International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 3(11), November, 2011

Pages: 116-120

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EFFECT OF SUDARSHANA KRIYA YOGA ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Author: Anupama N, N.Srinivasaragavan, Varun Malhotra, Basavarajaiah

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Yoga is probably best lifestyle ever devised in the history of mankind. The word YOGA comes from the Sanskrit root ?YUJ? which means to unite. (the union of body with the
soul.) Kriya in Sanskrit means action, most commonly refers to technique or practice with in a
yoga practice. Sudarshana kriya is a unique rhythmical breathing process to eliminate stress and
support the various organ systems with in the body, transform overpowering emotions and
restore peace of mind. Objective:
To assess the effects of Sudarshana kriya on respiratory function. Materials and methods: 36 subjects practicing Sudarshana kriya for more than 2 years, who were in the age group of 18-30 years nonsmokers (interviewed using standard
questionnaire), from Art of living ashram, Bengaluru were chosen as test group. 36 subjects
who were not practicing any type of yoga of same age group and non smokers were chosen as
controls. Pulmonary function tests like FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and PEFR results were analysed
using appropriate statistical method. Results:
Study group showed significantly higher FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC. Suggesting sympathovagal balance. Conclusion: Pulmonary functions
improve significantly with Sudarshana kriya due to respiratory muscle strengthening and good
lung expansion and by harmonizing the central nervous system and our breathing.

Keywords: Sudarshana Kriya yoga, respiratory rate and pulmonary function tests.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Patanjali, foremost exponent of Yoga, describes pranayama as the gradual unforced cessation of breathing. Pranayama is derived from two Sanskrit wordsprana(life) and yama means(control). 1,2,3 Pranayama or control of prana or life force yields heartbeat, pulse and mind control. Sudarshana kriya is a Sanskrit term meaning ?proper vision, purified action?. By ?controlling the breath? it normalizes breathing by concentrating on it systematically. Regular practice of Sudarshana Kriya reduces symptoms of mental depression, 4,5,7 decreases fasting blood glucose levels in type-2 Diabetes Mellites6 and for treating stress and anxiety in post traumatic stress disorder.10 Sudarshana Kriya leaves one more alert aware, attentive and focused.8 Our study is designed to observe the effect of Sudarshana Kriya on pulmonary function tests.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

36 (18 males, 18 females) subjects practicing Sudarshana kriya (SKY) for more than 2 years who were in the age group of 18-30 years, from art of living ashram, Bengaluru were chosen as test group. 36 subjects who were not practicing any type of yoga (nonSKY) of same age group were chosen as controls. The subjects had no history of allergic disorders, respiratory disorders, no history of systemic disease and no history of smoking. The breathing techniques that are part of Sudarshana Kriya are

a) Three-Stage Pranayama with Ujjayi or "Victory Breath"

, b) Three sets of Bhastrika or "Bellow's Breath", and

c) Sudarshana kriya or the "Healing Breath Technique" and they were practiced in that order. The breathing practices are done in a vajrasan posture, on the carpet spread over the floor. Eyes are kept closed throughout the sessions.

Normal breathing is at the rate of 14 to 16 breaths per minute. Ujjayi is a slow and deep breathing technique at 2 to 4 breaths per minute.

Three-Stage Pranayama with Ujjayi breath is an advanced form using a specific ratio of inhalation and exhalation, and breathholds. Participants practice this component where specific arm positions are held for approximately ten minutes in total. It involves taking a breath for a period of 4– 10 seconds, holding the inhaled breath for a further 4–10 seconds, exhaling over a period of 6–12 seconds, and holding one‘s breath in the exhaled The second breathing component of Sudarshana kriya is Bhastrika. Here the breathing is vigorous and faster, about twenty to thirty respiratory cycles per minute. Three approximately one-minute rounds of Bhastrika are followed by a few minutes of normal breathing. Arm movements are used to increase the force and depth of inhalation and exhalation. Practice of this component lasts for approximately five minutes.

