Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241814EnglishN2016July21HealthcareHISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPINAL TUMOURS English0108Jobanputra G. P.English Parikh U. R.English Goswami H. M.EnglishBackground: Spinal tumours are tumours that can occur within or adjacent to the spinal cord. Primary spinal cord tumours account for 2 to 4 percent of all primary central nervous system(CNS) tumours, one third of which are located in the intramedullary compartment. Objective: To study the incidence of spinal tumour at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital and to study the morphological and clinicoradiological correlation and relative incidence of various spinal tumours among different age groups and sex. Methods: In the Present Study, all operated cases; exicsed bipsies and resected specimens are taken into consideration. After processing detail microscopic examination was carreied out. Results: The peak age of incidence of spinal tumours was between 21-40 years of age, with the rmale:female ratio 1.57:1.Benign tumours (89%) are more common than malignant tumours (11%).Spinal tumours more commonly located in intradural (86%) than extradural(14%) locations. Malignant tumours mostly located on extradural locations(7%) than intradural locations(4%). Spinal tumours are more commonly located in thoracic region. Schwannoma(31%) is the most common spinal tumour followed by meningioma(24%), astrocytoma (11%), neurofibroma (8%) and ependymoma (8%). Hemangioma and lipoma are relatively less common. Conclusion: The study can contribute to epidemiologic knowledge of Spinal cord tumours. EnglishSpinal Cord Tumours (SCT), Histopathology, Central Nervous System (CNS)INTRODUCTION Spinal tumours are tumours that can occur within or adjacent to the spinal cord. They are considered to be intraaxial in location and can be either primary or metastatic. Primary spinal cord tumours account for 2 to 4 percent of all primary central nervous system(CNS) tumours, one third of which are located in the intramedullary compartment.1 In this study spinal tumours are considered as spinal cord tumours. Spinal cord tumours can be classified according to their anatomic location2,3,4,5 Intramedullary — Intramedullary tumours arise within the spinal cord itself. Most primary intramedullary tumours are either ependymomas or astrocytomas.Low grade tumours are usually benign and high grade tumours are malignant. WHO grade I and II are considered as benign while grade III and IV are malignant. Metastases are being recognized with increasing frequency, primarily because of improvements in imaging modalities6 Intradural-extramedullary — Tumours arising within the dura but outside the actual spinal cord are termed intraduralextramedullary. The most common tumours in this group are meningiomas and nerve sheath tumours(23). Benign Meningioma are WHO grade I and grow slowly. In contrast atypical (WHO grade II) and anaplastic (WHO grade III) form can be aggressive. Extradural- Extradural tumours are usually metastatic and most often arise in the vertebral bodies. Metastasis mostly comes from breast, lung and prostate. Metastatic lesions can cause spinal cord compression either by epidural growth that results in extrinsic spinal cord or cauda equina compression or less frequently by intradural invasion7 Primary spinal tumours commonly occurs in young adults and commonly present with following symptoms. • Back or neck pain. • Pain that does not improve with rest and worse at night • Pain accompanied by neurologic symptoms such as numbness or weakness of arms or legs or change in bowel or bladder routine Spinal tumours can be treated with medications, surgery, radiation, or a combination of treatments. Spinal tumour oncology is a rapidly evolving and exciting field. Advances are being made through integration of systemic basic laboratory and clinical research. It is hoped that these advances will eventually culminate in safer and more effective treatment for the spinal tumour.8 Because of the major advances in diagnosis, multi-modality therapy, surgery, development of rational use of combination chemotherapy and improved supportive care, the cure rate in spinal tumours has increased tremendously. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. To study the incidence of spinal tumour at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Gujarat 2. To study the morphological and clinicoradiological correlation of spinal tumours 3. To study the relative incidence of various spinal tumours among different age groups and sex. 4. To compare the data and other investigations with similar studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biopsies and whole tumours specimens were taken from admitted patients in different wards of our institute. A detailed history of each patient regarding age, sex, chief complaints were collected. Along with these radiological investigations in the form of CT and MRI findings were also collected in detail. All the surgically resected specimens were fixed in the 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 hours. The received bony parts were decalcified with the help of the HNO3. After proper fixation and/ or decalcification gross examination is carried out. Thorough gross examination of each specimen for its size, shape, and consistency was performed. From received surgical specimens representative areas of tissue were taken and submitted to routine tissue processing and paraffin embedding. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was performed in all cases. After staining thorough macroscopic examination was performed and diagnosis is made. Detail analysis of results are carried out. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The present study was carried out in one of the tertiary care teaching hospital, Gujarat from April-2011 to November-2013. A total of 100 cases were studied in detail. Analysis of the study was collected. Table I and Chart I show age wise incidence of spinal tumours. It was found that spinal tumor was most common during 21-40 years, i.e. 54%. It also shows sex wise incidence of spinal tumour. It indicates that overall spinal tumours are common in male as compare to female, the male: female ratio is about 1.08:1. But due to unknown reason, during the third and forth decade it is much higher in male with the ratio of 1.57:1; and the incidence is equal after 60 years of age. In present study most common location of spinal tumours is Intradural extramedullary 63%. Followed by Intradural Intramedullary 23% which is quite comparable with earlier study (Table XI). Malignant tumours were observed more frequently in extradural(50%) compared to intradural locations(14.64%) which is comparable with earlier study Present study suggest that other tumours were more common in inextradural location11 cases. Cases of hemangioma, hemangioblastoma, angioma, osteochondroma, NHL and Rare case of metastatic SCC were found in present as well as moein study and comparable with that. Cases of plasmacytoma, chordoma, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma which were not found in present study but present moein study. The difference is due to geographical difference. SUMMARY A histopathological study of spinal tumours was undertaken at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospitalfrom April-2011 to November-2013. • It was found that spinal tumor was most common during 3nd and 4th decade of life. • It was found that overall spinal tumours are common in male as compare to female. • Spinal Malignancy were more common in Female than Male. • Benign tumours were more common than Malignant tumours. • Spinal tumours were more common in intradural than extradural location, • In present study most common location of spinal tumours is intradural extramedullary CONCLUSION A histopathological study of spinal tumours was undertaken at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Gujarat to know the occurrence of different types of spinal tumours and was correlated with other studies. A total of 100 cases were studied from April 2011 to November 2013after routine tissue processing and H and E staining. The findings are as follows. • The peak age of incidence of spinal tumours was between 21-40 years of age. • Spinal tumours are more common in males(52%) than females(48%), with the rmale:female ratio 1.57:1. • Local pain was the commonest mode of presentation. • Benign tumours (89%) are more common than malignant tumours (11%). • Spinal tumours more commonly located in intradural (86%) than extradural(14%) locations. Malignant tumours mostly located on extradural locations(7%) than intradural locations(4%). • Within spinal cord spinal tumours are more commonly located in thoracic (55%)region followed by cervical region(31%). • Malignant tumours were more common in thoracic region (63.63%) • Among spinal tumours, schwannoma(31%) is the most common followed by meningioma(24%), astrocytoma (11%), neurofibroma (8%) and ependymoma (8%). Hemangioma and lipoma are relatively less common. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author acknowledges the help received from Dr.HansaGoswami, MD.PATH, Professor and Head, Department of Pathology for teaching me the scientific approach of the subject and its subtle aspects. I am also thankful to Dr.Urvi Parikh, MD.PATH, Assistant Professor Pathology Dept., B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad for motivating me for doing the work meticulously and her kind co-operation. I would like to give my special thanks to all the technicians of Histopathology Section, Pathology Dept., B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad for helping me while conducting the present study. Last but not least Author acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. NOTE: The present study tumours was undertaken at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Gujarat to know the occurrence of different types of spinal tumours. In the Present Study, all operated cases; excised bipsies and resected specimens are taken into consideration. Biopsies and whole tumours specimens were taken from admitted patients in different wards of our institute, which are with prior consent of the patients. Ethical committee clearance has not been required as confidentiality of patient’s details not been published. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=221http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2211. Chapter in book: Juan Rosai. Chapter-18. In : Rosai and Ackerman’s Surgical Pathology, Tenth Edition, Volume I, Testis; Mosby; Elsevier; 2004: 1412-1457. 2. Kleihues P, Louis DN, Scheithauer BW, Rorke LB, Reifenberger G, Burger PC, et al. The WHO classification of tumours of the nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002;61:215-25. 3. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK. Classification of Tumours of the Nervous System, IARC Press, Lyon, France 2007. 4. Lucein J. Rubinstein: Tumours of the central nervous system, 2nd series, fascicle 6, 1972. 5. Minimum dataset for the histopathological reporting of tumours of CNS; 10th Sept. 2003 6. Shrivastava RK, Epstein FJ, Perin NI, et al. Intramedullary spinal cord tumours in patients older than 50 years of age: management and outcome analysis. J Neurosurg Spine 2005; 2:249. 7. Descriptive epidemiology of malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumours , United States, 2004-2007. Cancer 118:4220. 8. The WHO Classification of Tumours of Central Nervous Systerm; David N. Louis, Hiroko Ohgaki, Otmar D. Wiestler, Webster K. Cavenee; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon, France, Heidelberg November 17-18, 2006. 9. Moein P, Behnamfar O, Khalighinejad N, Farajzadegan Z, Fard SA, Razavi M et al. A 12-year epidemiologic study on primary spinal cord tumours in Isfahan, Iran. J Res Med Sci 2013;18:17- 21. 10. Hirano k,et al.Eur spine J. 2012. Oct;21(10):2019-26. doi:10.1007/s00586-012-2345-5.Epub 2012 May 12. 11. Schellinger KA, Propp JM, Villano JL, McCarthy BJ. Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumours . J Neurooncol 2008;87:173-9.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241814EnglishN2016July21HealthcareHIGH RATES OF ANTIBIOTIC DRUG RESISTANCE AMONG GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI IN LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN NORTH INDIA English0913Sheetal VermaEnglish V. PrakashEnglish K. N. PrasadEnglish T. N. DholEnglishIntroduction: Lower respiratory tract infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals of all age groups in developing countries. It is caused by wide variety of infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungus and parasites. The role of drug resistant bacteria is of most important concern nowadays with fewer antibiotic options available. