Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241183EnglishN2026February15Healthcare Therapeutic Potential of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris in Unani and Modern Medicine: A Review     English0107Samira KhatoonEnglish Shavana FathimaEnglish Wajeeha BegumEnglish Adiantum capillus-veneris (Pare-siavashan in Persian, Maidenhair fern in English), a plant of the Pteridaceae family, a well known medicinal plant in the Unani system of medicine, has been traditionally used for its diuretic, antipyretic, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, and deobstruent properties. Various parts of the plant, including its leaves, roots, and stems, are employed in the treatment of kidney stones, diabetes, thyroid disorders, fungal infections, and respiratory ailments. Recent stud ies have highlighted its rich phytochemical profile, including the presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, and other bioactive com pounds. Pharmacological investigations have revealed a broad range of activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, wound healing, lithotriptic, and antiandrogenic effects. The plant is also widely used for managing hair related conditions like alopecia and dandruff. However, due to its anti-implantation effect, it is contraindicated during pregnancy. The findings discussed in this review underscore the therapeutic potential of Adiantum capillus-veneris and emphasize the need for further preclinical and clinical research to validate and expand its medicinal applications. EnglishAdiantum capillus-veneris, Maidenhair fern, Unani, phytochemical, flavonoids, Medicinal Applications.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4891http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4891 1. Haghighi G, Haghighi M, Aziminia R, Kargar H. Adiantum capillus-veneris and respiratory diseases. Int J Basic Sci Med. 2023;8(2):77-83. doi:10.34172/ijbsm.30627. 2. Dehdari S, Hajimehdipoor H. Medicinal properties of Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. in traditional medicine and modern phy totherapy: a review article. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(2):188. 3. Haider S, Nazreen S, Alam MM, Gupta A, Hamid H, Alam MS. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of ethanolic extract and its various fractions from Adiantum capillus veneris Linn. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 138(3):741-7. doi:10.1016/j. jep.2011.10.012. 4. Ahmed A, Jahan N, Wadud A, Imam H, Hajera S, Bilal A. Phys icochemical and biological properties of Adiantum capillus-ven eris Linn: an important drug of Unani system of medicine. Int J Curr Res Rev. 2012;4(21):70 5. Nazim M, Aslam M, Chaudhary SS. Hansraj (Adiantum capil lus-veneris)-A review. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2018;8(5):105-9. 6. Nadkarni AK. Indian Materia Medica. Vol. I. 3rd ed. Bombay: Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.; 2009:43. 7. Said HM. Hamdard Pharmacopoeia of Eastern Medicine. 2nd ed. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications; 1997:356. 8. Ibn Baitar. Al Jamiul Mufradat al Advia wal Aghzia. Vol I. New Delhi: CCRUM; YNM: 50-1, 349-52. 9. Anonymous. Standardisation of Single Drugs of Unani medi cine. Part-II. New Delhi: CCRUM; 1992: 240-246. 10. Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants; an illustrated dictionary. New Delhi: Springer; 2007:19-20. 11. Ansari R, Ekhlasi-Kazaj K. Adiantum capillus-veneris L: phy tochemical constituents, traditional uses and pharmacological properties: a review. J Adv Sci Res. 2012;3(4):15-20. 12. Tarique NA. Taj mufradat. New Delhi: Idara Kitab-us-Shifa; 2010:196-7. 13. Hakeem MAH. Bustanul Mufradat. New Delhi: Idarae Kitab-ul Shifa; 2002:165. 14. Usmani MI. Tanqeehul Mufradat. 1st ed. Delhi: Famous Offset Press; 2008:80. 15. Rafiquddin M. Kunzul Advia Mufrada, (University publication unit, Sarfaraz House, AMU Aligarh, India. 1985 : 203-205 16. Kabeeruddin GM. Makhzanul Mufradat bamani Kitabul Advia. New Delhi: Idara Kitabus Shifa; 2007:133-134. 17. Safiuddin Ali HS. Unani Advia Mufreda: New Delhi: National counsil: 2004 :99-100 18. Ghani N. Khazaen-ul-Advia. Vol. III. New Delhi: Idara Kita bushifa; pp. 1360–1361. 19. Wadud A. Textbook of single drugs. Hyderabad: Frontline Pub lications; 2021 :398 20. Vijayalakshmi A, Kumar YK. Evaluation of goitrogenic and antithyroidal effect of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2013;23(5):802-10. 21. Singh M, Singh N, Khare PB, Rawat AK. Antimicrobial activity of some important Adiantum species used traditionally in indige nous systems of medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):327 9. 22. Mohammed FS, Sevindik M, Bal C, Akgül H, Selamoglu Z. Bi ological activities of Adiantum capillus-veneris collected from Duhok province (Iraq). Commun Fac Sci Univ Ankara Ser C Biol. 2019;28(2):128-42. 23. Galehdari H, Negahdari S, Kesmati M, Rezaie A, Shariati G. Effect of the herbal mixture composed of Aloe vera, henna, Adi antum capillus-veneris, and myrrha on wound healing in strep tozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16:1-9. doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1359-7.