Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most common operations. The surgical access to the inguinal region, notably during hernia repairs, exposes the ilioinguinal nerve to the risk of damage at the origin of the neuralgia. The incidence of these post-operative neuropathies and their medico legal consequences notify the importance of this study about the anatomical variations of the ilioinguinal nerve. With the aim of preventing its damage while giving the local anesthesia during repairs of groin hernias and to understand the factors of onset of chronic neuropathy of the ilioinguinal nerve, we dissected 40 inguinal regions of 20 cadavers during routine undergraduate dissection. We have studied ilioinguinal nerve with relation to inguinal canal and its contents. The results showed the high variability of the emergence and the distribution of the ilioinguinal nerve. The variations in the emergence and distribution of the ilioinguinal nerve are the cause of the failures of the ilioinguinal block and the difficulties at interpreting the ilioinguinal nerve during the groin surgeries leading to post operative and perioperative morbidity.