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in an apex referral hospital among patients of all age groups with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) for a period of 6 months. The samples included respiratory specimens such as sputum, endotracheal (ET) aspirate and brochoalveolar lavage (BAL). The samples were investigated for bacterial agents by microscopy, culture and anti-microbial susceptibility testing was performed. Results: A total of 525 Gram-negative pathogens were isolated from sputum, ET aspirate and BAL fluid specimens during the study period. In 456/525(87%) cases the infection was mono-microbial in nature and in rest 13% cases the infection was polymicrobial type. The gram negative isolates showed high levels of antibiotic resistance to third generation cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone and ceftazidime which were around 92.1% and 78.9% resistant respectively. The resistance to carbapenems was also high. The maximum susceptibility shown by the isolates was for colistin and tigecycline. Mortality was seen in 13% patients with LRTI. Conclusion: Most of the gram negative isolates obtained from the LRTI samples showed high levels of drug resistance to common antibiotics and showed susceptibility to only high end antibiotics. The findings of the study emphasizes the urgent need for routine surveillance and formulation of antibiotic policies in the hospitals to reduce mortality and morbidity.. EnglishGram-negative, Antibiotic, ResistanceINTRODUCTION Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are one of the commonest diseases among all the age groups which cause high rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide especially in the developing countries like India. LRTI affects the air passages, including the nasal passages, the bronchi and the lungs1 . LRTI includes range of infections from acute infections, such as pneumonia, pleural effusion, pyopneumothorax, bronchitis to chronic conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tuberculosis. The situation has become even worse with the rising trends of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in gram negative bacterial infections. Various investigators have advised on judicious use of antibiotics must be done by the clinicians, pharmacist and others who are incorporated in drug delivery system so that a check on the emergence of pathogens acquiring drug resistance to various antibiotics having a role in critical condition or emergency2 . The etiological agents of LRTI is diverse in nature. Viruses, bacteria, fungus and parasites all have been implicated as causative agents of the LRTI. Among bacteria Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Gram-negative bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Kleb siella pneumoniae have been implicated as causative agents of LRTI3 . The studies have reported that morbidity and mortality due to LRTI can be due to various factors including characteristics of the population at risk, standard of the health-care facilities available, immunosuppressive drugs, inappropriate antibiotic therapy, distribution of causative agents and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance4 . With knowledge of local pathogen prevalence and antibiogram the physician can implement the initial empirical antimicrobial therapy which is more promising as per epidemiological data and has greater chances of decreasing the risk of death and morbidities 5 6. There is paucity of information on the profile of antimicrobial agents among LRTI in our settings. Therefore the present prospective observational study was conducted with the aims to study the etiological agents’ distribution causing LRTI and the emergence of resistance among the antimicrobial agents used for treatment of gram negative infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, lower respiratory specimens included sputum, endotracheal aspirate and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) were collected from patients of all age groups during the period of six months. The samples were collected from patients with clinical suspicion of LRTIs which included fever, presence of purulent sputum on expectoration or positive pulmonary findings on physical examination or radiological findings. The adequate amount of sample was collected in sterile, clean and leak-proof universal container and then transported to the microbiology laboratory within 2 hours of collection. The samples when received in the laboratory were processed immediately without any delay for gram staining, culture and susceptibility testing. The sputum samples which on gram staining showed less than 25 leucocytes and fewer than 10 squamous epithelial cells per field read under oil immersion objective (x100) were rejected for further processing and considered as inadequate and heavily contaminated with oropharyngeal flora containing saliva. The processing was done in BSL-2 taking all aseptic precautions. After direct gram staining was performed the samples were plated on Blood agar, Chocolate agar and MacConkey agar. The plates after inoculation were incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The morphological, physiological, and biochemical features of the bacterial isolates were determined according to Mackie and McCartney7 . Antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed on significant bacterial isolates using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, following the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI, 2015)8 . Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) was prepared with addition of 5% sheep blood. A 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard equivalent bacteria suspension for inoculation was prepared and inoculated. Antibiotic disks (Hi-Media) were applied and the plate was incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The following antibiotics were used: Ceftriaxone (30µg), Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Imipenem (10 µg), Meropenem (10µg), Cefoperazone sulbactum (75 µg +30 µg), Colistin (10 µg) and Tigecycline (15 µg).The strains of E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were used for assessing quality control. Only one sample from each patient was included in final analysis. Statistical Analysis The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18.0 software was used for the descriptive statistical analysis of the data of the sample population. The frequencies and percentages were calculated for variables under study. RESULTS A total of 525 gram negative isolates were obtained from sputum, ET aspirate and BAL specimens received in microbiology laboratory during the study period of 6 months. 456/492(92.6%) patients had only monomicrobial infection 36/492 (7.4%) had mixed and polymicrobial infection with more than one type of gram negative bacteria recovered from the sample. It was found that Acinetobacter baumanii 28.1% (148/525) was most common isolate found in the study followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 24.8%(130/525) and Escherichia coli was found in about 17.1% (90/525) cases. The gram negative pathogens isolated from patients with LRTI is shown in Table-I. The majority of isolates were found to be resistant to the third generation cephalosporins like ceftriaxone and ceftazidime. 78.9% of the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and 92.1% isolates were resistant to the ceftriaxone. Only 45.4% of the gram negative isolates were found to be sensitive to the amikacin. The carbapenem drugs imipenem and meropenem also showed high level of drug resistance 58.6% and 62.9% respectively. Around 84% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The only two drugs which showed high sensitivity to the isolates were colistin (97.8%) and tigecycline (99.6%). The susceptibility profile of all the antimicrobial agents is shown in Fig.1. On follow-up it was found that mortality was around 13% and 47 patients (9.5%) had left against medical advice and 77.4% patient were discharged after improvement. DISCUSSION The current study conducted in a referral centre shows that the gram negative isolates were the predominant pathogens in patients with LRTI. The predominance of Acinetobacter baumanii (28.1%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (24.8%) and Escherichia coli in (17.1%) cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.7%), Pseudomonas sp. (10.6%) and Acinetobacter lwofii (2.3%) were also found in significant number of patients with LRTI. This is in contrast to other studies which have shown Pseudomonas sp9 ., Klebsiella pneumoniae5 , Haemophilus influenzae10 as common isolates obtained in such patients. In a multicentric study conducted in 366 patients gram negative etiological agents isolated were Haemophilus influenzae (78), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (46), Pseudomonas species (14) and Klebsiella pneumoniae in 21 patients9 . In another similar study conducted among 200 patients in India it was found that the gram negative pathogens causing LRTI, in decreasing order, were Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.79%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.92%), Escherichia coli (5.7%) and Proteus mirabilis (2.59%) which is similar to our settings11.It is interesting to find that the Acinetobacter baumanii was the most coomon isolate which is quite different to the other such studies. The prevalence of pathogenic agents varies across the different geographical regions12. Therefore there is need to upgrade the knowledge of the etiological bacterial agents which are causative pathogens in patients with lower respiratory tract infections in a given population so that the trends of bacterial profile can be monitored and this will guide in the empirical drug of choice in a given population and guide antibiotic policy of local region. This will be extremely beneficial for the patients of high risk area and will curtail down the morbidity and mortality in such defined populations. So advantage of the monitoring will be beneficial both for therapeutic and epidemiological purposes. As per the World Health Organization (WHO) there are high proportions of antibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause common infections especially pneumonia infections in all regions of the world13. These patients with LRTI infections caused by drug-resistant gram negative bacteria are generally at increased risk of poor prognosis and death and also responsible for the economic losses14. The rise of antimicrobial resistance is of utmost importance in Gram-negative bacteria because we have very few antibiotics for this particular pathogen group15. In the present study the rates of resistance of common antibiotics used for respiratory infections showed high level of resistance. The ceftazidime was resistant in 78.9%, ceftriaxone (92.1%), amikacin (52.1%) and ciprofloxacin (84%) cases. In a similar study conducted among 227 patients it was found that most of the bacterial isolates were susceptible to gentamicin (80.9%), meropenem (75%), ceftazidime (62.5%), cefotaxime (57.9%) and ceftriazone (57.9%) 16.In our study we report even higher burden of resistance than previously reported. In the recent years several investigators across the globe have reported increase in the antibiotic drug resistant strains and this appears mostly due to several factors like prolonged and inappropriate use of invasive devices and antibiotics17. The other factors like high risk sophisticated procedures, immune-suppression and insufficient application of standard and isolation precautions also are attributed to emerging resistance18.There is also confusion among the clinicians over the aetiology of lower respiratory tract infections when treating patients when they face limited diagnostic facilities options especially in resource setting conditions. Limited data forces them to use combined therapy for long duration which further worsens the situation and increases the chances of emergence of more drug resistant strains. The first line drugs which were cheap become ineffective and patients are put on high end costly drugs which cause economical loss for the patients19. Thus this study gives a guide to physician about gram negative etiological agents and antibiotic resistance profile of antimicrobial agents especially in hospitals which have no antibiotic policy. CONCLUSION The recent years have witnessed the increase in the multidrug resistant strains across the globe especially in the setting of the nosocomial and hospital acquired infections. It leads to increased mortality, prolonged hospital stay, treatment failure, spread of drug resistant strains in the community, selection pressure, threat of pre-antibiotic era and increased burden on the health costs. The emergence of drug resistance is usually multifactorial in nature and affects the patients and the hospital or other health care facility. The rise is mostly attributed to the inappropriate use of antibiotics, understaffing, overcrowding, poor health infrastructure, antibiotic abuse in animals and absence of the local and national guidelines and policies. The increase in MDR isolates from respiratory tract infections is alarming and must be treated with the results based upon the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the organisms isolated. There is also the need to differentiate the pathogens and colonizers before starting the treatment to prevent further emergence of the MDR strains and it can be done with correlation of the clinical and laboratory parameters. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Source of Funding: Nil Conflict of interest: Nil Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=222http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2221. Vijay S, Dalela G. Prevalence of LRTI in Patients Presenting with Productive Cough and Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016;10(1):DC09- DC12 2. Khan S, Priti S, Ankit S. Bacteria Etiological Agents Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and Their Resistance Patterns. Iranian biomedical journal. 2015;19(4):240 3. Kumari HBV, Nagarathna S, Chandramuki A. Antimicrobial resistance pattern [5] among aerobic gram-negative bacilli of lower respiratory tract illness in the community. Thorax. 2007;56:109-14. 4. Idelevich EA, Lanckohr C, Horn D, Wieler LH, Becker K. Antibiotika-resistente Erreger in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz. 2016;59(1):113- 23. 5. Vishwanath S, Chawla K, Gopinathan A. Multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacilli in lower respiratory tract infections. Iranian journal of microbiology. 2013;5(4):323. 6. Gagneja D, Goel N, Aggarwal R, Chaudhary U. Changing trend of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacilli isolated from lower respiratory tract of ICU patients: A 5-year study. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2011 Jul 1;15(3):164. 7. Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A. Practical medical microbiology. Practical medical microbiology. Fourteenth edition.1996. 8. Jorgensen JH, Turnidge JD. Susceptibility Test Methods: Dilution and Disk Diffusion Methods. 2015:1253-1273. 9. Manyahi et al. BMC Research Notes 2014, 7:500 http://www. biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/7/500 10. Goto H, Takeda H, Kawai S, Watanabe S, Okazaki M, Shimada K, Nakano K, et al. Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics. Jpn J Antibiot. 2008;61(4):209-40. 11. Vijay S, Dalela G. Prevalence of LRTI in Patients Presenting with Productive Cough and Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016;10(1): DC09- DC12 12. Egbe CA, Ndiokwere C and Omoregie R. Microbiology of lower respiratory tract infections in Benin City, Nigeria. Malays. J. Med. Sci. 2011;18(2): 27-31. 13. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs194/en/ 14. Poulikakos P, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME. Combination antibiotic treatment versus monotherapy for multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections: a systematic review. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2014;33(10):1675-85. 15. Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, Edwards JE, Gilbert D, Rice LB, Scheld M, Spellberg B, Bartlett J. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009;48(1):1-2. 16. Shah SN, Ullah B, Basit A, Begum A, Tabassum A, Zafar S, Saleha S. Prevalence and susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing respiratory tract infections in North Waziristan, Pakistan. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2016;29(2 Suppl):701-6. 17. Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Dancer SJ, Angelis G, Falcone M, Frank U, Kahlmeter G, Pan A, Petrosillo N, Rodríguez-Baño J, Singh N. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2014;20(s1):1-55. 18. Spellberg B, Bartlett JG, Gilbert DN. The future of antibiotics and resistance. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(4):299- 302. 