International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 3(8), August, 2011

Pages: 110-118

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PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARCTERISTICS OF C.I. ENGINE USING WASTE PLASTIC PYROLYSIS OIL- DIESEL BLENDS

Author: Rajesh Guntur , M.L.S. Deva Kumar , K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy

Category: Technology

Abstract:Our country is facing the critical problem of fuel and energy deficiency. The fast depletion of
petroleum reserves in the world and frequent rise in prices of crude oil led to search for
alternative fuels. On the other hand, plastic waste has become a major element in garbage
which does not decompose naturally and causes very serious environmental problems. In this
context, pyrolysis of waste plastics is currently receiving renewed interest for getting the fuel.
The properties of the oil derived from pyrolysis of waste plastics were analyzed and
compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of
diesel. In the present work, waste plastic Pyrolysis oil was used as an alternate fuel in a C.I.
engine without any modification. The present investigation was to study the performance and
emission characteristics of a single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine run with
waste plastic pyrolysis oil-diesel blends. Brake thermal efficiency of the engine is less than
the diesel fuel operation at full load and higher at part loads. Unburned hydrocarbon and
Carbon dioxides were marginally higher than that of the diesel baseline. The toxic gas carbon
monoxide emission of waste plastic pyrolysis oil was higher than diesel.

Keywords: Diesel engine, Waste plastic pyrolysis oil, Performance, Emissions

Full Text:

1 INTRODUCTION

Waste plastics problem is an everincreasing menace for global environment. Because of durability, flexibility, and economy, a phenomenal rise is observed in the plastic consumer base. Throughout the world, research on waste plastics management is being carried out on warfooting. According to a nationwide survey, conducted in the year 2003, more than 15342.46 T of plastic waste is generated daily in our country, and only 40% by wt of the same is recycled, balance 60% by wt is not possible to dispose off [1,2]. Plastic waste contributes to the solid waste streams by about 8% - 15% by weight and twice that by Volume (GOI 1997). It is projected that annual postconsumer plastic waste will reach 5.6 million tons by the year 2008-2009. At these alarming levels of waste plastics generation, India needs to prepare a lot in recycling and disposing the waste. Several processes and means have been attempted to fight against these alarming levels of waste plastics generation. However each process has its drawbacks and economical, operational and financial limitations for practical implementation. A large proportion of sheeting materials and molded parts and stickers etc is left out by rag pickers. The small bags /molded parts are soiled and are difficult to identify. Also they have no value as feed stocks for recycle. These unutilized waste plastics remains uncollected and spread everywhere, littered in open drains or in garbage dumps, often resulting in choking of municipal sewers and storm water drains. Thus the balance 40 wt% gradually goes on accumulating, thereby leading to:

  • Serious environmental problems
  • Disposal problems
  • Wastage and non utilization of high energy material.
  •  
  • 2 WASTE PLASTIC OIL IN MARINE DIESEL ENGINES The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its high compression ratio. Diesel engines are most preferred power plants due to their higher thermal efficiency, excellent and driveability. Despite their advantages, they emit high levels of NOx and smoke which will have an effect on human health. Hence, strict emission norms and the depletion of petroleum fuels have necessitated the search for alternate fuels for diesel engines. Application of Waste Plastic Disposals reduces the experimental heavy fuel oil viscosity. The results showed that waste plastic disposal oil when mixed with heavy oils reduces the viscosity significantly and improves the engine performance [3]. Although Oxides of Nitrogen(NOx) emission slightly increases, the emission of particulate matters (PM), dry soot (DS) and soluble organic fraction (SOF) decreases by half at the mixing ratio of 30 % by vol. The kind of plastic materials are HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, Nylon, Teflon, PS, ABS, and FRP.

 

3 PYROLYSIS

Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating. The word is originally coined from the Greekderived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste

4 PROCESS TECHNOLOGY This process, involves Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at a temperature of 370ºC - 420ºC. The polymer is gently cracked by adding Catalyst and the gases are condensed in a series of condensers to give a low sulphur content distillate. All this happens continuously to convert the waste plastics into Fuel that can be used in Generators or as Furnace oil. The Catalyst used in this system will prevent formation of all the dioxins and Furans (Benzene ring) .All the gases are treated before it is let out in to atmosphere. The Flue Gas is treated through scrubbers and water/ chemical treatment is done for neutralization. The non- condensable gas goes through water before it is used for burning. Since the Plastics waste is processed about 370ºC - 420ºC and there is NO OXYGEN in the processing reactor, most of the Toxics are burnt. The flow chart of preparation of oil is shown in Figure 1

