International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 3(9), September, 2011

Pages: 33-36

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DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION PARAMETERS OF QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER; A CASE STUDY IN BIRJAND, IRAN

Author: Borhan Mansouri, Esmail Ravangard, Zahra Rezaaei, Ali Mansouri

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:Many of people around the world enjoy the benefits of technological and economic developments and high standards of living, however, many scientists are aware that these developments cost a lot. Developments of human societies and industry result in bioenvironmental problems; pollution put the water, air and soil resources at risk. The objective of this study is to determine the quality of water in Birjand, a city located in the east of Iran. In this context, it was determined the factors of pH, total hardness, alkalinity, calcium, manganese, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, nitrite, cyanide, chlorine at seven stations. The Results showed that the concentration of pH, total hardness and ammonium were at 7.76, 348.09 and 0.06 mg/L, respectively. The mean concentration of nitrite, magnesium and chlorine were 0.006, 56.38 and 4.95 mg/L, respectively. Also, the mean concentration of cyanide was determined as 1 mg/L. Results also indicated that there were correlations among the measured parameters. Comparing the results with drinking water standards showed that the drinking water in Birjand, based on these parameters, is desirable. However, it belongs to the very hard water. Moreover, the analysis of data displayed a significant difference among the measured parameters in different stations

Keywords: Chemical Parameters, Water Quality, Urban Water, Iran

Full Text:

1. INTRODUCTION

Today the competition for scarce water resources is intense both in Iran and in many places all over the world. Many river basins do not have enough water to meet all the demands or even enough for their rivers to reach the terminal lake or sea [1]. This pressure is very severe in the arid zone of Northwest part of China, where the high demand is combined with limited resources [2]. Water pollution is a relatively new problem and increases the stress arising as a result of unprecedented population growth, urbanization, and industrialization since the 1990s [3]. The main sources of water pollution are discharge of domestic sewage and industrial effluents, which contain organic pollutants, chemicals and heavy metals, and runoff from land-based activities [4]. An important dimension of water sources that has not received due attention is its quality. Though contributed to economic developments, rapid industrialization in developing countries resulted in heavy losses to economic welfare in terms of effects on agricultural activities, human health and ecosystem at large through air and water pollution [5]. It is important to understand that chemical constituents in environmental water bodies react in an environment far more complicated than if they simply were surrounded by a large number of water molecules. The various impurities in water interact in such ways that can affect their chemical behavior markedly. The water quality parameters defined above as controlling variables have an especially strong effect on water chemistry [6]. Considering the effects of human activities on water quality and bioenvironmental rules and those problems caused by water pollutants, it is of high necessity to notice the water sources quality. This paper aims to investigate the physical and chemical properties of water in Birjand in order to discover the water quality in this city.

2. MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1 Site Description

The studied wastewater stabilization pond is located in East of Iran, Birjand, and the capital city of Southern Khorasan province. It is situated at latitude of 32? 86' N and longitude of 59? 21' E and about 1490 m above sea level. The climate of the city is semi- arid with cold winter and approximately 8 months dry season (from middle of April to December). Its average rainfall is 171 mm and unevenly distributed throughout the year. The average annual temperature is 16.5 ºC with the warmest month in July (average 28.5 ºC) and the coldest in January (average 3.5 ºC). The sunlight of the year is 255 days.

2.2 Methods

Some physical and chemical properties of Birjand water were measured from July to September 2010. These characteristics included pH measured by a Multi Parameter Analyzer (Consort, Model: C534Tand Istek, Model: pdc815), and also total hardness and some anions and cations measured by a Photometer (Palintest, Model: 8000). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate differences between the drink water quality parameters in stations of the city centre of Birjand, by Turkey‘s Honest. Pearson‘s correlation coefficients (r) were used when calculating correlations among these parameters. Data analyses were carried out using SPSS (Release 18).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Measurement of pH is one of the most important and frequently used tests in water chemistry. pH is an important factor in determining the chemical and biological properties of water. pH, also influences the degree of ionization, volatility, and toxicity to aquatic life of certain dissolved substances, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide. As the water quality should be in the range of 5 to 9, the study results showed that the pH mean was 7.76 which is in the desirable range. Hardness is sometimes useful as an indicator proportionate to the total dissolved solids present, since Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3 – often represent the largest part of the total dissolved solids. No human health effects due to hardness have been proven; however, an inverse relation with cardiovascular disease has been reported. Higher levels of drinking water hardness correlate with lower incidence of cardiovascular disease [6]. High levels of water hardness may limit the growth of fish; on the other hand, low hardness (soft water) may increase fish sensitivity to toxic metals [7, 8]. The investigations in Birjand water showed that the hardness mean (CaCO3) is 348.09 mg/l, so it may be included in very hard waters.