19. Worthington RJ, Melander C. Combination approaches to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Trends in biotechnology. 2013;31(3):177-84.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241814EnglishN2016July21HealthcareA CASE OF CHYLURIA RESULTING FROM A CHYLO-LYMPHATIC MALFORMATION OF KIDNEY CURED WITH HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINE: A CASE REPORT English1416Jayesh DhingrejaEnglishBackground and Objectives: Chyluria, is described as the passage of milky appearing white urine due to the presence of chyle. It results from one or more lymphorenal fistulae. Most frequently this is secondary to obstruction of the renal lymphatics, leading to forniceal rupture and leakage, with potential nutritional and immunological imbalance. Conditions such as parasitic infestation by Wuchereria bancrofti (filariasis), tuberculosis, retroperitoneal tumors and trauma may be implicated, but many cases are idiopathic. Conservative therapy with a medium-chain fatty-acid diet may be beneficial, but this is not curative. Endoscopic sclerotherapy has been proposed as a minimally invasive therapy, but this is invariably ineffective; furthermore, it can result in worsening of symptoms and potentially be fatal. Currently, open or laparoscopic surgical lymphatic disconnection of the affected kidney remains the mainstay of treatment of this difficult condition. Lymphovenous anastomosis, renal autotransplantation and nephrectomy have also been described as methods of surgical treatment. Role and scope of Homeopathy as an alternative to surgical line of treatment was demonstrated in a case of chyluria resulting from a chylo-lymphatic malformation of the kidney. Material and Methods: The case was worked out with diagnostic investigations, clinical assessment.; studied with details of all aspects with evolutionary totality. Homoeopathic treatment along with recommended ancillary care was given. Result Interpretation and Conclusions: The indicated remedy successfully cured the patient from chyluria. Scope and Significance of Results: Chyluria resulting from chylo-lymphatic malformation of the kidneys has surgery as the mainstay of management thereby increasing the morbidity and mortality of the patients. A carefully selected homoeopathic remedy on the right principles rapidly and gently cures the patient. Thus homoeopathic system of medicine is a viable alternative to surgical management of such cases. EnglishChyluria, Chylo-lymphatic Malformation, Homeopathy, Phosphoric acidINTRODUCTION Chyluria is a condition where there is passage of milky, whitecolored urine due to the presence of chyle in the urine. Chyle is the milky fluid made up of lymph, albumin, emulsified fat and fibrin and is absorbed from the intestines by intestinal lacteals1 . This condition is associated with spontaneous remissions and exacerbations1 . This disease is rarely seen in developed countries, but it is not uncommon in poor and developing countries.1 There are various causes of chyluria and they are broadly divided into two groups, parasiticand non-parasitic. Parasitic – • Wuchereria bancrofti (filariasis), • Taeniaechinococcus, • Taenia nana, • Anklylostomiaisis, • Trichiniasis, • Malarial parasites. Non-parasitic – • Congenital, • Lymphangioma of the urinary tract, • Megalymphatica and urethral orvesical fistulae, • Stenosis of the thoracic duct, • Retroperitoneal lymphangiecatasia, • Traumatic lymphangiourinary fistulae, • Obstruction to thoracic duct (tumor, granuloma, aortic aneurysm), • Other causes (pregnancy, Diabetes, Tuberculosis, Abscess), • Nephrotic Syndrome. The mainstay of conservative therapy in chyluria is with a medium-chain fatty-acid diet1 . This treatment may be beneficial, but this is not curative. Endoscopic sclerotherapy1,2and open and laproscopic surgery are the mainstay of treatment1 . Other surgical measures include Lymphovenous anastomosis, renal autotransplantation and nephrectomy1 In such cases, Homeopathy can play a major role as an alternative to surgical line of treatment. A case of chyluria resulting from a chylo-lymphatic malformation of the kidney is presented for highlighting the efficacy of homoeopathic treatment. CASE REPORT A 25 years old, unmarried male, came to the out-patient department on 19th July 2011, complaining of passing milky urine since 4 months. He also had mild burning in the urethra during urination. He also had a dull aching pain in the right pubic region. Sometimes the pain is so bad that he could not stand. The frequency of urine had increased and the urine had an offensive odor. Since the complaint had started, he was also experiencing marked weakness and because of the weakness he could not walk or do his work properly. There was no history of any trauma or fever. Prior to visiting the out-patient department of the hospital, the patient had consulted a surgeon in private practice who had subjected him to some investigations, the results of which are as follows: 5 / 07 / 11 Lymphogram of the kidneys – Early visualization of Rt. Kidney confirms the presence of chylo-lymphatic malformations around the kidney Total Cholesterol – 221 mg/dl VLDL – 76 mg/dl Triglycerides – 380 mg/dl Urine routine – Chyle++, Proteins ++, Blood ++ He also had sleeplessness since 4 months because of which he felt unrefreshed and had weakness and body ache on waking in the morning. He was lean and thin and had a wheatish complexion. His appetite, thirst, urine and stools were normal. He had scanty perspiration on face. The patient stayed with his wife, his parents and younger brother. Interpersonal relationship with family was good. He had few friends as he did not preferred to be in a company. He did not liked any quarrelling and would prefer to be as much quiet as possible. He was Chilly+. P/H – Nothing significant F/H – Mother – Diabetes. O/E – P – 74/min. B.P. – 130/84 mm.of Hg. Rest – NAD Diagnosis – Lymphatic malformation of Kidney with Chyluria First Prescription – Phosphoric acid 200 b.d. for 7 days The patient was advised to do Urine investigations routinely for assessment of follow ups. The follow ups of the patient along with the second prescriptions are given in Table 1. Routine Urine investigations are given in Table 2. DISCUSSION Chyluria has been recognized since the time of Hippocrates (400B.C.)1 . The most common clinical symptom is passage of milky urine in majority of cases. Patient can also present with other symptoms like chylous clot, bloody and milky urine, dysuria, frequency, urgency and urinary retention. Constitutional symptoms include weight loss, low-back ache, fever, chills and hydrocele. These symptoms may last aslong as 2- 11 years. The disease is seen more in common in males than in females1 .Non-parasitic chyluria carries a very good prognosis and is usually managed by conservative line of treatment3 . In the above presented case report, the patient presented predominantly with a complaint of chyluria due to chylolymphatic malformation. There were not many characteristic symptoms present in the case. The only feature present with the chyluria was marked weakness. Boger’s approach was used in this case as pathological symptom was seen prominently. Phosphoric acid was prescribed to the patient after a thorough study of the remedy from different books of Materia Medica2,3. The remedy was prescribed in 200C potency with frequent repetition as the susceptibility of the case was not high and prescription was based on pathological symptoms. As reported in Table 1 and Table 2, the chyluria cleared after approximately 1 and ½ months of treatment without any side effects or trouble to the patient. CONCLUSION The case report presented above highlights the use of homeopathic mode of treatment in such difficult cases. Homeopathic mode of treatment can be a successful alternative to allopathic and surgical management of chyluria. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT • The Management and Principal of Smt. Chandaben Mohanbhai Patel Homeopathic Medical College, Mumbai. • Head of Department, Department of Organon of Medicine and Homeopathic Philosophy, Smt. Chandaben Mohanbhai Patel Homeopathic Medical College, Mumbai. • Author acknowledges the immense help received from the scholars, whose articles are cited and included in the references of this manuscript. • Author is also grateful too authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=223http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2231. Sharma S., Hemal A.K., Chyluria – An Overview, International Journal of Urology, 2009; 1(1); 14-26 2. Singh K J, Srivastava A, Nonsurgical management of chyluria (sclerotherapy), Indian Journal of Urology, 2005; 21: 55-8. 3. Stalens JP, Falk M, Howmann-Giles R, Roy LP, Milky urine – A child with chyluria, Eur J Pediatr., 1992 Jan;151(1):61-2 4. Boger CM. Phosphoricumacidum. The Synoptic Key of the Materia Medica. 5. Hering C. Phosphoricumacidum. Guiding Symptoms of our Materia Medica.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241814EnglishN2016July21HealthcareEFFECT OF SCAPULAR MALPOSITIONING ON SHOULDER RANGE OF MOTION IN STROKE PATIENTS English1722Snehal JoshiEnglish Dipti NaikEnglishPurpose of the study: A healthy Shoulder has an extensive mobility in normal individual. The extensive range of motion of the healthy shoulder is a result of integrated movements of the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. There is a coordinated actions of muscles (rotator cuff muscles, trapezius, rhomboids and serratus anterior) to bring about a normal range of motion of shoulder joint and scapula in normal healthy individuals Stroke causes severe dysfunction in the shoulder joint. There is also dyskinesis of scpulothoracic joint. However it is not known how these patterns of muscle activation change following stroke and how the scapular malpositioning affect shoulder range of motion. This study was conducted to find out whether only malopsitioning of scapula can affect shoulder range of motion. Methodology: Type of study : Observational-Analytical-Cross sectional study • Scapular position of the affected side was assessed using acromial distance, modified Lateral Scapular Slide Test and visual observation • Shoulder range of motion was assessed using goniometer • Results were analysed using Pearson’s Correlation coefficient test Result: According to the study conducted, no significant correlation was found between scapular malpositioning and shoulder Range of Motion in stroke patients Conclusion: The altered position of scapula does not affect the range of motion in stroke patients EnglishScapular malpositioning, Shoulder ROM, StrokeINTRODUCTION Shoulder joint is a ball and socket type of joint with three degrees of freedom. The extensive range of motion of the healthy shoulder joint is a result of integrated movements of the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral and Scapulothoracic joints. Scapulaothoracic motion comprises of Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular motion. Scapulohumeral rhythm is an integral part of shoulder joint mobility. Normal Scapulothoracic motions those are necessary for arm elevation include upward rotation, posterior tilting, and either internal or external rotation.1 Any alteration in the movement of scapula might lead to restricted range of motion at shoulder joint. Coordinated action of muscles is required (rotator cuff muscles, trapezius, rhomboids and serratus anterior) to bring about a normal range of motion of shoulder joint and scapula in normal healthy individuals.1 Stroke or cerebrovascular accident is a major cause of upper limb disability in population all over the world. Severity of the stroke varies depending upon the cause and location of the lesion. Immediately following Stroke, there is a stage of flaccidity where there is no voluntary motor control. The state of low tone may persist for weeks or months and is followed by stage of spasticity .Both these stages might lead to severe dysfunction in the shoulder joint. There is also dyskinesis of scapulothoracic joint. This may be due to various reasons like pain, subluxation, tightnesses and muscle weakness leading to altered position of scapula. Accurate timing and scapulohumeral coupling is needed to preserve the suprahumeral space and prevent impingement of the rotator cuff tendons. Appropriate coupling includes upward rotation and posterior tilting of the scapula and external rotation of the humerus.2, 3 Reduced voluntary neural drive due to the stroke may disrupt the timing and activation of Scapulothoracic and rotator cuff muscles.4 However it is not known how these patterns of muscle activation change following stroke and how the scapular malpositioning affect shoulder range of motion. Ideal scapular resting position is defined in following way [2]: The superior angle of scapula and the lateral border of the acromion are located approximately on the same level as T2 and, thus, without excessive elevation or depression and 30 degree internally rotated with respect to the frontal plane. The orientation of the glenoid fossa should point downward (10 degree below to horizontal plane). In addition, the entire medial border of the scapula should be parallel to the thoracic midline; the scapula of the dominant side should be lower and farther away from the spine compared with the non dominant side; the medial border and inferior angle should be flat against the chest wall; the superior angle should be level with the spinous processes of T3 or T4; and the inferior angle should be level with T7, T8, T9, or even T10. The changes in scapula of the stroke patients is that there is low tone that drifts into elevation and downward rotation with winging and or tipping (scapula gets tipped outward away from the thorax due to lack of scapular stability usually provided by the serratus anterior ). This occurs primarily as a result of gravitational forces. Because of the trunk position (lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and lateral flexion to involved side, slumped posture) this position of downward rotation and elevation is encouraged [2]. 1. Gravity pulls the scapula in downward rotation. 2. The patients’ posture of forward trunk flexion reinforces scapular downward rotation and 4. promotes elevation of the scapula on the thorax. 5. Sternocleidomastoid becomes tightened leading to altered line of pull of the AC and SC joints. 