Products Obtained The main products of pyrolysis are oil, Hydrocarbon gas and carbon black. When waste plastic is used as raw material for pyrolysis plants, general input output ratio is shown in table 1and the properties of oil obtained are listed in Table 2

 

5 ENGINE TESTS

Engine Performance Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its assigned job, i.e., the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The degree of success is compared on the basis of the following

1. Specific fuel consumption

2. Break thermal efficiency

3. Exhaust emissions Specific fuel consumption is widely used to compare the performance of different engines. Brake thermal efficiency is the true indicator of the efficiency with which the thermodynamic input is converted into mechanical work. It also accounts for combustion efficiency. Exhaust emissions such as unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide oxygen etc, are nuisance for the environment.

6 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experimental setup of the test engine is shown in Figure 2. The specifications of the test engine are given in Table 3. Diesel engine is coupled to an alternator. The fuel consumption rate is measured on volumetric basis using a burette and a stopwatch. Chromel alumel thermocouple with a digital temperature indicator is used to measure the exhaust gas temperature. A four Gas Analyzer is used to measure the level of HC, CO2, CO, O2.

 

7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Three test fuels were used during experiments including neat 100 % diesel fuel and a blend of 10% and 30% with waste plastic pyrolysis oil by volume in the diesel. The tests were carried out for the above proportions of waste plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel. The engine was not modified in any way for use with waste plastic pyrolysis oil blends. The performance tests were conducted at 1500 rpm with loading of 0, 20,40,60,80 and 100 percent of rated power. The engine was operated for data collection with 5 minutes at each interval. The Performance was compared with pure diesel operation. The basic performance parameters such as specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were calculated and presented against load for all cases as shown in Figure 3 to Figure 5.exhaust emissions such as unburned hydro carbons, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide and oxygen were measured and plotted against load as shown in Figure 6 to Figure 10.

7.1Brake Specific Fuel Consumption The rate of fuel consumption divided by the rate of power production is termed as Brake specific fuel consumption. Brake specific fuel consumptions descend from lower to higher load conditions. It is related with brake thermal efficiency. At higher load conditions the brake thermal efficiency is decreased and brake specific fuel consumption increased. Figure 3 shows the variation of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) with load for WPPO 10, WPPO 30 and diesel oil. As the load increases, BSFC decreases for all fuel blends up to part load i.e.80 %, higher consumption at full load. The engine will consume more fuel with diesel waste plastic pyrolysis blended fuels than with neat diesel fuel to gain the same power output due to the lower calorific value of blended fuel.

 

7.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for WPPO-Diesel blends is shown in Figure 4. The brake thermal efficiency is lower for the WPPO-Diesel blends than diesel at full load. WPPO is a mixture of hydrocarbons varying from C10 to C30 having both low and heavy fractions with aromatics. Because of the changes in composition, viscosity, density and calorific value of WPPO-Diesel blends the brake thermal efficiencies of WPPO-Diesel blends are high at part loads.

7.3 Mechanical efficiency From Figure 5, it is clear that the mechanical efficiency of the engine increases with an increase in load under all operating conditions. On pure diesel mode at full load, the mechanical efficiency is found to be 67.5%. When operated with WPPO 10 the corresponding value is 69.3%, a rise of about 2.6 % is observed. At full load, the mechanical efficiency is 70.34 % with WPPO 30 and there is a raise of about 4.21%, which indicates that the engine produces more power as blend of the waste plastic pyrolysis oil is increased.

 

7.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature Figure 6 shows the variation of exhaust gas temperature with load for waste plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel blends. The results show that the exhaust gas temperature increased with load in all cases. Higher exhaust gas temperature in the case of WPPO compared to diesel is due to higher heat release rate. It may also be due to the oxygen content of the WPPO, which improves combustion. In the case of WPPO, the fuel spray becomes finer and effective combustion takes place.

