Thalassemia is a genetic disorder in blood, occurs due to abnormal formation or absent of globin peptide chains of hemoglobin. There are mainly __ampersandsignalpha;-globin chains and __ampersandsignbeta;-globin chains remain in hemoglobin. When any chain becomes abnormal or dysfunctional then it turns into thalassemia. Defected globin chains are unable to form functional red blood cells, as a result the patients with thalassemia suffer from sever lack of red blood cells as well as available oxygen. The main causes of globin genes disturbance are due to genetic alterations, mainly point mutations. The locations of __ampersandsignalpha;-globin genes are at chromosome 16 and __ampersandsignbeta;-globin genes are at chromosome 11. __ampersandsignbeta;-thalassemia can be divided into three categories, __ampersandsignbeta;-thalassemia minor, if one gene is defected; __ampersandsignbeta;-thalassemia intermedia, when both __ampersandsignbeta;-genes are defected but not at severe level and some chains are functional; and __ampersandsignbeta;-thalassemia major, when both globin genes get mutated and globin chains become fully dysfunctional and the patients evolve most of the traits which are responsible for __ampersandsignbeta;-thalassemia. Though thalassemia is spread all over the world but every place is not epidemic. Turkey, South Asia, Mediterranean sea area, Iran and some other countries are consider as thalassemia belt. The frequency of thalassemic patients is high at the prevalence zone of malaria because it is considered that thalassemia is against of malaria. The treatments of thalassemia are very complex, expensive and time consuming. However, blood transfusion is more efficient treatment of thalassemia than others. Besides, bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy are the next generation therapies also under consideration.