6. Orientation of the glenoid fossa changes so that instead of facing upward, forward and outward it orients downward. This compromises the structural stability of the gleno-humeral joint. Due to all theses impairments there is tipping and winging of scapula .This altered position of scapula might have an impact on glenohumeral range of motion.5 A study was conducted to find out the effect of shoulder girdle coordination on upper extremity workspace in stroke which concluded that under these conditions the scapula rotates laterally to allow the head of the humerus to clear the acromion. However, if the scapular rotation is not sufficient, the head of the humerus will encounter a physical stop that prevents the arm from being elevated above a certain point[6].A study was conducted to find out scapular and humeral movement patterns of people with stroke during range of motion exercises using kinematic techniques. The study concluded that people with hemiparesis had altered scapular and humeral movement patterns and increased shoulder pain when performing the range of motion exercises. This data can assist clinicians in making decisions regarding which exercise to prescribe to preserve shoulder motion and prevent contractures in this population[7]. A study was conducted to find out how to assess scapular dyskinesis precisely:3-dimensonal wing computer tomography a new diagnostic modality. The study concluded that the 3D wing CT analysis allows precise quantification of a position associated with scapular dyskinesis. Therefore,3D wing CT can be considered as an alternative method for assessing scapular dyskinesis[8]. A study was conducted to determine whether scapular downward tilt and dynamic scapular lateral rotation in subjects with and without stroke was associated with subluxation. The study concluded that the subluxation was not linked with a particular resting position of scapula post stroke[9]. A study was conducted to find out whether shoulder pain after stroke was related with subluxation, limitations in shoulder range of motions and upper extremity motor impairment. The results did not support a strong relationship between shoulder subluxation and pain after stroke. Appropriate precautions should be taken to prevent range of motion limitations that may result in shoulder pain [10]. There are various tests used to determine if the scapula is positioned in an ideal manner or there is an altered position of scapula Even though scapulothoracic joint has a lot of importance biomechanically it is not given so much of importance therapeutically. While considering the shoulder joint dysfunction the utmost importance is given to glenohumeral joint and hence the scapular malpositioning continues leading to dysfunction. Hence this study was conducted to find out the if scapular malpositioning in stroke patient leads to altered range of shoulder movement. METHODOLOGY Materials: 1) Universal Goniometer 2) Metal tape 3) Paper 4) Pen 5) Pencil Methods • Type of study: Observational-Analytical-Cross sectional study • Sampling Technique: Simple random technique • Sample size:50 • Inclusion criteria: 1) All stroke patients of age 18 years and above. 2) Patient should be able to stand independently 3) Duration >1 month and< 2 years. • Exclusion criteria: 1. Patients with any shoulder dysfunction prior to stroke. 2. Any shoulder injury post stroke 3. Subluxation of shoulder post stroke • Procedural tests: Acromial distance test Modified lateral scapular slide test Observational Test: Visual observation test • Ethics committee: Ethics committee clearance was obtained from college ethics committee. Informed consent was taken from the patients fitting in inclusion criteria 1. Procedure: • To assess scapular positioning 1) Acromial Distance (ADT) The measurement of the distance between the posterior border of the acromion and the wall will be performed with the participant standing with his or her back facing the wall. First, the assessor will instruct the participant to put his or her feet and thorax against the wall and to stand relaxed. For both shoulders, the distance will be measured horizontally between the most posterior aspect of the posterior border of the acromion and the wall with the scale. The assessor will instruct the participant to actively move both shoulders towards the wall while keeping the thorax fixed against the wall and he or she measures the distance again.11,12 2) Modified Lateral Scapular slide Test (MLSST) Because the muscular system is the major contributor of scapular mobility and stability and because scapular positioning abnormalities can occur above 90? of humeral abduction Modified LSST test will include two static positions performed bilaterally: At 0?, 90? of humeral abduction in the frontal plane. The participant will be instructed to fix their eyes on an object in the examination area so they would maintain a fixed posture during the measurement. A metal tape will be used to measure the distance between the inferior angle of the scapula and the closest spinous process in same horizontal plane. Between positions, the participants will be instructed to keep their arm relaxed at the side11,.13 3)Visual Observation The observation will be performed with the participant standing and relaxed. The scapula will be observed in resting posture, during active unloaded movement, and during active loaded movement. As muscle fatigue is an influencing factor during loaded movement, assessment reliability. The Participant was observed from dorsal (frontal plane) and lateral(sagittal plane) positions. During scapular observation at rest, all participants were observed bilaterally in three positions: resting with both arms relaxed (thumbs facing forward), hands placed on ipsilateral hips(thumbs facing backward), and arms in 90? of humeral abduction in the frontal plane.14,15 ROM of shoulder was assessed using Universal goniometer. Scapular positions assessed by Acromial Distance and Modified LSST were correlated with shoulder ROM were correlated using Pearson’s correlation. DISCUSSION In this study it was found that there is no effect of scapular malpositioning on the shoulder ROM. There may not be any effect of scapular malpositioning on shoulder range of motion in stroke patients because in this study the tests which were used to measure scapular malpositioning mainly assessed scapular retraction. It is not always necessary that only scapular retraction has an effect on shoulder range of motion but there can be few other causes for affection of shoulder range of motion which can be Muscle imbalance, subluxation, shoulder pain, capsular tightness etc. In normal individuals voluntary movement patterns utilize functionally linked muscles or synergies that are constrained by the CNS to act cooperatively to produce an action.. This movement may be disturbed in Stroke patients. Thus, the patient is unable to perform an isolated movement. In scapula there is a force coupling between serratus anterior, trapezius and rhomboids which gets disturbed post stroke hence there is over activation of rhomboids.1 This disturbance is seen when the movement is bought about actively but in this study passive range of motion was measured and correlated with position of scapula hence there may not have been significant correlation between both. Shoulder subluxation occurs in hemiplegia when any of the biomechanical factors contributing to glenohumeral stability are disturbed. When subluxation occurs, the movement possibilities are limited owing to the mechanical position of the humeral head. Any movement that occurs will not follow the rules of scapulohumeral rhythm hence having an effect on shoulder range of motion. As subluxation occurs, the shoulder capsule is vulnerable to stretch, especially when the humerus is hanging by the side of the body. In this position, the superior portion of the capsule is taut.’ The weight of the dependent humerus will place an immediate stretch on the taut capsule. Over time, the superior portion of the capsule will become permanently lax hence again having an effect on shoulder range on motion. One of the study conducted also conclude that subluxation and scapular malpositioning are not interrelated. The scapula normally tilts downward with or without stroke. The effect of stroke is similar on tonic (ScDT) and phasic (ScLR) control of scapula position. Subluxation is not linked with a particular scapular resting position after stroke16. Thus Scapular malpositioning doesn’t have an impact on shoulder ROM. In this study, only passive ROM was considered hence similar study can be replicated with active ROM and on a larger sample size. CONCLUSION From this study it was found that there is no significant effect of scapular malpositioning on passive range of motion at shoulder joint in stroke patients. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to the Principal and the staff of D.E.Society’s Brijlal Jindal College of Physiotherapy, Pune for their constant support and encouragement and for letting me use the college OPD and the college equipments. I am also thankful to the subjects of this study for their valuable participation. The authors of this study also acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/ editors/ publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=224http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2241. Paula M. Ludewig, Jonathan P Braman, Shoulder Impingement: Biomechanical Considerations in Rehabilitation Man Ther. 2011 Feb; 16(1): 33–39. 2. Levangie PK, Norkin CC. Joint structure and function : a comprehensive analysis. 4. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co; 2005. 3. Poppen NK, Walker PS. Normal and abnormal motion of the shouler. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1976;58(2):195–201. [PubMed] 4. Twitchell TE. The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man. Brain. 1951;74:443–480.[PubMed] 5. Dustin D. Hardwick Catherine E. Lang , Scapular and humeral movement patterns of people with stroke during range of motion exercises J Neurol Phys Ther. 2011 Mar; 35(1): 18–25 6. B.F.Morrey and K-N. An. The shoulder.vol 1.philadelphia: W.B.Saunders company.208-45.1990 7. Bernhardt J, Chitravas N, Meslo IL, Thrift AG, Indredavik B. Not all stroke units are the same: A comparison of physicsl activity patterns in Melbourne, Australia, and Trondheim, Norway. Stroke.2008 jul;39 (7):2059-6. 8. J Shoulder Elbow Surg.2013 Aug;22(8):1084-91 9. American congress rehabilitation and American academy of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 10. DiVeta J, Walker ML, Skibinski B. Relationship between performance of selected scapular muscles and scapular abduction in standing subjects. Phys Ther 1990;70:470–6. 11. Filip Struyf; Jo Nijs; Sarah Mottram; Nathalie A Roussel; Ann M J Cools; Romain MeeusenBr J Sports Med. 2014;48(11):883- 890. 12. Host HH. Scapular taping in the treatment of anterior shoulder impingement. PhysTher 1995;75:803–12. 13. Thomas Curtis, DSc, and James R. Roush the Lateral Scapular Slide Test: A Reliability Study of Males with and without Shoulder Pathology 14. Tate A, McClure P, Kareha S, et al. A clinical method for defining scapular dyskinesis, part 2: validity. J Athl Train2009;44:165-73. 15. Uhl TL, Kibler BW, Gecewich B, et al. Evaluation of clinical assessment methods for scapular dyskinesis.Arthroscopy 2009;25:1240-8. 16. Price CI1 , Rodgers H, Franklin P, Curless RH, Johnson GR. Glenohumeral subluxation, scapula resting position, and scapula rotation after stroke: a noninvasive evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 Jul;82(7):955-60.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241814EnglishN2016July21HealthcareANTI-OXIDANTANT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ACALYPHA COMMUNIS (müll.arg.) BY HPTLC FINGER PRINTING METHOD English3340Rajasekaran S.English R. AnandanEnglishAim: The aim of this current investigation is to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant by various antioxidant assays and also the study, an attempt has been made to develop simple, precise and accurate HPTLC method Materials and Methods: to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant by various antioxidant assays such as DPPH scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, and also the study, an attempt has been made to develop simple, precise and accurate HPTLC method by using Rutin, Gallic acid and quercetin as a standard marker compound with mobile phase of Toluene-Ethyl acetate-Formic acid-Methanol(3:6:1.6:0.4). The detection of Rutin, Gallic acid and quercetin were performed at 254 nm respectively. Results: The ability to scavenge the free radical, DPPH was measured at an absorbance of 517 nm. So the DPPH % inhibition of ethanolic extract of A.Communis plant showed that IC50 values 831.36μg/ml (r2=0.9957) and Nitric oxide scavenging assay showed that IC50 values938.92μg/ml and 805.85μg/ml (r2=0.9766) respectively as compared to the standard of Ascorbic acid of 43..71μg/ml (r2=0.9908) The detection of Rutin, Gallic acid and quercetin were performed at 254 nm respectively. Conclusion: From the present work we conclude that species of A.Communis are highly potential in biological activity. The preliminary screening of the samples revealed the presences of high value class of compound like phenolic group as the major content in the plants. In terms of the Antioxident activity of A.Communis possess higher activity EnglishAcalypha communis, DPPH, Nitric oxide, HPTLC, Rutin, QuercetinINTRODUCTION India has a rich culture of medicinal herbs and spices, which includes about more than 2000 species and has a vast geographical area with high potential abilities for Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha traditional medicines but only very few have been studied chemically and pharmacologically for their potential medicinal value [1,2]. Hence, natural products from medicinal plants need to be investigated by scientific methods for their anti-oxidant activity. The plant Acalypha communis is a synonym of Ricinocarpus communis (Müll.Arg.) belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae. It includes herbs, shrubs and small trees, Shrubs or suffrutex frequently with resinous bright droplets on leaves and inflorescences; indumentum of simple or glandular hairs. Inflorescences spicate, usually unisexual [3]. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection, Identification and Authentification of the Plants. The leaves of Acalypha communis Müll. Arg., were collected from the malappuram district, Kerala, India, during the month of October 2013. The plant materials were identified and authenticated by Dr. Pradeep Botanist Calicut University, Kozhikode, Kerala. Voucher specimens were kept in our laboratory for future reference (437527AC). Preparation of extracts The granulated dried leaves of Acalypha communis (500 g) was packed in a Soxhlet apparatus and subjected to continuous hot percolation for 8 hrs using 450 ml of ethanol (95 % v/v) as solvent. The extract was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and temperature and dried in a desiccators (yield 75 g, 15 % w/w). The extract was suspended in 5 % gum acacia and used for further experiments. Preliminary phytochemical screening The extract were screened qualitatively for the presence of various groups of phytoconstituents using different chemical tests [4]. HPTLC STUDIES FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Instrumentation In the present work Camag HPTLC system equipped with Linomat 5 applicator, twin trough chamber (20x10cm, 0.2 mm thick) size, TLC scanner 3, Reprostar 3 with 12bit CCD camera for photo documentation, controlled by WinCATS? 