 

7.5 Hydrocarbon emission The variation of hydrocarbons with load for tested fuels is shown in Figure 7. Hydrocarbon ranges from 25 ppm at low load to 33 ppm at full load for diesel fuel operation. For WPPO 10, it varies from 27 ppm to 32 ppm at full load. It can be observed that HC varies from 28 ppm at low load to 32 ppm at full load for WPPO 30. From the results, it can be noticed that the concentration of hydrocarbon of WPPO- Diesel blends is marginally higher than Diesel. When the WPPO- Diesel blends is injected and mixes with air, because of non-homogeneity of fuel air mixture some local spot in the combustion chamber will have mixture that will be too lean for proper combustion. In a combustion chamber some fuel spots may be too rich with insufficient oxygen to burn all the fuel. Hence, some local spots with rich and lean mixture would be available in the combustion chamber [5]. In fuel rich zones some fuel droplets do not react due to lack of oxygen and the combustion may be incomplete [6,7]. This is the reason for higher HC emission in the case of WPPO-Diesel blends compared to Diesel. At lower loads due to lean mixture, the hydrocarbon ranges of WPPO and Diesel is less while at higher loads due to higher quantity of fuel admission hydrocarbon.

7.6 Carbon monoxide The variation of carbon monoxide with brake power is depicted in Figure 8. Since, CI engines are operating with lean mixtures; the CO emission would be low when compared with SI engine. CO emission is toxic so it must be controlled. CO is an intermediate product in the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, so its emission results from incomplete combustion. Therefore, emission of CO is greatly dependent on the air fuel ratio relative to the stoichiometric proportions. Rich combustion invariably produces CO. The reason behind this increase of CO emission is incomplete combustion. The increase in CO emission at higher loads is due to higher fuel consumption.

7.7 Carbon dioxide As shown in Figure 9, it can be observed that the variation of carbon dioxide emission with load for Diesel and WPPODiesel operation. From the results, it is observed that the amount of CO2 produced while using WPO- Diesel blends is higher than Diesel at all load conditions. Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is a desirable byproduct that is produced when the carbon from the fuel is fully oxidized during the combustion process. As a general rule, the higher the carbon dioxide reading, the more efficient the engine is operating.

7.8 Oxygen The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for WPPO- Diesel blends is shown in Figure 10. It is clear that oxygen present in the exhaust gas decreases as the load increases. It is Obvious that due to improved combustion, the temperature in the combustion chamber can be expected to be higher and higher amount of oxygen is also present, leading to formation of higher quantity of NOx, in WPPO-Diesel blends. Oxygen (O2) readings provide a good indication of a lean running engine. Misfires typically cause high O2 output from the engine.

 

CONCLUSIONS From the tests conducted with waste plastic oil and diesel on a diesel engine, the following conclusions are arrived:

  • Part Load Thermal efficiency is higher than the diesel fuel operation
  • CO emission increased with waste plastic pyrolysis oil compared to diesel operation.
  • Unburnt hydrocarbon emission is higher than the diesel
  • Oxidation of fuel is good at part loads which results higher CO2 Waste plastic pyrolysis oil can be used alternate fuel to the diesel

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors sincerely thank Dr. Sadanand Dixit, sanjivani pytopharma Ltd for having supplied the fuel needed to conduct the experimental study. Dr. Smt. G. Prasanthi, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering for the support and promoting research activities during this project work.

 

 

 

 

References:

1. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) `Information Related to Plastics Waste Management, 2003.

2. Vu Phong Hai, Osami Nishida, Hirotsugu Fujita, Wataru Harano, Norihiko Toyoshima, Masami Iteya. Reduction of NOx and PM from dieselengines by WPD emulsified fuel, http://www.sae.org/technical/ papers/2001-01-0152; 2001. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0152.

3. Paul T. Williams, Elizabeth A. Williams. Interaction of plastics in mixed plastics pyrolysis.Journal of Energy and Fuels 1999; 13 (1), pp 188–196.

4. Murugan S, Ramaswamy MC, Nagarajan G. Tyre pyrolysis oil as an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Journal of SAE 2005;01:2190.

5. Smet Cel, Kten. An experimental investigation of the effect of the injection pressure on engine performance and exhaust emission in indirect injection diesel engines. Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering 2003;21:2051-2060. 6. Ren Y, Huang Z, Jiang D, Liu L. Combustion characteristics of a compressionignition engine fuelled with dieseledimethoxy methane blends under various fuel injection advance angles. Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering 2006;21:327e37.

7. Jerzy Walendziewski. Engine fuel derived from waste plastics by thermal treatment. Journal of Fuel 2002;81:473-481.

8. Soloiu A, Yoshinobu Y, Masakatsu H, Nishiwaki Kazuie, Mitsuhara Yasuhito,Nakanish Yasufumi. The investigation of a new diesel produced from waste plastics. ISME; 2000.

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A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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