workload in IBL courses while Plowright and Watkins (2004) noted student difficulties in coping with group dynamics. The most valuable way by which teachers can effectively assist their students to appreciate science values and applications is to engage them in constructing meaningful understandings using inquiry-based approaches.

Statement of the problem
The deplorable state of the secondary school education in Nigeria with recorded poor performance in science examinations have called for an urgent attention of the stake holders in education. This poor performance in science examinations may be attributed to inappropriate teaching method and approaches used by science teachers and lack of teaching resources among other factors. Considering the fact, that acquisition of scientific skills is a requirement for technological development of any nation, there is need to improve students’ sciencebased knowledge and enthusiasm to learn the subject. For Nigeria to actualize her goal of industrialization by the year 2020, it is imperative to apply a more pragmatic approach to teaching of science using IBL model that would improve science-based knowledge of students. It is on this note that this study is out to examine how practicing science teachers applied IBL in Basic Science classrooms in Ekiti State Junior Secondary Schools with the aim of making science enjoyable and interesting to students. From the above problems, one general question was raised to guide the study: What are the feelings of teachers to the use of inquirybased learning approach for teaching basic Science in the Junior Secondary Schools.

Research Question
Is there any difference in the opinion of male and female teachers in the use of inquiry-based learning approach for teaching basic science in the Junior Secondary Schools.

Research Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the opinion of male and female teachers in the use of inquiry-based learning approach for teaching basic science in the Junior Secondary Schools.

Methodology
The study adopted a descriptive research of the survey design. It is a survey because it involved drawing appropriate information from the existing situation and the beliefs of teachers in relation to the use of inquirybased learning approach. The population of the study comprises all Basic Science Teachers in public secondary schools in Ekiti State. There are 184 secondary schools in Ekiti State with a population of 2,050 science teachers (Source: Research and Statistics Department, Ekiti State Ministry of Education, Ado). The sample for the study was drawn from the three senatorial districts of the State using multi-stage sampling technique. At the first stage, simple random sampling technique was used to select 20 public Junior Secondary Schools each from the three senatorial districts of the State. The second stage was the selection of 3 Basic Science teachers from each school, making a total of 60 teachers from each senatorial district. The last stage was a stratified random selection of 100 male teachers and 80 female teachers. In all, a total of 180 teachers were used for the study. In collecting the data, a fifteen-item scaled response questionnaire adapted from the IBL literature (OECD/ PISA, 2009 and PRIMAS, 2007-2013) baseline survey were used as an instrument. The OECD/PISA and PRIMAS items were developed based on a multi-faceted understanding of IBL, which were not only the process of inquiry but also the classroom atmosphere and the rule of the teachers. The statement addressed teachers’ related beliefs, orientation and difficulties in implementing IBL in Basic Science classrooms. The questionnaire was distributed by the researchers to the participants in their schools. Each item was scored according to the rule by assigning a number for each point of the scale: Strongly Agree (4), Agree (3), Disagree (2) and Strongly Disagree (1). In order to ensure the reliability of the instrument, the researcher carried out a trial test for the instrument using 30 non participating teachers from 10 schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. The instrument was employed once and the scores from the single administration of the instrument was subjected to Alpha Cronbach reliability estimate and the value obtained for the questionnaire was 0.74 which was considered high enough for this study according to Alonge (2004). The face, content and construct validity of the instrument was ascertained by experts in the fields of language and science education and evaluation for proper scrutiny. The data collected from the respondents were analyzed using the mean score of each item and t-test statistics at 0.05 Alpha levels.

Results and Discussion
The general question raised was subjected to descriptive analysis using mean scores and standard deviation of the items as follows: Question 1: What are the feelings of teachers to the use of inquiry-based learning approach for teaching Basic Science in the Junior Secondary Schools? In addressing this question, the mean score and standard deviation of each item regarding the teachers’ responses was calculated and interpreted as follows: 1.00-2.49 = Rejected and 2.50-4.00 = Accepted. The data collected from the teachers were organized and discussed as follows:
 

Table 1 showed the mean of the items regarding teachers’ orientation towards IBL technique. It could be seen that teachers opinion on the knowledge of IBL was not accepted which indicated that many teachers had no knowledge of IBL as reflected in their response to item 1 while responses were positive to all other items. The moderate mean score of 2.86 in item 4 was an attestation to the fact that teachers’ lack good knowledge and principles guiding the use of IBL.

 

Table 2 showed the teachers’ hands-on-activities with students. From the mean of the score, it was apparent that the responses about the teachers’ hand-on-activities were all accepted with the exception that students were denied of designing experiments and draw out conclusions on the experiments conducted by them. This aspect of teaching is important in achieving the goal of basic science teaching.

 

Table 3 showed the difficulties encountered by teachers in implementing IBL with students. It was clear that teachers suffer from lack of resources in schools, unequipped laboratory, too large class size and lack of time allocation in the school time-table for implementing IBL.

Testing of Hypothesis
Ho1: There is no significant difference in the opinion of male and female teachers in the use of inquiry-based learning approach for teaching basic science in the Junior Secondary Schools.