4 software were used. All the solvents used were of HPTLC grade obtained from Merck. All weighing were done on Precisa XB 12A digital balance. Procedure The Ethanolic extract (sample A) solutions were prepared. The TLC plate was heated at 1200C for 30 min prior to use. Ethanolic extract solution (2 μl), standard solutions of Rutin, Gallic acid and quercetin (0.2µg/μl) were applied in duplicate, as tracks 8, with a band length of 6.0 mm each on a precoated silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate, with Linomat V applicator using a Hamilton syringe (100µl).Mobile phase for ethanolic extract was toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid: methanol (3:6:1.6:0.4). No prewashing of the plate was done. Chamber saturation time 5 minutes. The purpose of development TLC plate was kept for distance of 77 mm. Post derivatization has been done with vanillin?phosphoric acid. The derivatized plate was dried in hot air oven at 60 0 c for 5 minutes. and scanned at 254 nm, band length 6.0 mm, slit dimension 6.00x0.45mm,micro, scanning speed (20mm/s) and source of radiation was Deuterium and Tungsten lamps respectively. The Rf and peak area of the spots were interpreted by using software. The derivatized plate was photo documented under 254 nm light using Camag Reprostar 3, equipped with 12 bit CCD camera. IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL CAPACITY OF THE LEAVES OF ACALYPHA COMMUNIS: DPPH – RSA method The free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract and the standard L-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) was measured in terms of hydrogen donating or radical scavenging ability using the stable radical DPPH [5,6]. Here,0.1mM solution of DPPH in alcohol was prepared and it must be protected from light influence and 3ml of this solution was added to 1ml various concentration (125-1500 μg/ml) of extract or standard solution of (10-100 μg/ml). Absorbance was taken after 30 min at 517nm. Results are provided in Table (5,6) and Figure (6,7). The percentage inhibition activity was calculated from [(A0 -A1 )/A0 ] x 100, where A0 is the absorbance of the control and A1 is the absorbance of extract/standard taken as Ascorbic acid. Nitric oxide scavenging assay Nitric oxide radical inhibition was estimated by the use of Griess Illosvory reaction [7,8]. In this method, Griess Illosvory reagent was converted by using Napthyl ethylene diamine dihydrochloride (0.1%w/v) instead of the use of 1-napthylamine (5%). The reaction mixture (3ml) containing 2ml of 10 mM sodium 0.5ml saline phosphate buffer and 0.5ml of standard solution or ethanolic extracts of (500 -1000μg/ml) were incubated at 25°C for 150min. After incubation, 0.5ml of the reaction mixture was mixed with 1ml Sulfanilic acid reagent (0.33% in 20% glacial acetic acid) and allowed to stand for 5min for the completion of the reaction of diazotization. After that standard solution of dihydrochloride further 1ml added, mixed and was allowed to stand for 30min at 25°C. The concentration of nitrite was assayed at 546nm and was calculated with the control absorbance of the standard nitrite solution (without extract or standards, but the same condition should be followed). Here the blank is taken as the buffer and make up solvents and the Ascorbic acid (10 -50μg/ml) was taken as standard. Results are provided in Table (7,8 ) and fgure (8,9) The percentage inhibition was calculated using the formula: Statistical analysis The results of various studies were expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnets Test to find out the level of significance. Data were considered statistically significant at minimum level of p < 0.05. RESULTS Preliminary phytochemical screening The preliminary phytochemical analysis of fractions of Acalypha communis shows presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannin and carbohydrate. HPTLC finger printing of Acalypha communis (sample A) The ethanolic extracts of Acalypha communis were subjected to generate HPTLC finger printing profile represented as chromatogram. The solvent system used in the investigation was found to give compact spots for extracts at different Rf values table no. 3 DISCUSSION Preliminary phytochemical screening of the plants revealed the major class of compounds present in ethanolic extract of A.Communis like Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds, Tannins, Steroids and Glycosides in major amounts. Capacity of DPPH –RSA The antioxidant reacts with stable free radical, DPPH and converts it to 1, 1- Diphenyl-2- Picryl Hydrazine. The ability to scavenge the free radical, DPPH was measured at an absorbance of 517 nm. So the DPPH % inhibition of ethanolic extract of A.Communis plant showed that IC50 values 831.36μg/ml (r2=0.9957). Ascorbic acid has taken as reference which showed 58.96μg/ml. (r2=0.9852) among these results ethanolic extract of A.communis has more potent than traditionally claiming decoction. The results of % inhibition as shown in the Table:9 respective to IC50 values and regression r2 is the mean value of (n=3). The A.Communis leaves possesses the antioxidant activity and its substances may be potential responsible for the treatment of jaundice. So there are many scopes are there in leaves portion of this plant. Capacity of Nitric oxide scavenging assay Nitric oxide is a very unstable species under the aerobic condition. It reacts with O2 to produce the stable product nitrates and nitrite through intermediates through NO2 , N2 O4 and N3 O4 . It is estimated by using the Griess reagent. In the presence of test compound, which is a scavenger, the amount of nitrous acid will decrease. The extent of decrease will reflect the extent of scavenging, the %inhibition of ethanolic extracts of three parallel readings of (r2=0.9796) showed that IC50 values938.92μg/ml and 805.85μg/ml (r2=0.9766) respectively as compared to the standard of Ascorbic acid of 43..71μg/ml (r2=0.9908). CONCLUSION From the present work we conclude that species of A.Communis are highly potential in biological activity. The preliminary screening of the samples revealed the presences of high value class of compound like phenolic group as the major content in the plants. In terms of the Antioxident activity A.Communis possess higher activity. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=225http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2251. Sandhu DS, Heinrich M (2005). The use of health foods, spices and other botanicals in the sikh community in london. Phytotherapy res.19:633-42.) 2. Gupta, M.P., Solis P.N., Calderon, A.I., Guionneau Sinclair, F., Correa, M., Galdames, C. Guerra, Espinosa, A., Alvenda, G.I., Robles, G., Ocampo, R (2005) Medicinal ethnobotany of the teribes of bocasdel toro, panama. J Ethnopharmacol, 96, 389-401. 3. Hayden, W.J. and Hayden, S.M. 2000. Wood anatomy of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae). I. A. W. A. Bull. 21: 213–235. 4. Kokate CK. In: Practical Pharmacognosy, Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, first ed., Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi, 1986; 111. 5. Havsteen B. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochem Pharmacol. 1983;32:1141–1148. 6. Mohammad T.A., Determination of Polyphenolic content and free radicalscavenging activity of Flemingia strobilifera, Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology.2009;10 (1):89-95. 7. Chakraborthy G.S.,Free radical scavenging activity of Costus speciosusleaves, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research.2009;43(1):96-98. 8. Hyoung Lee S., Antioxidant activity of browing reaction products isolated from storage aged orange juice, J agric Food Chem1992.40(4): 550-552.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241814EnglishN2016July21HealthcareHYDROBIOLOGY OF RIVER RAM GANGA English2332Meena RaghibEnglish Asheesh GaurEnglish Shalini GuptaEnglishFresh water is essential for healthy environment to support the life systems on this planet. In pre-monsoon period pH range increases which affects the other physico-chemical parameters like BOD, DO etc. and also the biomass. During monsoon, rain water again changes the water quality. In this review article the various physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, transparency, conductivity, TDS, pH, total alkalinity, calcium, nitrate, BOD, DO, turbidity etc. fluctuate on seasonal bases. The quality of river water is not good and it should not used for drinking purpose without treatment and at some places the quality of water is also not able to use for various domestic purposes without treatment. EnglishBiomass, BOD, DO, TDS, pHINTRODUCTION Environmental pollution is one of the most horrible crises that we are facing today. Due to the increased urbanization and industrialization surface water pollution has become an crucial problem. It is necessary to obtain precise and appropriate information to observe the quality of any water resources and the development of some useful tools to keep watch on the quality of such priceless water resources to retain their excellence for various beneficial uses (Alam and Pathak 2010). Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution related illness every day. About 90 percent of the water in the cities of China is polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries also continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47% of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted. The head of China’s national development agency said in 2007 that one quarter the length of China’s seven main rivers were so poisoned the water harmed the skin. Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water. Farmers put fertilizers and pesticides on their crops so that they grow better. But these fertilizers and pesticides can be washed through the soil by rain, to end up in rivers. If large amounts of fertilizers or farm waste drain into a river the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the water increases considerably. Algae use these substances to grow and multiply rapidly turning the water green. This massive growth of algae, called eutrophication, leads to pollution. When the algae die they are broken down by the action of the bacteria which quickly multiply, using up all the oxygen in the water which leads to the death of many animals. Chemical waste products from industrial processes are sometimes accidentally discharged into rivers. Examples of such pollutants include cyanide, zinc, lead, copper, cadmium and mercury. These substances may enter the water in such high concentrations that fish and other animals are killed immediately. Sometimes the pollutants enter a food chain and accumulate until they reach toxic levels, eventually killing birds, fish and mammals. Factories use water from rivers to power machinery or to cool down machinery. Dirty water containing chemicals is put back in the river. Water used for cooling Traces of fertilizers and pesticides are wasted into the nearest water-bodies at the onset of the monsoons or whenever there are heavy showers. As the point of entry of such agricultural inputs is diffused throughout the river basin, they are termed as non-point sources of pollution. Although irrigation has increased considerably in the country, little precious has been done to tackle the problem of the high salinity return water. This is the situation in Punjab and Haryana. In Haryana, the 40 km long drain No. 8 pours 250,000 kg/day of chlorides into the Yamuna to raise the chloride concentration in the river from 32 mg per litre just upstream of the drain confluence to 150 mg per litre just downstream of it. And most of these chlorides are from agricultural return flows. According to the findings of the CPCB, some of the seepage into the drain contains over 15,000 mg per litre of chlorides. Intensive and ever increasing usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides and other chemicals is adding a new dimension to such pollution. According to A.K. Dikshit, senior scientist with the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, farmers often indulge in excess usage of fertilizers and pesticides. When these are used more than the recommended doses, they pollute water, land and air. Flood-plain cultivation is another significant contributor to water pollution. Fertilizers and pesticides used in these tracts of land are bound to be washed into rivers during the monsoonsiswarmer than the river itself. Raising the temperature of the water lowers the level of dissolved oxygen and upsets the balance of life in the water. People are sometimes careless and throw rubbish directly into rivers. As per the latest estimate out of 23 thousand MId of wastewater generated, only six thousand Mid (i.e., about 26%) is treated before letting out, the rest is disposed off untreated. The level of treatment available in cities with existing treatment plant varies from 2.5% to 89% of the sewage generated. Treated or partly treated or untreated wastewater is disposed into natural drains joining rivers or lakes or used on land for irrigation/fodder cultivation or to the sea or a combination of them by the municipalities. Municipal water treatment facilities in India, at present, do not remove traces of heavy metals. Given the fact that heavily polluted rivers are the major sources of municipal water for most towns and cities along their courses it is believed that every consumer has been, over the years, exposed to unknown quantities of pollutants in water they have consumed. To add to this, Indian towns and cities have grown in an unplanned manner due to rapid population growth. Facilities for running water have been provided in many towns and even in some villages during the last couples of decades. This has resulted in the use of flush-latrines and much larger use of water in home for bathing, washing of clothes, utensils etc., generating large quantities of wastewater. Use of soaps and detergents and amounts of various food materials going to sink have also grown considerably with improved life standards. But sewerage has lagged far behind water supply. According to estimates made by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), only 22% of the wastewater from class I cities and 14% from class II cities is being collected through sewerage. A large number of cities/towns either do not have any sewerage system or the sewerage system is overloaded or defunct. All this results in large quantity of wastewater uncollected. Most Indian rivers and other sources of fresh water are polluted by industrial wastes or effluents. All these industrial wastes are toxic to life forms that consume this water. The total wastewater