International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 8(2), January, 2016

Pages: 23-28

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ASSESSMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL RISK FACTORS OF CARDIO METABOLIC SYNDROME IN PATIENTS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

Author: Meghana K. Padwal, Bapu Kamble, Pinky Sawlani, Rajani R. Melinkeri

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Hypothyroidism is the second most prevalent endocrinal disorder in India. Most of existing data supports that thyroid disease is associated with increased cardiovascular risk which is mainly attributed to hemodynamic alteration as well as to a high risk of atherosclerosis, dylipidemia and insulin resistance. Aim: To investigate relationship between thyroid function and biochemical risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Material and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional, prospective. The study population was comprised of a total of ninety (90) participants (30 new cases of overt hypothyroidism, 30 new cases of subclinical hypothyroidism and 30 age and gender matched controls). Estimation of serum Thyroid profile and Insulin (fT3 , fT4 and TSH) was done by CLIA while Glucose and Lipid profile were estimated by biochemistry autoanalyzer. Insulin Resistance was calculated by HOMA IR score. Statistical Analysis: Data obtained was statistically analyzed by using student \"t\" test. Results: We found statistically significant rise in the levels of serum cholesterol triglycerides VLDL and LDL in the cases of overt hypothyroidism than controls. HDL levels are low in overt hypothyroidism. We also found statistically significant rise in the levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and HOMA IR score in cases of overt hypothyroidism than controls. Conclusion: Overt Hypothyroidism is at the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and type II DM.

Keywords: Hypothyroidism, Cardiovascular diseases, Type II DM

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
The thyroid gland synthesizes and releases two iodoamino acid hormones: 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3 ) and 3,5,3’,5’ thyroxine (T4 ). Thyroxine (T4 ). More than 99% of the circulating T3 and T4 is protein bound. (1) The biologically active component of T4 and T3 in plasma is the free fraction (fT3 and fT4 respectively); that are not bound to proteins. Assay of free thyroid hormone levels is done routinely to avoid problems in interpretation of thyroid hormone levels caused by fluctuations in binding proteins.(2,3) Thyroid hormones may be considered the accelerator pedal of metabolism.(4,5,6) Thyroid disorders are among the commonest endocrine disorders worldwide. It has been estimated that about 42 million people in India suffer from thyroid diseases.(7) Hypothyroidism is the second most prevalent endocrinal disorder in India. ‘Hypothyroidism’ is the reduced production of thyroid hormone.(8) It is a clinical entity resulting from the deficiency of thyroid hormones or more rarely from its impaired activity at tissue levels.(9) Hypothyroidism is classified as Primary, Secondary and Tertiary by its association with the indicated organ dysfunction. (10) According to symptoms and clinical features; it is further sub classified into:

i. Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SCH): It is defined as biochemical evidence of thyroid hormone deficiency i.e. elevated serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) level with a normal serum free Thyroxine concentration(11) in patients who have few or no apparent clinical features of hypothyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism can progress to Overt Hypothyroidism.(12)

ii. Overt Hypothyroidism(OH): It is defined as an elevated serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) concentration and reduced free thyroid hormones with symptoms and clinical features of hypothyroidism. It is also referred as Clinical Hypothyroidism.(13) Most of existing data supports that thyroid disease is also associated with increased cardiovascular risk which is mainly attributed to hemodynamic alteration as well as to a high risk of atherosclerosis. (14-15) Dyslipidemia induces insulin resistance, oxidative stress, via vicious cycle. It has been also observed that Insulin resistance, hypertension, inflammation, oxidative stress and coagulation defect are also promoted by thyroid disease, independently of dyslipidemia.(15,16)

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: Assessment of biochemical risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in patients with hypothyroidism

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional, prospective study. It was conducted in the department of biochemistry; of university medical college with a tertiary care hospital. The duration was November 2011- June 2013.The study protocol was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee. The study group of a total of ninety (90) participants was divided into three groups:

1. Group A: Control- Euthyroid: Thirty (30) age and gender matched normal; healthy euthyroid individuals.

2. Group B: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH): Thirty (30) clinically diagnosed, new cases of subclinical hypothyroidism on the basis of clinical examination and their fT3, fT4 and TSH levels.

3. Group C: Overt hypothyroidism (OH): Thirty (30) clinically diagnosed, new cases of overt hypothyroidism on the basis of clinical examination and their fT3, fT4 and TSH levels.

Exclusion Criteria for cases and controls: Participants suffering from DM, CVDs, Renal, Liver diseases, Malignancy, other systemic disease that alters thyroid status or participants taking thyroid hormone supplementation, β-blockers, Multivitamins, Steroids, alcohol and smokers. All participants after their written informed consent underwent detailed physical and clinical examination.

Statistical Analysis: Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to calculate Z Test for finding the statistical significance between the means of Serum lipid profile, Blood glucose, Serum Insulin and HOMA-IR score in all the three groups.

DISCUSSION Table 1 A,B shows thyroid profile in groups. We observed that there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of fT3 and fT4 in subclinical hypothyroid group as compared with euthyroid group. However, the levels of TSH were significantly increased in subclinical hypothyroid group as compared with euthyroid group. Vanderpump MP et al. (1995)(24) and Surks MI et al. (2004)(25) stated that subclinical hypothyroidism is a state of biochemical hypothyroidism rather than clinical hypothyroidism. We noted that the levels of fT3 and fT4 had been significantly decreased while levels of TSH were significantly increased in subclinical and overt hypothyroid group as compared to euthyroid group.

