Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411810EnglishN2026May30Healthcare
Reliability of Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) Manometer Pressure with Physiological Response Monitoring in Individuals with Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis
English0108Bhumika ParmarEnglish Salvi ShahEnglish
Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by pain, reduced quadriceps strength, and functional limitations. Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) is an effective low-load strengthening technique; however, the reliability of manual manometer-based BFRT cuff pressure measurement in individuals with KOA remains inad equately investigated. Aim/Objective: To determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of manual BFRT manometer cuff pressure measurements and monitor physiological responses during cuff application in individuals with mild to moderate KOA. Methods: A methodological observational reliability study was conducted on 30 participants aged 40–60 years with mild to moderate KOA selected through convenience sampling. BFRT cuff pressure was measured using a manual manometer-based system. Two independent raters recorded cuff pressure over three trials. Physiological responses, including pulse rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), discomfort level, and skin discoloration, were monitored. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were analyzed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), while Cohen’s Kappa assessed agreement for physiological observations. Results: Excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC=0.93) and good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.89) were observed. Low Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) and Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) indicated high measurement consistency. Physi ological monitoring showed only mild discomfort and pain, with stable SpO2 and pulse rate, no abnormal skin discoloration, and no vascular complications. Cohen’s Kappa values ranged from 0.85 to 0.95, indicating almost perfect agreement. Conclusion: Manual manometer-based BFRT cuff pressure measurement demonstrated excellent reliability and physiological tolerability in individuals with mild to moderate KOA, supporting its clinical use in physiotherapy, particularly in resource-limited settings.
EnglishBlood Flow Restriction Training, Knee Osteoarthritis, Reliability, Cuff Pressure, Physiological Response, Rehabilitation.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4909http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4909
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411810EnglishN2026May30Healthcare
Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy
English0915Shalini YadavEnglish Manali RaiEnglish Saket Singh ChandelEnglish
Background: Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for enhancing cancer therapy by enabling targeted drug delivery to tumor sites. The ability to manipulate the chemical and physical properties of these polymers allows them to overcome various biological barriers and achieve site-specific drug accumulation. Objectives: This research focused on the development and optimization of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin hy drochloride using the ionic gelation method for targeted and controlled delivery in cancer therapy. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the crosslinking agent. Formulation parameters, including chitosan to TPP ratio, drug to polymer ratio, and mixing conditions, were systematically optimized. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta po tential, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity, and in vitro drug release behavior at pH 5.5 (tumor microenvironment) and pH 7.4 (physiological conditions). Results: The optimized formulation demonstrated a mean particle size of 142.6 ± 3.8 nm with a narrow PDI of 0.124 ± 0.021, indicating a highly monodisperse population. The zeta potential was measured as +22.4 ± 1.6 mV after chitosan coating, con firming excellent colloidal stability. Encapsulation efficiency reached 87.3 ± 2.6% with a drug loading capacity of 7.2 ± 0.3%. In vitro release studies revealed a biphasic sustained release profile with enhanced release at acidic pH (5.5), confirming the pH sensitive nature of the chitosan-based delivery system. The formulation exhibited rapid reconstitution within 22 seconds and maintained a physiologically compatible pH of 6.8. Conclusion: The optimized chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated controlled drug release with enhanced release at acidic pH, confirming the pH-sensitive nature of the chitosan-based delivery system. This research establishes a foundation for developing effective chitosan-based nanocarriers for targeted cancer chemotherapy.
EnglishBiodegradable polymers; Chitosan nanoparticles; Doxorubicin hydrochloride; Ionic gelation; pH-sensitive drug delivery;
Cancer therapy; Targeted deliveryhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4910http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4910
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