Objective: Evaluation of the patency rates of Arteriovenous Fistula with correlation of factors associated with failure of Arteriovenous Fistula. Materials and Methods: 150 successive patients (mean age 57years, range 19__ampersandsignndash;76) on whom 156 primary Arteriovenous Fistulas were created during the period of 1__ampersandsignnbsp;year between January 2009__ampersandsignndash;December 2009 and who were followed up for 1 year. Results: The primary patency rate was 88% at 3 months. 7 distinct factors were significantly associated with both early and late failure of the fistula. Association of factors such as age__ampersandsigngt;40years, uncontrolled diabetes, hypotension, smoking, pre Arteriovenous Fistula dialysis through central venous catheters, hypercholesterolemia and poor quality of artery and vein resulted in higher failure rates. Conclusion: The major determinants for a successfully created Arteriovenous Fistula were creation of the fistula before the start of dialysis and good quality of both, the artery and the vein. This argues in favour of timely creation of such fistulas in patients with end-stage renal disease, avoidance of hypotension, strict glycemic control and accurate preoperative Doppler examination to establish the quality of the vessels.