International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 7(3), February, 2015

Pages: 43-47

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INCREASE IN ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: ARE BACTERIA GROWING WITH PAN
RESISTANCE?

Author: V. S. Deotale, Ruchita Attal, P. Narang

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Pan Drug Resistant (PDR) bacteria are currently the leading cause of concern to the clinicians as they pose serious therapeutic challenges. A bacteria that is non-susceptible to all agents in all antimicrobial categories has been defined as PDR. This retrospective study has been undertaken to determine the prevalence of PDR \?GNRs (Gram negative rods) and to assess the risk factors associated with that in hospitalized patients of our rural hospital. Material & Method: A total of 1748 GNRs isolated and identified by standard phenotypic methods from various clinical specimens received in this laboratory between 1st June 2011 to 31st May 2012 from IPD patients were enrolled in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Predisposing factors for acquisition of PDR isolates were also studied. Results: A total of 32 (1.8%) of the 1748 GNRs studied were found to be PDR and these were recovered predominantly from surgical units (31.3%). Among these 45.5% were Acinetobacter species, 24.2% Klebsiella species, 15.2% Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 12.1% E.coli. 53.1% isolates were from pus & wound swabs followed by 21.9% from tracheal swabs. Prolonged hospital stay and patients with surgical interventions were found to be important predisposing factors. Conclusions: PDR-GNRs are originating in our rural hospital and particularly in patients with having prolonged stay in the hospital.

Keywords: PAN drug, PDR-GNR, Acinetobacter

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

The fight between a mankind and microorganism is going on since ages. Microorganisms keep on acquiring new methods of resistance to the existing antibiotics and to cope up with these phenomenon human beings keep on discovering new antibiotics. It is constantly observed that microorganisms are slowly getting supremacy in their method of acquiring resistance and mankind is lagging behind at times with the discovery of new antibiotics and both them are trying to discover new defence to tackle with each other. Patients who are admitted in the hospital, having suppressed immune system have a greater risk of acquiring bacteria from environment of hospitals. Most of the nosocomial infections arise due to improper hand washings, improper sterilization of instruments and cross infections through patients wearing, IV stand, beddings, leading to surgical wound infections. In the hospital environment amongst many resistant bacteria, Gram negative bacilli are increasingly prevailing1-3. Amongst the Gram Negative bacilli considerable resistance are observed in Enterobacteriaceae and Nonfermenters4 .One of the common mechanism by which these Gram negative bacilli acquires resistance is via production of enzymes “betalactamases”. These betalactamases include ESBLs, AmpC & MBLs. In Indian hospitals, ESBL producing Klebsiella spp are predominant organism responsible for high morbidity. As per the definitions published in the article of Journal European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious diseases 2012. Definition of MDR means “resistant to more than one antimicrobial agent” but no standardized definitions for MDR have been agreed upon yet by the medical community. XDR means: Bacteria, which are epidemiologically significant due to not only to their resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents but also to their ominous likelihood of being resistant to all. Extensively resistant Bacteria (XDR) are resistant to all but 1 or 2 classes of antibacterial agents and Pan drug resistant (PDR) means resistant to all antibiotic classes available for empirical treatment” 5 . Amongst the all Gram negative bacilli Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella are the predominantly important cause of nosocomial infections due to pneumonia, bactereamia wound infections, nosocomial infections which shows PDR pattern. Globally,prevalent Pan drug resistant-Gram Negative (PDR-GNRs) are Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas & Klebsiella sp.6 The prevalence of PDR-Acinetobacter worldwide is about 0-20% of all Acinetobacter sp.infection.7, 8 In India, prevalence of MDR-GNR vary from 9-90% & PDR- GNR from 2-5%.9,10 The risk factors found to be associated with PDR –GNR infection depends on severity of the illness, admission to ICU, use of invasive interventions, duration of hospital and previous antibiotic use7,8.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

This observational study was carried out on isolates to study the prevalence of PDR in E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas & Acinetobacter species isolated from hospitalised patients and to assess the risk factors associated with these organisms from 1st June 2011 to 31st May 2012 in tertiary care rural hospital of central India. Data was collected from case records of all patients from whom PDR-GNR isolates were isolated. Details were included as date of admission, demographic information (sex and age), medical history (underlying diseases, previous use of antibiotic(s), medical devices and corticosteroids), admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), site of infection or colonization, laboratory data (the pathogenic organism isolated and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern), mortality, treatment and outcome. E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas & Acinetobacter isolates from the clinical samples viz: pus & wound swab, endotracheal tube secretions, urine, blood, different body fluids, catheter tips, sputum, vaginal swab, from patients admitted in hospital. Isolates were identified & confirmed by using Standard laboratory techniques,and antibiotics were tested as per CLSI guidelines. Interpretation of zone diameter was done as per CLSI guidelines.11As per the reading of antibiotics, isolate were placed into categories of MDR, XDR and PDR (MDR as: one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories, XDR: resistant to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial, PDR: Resistant to all available antibiotics in all antimicrobial groups). Information regarding associated risk factors in patients was retrieved from patient’s Case records.