Ammonia and other nitrogenous materials in natural waters tend to be oxidized by aerobic bacteria, first to nitrite and then to nitrate. Therefore, all organic compounds containing nitrogen should be considered as potential nitrate sources. Drinking water standards for nitrate are strict because the nitrate ion is reduced to nitrite ion in the saliva of all humans and in the intestinal tracts of infants during the first six months of life. Nitrite oxidizes iron in blood hemoglobin from Fe2+ to Fe3+. The resulted compound, called methemoglobin, cannot carry oxygen. The resulted oxygen deficiency is called methemoglobinemia. It is especially dangerous in infants (blue baby syndrome) because of their small total blood volume [6]. The results showed that the ammonia concentration mean was 0.06 mg/l and in lower level. The existence of nitrite, more than 10 mg/l causes health problems for human. The desirable level of that is 0.006 and has no sanitary risks. Using SPSS, the results showed that there was a meaningful level for methyl orange alkality, fenolfetalyn alkality p<0.01. These results showed that there was a correlation between total hardness and potassium (r= -0.054) in 0.05 (p<0.05), calcium hardness and methyl orange alkality (r= -0.46) in 0.05 (p<0.05) and between nitrate and fenolfetalyn alkality (r= -0.44) in 0.05 (p<0.05). The results, also showed that there was a correlation between fenolfetalyn alkality and ammonia (r= 0.99) in 0.01 (p<0.01), fenolfetalyn alkality and methyl orange alkality (r= 0.99) in 0.01 (p< 0.01). Hence, we may conclude that, by investigating different water stations in Birjand, water in this city has a desirable quality for drinking.

4. CONCLUSION

Water source is one of the most important limiting factors in the arid and semi- arid regions. At the end, way may come to the conclusion that, by considering the dry continental situation of Iran (more than 2/3 lands are dry and half dry) and especially the amount of rainfall and drought in this area (171 mm in a year). However, the results of physico-chemical parameters out of the drink water showed that using the water Birjand city has no problem in drink.

References:

1. Liu C, Jun X. Water problems and hydrological research in the Yellow river and the Hai river basin of China. Hydro Proc 2004; 18:2197–2210.

2. Ma JZ, Wang XS, Edmunds WM. The characteristics of groundwater resources and their changes under the impacts of human activity in the arid North-West China– a case study of the Shiyang river basin. J Arid Environ 2005; 61:277–295.

3. Chen J. Analysis of water environment in the Xinjiang arid region. Arid Environ Monit 2002; 16(4):223–227.

4. Goldar B, Banerjee N. Impact of informal regulation of pollution on water quality in rivers in India. J Environ Manage 2004; 73:117–130.

5. Ratna Reddy A, Behera B. Impact of water pollution on rural communities: An economic analysis. Ecol Econ 2006; 58:520– 537.

6. Weiner ER. Applications of environmental chemistry: A practical guide. 2nd ed. CRC Press. Boca Raton 2007; pp. 30-70.

7. Pyle GG, Swanson SM, Lehmkuhl DM. The influence of water hardness, pH, and suspended solids on nickel toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Water Air Soil Pollut 2002; 133:215–226.

8. Ebrahimpour M, Alipour M, Rakhshah S. Influence of water hardness on acute toxicity of copper and zinc on fish. Toxicol Indu Health 2010; 6:361-365.

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A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
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A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
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A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
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A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
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A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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