generated from all major industrial sources is 83,048 MId which includes 66,700 Mid of cooling water generated from thermal power plants. Out of remaining 16,348 mid of wastewater, thermal power plants generate another 7,275 Mid as boiler blow down water and overflow from ash ponds. Engineering industries comprise the second largest generator of wastewater in terms of volume. Under this category the major polluting industries are electroplating units. The other significant contributors of wastewater are paper mills, steel plants, textile and sugar industries. The major contributors of pollution in terms of organic load are distilleries followed by paper mills shows the volume of wastewater from different industries in India. Both large scale industries and small scale industries contribute their share of water pollution. While many large scale industries claim to have installed costly treatment and disposal equipments, these are often not in proper working order. Several examples can be cited, such as oil wastes present in the storm-water channel along Haldia Refinery and ammonia pollution in ground water around a urea factory of Kanpur and a natural spring close to Zuari Agro Urea plant in Goa. Small scale and cottage industries cause no less water pollution than the large scale industries. There are about 3 million small scale and cottage industrial units in India. These units neither have, nor can they afford appropriate sanitation and/ or pollutant disposal systems, and yet have not hasistated in adopting highly polluting production technologies such as chrome, tanning of leather, use of azo-dyes in fabrics, use of cadmium in ornaments and silver-ware, electroplating with cyanide baths, production of dye-intermediates and other refractory and toxic chemicals, etc. Traces of fertilizers and pesticides are wasted into the nearest water-bodies at the onset of the monsoons or whenever there are heavy showers. As the point of entry of such agricultural inputs is diffused throughout the river basin, they are termed as non-point sources of pollution. Although irrigation has increased considerably in the country, little precious has been done to tackle the problem of the high salinity return water. This is the situation in Punjab and Haryana. In Haryana, the 40 km long drain No. 8 pours 250,000 kg/day of chlorides into the Yamuna to raise the chloride concentration in the river from 32 mg per litre just upstream of the drain confluence to 150 mg per litre just downstream of it. And most of these chlorides are from agricultural return flows. According to the findings of the CPCB, some of the seepage into the drain contains over 15,000 mg per litre of chlorides. Intensive and ever increasing usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides and other chemicals is adding a new dimension to such pollution. According to A.K. Dikshit, senior scientist with the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, farmers often indulge in excess usage of fertilizers and pesticides. When these are used more than the recommended doses, they pollute water, land and air. Flood-plain cultivation is another significant contributor to water pollution. Fertilizers and pesticides used in these tracts of land are bound to be washed into rivers during the monsoons. Indian rivers, particularly the Himalayan Rivers, have plenty of water in their upper course. They are, however, starved of water when they enter the plain area. Irrigation canals whisk away clean water soon after the rivers reach the plains, denying water to flow in the river downstream. What flows into the river is water trickling in from small insignificant streams and drains carrying untreated sewage and effluents. The river-turned drain flow downstream with little or no fresh water unless a large river augments the depleted flows. As the quantity of fresh water in the river is negligibly small, pollution either from urban and rural areas, industries or even natural forms of pollution cannot get diluted and its ill effects are not reduced. The Yamuna has almost no water at Tajewala in Haryana where the Eastern Yamuna Canal and the Western Yamuna Canal abstract all the water for irrigation. Similarly, the Upper Ganga canal and the Lower Ganga canal have left the Ganga downstream almost dry. When the Yamuna and the Ganga flow past Delhi and Kanpur respectively, they are turned into stinking sewers. Therefore, it is essential that a minimum level of flow of water must be maintained in the river. This is known as minimum flow of rivers. According to a report of the Ministry of Water Resources on the study of minimum flows in the Ganga, impact on river water quality resulting from discharges of treated or untreated wastewater into the river will depend on the dilution offered by the quantum of flows in the river. Minimum flows in the recipient river will be required to maintain the desired water quality. Further, the study has expressed the view that it is not possible to fix the minimum flow of water in the entire course of the river because it depends on the pollution discharged at different points on the river. For example the existing minimum flow in the Ganga at Kanpur in May is hardly 50 cumecs (cubic metres per second) whereas the required minimum in the same month is 350 cumecs. The study further says that since the water is scarce it is not possible to add further fresh water for dilution. The solution lies in less amounts of pollution entering the river. In view of the increased demand of water for irrigation, the minimum flow is likely to fall further in future. In the words of ?. C. Sivaramakrishnan, former director of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP), “maintenance of minimum flows is an important point. In case of the Ganga between Bijnore and Kanpur, the river is just a small stream. In case of the Yamuna, from Delhi till the point where the Chambal joins, the river is just a trickle. The study further says that since the water is scarce it is not possible to add further fresh water for dilution. The solution lies in less amounts of pollution entering the river. In view of the increased demand of water for irrigation, the minimum flow is likely to fall further in future. VARIOUS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS It is very important to test the water before it used for various purposes like drinking ,domestic, agricultural or industrial purpose. Water must be tested with different physico-chemical parameters. Selection of parameters for testing of water is solely depends upon for what purpose we going to use that water and what extent we need its quality and purity. Water does content different types of floating, dissolved, suspended and microbiological as well as bacteriological impurities. There are many methods for testing the water quality some physical test should be performed for testing of its physical appearance such as temperature, color, odour, pH, turbidity, TDS etc, while chemical tests should be perform for its BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, hardness and other characters. For obtaining more and more quality and purity water, it should be tested for its trace metal, heavy metal contents and organic i.e. pesticide residue. It is obvious that drinking water should pass these entire tests and it should content required amount of mineral level. Only in the developed countries all these criteria’s are strictly monitored. Following different physico-chemical parameters are tested regularly for monitoring quality of water. Temperature Temperature is an objective ,comparative measure of hot or cold. It is measured by a thermometer. Water temperature controls the rate of all chemical reactions, and affects fish growth, reproduction and immunity. pH The pH of a solution is a measure of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution and as such is a measure of the acidity or basicity of the solution. The letters pH stand for “power of hydrogen” and the numerical value is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions. EC (Electrical Conductivity) Electrical conductivity is the measure of a material’s ability to facilitate the transport of an electric charge is known as EC. Its SI derived unit is the siemens per metre. Conductivity shows significant correlation with ten parameters such as temperature , pH value , alkalinity , total hardness , calcium , total solids, total dissolved solids , chemical oxygen demand , chloride and iron concentration of water. It is measured with the help of a EC meter. Alkalinity Alkalinity is a measure of the buffering capacity of water or the capacity of bases to neutralize acids. The presence of buffering materials help neutralize acids as they are added to the water. These buffering materials are primarily the bases bicarbonate (HCO3-), and carbonate (CO32-) and occasionally hydroxide (OH-), borates, silicates, phosphates, ammonium, sulfides, and organic ligands. Alkalinity is measured by titration. Turbidity The cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended solids that are usually invisible to the naked eye. The measurement of turbidity is an important test when trying to determine the quality of water. Organisms like phytoplanktons can contribute to turbidityin open water.The most common measurement for turbidity in the united states are the Nephlometric turbidity units (NTU). Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Dissolved oxygen analysis measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution. Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by aeration (rapid movement), and as a waste product of photosynthesis. Its correlation with water body gives direct and indirect information e.g. bacterial activity, photosynthesis, availability of nutrients, stratification etc. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the quantity of oxygen used by microorganisms (e.g., aerobic bacteria) in the oxidation of organic matter. Natural sources of organic matter include plant decay and leaf fall. BOD is conducted over a five day period . Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the capacity of water to consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and the oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as ammonia and nitrite. Both BOD and COD are key indicators of the environmental health of a surface water supply. Total Solids (TS) Total solids is a measure of total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) in water. It is generally measured in mg/L. Total solids also affects water clarity. The total solids value is used to assess the reuse potential of wastewater and to determine the most suitable type of treatment process. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are the total amount of mobile charged ions, including minerals, salts or metals dissolved in a given volume of water, expressed in units of mg per unit volume of water (mg/L), also referred to as parts per million (ppm). Transparency Transparency, transparence or transparent most often refer to Transparency and translucency, the physical property of allowing the transmission of light through a material. Transparency can be measure by secchi disk. Calcium It is measured by complex metric titration with standard solution of ETDA using Patton’s and Reeder’s indicator under the pH conditions of more than 12.0. These conditions are achieved by adding a fixed volume of 4N Sodium Hydroxide. The volume of titre (EDTA solution) against the known volume of sample gives the concentration of calcium in the sample. Total Biomass Total quantity or weight of an organism in a given area or volume. Organic matter used as a fuel, especially in a power station for the generation of electricity. Biomass can be measured by to methods direct and indirect method. Study of some physico-chemical parameters of polluted water sample in India Study of physico chemical parameter is very important. As its easily get an exact idea about the quality of water and we can also compare results of different physico chemical parameter values with standard values. Most of the physicochemical parameters are determined by standard methods prescribed by APHA, WHO. Sinha and Kumar (2006) evaluate an assessment on monitoring of trace metals in Gagan river water at Moradabad. according to this report, Gagan river water was found to be enriched with Zinc, Copper, Iron, Lead, micro-nutrients. These indicated a marked decrease in river water quality for trace metal studied. People exposed to river water might be suffering from the toxicity of trace metals. Koliyar and Rokade (2008) carried out an assessment on water quality in Powai lake and observed different water parameters of lake. These lake water parameters increased during summer season but during rainy season these increased water parameters become diluted and this change affecting the aquatic environment. Yogendra and Puttaiah (2008) studied determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban water body in Shimoga town in Karnataka. They determined that environmental parameters influenced the water quality. Prasad and Patil (2008) carried out a study of physico-chemical parameters of Krishna river water in Western Maharashtra. After the study they found that most of the physico-chemical parameters of Krishna river water are within the permissible limit of ICMR and WHO so the water of Krishna river is suitable for drinking purposes and for aquatic animals in studied period. Verma, S (2009) carried out and assessment of water quality in Betwa river at Bundelkhand region and observed that Betwa river water is polluting due to organic and inorganic pollutants of agricultural and household activities. Chandra et al. (2010) has been work out on pollution status of river Ramganga: physico-chemical characterstics at Bareilly and his results showed that the temperature ranges from minimum of 17.2 to maximum of 25.3o C, temp of water body is affected by sewage and industrial effluents . pH ranges from 7.59 to 8.36, total dissolved solids from 339.37 to 421.35 mg/l, total suspended solids from 95.93 to 127.66mg/l, dissolved oxygen from 3.07 to 3.89 mg/l, CO2 from 26.18 to 26.69 mg/l. The results also showed that water of river Ramganga is highly polluted and having less amount of dissolved oxgen and high concentration of free CO2 (Chandra et al 2010). Sonawane, G.H. and Shrivastava, V.S (2010) worked on ground water quality assessment nearer to the dye user industry they observed the drinking water of different sites is to be contaminated and not suitable for drinking purpose. Parmar, K and Parmar, V (2010) studied on evaluation of water quality index for drinking purpose of river Subernarekha in Singhbhum district. They observed that river water is excellent to average quality so that main cause of deterioration of river water is industrial effluents, untreated sewage and unprotected river sites. Chandra et