International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 2(6), June, 2010

Pages: 32-42

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PHYSICIANS PRESCRIBING PATTERNS OF ORAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS

Author: Sreedhar D, Virendra SL, Manthan J, Ajay P, Prashanth M Udupa N

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Physicians prescribing pattern of oral antidiabetic drugs may be key to avoid the serious complications of patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. However, fixed dose combinations were often prescribed to achieve target glycemic levels. Treatment complexity can be reduced by prescribing a fixed dose combination of two or more oral antidiabetic drugs. There are good numbers of studies which suggest the use of fixed dose combinations not only to reduce the complications of diabetes but also to improve adherence. A variety of fixed dose combination oral antidiabetic drugs in different dosage strengths are available and the strategies for selecting such fixed dose combinations options depends on physicians prescribing behavior and patients condition. This article describes the increasing preference of physicians to prescribe fixed dose combinations of oral antidiabetic drugs.

Keywords: Fixed dose combinations, oral antidiabetic drugs, physicians prescribing pattern.

Full Text:

Introductions

To understand the intricacies behind the current diabetes practice in India, it is important, to understand the physician's perceptions, attitudes and practices1 . Several studies suggest the use of combination of two or more antidiabetics drugs with different mechanism of action for the management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. A few studies demonstrate the comparison of low dose fixed dose combinations vs high dose single component products, a few studies describe the safety and efficacy of FDCs, a few studies did a comparative evaluation of monotherapy, combination therapy and fixed dose combination therapy and a few studies have stated the medication adherence and health related costs in type 2 diabetic patients2-26 . As many fixed dose combinations containing two or more oral antidiabetics drugs are available in the market, physicians are preferring to prescribe. Physicians prescribing preference is may be due to convenience, reduced pill burden or may be due to simplified regimen and the range of dosage strengths which allow flexible dose titration. There are a few studies which also describe the complexities associated with fixed dose combinations of oral antidiabetic drugs apart from their advantages27 .

Use of insulin in combination with Oral Antidiabetic Drugs (OADs) is also gaining importance. There are handful of studies and guidelines which recommend use of insulin in combination with OADs. It has been observed that 30 to 40% of patients can achieve the glycemic targets by combination of once daily premix insulin with OADs. However, the therapy needs to be intensified with the decline of ß-cell function (= insulin secretion) as disease progresses. In this case premix insulin should be scaled up to twice and thrice daily with or without one or multiple class of OADs. Premix insulin can be combined with insulin sensitizers and secretagogues when initiated once daily, nonetheless, OADs can be continued with twice and thrice daily premix insulin therapy.

Objectives of the study

To understand the physicians prescribing patterns with respect to Oral antidiabetic drugs. Survey was carried out among the physicians to mainly understand the following aspects:

  • Frequency of fixed dose combination prescriptions
  • Conditions for which FDCs were usually preferred
  • Preferred oral antidiabetic fixed dose combinations
  • Reasons for prescribing FDCs

Research Methodology

Research Design

Information with regard to the prescribing pattern of fixed dose combinations of antidiabetic drugs was collected. This information would give an idea whether physicians prefer to prescribe fixed dose combinations, if so in which conditions and their experiences on such combinations.

Research Type

Research type was exploratory. Exploratory research was conducted after thorough search of secondary data available.

Questionnaire Method

Questionnaire technique was followed to collect the information from the respondents. Questionnaire was developed in such a way that the respondents could answer the questions with ease. Effort was put to reduce the number of questions so that the respondents take less time to answer the questions as the respondents were physicians. Structured direct survey method was adopted for collecting the information from the respondents. A direct approach was pursued as the purpose of the study was disclosed or was obvious to the respondents. Questionnaire consisted of mostly fixed alternative questions (Multiple choice and dichotomous), where the respondent has to select from predetermined alternatives. There were a few unstructured open ended questions for which the respondents had to write down the answers. Apart from the basic information i.e the information related to the direct research problem, classification information, consisting of socioeconomics and demographic was also collected. Pretesting of the questionnaire was done in small sample of respondents (n=10) and possible errors were eliminated. After elimination of the errors, questionnaire was drafted and the responses were collected.

Sampling

Sampling design was done keeping in mind the target population. The target population was physicians who prescribe antidiabetic drugs. Information about prescription preference of fixed dose combination was collected. Study was carried out in five places namely Bangalore, Cochin, Hyderabad, Mangalore, Manipal and Udupi. Nonprobability sampling technique was adopted where it was decided arbitrarily which elements to be included in the sample. Convenience sampling was chosen, study units that happen to be available at the time of data collection were selected in the sample. Initial target sample size was 80. 20 each from Bangalore, Cochin, Hyderabad and 20 from Mangalore, Manipal and Udupi put together. Final sample size used for evaluation was 60. 20 questionnaire responses were not considered for evaluation as there were some incomplete responses. The sample was selected on pragmatic criteria. Respondents in the study were General Practitioners, Diabetologists and endocrinologists.

