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IJCRR - 8(19), October, 2016

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PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC DAILY HEADACHE (CDH) IN PEOPLE OF AGE GROUP 18-80 YEARS IN MAX SUPERSPECIALTY HOSPITAL, SAKET, NEW DELHI \" INDIA - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Author: Maqsood Ahmad Dar, Baseerat Ali, Rajasheikar Redid, Rommel Roshan Tickoo, Owais Hamid Dar

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Chronic daily headache defined as headache occurring on 15 or more days in a month for at least three months affects around 4% of the general population causes significant distress with substantial impact on the quality of life of an individual and huge economic cost to the society through occupational disability and healthcare consultations.
Objectives of the Study: To study the prevalence of chronic daily headaches in people of age group 18-80 years in Max Super Specialty Hospital and to identify risk factors associated with CDH (stressful life events, obesity, and medicine overuse.)
Material and Methods: It was a prospective study conducted in Max Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, and New Delhi between Aug 2014 to May 2015. Patients coming with complaints of headache in age group of 18-80 yrs and fulfilling the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Sample size was calculated by using n-Master (2.0) software and 176 subjects were enrolled. History of the patient including the precipitating factors and drug history was taken. MIDAS and HIT score was used to know the severity of headache; medical conditions were noted by taking brief interviews. Data was analyzed by using chi square test, Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Result: Of the 4500 subjects presented to our hospital with complaints of headache, 176 fulfilled the criteria of chronic daily headache (CDH) with a prevalence of about 4.5%.In our study we observed that 103 (58.5%) had migraine without aura, 30.6(20.5%) migraine with aura, 33(18.8%) tension type headache (TTH), 2 (1.1%) hemicranias continua and 2(1.1%) mixed-migraine and TTH.We observed that out of 176 patients in age group of 18-80 years ,maximum number of patients were in age group of 30-39 yrs- 67 patients(38.1%) and the least common age group was >70yrs where only 1 patient had chronic daily headache(CDH). It was observed that out of 176 patients 123 (69.9%) were females and 53 (30.1%) were males and type of headache was statistically significantly (p=0.00) associated with gender.
Conclusion: We conclude that Migraine without aura was the most common type (58.5%) and least common type being mixed chronic migraine and tension type headache and Hemicrania continua 1.1%. We found chronic daily headache was more prevalent in females as compared to males, 123 (69.9%) were females and 53 (30.1%) were males. The most common age group affected was 30-39 years and was more common in married. We observed that most of the patients (61.9%) had BMI between 18.5 and 25.After analyzing risk factors it was observed that history of drug intake was present in 154 subjects, most common being Acetaminophen, Naproxen, Triptans, Ergotamine the rest were using preventive. In our study prevalence of medication overuse headache (MOH) among 176 patients of chronic daily headache is (108/176) 61.36% whereas prevalence of MOH in subjects coming to our hospital with headache is 2.4% (108/4500). Stress was the most common precipitating factor of chronic daily headache (CDH), stress was present in 146 patients (85.9%) others being lack of sleep, hunger, working on computer, noise, menstruation, sunlight, travel. Recommendations: Chronic daily headache is under estimated due to lack of awareness; screening of patients should be done on primary and secondary care centers to estimate the actual burden of disease. Stress, anxiety should be handled as early as possible to prevent transformation of episodic headache to chronic daily headache.

Keywords: Hemicranias continua, Chronic daily headache, Tension type headache, Medication overuse headache

Full Text:

Introduction

Chronic Daily Headache (CDH) is a descriptive term and not a diagnosis per se. It is commonly defined as headache occurring on 15 or more days in a month for at least three months and affects around 4% of the general population ^[¹^]. It causes significant distress with substantial impact on the quality of life of an individual and huge economic cost to the society through occupational disability and healthcare consultations. In comparison to episodic headache disorders, CDH is less responsive to acute and preventive treatments. The term CDH is mainly referred to the primary headache disorder, although secondary CDH must be excluded. It includes chronic migraine, chronic tension type headaches, and new daily persistent headache and hemicrania continue. Common ones being chronic migrane and chronic tension type headache ^[2]. CDH may evolve from episodic headache through gradual transformation over months to years. An estimated 3-6% of patients move from episodic to chronic and vice versa each year ^[3]

^Definitions:

Chronic migraine: Headache occurring on 15 or more days per month for more than 3 months, which has the features of migraine headache on at least 8 days per month. ^[4]

Migraine without aura: Headache attack lasting for 4- 72hrs (untreated or successfully treated) .Two of following characteristics should be present:

Unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate or severe pain intensity, aggravated by or causes avoidance of routine physical activity.