al. (2011) evaluate the physico-chemical studies on pollution potential of river Devaha at district Pilibhit (U.P). The electrical conductivity ranges from highest 1383.62µmho/cm to lowest 160.67µmho/cm, dissolved oxygen from 8.20 mg/l to 0.0 mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand from 36.10mg/l to 1.11mg/l, chemical oxygen demand from 172.11mg/l from 4.94mg/l, total hardness from 334.98mg/l to 66.12mg/l, chlorides from 162.10mg/l to 6.95mg/l, calcium from 90.21mg/l to 22.00mg/l, magnesium from 26.71mg/l to 2.72mg/l, sodium from 60.10mg/l to 4.23mg/l, potassium from 29.07mg/l to 1.23mg/l. Manufacturing process of brass and steel based on coal furnaces generate a lot of dangerous waste material containing ash and metal like Cu, Ni, Zn,Cr and Fe which are generally be dumped in the river. (Agarwal et al 2011). Yadav and Kumar (2011) were monitored water quality of Kosi river in Rampur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. The temperature ranges between minimum of 17.8o C to maximum of 21.7o C, pH from 7.2-8.5, turbidity from 5.6 - 26.3 NTU, alkalinity from 154-516 ppm, total hardness from 181-296ppm, biochemical oxygen demand 12.7 - 53.6 ppm, chemical oxygen demand from 69-193 ppm, chlorides from 18-88 ppm, nitrate from 4.7 - 48ppm, phosphate from 3.3-6.7ppm, fluoride from 0.32-1.7ppm. Chandra et al. (2011) monitored result showed that the pH ranged from minimum of 7.28 to maximum of 8.6, dissolve oxygen from 3.8ppm to 5.4ppm, alkalinity from 79.3mg/l to107.8mg/l, total hardness 181.1mg/l to 203mg/l. Gangwar et al. (2012) evaluate the assessment of physicochemical properties of water: river Ramganga at Bareilly, U.P. The temperature ranged between 20.4o C to 35.9o C, pH from 8.1 to 8.8, total solids from 330mg/l to 396mg/l, turbidity from 22 to72 NTU, hardness from 192mg/l to 219mg/l, alkalinity from 96mg/l to 202mg/l, dissolved oxygen from 5.8mg/l to 6.3mg/l, bio-chemical oxygen demand from 5.0mg/l to 5.8mg/l, chemical oxygen demand from 33.5mg/l to 41mg/l. The above study concluded that water of Ramganga river at Bareilly revealed that the water quality is not good, the alkalinity of the water was high which was not good for agricultural purpose. The amoumt of chemical oxygen demand also noted higher than the amount of bio-chemical oxygen demand during the study period. The major reason of pollution in the river is due to industrial discharge. Bahudula and joshi (2012) studied the impact of sewer drains on the main canal of river Ganga, within haridwar city, Uttarakhand, India and his results indicated that the temp varies from minimum of 11.20 to maximum of 28.8, pH from 7.1 to 8.25,velocity from 0.50 to 2.75, turbidity from 3-10 , total solids from 160.0 to 2460, dissolved oxygen from 0.90 to 9.1mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand from 1.40 to 70.1mg/l, chloride from 8.62 to 77.2 mg/l. Khan and Srivastava (2012) carried out an assessment on physico-chemical characteristics of ground water in and around Allahabad city and investigated that there is high concentration of salts in the ground water so it is not suitable for drinking and domestic purpose. It needs proper purification treatment before use. Bajpai, R (2012) did comparative study analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Hasdeo river barrage and Arpa river water samples of Bilaspur river and studied that Hasdeo river water is good and within the permissible limits but Arpa river water is polluted and not fit for domestic purpose. Singh and Choudhary (2013) studied the physico-chemical characterstics of river water of Ganga in middle Ganga planes and the results showed that pH ranged from minimu of 6.2 to maximum of 7.9, dissolved oxygen found lower at all the site during summer and high during the winter. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.2-9.2ppm, Total hardness from 90-200ppm, phosphate-phosphorus (PO4 -P) ranged from 0.009-0.117 ppm, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 -N) ranged from 0.016-0.116ppm. Gangwar et al. (2013) evaluate the assessment of water quality index of river Ramganga at Bareilly U.P India and the result showed exceed limit of all the physico-chemical parameters and concluded that the water of river Ramganga is unsafe for drinking purpose as it exceeds the limit of various agengies. Jena et al. (2013) was carried out investigation of water quality index of industrial area surface water samples and showed that parameters like chloride, sulphate, nitrate ,and pH were within the prescribed limit given by WHO, ICMR and BIS and alkalinity, hardness, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were found above from the permissible limit. Shrivastava et al. (2013) reported water quality deterioration of Machna river due to sewage disposal, Betul, Madhya Pradesh, India. The pH ranged from minimum of 7.4 to maximum of 10.0, chloride from 224 to 320 mg/l, nitrate from 23 to 65 mg/l, dissolved oxygen from 2.1 to 4.2 mg/l, bio-chemical oxygen demand from 123-166 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand from 321-420 mg/l, total dissolved solids from 145 to 220mg/l, total suspended solids from 105 to 145 mg/l. Alam and Pathak (2013) studied the hydrochemical profile of wetland situated in Ram Ganga flood plains and the study revealed that the water quality is unsafe for drinking purpose but during winters it can use for bathing and washing. Domestic sewage consist of 99.9% water coming from washing, flushing, rinsing and other activities (Botkin and keller 1995). Vishwakarma et al. (2013) studied the assessment of water quality of Betwa river, Madhya Pradesh, India. The temp from 16 to 31o C, pH from 5 to 9.2,Hardness from 14.6 to 58.6 mg/l, dissolved oxygen from 2 to12.3 mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand from 2 to 15mg/l, chemical oxygen demand from 8 to 81.5 mg/l. The coefficient of correlation (r) among various physico-chemical parameters was also made. Agarwal and Agarwal (2013) studied on linear regression and correlation analysis of water quality parameters was carried out in river Kosi at District Rampur in India. They concluded that the validity of regression equation that can used to find the value of one parameter if the value of other is known in same water. Kale, G.B (2013) worked on zooplankton diversity of Danyanganga reservoir near Khamgaon, Maharashtra. He found that the number of fishes is reduced in the reservoir because of low nutrient level in the reservoir and variations in the pH of water. Rai, B (2013) carried out an project on pollution and conservation of Ganga river in modern India. According to this project report, The situation is much better for DO for which at only one site the bathing standard is not met. On the other hand in terms of total coliform count only at one place the bathing standard is met. The count exceeds by many times the bathing standard. Eknath (2013) worked on seasonal fluctuations of physicochemical parameters of river Mula Mutha at Pune and their impact on fish biodiversity. He concluded that Mula-Mutha river is highly polluted due to domestic and industrial effluents. Due to high pollution in river water some species are tolerant and during winter and summer the disappearance of fish fauna is also shown. Bhawana Ayachit (2014) showed the impact of industrial effluents on water quality of Betwa, Mandedeep. The pH range from 5.4 to 6.8, temperature from 29.8 to 31.0, salinity from 18.7 to 20.8 mg/l, dissolved oxygen from 38.2 to 41.5 mg/l, bio-chemical oxygen demand from 38.0 to 59.0 mg/l, turbidity from 26.4 to 31.8,total suspended solids from 19.8 to24.9 mg/l, total dissolved solids from 196 to 231 mg/l, conductivity from 391 to 462, oil and grease 24.2 to 40.4 mg/l. Ashfaq and Ahmad (2014) studied the drinking water quality and the result of above study showed that most of the parameters were within the acceptable limits as prescribed by WHO and other agencies. The Ph value lie between 6.1- 8.5, total dissolved solids from 920-1970 mg/l, turbidity from 5-9 NTU, tatal alkalinity 295-640, total hardness 300-600 mg/l, chloride 280-950 mg/l. Abir, S (2014) worked on seasonal variations in physicochemical characteristics of Rudrasagar wetland-A Ramsar site, Tripura and concluded that the water of Rudrasagar wetland has high concentration of TSS, TDS, nitrate, phosphate etc. This high concentration shows that Rudrasagar wetland is enriched in dissolved nutrients or eutrophicated. Pandey and Augur (2014) carried out an assessment on study of physico-chemical parameters of Ib river, Jashpur in chattishgarh. They observed good water quality of Ib river and river water is good for agricultural purpose. Gaikwad and Kamble (2014) carried out an assessment of the qualitative analysis of surface water of Panchganga river (MS). Different monitoring sites indicates the poor water quality of river Panchganga and confirmed need of necessary efforts to overcome the problem of pollution for maintenance of healthy aquatic ecosystem and its balance. Kaur, and Verma (2014) carried an assessment on physiochemical and microbiological study of river water of Ganga and Yamuna in Allahabad. They investigated the water of river Ganga, Yamuna and Sangam, found that water is to be above the permissible limits and various pathogenic microorganisms also isolated from these rivers water, so they concluded that the water of these rivers is not fit for human consumption without the treatment. Gagan Matta (2014) studied the physico-chemical characterstics to assess the pollution status of river Ganga in Uttarakhand, the study was done to show the impact of pollution on Ganga. The study showed higher and lower ranges of different parameters. The temperature was foumd 8.14% higher, turbidity 29.39%, total solids 27.40 %, pH 1.40%, CO2 11.76%, total hardness 18.83%, transparency found 13.93% lower, velocity 4.34%, dissolved oxygen 6.20%. The results clearly indicated that the water quality of river Ganga is not good not even satisfactory. Higher amount of turbidity can reduce the aesthetic quality of Ganga that may cause ecological changes. It can also show disastrous effect on fishes and other aquatic life. Bhutiani et al. (2014) studied the assessment of Ganga river ecosystem at Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India with reference to water quality indices and the 11 year study revealed that water quality of river Ganga ranges from poor to good. The main source of pollution are sewage, solid and liquid contaminants or organic. The temp ranged from minimum of 14.4 to maximum of 16.90o C, conductivity from 175.00- 210.00 , turbidity from 1.95-1.95 JTU, velocity 1.44-53.50 m/s, total solids from 112.00-60.60 mg/l, total dissolved solids from 112.50-495.20 mg/l, pH from 7.10-7.30, dissolved oxygen from 9.50-11.00 mg/l, bio-chemical oxygen demand 1.25-2.25 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand from 8.69-12.00 mg/l, CO2 from 1.75-2.91 mg/l, alkalinity from 50.67-63.35 mg/l, hardness mg/l, nitrate from 0.02-0.07 mg/l, phosphate from 0.05-0.08 mg/l. Kumar and Gupta (2015) analysed the assessment of water quality of Ram ganga river in Moradabad District, Uttar Pradesh, india, and the results showed that pH ranged from minimum of 7.1 to maximum of 8.4, turbidity from 5.4 to 25.9 NTU, alkalinity from 152 to 515 ppm, hardness from 180 to 290 ppm, bio-chemical oxygen demand 12 to 50.6 ppm, chemical oxygen demand from 70 to 190 ppm. Ahmad, A.B (2014) studied the evaluation of ground water quality index for drinking purpose from some villages around Darbandikhan in Iraq. He concluded that ground water is showing excellent quality of water and fit for drinking purpose without any treatment. Singh, P (2014) did study on seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters of the river Gomti and investigated that river water is not good for domestic purpose. Many activities polluting the river water which deteriorating the water quality of aquatic life. Ramesh, N and Krishnaiah, S (2014) carried out an assessment on physic-chemical parameter of Bullandur lake and studied that almost water parameters within the permissible limits as per BIS except BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and COD(chemical oxygen demand) which is found in higher amount. Salla and Ghosh (2014) carried out an assessment on of water quality parameters of lower lake in Bhopal. They concluded that the lake water is highly contaminated because it receives sewage and effluents of nearby area, so the water is unsuitable for drinking purpose and there is need for proper drainage facility to protect the water from deterioration. Mishra and Nayak (2014) carried out an assessment on the study of water pollution in two major rivers in Odisha- Mahanadi and Brahmani, They analyzed the status of pollution of Mahanadi and Brahmani of Odisha and concluded that the sewerage system of nearby town is polluting the Mahanadi whereas Brahmani is polluted by the steel plants and chemical factory effluents. Katakwar, M (2014) studied the physico-chemical characteristics of Anjan river water in near Pipariya Madhya Pradesh. On the basis of various parameters studied, the water quality analysis indicates that the river water in the Pipariya area is polluted and can serve as a bad habitat for many aquatic animals including endangered species with Narmada River. Ashok Kumar (2015) studied the monthly and seasonal variations in primary productivity of glacial fed mountainous Goriganga river in Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand India and the result showed that the productivity of Goriganga river clearly revealed that the river is less productive and ologotrophic (nutrient poor and oxygen rich) in nature, as the photosynthetic rates always found below the oligotrophic range. The results also indicated that phytoplankton also confirmed the oligotrophic nature of Goriganga river. Watkar, and Barbate, (2015) worked on seasonal variations in physico-chemical properties of Chandrabhaga river in Dhapewada, district Kamleshwar Maharashtra. After study this is concluded that the water of river Chandrabhaga need proper and necessary treatment to avoid contamination of water for drinking purpose. At present the river water is suitable for irrigation and fishery purpose. Selakoti and Rao (2015) studied on seasonal fluctuations in physico-chemical variables in spring fed Kosi river at Almora province from central Himalaya, India and the results evaluated that the water of study area is good and it can be used for drinking purpose and all the studied parameters were found in permissible limit as prescribed by safe water quality standards. The statistical correlations made between different hydrological parameters. Total dissolved solids is positively correlated with water temp and negatively correlated with transparency, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and pH and equally correlated with conductivity. pH is positively