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

Physicians prescribing antidiabetic irrespective of their specialization were included in the study and the physicians having practice less than 5 years were excluded from the study.

Results and Discussion

Specialization and average duration of practice of 62 doctors is summarized in the table 1. Out of 62 doctors, fifty one were general physicians who were treating mostly diabetic patients, nine diabetologists and two endocrinologists. The average duration of practice was 14.5 years; general physicians (17.8), diabetologists (12.9) and endocrinologist (12.5).

Less duration of practice with respect to diabetologists and endocrinologist was probably because of the fact that diabetes became a super specialty only recently.

 

It is evident that 53% of physicians see between 80 to 100 patients with type 2 diabetes in a month, followed by 32% in the range of 60-80. Only a very few physicians (6%) see less than 40 patients respectively. This gives a rough picture about number of individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes.

Non pharmacological treatment was preferred by most physicians (85%) soon after the patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Total of 12% doctors prescribe OADs and few doctors prescribe insulin (2) and combination of OAD and Insulin (5). Although most of the doctors preferred diet and exercise and Oral Anti-diabetic drugs, insulin initiation and combination of insulin and OADs cannot be neglected. There was one study conducted in Urban and Semi urban Bangalore district, where less number physicians were opting for nonpharmacological treatment (Rayappa PH, Raju KNM, Kapur A. Personnel communication) contradictory to the present study results. It was observed that most respondents (85%) approach was more aggressive when patients were not responding to nonpharmacological treatment or initial oral antidiabetic drugs. They were treating type 2 diabetes patients with all three options: diet and exercise, OADs and Insulin. This aggressive treatment approach by doctors might be due their experience in controlling blood glucose levels or they were made aware of how to lower the blood glucose levels effectively.

Most respondents (96%) of the study stated that they prescribe antidiabetic fixed dose combinations. Two responded in negative, one respondent commented that he was never impressed with the combinations available in the market and also read about the recent issues on irrationality of fixed dose combinations and another respondent reported that there is no need of prescribing fixed dose combinations and said most of the combinations are irrational in one way or the other. He also emphasized that, if one uses more drugs, there would be more side effects. Although majority of the respondents were prescribing FDCs, the irrational FDCs issue in the recent past may disturb the physicians' preference to prescribe FDCs in general. It is essential for the companies who manufacture FDCs to bring it to notice of the physicians that their combinations are rational and have been approved by Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).

Most physicians (73%) reported that they would only prescribe antidiabetic fixed dose combination if deemed necessary for the patients suffering with type 2 diabetes. All patients with type 2 diabetes may not require to be treated with antidiabetic FDCs. It is essential to screen the blood glucose levels before prescribing antidiabetic fixed dose combinations.

Most physicians (36%) who responded to the question affirmed that they prescribe FDCs to improve patient adherence to therapy and as a standard of care for all patients with hyperglycemia (30%). A few physicians (16%) stated that they prescribe FDCs to provide rapid response to the patients and only two physicians (3%) had stated they prescribe for minimizing the side effects.

Responses observed above are comparable with the advantages offered by fixed dose combinations.

Majority of the doctors (44%) were prescribing Glipizide+Metformin combination followed by Pioglitazone+Metformin combination (29%). A few doctors were prescribing, Pioglitazone+Glimeperide (13%), Glimeperide+Metformin (11%) and Rosiglitazone+Metformin (2%) combinations. It was observed that one doctor is convinced of an herbal preparation and found improvement in disease status when prescribed as an adjuvant to an OAD. Although there are lots of antidiabetic fixed dose combinations available in the market, only a few combinations are mostly prescribed by the doctors.

Most of the doctors had affirmed that pioglitazone+metformin and glipizide+metformin are very effective and the reason behind its effectiveness was potent medication. Not a single respondent have specified that they prescribe the combinations because of cost effectiveness. This shows the attitude of physicians towards cost of medicine and also gives an indication that they would overshadow the cost factor over other factors like effective drug, patient compliance and less side effects.

Conclusion

India is considered to be diabetes capital of the world and was even evident from the study where doctors were attending more than 80 patients in a month. Indians are more prone to develop diabetes due to life style and food habits. Moreover complications start at younger age. Consequently burden of uncontrolled diabetes in India is high with more than two third of the treated patients not achieving optimal glycemic control. This may be attributed to low purchasing power, inadequate access to health care facilities in remote areas of our country and most importantly diabetes patients are treated by general physicians who were not aware of guidelines which should be followed in Indian context. It was clear from the study that majority of the doctors were aggressive in treating diabetic patients by all possible means. It was observed that doctors start treatment with diet and exercise and then would prescribe OADs or put patients on Insulin.

Although new classes of medication and numerous combinations have been demonstrated to lower glycaemia, doctors were finding it difficult to achieve and maintain the optimal blood glucose levels. However, fixed dose combination antidiabetic drugs were being preferred by most of the respondents due to their advantages.

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


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A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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