 

From table 4, the result showed that at p < 0.05, t–calculated value was 1.13, df was 178, and t–table value was 1.96. It could be seen that the t-calculated value was less than the t-table value at 0.05 Alpha levels; this implies that there was no significant difference in the opinion of male and female teachers in the use of inquiry-based learning approach for teaching basic science at the Junior Secondary Schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Hence, the hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the opinion of male and female teachers in the use of inquiry-based learning approach for teaching basic science Schools is upheld.

Conclusion and Recommendations
The study reported that there are major problems confronting the successful implementation of IBL which have to be taken seriously by the major stakeholders in education if the objectives of teaching basic science is to be realized. The study observed that many teachers had no knowledge of IBL as reflected in their responses, but they have a strong belief that IBL has the potential to overcome learning problems of students in basic science. To spread the benefit of IBL, it would be useful to seek the assistance of teachers that have already had initial understanding of IBL and have an open mind towards developing their teaching technique and practices. Those teachers then could help to spread the implementation of IBL. From the study, there was no significant difference in the opinions of male and female teachers in the use of inquiry-based learning approach in teaching Basic Science. This finding showed that both male and female teachers had that same view in the use of inquiry-based learning approach. It is recommended that practicing teachers should endeavor to employ IBL in their teaching because of its great benefit to students as it allows them to reflect on their own ideas in an effort to build their knowledge, understanding and interpretation of the matter at hand.

References:

1. Alonge, M. F. (2004). Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology (Second Edition). Adedayo Printing Nig. Ltd. Ado Ekiti.

2. Berg, C. A., Bergendahl, V.C.B. and B. K. S. Lundberg (2003). Benefitting from an Open-Ended Experiment? A Comparison of Attitudes to, and Outcomes of, an Expository Versus an OpenInquiry Version of the same Experiment. International Journal of Science Education 25, 351-372.

3. Chin, C. (2007). Teacher Questioning in Science Classrooms: Approaches that Stimulate Productive Thinking. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44 (6), 815-843.

4. Colburn, A. (2000). An Inquiry Primer. Science Scope.

5. De Garcia, L. A. (2013). How to Get Students Talking! Generating Math Talk that Supports Math Learning”, Math Solutions, http:// www.mathsolutions.com/documents/How to Get Students Talking. PDF, downloaded in May 2013.

6. Ekiti State Ministry of Education (2013). Research and Statistic Department. Ado Ekiti.

7. Justice, C., Rice, J., Warry, W., and Laurie, I. (2007). Taking Inquiry Makes a Difference - A Comparative Analysis of Student Learning. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching (in press).

8. Kahn, P. and O’Rourke, K. (2005). Understanding Enquiry-Based Learning (EBL) In Barrett, T., Mac Labhrainn, I. and Fallon, H. (Eds.), Handbook of Enquiry and Problem-Based Leaarning: Irish Case Studies and International Perspectives. Galway: Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching, National University of Ireland.

9. Kanselaar, G. (2002). Constructivism and Socio-Constructivism. [Online] Retrieved

10 April 2012 from: http://edu.fss.uu.nl/medewerkers/gk/files/Constructivismgk. pdf 10. Lucas, D., Broderick, N., Lehrer, R., and Bohanan, R. (2005). Making the Grounds of Scientific Inquiry Visible in the Classroom. Science Scope, 29 (3), 39–42.

11. National Research Council. 2000. Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

12. OECD. (2009). Technical Report- PISA 2006.

13. Plowright, D. and M. Watkins (2004). There are no Problems to be solved, only Inquiries to be made, in Social Work Education. Innovations in Education and Teaching International 41, 185- 206.

14. PRIMAS (2007-2013). Promoting Inquiry in Mathematics and Science Education Across Europe. Primas Survey Report on InquiryBased Learning in Europe. European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013.

15. Prince, M. J. and R. M. Felder (2006). Inductive Teaching and Learning Methods: Definitions, Comparisons, and Research Bases. Journal of Engineering Education 95, 123-138

16. Scardamalia, M. (2002). Collective Cognitive Responsibility for the Advancement of Knowledge. In B. Smith (Ed.), Liberal Education in a knowledge Society. 67–98. Chicago, IL: Open Court.

17. Slatta, R. W. (2004). Enhancing Inquiry-Guided Learning with Technology in History Courses.

18. Spronken-Smith, R., Angelo, T., Matthews, H., O’Steen, B. and Robertson, J. (2007). How Effective is Inquiry-Based Learning in Linking Teaching and Research? Paper Prepared for An International Colloquium on International Policies and Practices for Academic Enquiry, Marwell, Winchester, UK, 19-21 April, 2007. Retrieved June 1 2007 from: http://portal

19. Wu, H. K., and Hsie, C. E. (2006). Developing Sixth Graders’ Inquiry Skills to Construct Explanations in Inquiry-based Learning Environments. International Journal of Science Education, 28 (11), 1289-1313.

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

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A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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