RESULTS

During the study period a total of 1,748 Gram Negative Bacilli were isolated. Amongst 1748, 1616 (92.44) were E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter while 132(7.55) were Salmonella-(3.03), Proteus-(28.03), Shigellaflexnerii-(10.60), Citrobacter-(50.75), Enterobacter-(5.30), Serratia-.(75), Vibrio cholerae –(1.51) and Gram positive positive ( ) organisms. (Table 1) 16.2% isolates were sensitive to all the antibiotics to which isolate was subjected for testing.11.1% isolates were resistant to 2 and > 2 drugs.(Table 2) 26.9% were MDR, 7.4% were XDR & 1.9% were PDR Gram negative bacilli. In E.coli 31.40% were MDR and .5% were PDR while in Klebsiella 26.3% were MDR and 2.10% were PDR. In Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter maximum resistance was seen to drugs of all the categories. In these two organisms 10.20% and 10.30% were XDR while PDR was noted in 2.30% and 6.30%. Acinetobacter showing 10.30% PDR was isolated from Pus, wound swab, tracheal swab and urine samples. PDR from blood sample was isolated from E.coli and pseudomonas .53.1% PDR& 28.3% XDR was isolated from pus and wound swab. Maximum number of MDR was isolated from urine (60%) and E.coli (31.4%). Maximum number of XDR was isolated from tracheal swabs (24.2%).

DISCUSSION

The medical community has been witnessing growing outbreaks of infections due to Gram-negative bacteria resistant to many classes of antibiotics in most countries of the world (Sharma et al., 2005; Canton et al., 2003; Hsueh et al., 2002; Landman et al., 2002). The control of nosocomial infections due to antibiotic-resistant organisms is a public health priority worldwide. It has been documented that bloodstream infection caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin- resistant enterococci (VRE), extendedspectrum lactamase- producing Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are associated significantly with mortality.Numerous papers have demonstrated that prior antimicrobial drug exposure is a strong risk factor for colonization and infection due to a drug-resistant pathogen.12 Studies have identified the risk factors for acquiring infection or colonization with PDR isolates which include the severity of the illness, admission to ICU, use of invasive interventions, duration of hospital stay before specimen collection, previous antibiotic use of especially third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, amikacin and carbapenems and use of mechanical ventilator, central venous catheter, Foley catheter and total parenteral nutrition invasive interventions can lead to environmental contamination 13-20. However, the association between antibiotic therapy and the acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is still unclear and is often confounded by insufficient data on antibiotic usage. We could demonstrate that patients with PDR infection or colonization had a significantly longer length of hospital stay, compared to those infected or colonized with non-PDR. However, the mortality was not significantly different between the two groups. In our study, it was observed that Acinetobactor sp., Pseudomonas, E. Coli and Klebsiella were the organisms showing the resistance to many classes of antibiotics and similar pattern of resistance were observed in other studies done with similar objectives. These organisms are commonly associated with various nosocomial infections including septicaemia, pneumonia, bacteriemia, wound infections; hence, their isolation is more in majority of the studies done with the similar objectives. India currently produces at least 30% of the world’s oral & inject able antibiotics, and could rightly argue they are supporting the WHO agenda of supplying the world with affordable medicines. However, overuse of antibiotics that are excreted by the patients and find their way into hospital and community waste-water systems provides an environmental selection pressure for the emergence and persistence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and pandrug-resistance (PDR) bacteria. Thus, at a time when PDR-GNRs are fast becoming a global reality, both academia and pharmaceutical industry are ill equipped to respond. PDR GNRs is an emerging nosocomial pathogen especially in tertiary care settings. Risk factor for PDR-GNR acquisition includes those associated with the patients such as severity of the illness, inappropriate use of antibiotics, surgical interventions, prolonged hospitalization. The prevalence of PDR-Acinetobacter baumanii worldwide is about 0-20 percent of all A. baumannii infections. In Thailand, a report from Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok revealed the prevalence of MDR-AB to be 57.6 percentduring1996 and 1997. No PDR-AB was described during that period.14 The incidence of PDR-AB has been increasing in Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. From 1998 to 2002, Acinetobacter spp. were either the fifth or sixth most common cause of nosocomial nfections at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. However, in 2003 Acinetobacter spp. had become the leading cause of nosocomial infections, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli.

CONCLUSION

In our study, the proportion of of PDR- and MDR-Acinetobacter was 6.8% and 15.3%. PDR Acinetobacter mostly isolated from pus and wound swab 7(21.9%) followed by from tracheal swab 5(15.6%). Prolonged hospital stay, surgical interventions and admission to ICU are the factors found to be associated with PDR- GNRs.To know the details regarding prior antibiotic use is very essential.

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6. Fawzia E. Al Otaibi* and Fatma F. Al-Hulaily Imipenemresistant Psedomonas aeruginosa: Epidemiology and susceptibility patterns at a Teaching Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaAfrican Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(7), pp. 1527-1533, 23 February, 2012.

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14. 5. Manikal VM, Landman D, Saurina G, Oydna E, Lal H, Quale J. Endemic carbapenem-resistant Aci-netobacter species in Brooklyn, New York: citywide prevalence. Interinstitutional spread and relation to antibiotic usage. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:101-6.

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18. Koeleman JG, Parlevliet GA, Dijkshoorn L, Savelkoul PH, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Nosocomial outbreak of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii on a surgi -cal ward: epidemiology and risk factors for acquisition. J Hosp Infect 1997;37:113-23.

19. Simor AE, Lee M, Vearncombe M, et al. An outbreak due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a burn unit: risk factors for acquisition and management. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:261-7.

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Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

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A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
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A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
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A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
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A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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