Table 2 A,B shows the levels of Blood Glucose in all the groups. We found statistically highly significantly rise in Blood Glucose level in the overt hypothyroid group (115.36 ± 10.78) as compared with euthyroid (89.1 ±2.7) and subclinical hypothyroid (95.3 ±1.56). Table 3 A,B shows high levels of Serum Insulin in all the groups. We found that statistically significant rise in Serum Insulin overt hypothyroid group (36.67 ± 11.56) as compared with euthyroid (4.60 ±1.34) and subclinical hypothyroid (6.90 ±0.98). Table 4 A,B shows the levels HOMA-IR Score in all the groups. We found statistically highly significant rise in HOMA-IR Score in overt hypothyroid group (11.03 ±2.31) as compared with euthyroid (1.04 ± 0.98) and subclinical hypothyroid (2.02 ±0.86). Table 5 A,B shows the Lipid Profile in groups. We found significant dyslipidemia in overt hypothyroid group.

There was significant increase in Total Cholesterol (211.30 ±40.22), Triglyceride (155.30±96.39) LDL(170.9 ±33.37) and VLDL (31.00±19.22) levels as compared in subclinical hypothyroid group where it was Total Cholesterol (180.06±43.21), Triglycerides (133.64±79.60), LDL (154.22±40.48), VLDL (25.83±16.38) and in euthyroid group it was Total Cholesterol (170.11±40.26), Triglycerides (106.63±42.03), LDL (148.78 ±34.08), VLDL (21.32±8.40). There was also statistically significant decrease in HDL levels in overt hypothyroid group HDL (32.5±8.74) as compared with subclinical hypothyroid group (43.27±12.84) and euthyroid group (46.44 ± 12.11). We calculated the correlation of biochemical risk factors of cardiovascular diseases with TSH levels.

There is statistically significant positive correlation between TSH levels and BGL (r=0.41, p=< 0.0001), Insulin (r=0.50 p=< 0.0001), HOMA- IR (r=0.51 p=< 0.0001),Total Cholesterol (r=0.39, p=0.0001),TG(r=0.20, p=0.04) levels. We also found statistically significant negative correlation between TSH levels and HDL levels. (r= - 0.33, p=< 0.001) However we could not find any significant correlation between TSH levels and LDL levels. (r=0.20, p =0.96). Therefore it can be clearly seen from our results that there is dyslipidemia and insulin resistance associated with overt hypothyroidism, however the same was not observed in subclinical hypothyroid group. The levels of TSH `showed a strong positive correlation with biochemical markers of cardiovascular diseases in our study.

Togini et al (26) observed increase in total cholesterol, LDL, TG levels and decrease in HDL levels in overt hypothyroid group. XuC et al(27) observed that even after adjusting the confounding factors such as age, sex, smoking status, fasting plasma glucose levels and thyroid hormones , a significant positive impact of TSH on the serum total cholesterol (TC) level was revealed ( r = 0.095, p = 0.035 ). Similarly Benetti-Pinto CL et al(28) also observed no change in BGL, Insulin, HOMA IR, cholesterol, TG, HDL levels in sub clinically hypothyroids females. However they reported significantly elevated LDL levels. Garduno-Garcia Jde J et al (29) concluded that though subclinical hypothyroidism was not associated with derangements in the markers of metabolic syndrome (as per National Cholesterol Education Programme ATP III Criteria).

Despite the low thyroid function in hypothyroidism can predispose to cardio- metabolic syndrome. Uzunlula et al (30) and Shantha et al (31) also could not found any significant difference in lipid profile in euthyroid and sub clinical hypothyroid patients. Purvi Purohit (32) noted increase in serum insulin level and HOMA-IR score in hypothyroidism as well as hyperthyroidism. However, increased TSH level were positively correlated with IR. Their study concluded that there was presence of triad of metabolic syndrome in hypothyroid subjects. (i.e hypertension, dyslipidemia increased fasting plasma glucose). Khan et al (33) reported significant correlation TG and HDL level with HOMA-IR values in human subjects with Insulin Resistance syndrome. Chen G et al(34) could not found difference in Glucose, insulin HOMA-IR level in hypothyroid patient compared to euthyroid patients.

Thyroid hormone increases LDL receptor expression, increases Cholesterol Ester Transport Protein (CETP) concentrations and increases hepatic lipase (HL) concentrations. Thyroid hormone also increases hepatic cholesterol synthesis by inducing hydroxyl methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase and decreases intestinal cholesterol absorption(35, 36). Overall effect of this leads to increased cholesterol synthesis and decreased degradation.

It is known that T3 and insulin have synergetic role in Glucose homeostasis, since hormone possess similar action site in regulation of Glucose metabolism at both cellular and molecular level (37,38,39). It could therefore be hypothesized that reduced intracellular content of T3 could lead to impaired insulin stimulated Glucose disposal. Interestingly even subtle decreases in level of thyroid hormone within the pathological range have been shown to correlate inversely with HOMA-index. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are important cardiovascular risk factor, even in non-diabetic individuals (40). It has been found that individuals with Insulin resistance and raised TSH have higher LDL concentration while in those with normal insulin sensitivity, TSH level do not affect LDL (41).

CONCLUSIONS

• Overt hypothyroidism is associated with significant dyslipidemia.

• There is no derangement in this biochemical risk factor of cardiovascular disease in subclinical hypothyroidism.

• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) showed significant positive correlation with total cholesterol, triglyceride, BGL, Insulin and HOMA- IR score and negative correlation with HDL level. Therefore estimation of TSH level can serve as prognostic marker of future cardio-vascular risk.

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A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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