The synthesis of historical insights, current applications, and future outlooks makes this review a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and educators in the field of dental science. The present comprehensive review explores the diverse applications of materials in dental science, emphasizing their pivotal role in restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, orthodontics, and periodontics. The historical evolution of dental materials sets the stage, highlighting the transition from traditional to advanced materials. Classification of dental materials encompasses restorative materials like dental amalgam, composites, and ceramics; impression materials such as alginate and elastomers; and biomaterials including dental implants, bone grafts, and membranes. Adhesive materials and their applications in bonding dental restorations are also discussed. The narrative extends to recent advance materials like amalgam and composites in dentistry. The review concludes with a discussion on challenges in dental materials and prospects for future developments.