The central component of Sudarshana kriya which is an advanced cyclical breathing exercise of slow, medium, and fast rates in succession. Slow breaths are about 20 respiratory cycles per minute, medium breaths are about 40–50 respiratory cycles per minute, and the fast breathing is about 60–80 cycles per minute. The participant rotates through these breathing patterns during Sudarshana kriya. Daily home practice of Sudarshana kriya takes approximately 10 minutes. During the instruction phase, several longer group sessions of Sudarshana kriya, lasting approximately thirty minutes, are practiced. Pulmonary Function Tests like FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and PEFR were measured using Medspiror. The results were analyzed using Z-test to test the statistical significance of difference in the two groups (Table 2)

RESULTS

Pulmonary Function Test values are significantly higher in SKY group indicating better control of breathing, stronger respiratory muscles and overall lower resistance to passage of air during expiration. (Table.1 and Table.2)

DISCUSSION

Sudarshana kriya appears to be specialized pranayamic breathing capable of inducing series of beneficial changes besides causing improvement in respiratory functions. Various respiratory parameters improve after Sudarshana Kriya. A significant increase in FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC , PEFR, increase in the vital capacity, tidal volume increase in expiratory and inspiratory pressures, breath holding time and decrease in the respiratory rate. Bhastrika strengthens the diaphragm (due to deep inspiration), expiratory muscles of abdomen transverse abdominus external oblique (due to forceful expiration). Probable explanation for this could be, regular inspiration and expiration of long medium and short durations during Sudarshana Kriya leads to strengthening of respiratory muscles. This helps the lungs to inflate and deflate maximally. This maximum inflation and deflation is an important physiological stimulus for the release of surfactant and prostaglandins increasing the alveolar spaces, thereby increasing lung compliance and decreasing bronchial smooth muscle tone activity.11 A decrease in breathing frequency have shown increase synchronization of brain waves eliciting delta wave activity indicating parasympathetic dominance. Although these mechanisms provide some clues to pranayama‘s mechanism, the neural mechanism that causes this bodywide autonomic shift is not reported. It has been proposed that certain voluntary breathing exercises can modulate the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system bringing their levels of activation into a normal range.5 Techniques involving focusing on a single thought resulted in regularity of respiration while in the thoughtless state there was reduction in the rate and regularity of respiration. Sudarshana kriya by long term manipulation of breathing by practicing slow deep breathing likely results in over stretching of pulmonary stretch receptors, increase the lung volumes and capacities. Long term practice results in manipulation of vagal tone, thereby reducing rate of respiration at rest. Voluntary, slow, deep breathing functionally resets the autonomic nervous system through stretch-induced inhibitory signals and hyperpolarization currents propagated through both neural and non-neural tissue which synchronizes neural elements in the heart, lungs, limbic system, and cortex.9 Inhibitory current regulates excitability of nervous tissues and is known to elicit synchronization of neural elements which typically is indicative of a state of relaxation. Synchronization within the hypothalamus and the brain stem is likely responsible for inducing the parasympathetic response during breathing exercises.5 Sudarshana Kriya is understood to use specific rhythms of breath to eliminate stress and support the various organ systems with in the body, transform overpowering emotions and restore peace of mind. 10

 

 

 

References:

1. Sivananda. The Sivananda Yoga Centre. (1983). The book of Yoga. London: Ebury Press. pp14-15.

2. Yogananda, P. (1946). Autobiography of a yogi. Los Angeles: SelfRealization Fellowship. pp 1920-1921.

3. Yogananda, P. Undreamed of possibilities. The teachings of Sri Sri Paramahansa Yogananda. pp 5-6.

4. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ; Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: A randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. Journal 120 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 of Affective Disorders, 2000; 57(1): 255-259.

5. Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, SubbakrishnaDK; P300 amplitude and antidepressant response to Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY). J Affect Disord, 1998; 50: 45–48.

6. Agte VV, Tarwadi K; Potential of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga practice in treatment of type 2 diabetes. Altern Complement Ther, 2004; 10:220–222.

7. Anette Kjellgren, Sven Å Bood Kajsa Axelsson Torsten Norlanderhttp://www.biomedcentral.co m/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce, Fahri Saatcioglu; Wellness through a comprehensive Yogic breathing program – A controlled pilot trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007; 7: 43-51.

8. Dr. M. Bhatia EEG during sudarshana Kriya a quantitative analysis. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998; 50(1): 45-48.

9. Vedamurthachar, A (A); Janakiramaiah, Nimmagadda (N); Hegde, Jayaram M (JM); Shetty, Taranath K (TK); Subbakrishna, D K (DK); Sureshbabu, S V (SV); Gangadhar, B N (BN); Antidepressant efficacy and hormonal effects of Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) in alcohol dependent individuals. 2006Aug; 94 (1-3): 249-253.

10. Brown RP, Gerbarg L; Sudarshan Kriya Yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part II—Clinical applications and guidelines. J Altern Complement Med. 2005; 11: 711–717.

11. Belman MJ, Gaesser GA; Ventilatory muscle training in the elderly. J Appl physiol,1998; 64(3): 899 – 905.

 

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
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A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
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A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
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A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
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A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
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A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
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A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
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A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
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A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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