The review gives brief information on the olden days of cytology beginning from its origin to recent modern advancements. It also gives an outline regarding the basics of cytology. The field of cytology has achieved a marvelous drive all across the world owing to its rapidity, accurateness, and cost-efficacy. The literature was searched using MEDLINE/PubMed to identify relevant articles published in English from the date of inception to date. A brief history of cytology, newer cytological methods, modifications in the sampling tools and the sensitivity and specificity of collecting devices are presented in the article. The review will benefit all the dental practitioners facing challenges during performing exfoliative cytology.