During headache at least one of the following:

Nausea/or vomiting and photophobia / phonophobia

Migraine with Aura: At least two attacks as follows:

One or more of the following fully reversible aura symptoms:

Visual, sensory, speech and/or language, motor, brainstem, retinal

At least two of the following four characteristics:

1. At least one aura symptom spreads gradually over 5 minutes, and/or two or more symptoms occur in succession

2. Each individual aura symptom lasts 5-60 minutes

3. At least one aura symptom is unilateral

4. The aura is accompanied, or followed within 60 minutes, by headache

Not better explained by another diagnosis

New Daily Persistent Headache (NDPH)] ^[4]

Previously used terms: Chronic headache with acute onset, de novo chronic headache.

New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a persistent headache is daily from onset, which is clearly remembered, with pain becoming continuous and unremitting within 24 hours and very soon unremitting, it is present for more than 3 months.

It typically occurs in individuals without a prior headache history.

Patients with prior headache (Migraine or Tension-type headache) are not excluded from this diagnosis, but they should not describe increasing headache frequency prior to its onset.

Similarly, patients with prior headache should not describe exacerbation followed by medication overuse.

Chronic Tension Type Headache (CTTH) ^[4]

Chronic tension type headache (CTTH) is a featureless bilateral headache occurring on 15 days or more in a month for more than three months lasts hours to days, or unremitting.

It has following features:

At least two of the following four characteristics:

1. Bilateral location

2. Pressing or tightening (non-pulsating) quality

3. Mild or moderate intensity

4. Not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs

And both of the following:

1. No more than one of photophobia, phonophobia or mild nausea

2. Neither moderate nor severe nausea not vomiting

Not better accounted for by another disorder.

Chronic tension-type headache is of two types:

1. Chronic tension-type headache associated with pericranial tenderness

2. Chronic tension-type headache not associated with pericranial tenderness

Hemicrania Continua ^[4]

Persistent, strictly unilateral headache >3 months, with exacerbations of moderate or greater intensity associated with either or both of the following:

1. Atleast one of following signs or symptoms ipsilateral to headache:

conjunctival injection and /or lacrimation, nasal congestion and/or rhinorrhoea, eyelid edema, forehead and facial sweating, forehead and facial flushing, sensation of fullness in the ear, miosis and /or ptosis,

2. Sense of restlessness or agitation or aggravation of pain by movement.

It is not better accounted by other disorder.

Aims and Objectives:

To study the prevalence of chronic daily headaches in people of age group 18-80 years in Max Super Specialty Hospital, Saket New Delhi. To identify risk factors associated with CDH (stressful life events, snoring, obesity and medicine overuse)

Material and Methods:

Study Design:

This study was carried out in the department of internal medicine and department of neurology in Max Superspeciality Hospital Saket New Delhi. All patients who were fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria & coming to internal medicine and neurology department of Max Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, as outpatient & indoor patients were enrolled in the study. The study was a prospective study of 176 patients who fulfilled the criteria of chronic daily headache in age group of 18 to 80 years. The study was conducted over a period of one year from august 2014 to July 2015.

Method of Measurement of Outcome of Interest:

Patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited in the study after informed consent. Data was collected for basic demographics, alcohol/tobacco/any drug intake history, past medical history, history of any head or cervical trauma, their socioeconomic status.

Data was also collected regarding medication intake for acute attacks of headache and adherence of patients to any preventive medication (if present).

We also collected data regarding the relevant lab investigations, radiological imaging and certified headache scoring systems -Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS), Headache Intensity (HIT) Score. Subjects were enrolled in this study after informed consent.

Inclusion Criteria:

Patients coming to hospital with headaches > 15 episodes /month for >3 months in age group 18-80 years either Male or Female.

Exclusion criteria:

Patients having secondary headaches

Patients having abnormal LFT, TFT, RFT, vitamin B12 (2 times the upper limit)

Any organic pathology

Investigations:

Blood/urine tests (chemistry, hematology, drug screen, endocrine workup)

CT/MRI scans (Head, cervical spine, sinuses) if required

Statistical Analysis:

Descriptive statistical methods were used to calculate the number of subjects (n), mean, median, standard deviation (SD) for continuous data and frequencies and percentages for categorical data. Pearson correlation was used to calculate the correlation between continuous variables or Spearman correlation for categorical variables. Chi- square test or Fisher exact test was used to find the association between the categorical variables. STATA 9.0 software was used for statistical analysis

Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) Review:

The study was carried out only after getting approved by institutional ethics committee.

There was not any conflict of interest with the study and not much funding was involved in the study as this was a prevalence study.

Observations:

A total of 4500 patients presented with headache to our hospital during the study period, out of these 176 fulfilled criteria for chronic daily headache (CDH), prevalence of CDH was found to be 4.5%. We observed that out of 176 patients in age group of 18-80 years maximum patients were in the age group of 30-39 years (67 patients 38.1%) and minimum patients were in age group of more than 70 years (1 patient 0.6%). Figure 1 is showing the age distribution of the subjects with respect to the percentage of the CHD. Among 176 patients with CDH, 123(69.9%) were females and 53 (30.1%) were males (Table 1)

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A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20

A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19

A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18

A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17

A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16

A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15

A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020

A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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