correlated with dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with chloride, conductivity and air temp . Dissolved oxygen and CO2 are negatively correlated. Shrivastava et al. (2015) worked on water quality management plan for Patal Ganga river for drinking purpose and health safety. They concluded that river water is affected by industrial, domestic and public wastewater so the water of river can use only after proper treatment for drinking purpose. Kushwaha and Agrahari (2015) studied the effect of domestic sewage on phytoplankton community in river Rapti at Gorakhpur and the results showed that parameters like CO2 , bicarbonate, alkalinity, nitrate, phosphate and bio-chemical oxygen demand were increased and parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, carbonate and alkalinity were decreased it is also noted that these parameters were fluctuated at different stations, due to mixing of sewage phytoplankton populations was very low. Shekhar and Shekhar (2015) evaluate the water quality index of Hindon river of Western U.P, India and the study of Hindon river showed that during the study period all the sampling stations were highly polluted and it is due to untreated waste product digged into the river. The industrial effluents joins the river and destroy the water quality. The Hindon river water is also not fit for industrial purpose. Priyanka Rajvanshi (2015) studied the seasonal studies of some physical parameters and heavy metals present in river Dhamola at Saharanpur District (U.P). The results showed that water temperature varied from 22.13 °C ±5.21 to 25.5°C ±4.13, turbidity varied between 381.33 JTU ± 62.14 to 1108.33 JTU± 233.57 total solids were found minimum of 948 mg/l ±240.13 to maximum of 2016.33 mg/l±744.56 total heavy metals range between14.89 mg/l ± 1.23 to 9.05 mg/l ± 0.95 total dissolved solids ranged between minimum of 323mg/l ± 34.15 to maximum of 1253mg/l ± 68.31 total suspended solids found between 408mg/l ± 50.15 to 1459mg/l ± 90.95. Gagan Matta (2015) investigated the physico-chemical parameters of Ganga River water at Rishikesh (Uttarakhand) and indicates that most of the physico-chemical parameters from Gangetic River System comparison to ISI and WHO for drinking water, may be suitable for domestic purposes, but it require attention due to drastic changes in climate and increase in pollution in last decade. RESULT AND DISCUSSION From the above studies we have concluded that conductivity is highly significant with some parameters like pH, Calcium, TDS, TS if is higher amount of TDS present in water, it indicates the pollution (Navneet Kumar 2010). The hardness of water is due to the presence of Calcium. DO is also a very important parameter in the assessment of water quality . Due to the process of respiration of biota the oxygen amount generally reduced. On the basis of various parameters studied it was concluded that the water quality of river Ramganga is not good. Due to high alkalinity the river water was not suitable for agricultural purposes. COD is much higher than BOD, it indicates that most of the pollution in Ramganga, in the study zone, is caused by industrial discharge. The main sources of organic pollution are non-point sources like agricultural run-off, cattle dropping etc (Jaspal Singh et al.). CONCLUSION From the above study we made a conclusion that the water quality of river Ramganga is not good at all. The various physico-chemical parameters are present in higher amount more than there permissible limit so it is necessary to check the water quality time to time. AKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholors whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/ editors/ publishers/ of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.   Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=258http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2581. Abir, S., (2014) : Seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of Rudrasagar wetland – A Ramsar site, Tripura, North East, India. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, Vol.4, No.1, pp.31-40. 2. Mohammad Alam and J.K Pathak.,(2010) : Rapid assessment of water quality index of Ramganga river, Western Uttar Pradesh (India) using a computer programme. Nature and Science 8(11):1-8. ISSN- 1545-0740. 3. Ahmad, A. B., (2014). Evaluation of ground water quality index for drinking purpose from some villages around Darbandikhan District, Kurdistan region- Iraq. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Vol.7, Issue 9, pp. 34-41. 4. Ahmad Ashfaq and Faizan Ahmed., (2014) : Drinking water quality assessment : a case of study. International journal of basic and applied chemical sciences, (ISSN: 2277-2073), vol. 4 (3), pp.1-4. 5. Ashok Kumar., (2015) : Studies on monthly and seasonal variations in primary productivity of glacial fed mountainous Goriganga rivers in Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand India. International research journal of biological sciences, (ISSN: 2278-3202), vol.4(3), 1-. Anoop Chandra, P. N. Saxena, Saiyeda Gazala Imam and Geetesh Chandra.,(2011) : Physico-chemical studies on pollution potential of river Devaha at district pilibhit (U.P.). Oriental journal of chemistry, vol. 27, no. (3): pg. 1193-1198, ISSN: 0970-020X. 6. Agarwal, M and Agarwal, A., (2013) : Linear regression and correlation analysis of water quality parameters: A case study of river Kosi at district Rampur, India. International Journal of Innovative Research and Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.2, Issue 12, pp.7273-7279. 7. Botkin, D and Keller, K., (1995) : In: environmental science ,earth as a living John villey and sons inc. U.S.A. 8. Bhawana Ayachit., (2014) :Iimpact of industrial effluents on water quality of Betwa, Mandedeep. Global journal for research analysis, (ISSN: 2277-8160) volume 3, issue-11. 9. Bhupander Kumar and Vikas Gupta., (2015) : Assessment of water quality of Ramganga river in Moradabad district, Uttar Pradesh, india. International conference of advance research and innovation. ISBN: 978-93-5156-328-0. 10. Babita Selakoti and S. N Rao., (2015) : A study on seasonal fluctuations in physico-chemical variables in spring fed Kosi river at Almora province from central Himalaya, India. International journal of current microbiology and applied sciences, (ISSN: 2319-7706), vol.4, no.4, pp. 418-425. 11. Bajpai, R., (2012) : Comparative analysis of physic-chemical parameters of Hasdeo river water samples of Bilaspur region. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, Vol.2, Issue 9. 12. Eknath, C.N., (2013). The seasonal fluctuations of physicchemical parameters of river Mula –Mutha at Pune,India and their impact on fish biodiversity. Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, Vol.1, No. 1, pp.11-16. 13. Jaspal Singh, Ravi Kumar Gangwar, Puneet Khare, and A.P. Singh (2012) : Assessment of physico-chemical properties of water: river Ramganga at Bareilly, U.P. Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2012, 4(9):4231-4234, ISSN : 0975-7384. 14. Matta, G., (2014) : A study on physico-chemical characteristics to assess the pollution status of river Ganga in Uttarakhand. Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, (ISSN: 0974-2115) vol.7, issue.3. 15. Gaikwad, S.S and Kamble, N.A .,(2014): Qualitative analysis of surface water of Panchganga river(MS),India. International Quarterly Journal of Biology and Life Sciences, Vol.2, No.3, pp.970-981. 16. Matta, G., (2015) : Evaluation and prediction of deviation in physico-chemical characteristics of river Ganga. International Journal of Advancements in Research Technology, Vol.4, Issue 6. 17. Imnatoshi and Sharif U. Ahmed.,(2012) : Geomorphology and seasonal variations of physic-chemical parameters of Doyang river, Nagaland. An international quarterly journal of environmental sciences, 6(1 and 2):05-09 18. Kushwaha and Agrahari., (2015) : Effect of domestic sewage on phyto-plankton co1mmunity in river Rapti at Gorakhpur. In-ternational Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 3(2): 131-140 ISSN: 2320-7817| eISSN: 2320-964X . 19. Kaur, I and Verma, D.D., (2014): Physiochemical and microbiological study of river water of Ganga and Yamuna in Allahabad. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.5, Issue 11, pp.669-673. 20. Katakwar, M., (2014): Water quality and pollution status of Narmada river’s Anjan tributary in Madhya Pradesh, India. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, Vol.2, No.11, pp.93-98. 21. Kale, G.B., (2013): Zooplankton diversity Dnyanganga reservoir near Khamgaon, Maharashtra. Golden Research Thoughts,Vol.3, Issue-3. 22. Khan, A and Srivastava, P., (2012): Physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater in and around Allahabad city: A statistical approach. Bulletin of Environmental and Scientific Research, Vol.1, Issue 2, pp. 28-32. 23. Koliyar, J.G and Rokade, N. S., (2008): Water quality in Powai lake: Mumbai Maharashtra. Pp. 1655-1659. 24. Leena Singh and S.K Choudhary., (2013): Studied the physico-chemical characterstics of river water of Ganga in middle Ganga planes. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, Issue 9, September ISSN: 2319-8753. 25. Mohamad alam and J. K. Pathak., (2010) : Rapid assessment of water quality index of Ramganga river, western Uttar Pradesh (India) using a computer programme. Journal nature and science, 8(11). 26. Mohd Alam and J. K. Pathak., (2013) : Hydrochemical profile of wetland situated in Ramganga flood plains. World journal of applied sciences and research. (ISSN: 2249-4197), volume 3,issue 2, pages. 49-53. 27. Mishra, K and Nayak, R.L., (2014)., A study of water pollution in two major rivers in Odisha – Mahanadi and Brahmani. Middle – East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.22, No. 12, pp. 1760-1770. 28. Neelesh Shrivastava, DD Mishra, P.K Mishra and Avinash Bajpai., (2013) : Water quality deterioration of Machna river due to sewage disposal, Betul, Madhya Pradesh ,India. Journal of environmental and earth science (ISSN: 2224-3216) (paper) (ISSN: 2225-0948) vol.3, no.6. 29. Navneet Kumar .,(2010) : An approach to river water quality management through correlation study among various water quality parameters. Report and opinion 2010;2(10):58-63, (ISSN: 1553-9873). 30. Priyanka Rajvanshi, Naveen Singhal N. Murugalatha Kannan and Amit Bhatt., (2015): seasonal studies of some physical parameters and heavy metals present in river Dhamola at Saharanpur District (U.P). Internatonal journal of advances in pharmacy, biology and chemistry, Vol. 4(2), ISSN: 2277 – 4688. 31. Pandey, R.R and Augur M.R .,(2014): Study of physico-chemical parameters of water of Ib river, Jashpur, Chattisgarh, India. International Journal of Development Research, Vol.4, Issue 11,pp. 2240-2242. 32. Prasad, N.R and Patil, J.M., (2008): A study of physic-chemical parameters of Krishna river water particularly in western Maharashtra. Rasayan Journal Chemistry, Vol.1, No.4, pp. 943- 953. 33. Parmar, K and Parmar, V., (2010) : Evaluation of water quality index for drinking purposes of river Subernarekha in Singhbum District. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol.1, No.1, pp.77-81. 34. Ravi Kumar Gangwar, puneet Khare, Jaspal Singh and A.P. Singh., (2012) : Assessment of physico-chemical properties of water: river Ramganga at Bareilly, U.P. Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 4(9):4231-4234, ISSN : 0975- 7384, CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5. 35. Ramesh Chandra, Kanchan Kashyap and Adarsh Pandey., (2010): Pollution status of river Ramganga: physico-chemical characterstics at Bareilly. Journal of experimental sciences vol.1, issue.5, pages.20-21. 36. R. Bhutiani, D.R. Khanna and Dipali Bhaskar kulkarni., (2014) : Assessment of Ganga river ecosystem at Haridwar Uttarakhand, India with reference to water quality indices. Applied water science, DOI 10.1007/s13201-014-0206-6. 37. Ramesh Chandra, Manoj Gupta and Adarsh Pandey., (2011) : Monitoring of river Ram Ganga: physico-chemical characterstic at Bareilly, journal, recent research in science and technology 3(6): 16-18, ISSN: 2076-5061. 38. Ramesh, N and Krishnaiah, S., (2014): Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of Bullandur lake, Banglore, India. International Journal of Innovative Research of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, Issue 3, pp. 10402-10407. 39. Rai, B (2013): Pollution and conservation of Ganga river in modern India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol.3, Issue 4. 40. Sushil Bhudula and B.D Joshi., (2012) : An assessment of the impact of sewer drains on the main canal of river Ganga, within Haridwar city, Uttarakhand India. Sciencepub. net /researcher, (ISSN: 1553-9865) , 4(1): 7-14. 41. Shekhar and Shekhar., (2015): Study of water quality index of Hindon river of western U.P India. International Journal of Basic and Applied Chemical Sciences ISSN: 2277-2073 Vol. 5 (2) , pp.40-49. 42. Sonawane, G.H and Shrivastava, V.S (2010) Ground water quality assessment nearer to the dye user industry. Archives of Applied Science Research, Vol.2, No.6,pp. 126-130. 43. Santosh Vishwakarma, Alok Verma and Geeta Saxena., (2013) : Assessment of water quality of Betwa river , Madhya Pradesh, India. International journal of water resources and environmental engineering, (ISSN: 2141-6613, vol . 5(4), pp.217-222. 44. Singh, P., (2014). Studies on seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters of the river water Gomti (U.P.) India. International Journal of Advanced Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 82-86. 45. Salla, S and Ghosh, S., (2014) Assessment of water quality parameters of lower lake, Bhopal. Archieves of Applied Science Research, Vol.6, No.2, pp. 8-11. 46. Sinha, D.K and Kumar, N., (2006). Monitoring of trace metals in Gagan river water at Moradabad. IJEP, Vol.26, No.6, pp.516- 520. 47. Vinod Jena, Satish Dixit and Sapana Gupta., (2013) : Assessment of water quality index of industrial area surface water samples. International journal of chemtech research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, (ISSN: 0974-4290 ), vol 5, no.1, pp. 278-283. 48. Verma, S (2009). Seasonal variation of water quality in Betwa river at Bundelkhand region, Indian Global Journal of Environmental Research,Vol.3, No.3, pp. 164-168. 49. Watkar, A.M and Barbate, M.P (2015). Seasonal variations in physico-chemical properties of Chandrabhaga river in Dhapewada, district Kamleshwar, Maharashtra, India. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, Vol.4, pp.1-4. 50. Yadav S.S and Kumar Rajesh.,(2011) : Monitoring water quality of Kosi river in Rampur District, Uttar Pradesh India. Advances in applied sciences and research (ISSN: 0976-8610), 2(2), pp.197-201. 51. Yogendra, K and Puttaiah, E.T (2008). Determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban water body in Shimoga town, Karnataka. pp.342-346.