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241183EnglishN2026February15Healthcare Regulatory Obligations in Post-Marketing Surveillance: A Mandate for Drug Safety & Compliance     English0813Shivani S. LohateEnglish Shilpa PiseEnglish Clinical trials conducted before drug approval have limitations such as small population size, short duration, controlled settings, and exclusion of vulnerable groups. These constraints prevent the detection of rare, long-term, or population-specific adverse effects. Once a drug enters real-world use, it interacts with diverse patients, comorbidities, and polypharmacy, revealing new risks that require ongoing evaluation. Post-Marketing Surveillance (PMS) ensures continuous monitoring of the benefit–risk bal ance of medicines. This manuscript provides an integrated overview of PMS obligations across major global regulatory authorities including CDSCO (India), USFDA (USA), EMA (Europe), PMDA (Japan), and WHO–UMC (global). Key pharmacovigilance tools—ICSRs, PSURs, PADERs, RMPs, PASS, FAERS, EudraVigilance, VigiBase, and VigiFlow—are summarized to highlight their role in safety signal detection. A comparative regulatory analysis outlines similarities and differences in reporting timelines, early monitoring strate gies, and digital submission systems. Real-world case studies, including Rofecoxib (Vioxx) withdrawal due to cardiovascular risks, the bladder cancer signal associ ated with Pioglitazone, Thalidomide-induced teratogenicity, and Diethylene Glycol contamination in Coldrif syrup, illustrate how PMS systems prevent public health tragedies. Study limitations include restricted access to proprietary internal regulatory data bases and reliance on publicly available electronic sources. The discussion emphasizes strengthening ADR reporting culture, greater use of real-world evidence, and applying digital tech nologies like artificial intelligence for faster signal detection. Overall, the manuscript demonstrates that robust PMS systems are essential for ensuring global drug safety, regulatory compliance, and public trust. EnglishPost-Marketing Surveillance; Pharmacovigilance; Drug Safety; Regulatory Compliance; Adverse Drug Reactionshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4893http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4893 1. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (n.d.) Post Mar keting DSM (Drug Safety Monitoring). Available at: https:// cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/en/Post-Marketing-DSM/ (Ac cessed: 4 September 2025). 2. Drug Safety Update-GOV.UK, www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update (Accessed: 4 September 2025). 3. European Medicines Agency (2013) ICH guideline E2C (R2) on periodic benefit-risk evaluation report (PBRER) – Step 5. Adopt ed December 2012; in effect January 2013. Available at: https:// www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/regulatory-procedural guideline/international-conference-harmonisation-technical-re quirements-registration-pharmaceuticals-human-use-guideline e2c-r2-periodic-benefit-risk-evaluation-report-step-5_en.pdf (Accessed: 4 September 2025). 4. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (n.d.) The Black Triangle Scheme (? or ?)*. Drug Safety Update. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/the-black triangle-scheme-or (Accessed: 4 September 2025). 5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (n.d.) Postmarketing sur veillance programs. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ surveillance/postmarketing-surveillance-programs (Accessed: 4 September 2025). 6. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (n.d.) J-MACS (Japanese registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Sup port). Available at: https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/safety/ surveillance-analysis/0003.html (Accessed: 4 September 2025). 7. World Health Organization (n.d.) Programme for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM). Available at: https://www.who.int/ teams/regulation-prequalification/regulation-and-safety/phar macovigilance/networks/pidm (Accessed: 4 September 2025). 8. Sibbald B. Rofecoxib (Vioxx) voluntarily withdrawn from market. CMAJ. 2004 Oct 26;171(9):1027-8. doi: 10.1503/ cmaj.1041606. PMID: 15505253; PMCID: PMC526313. 9. Kim JH, Scialli AR. Thalidomide: the tragedy of birth de fects and the effective treatment of disease. Toxicol Sci. 2011 Jul;122(1):1-6. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr088. Epub 2011 Apr 19. Erratum in: Toxicol Sci. 2012 Feb;125(2):613. PMID: 21507989. 10. Express News Service (2025) MP cough syrup tragedy: Child death toll rises to 24 after three-year-old girl dies in Nagpur. The New Indian Express, 15 October. Available at: https://www. newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/15/mp-cough-syrup tragedy-child-death-toll-rises-to-24-after-three-year-old-girl dies-in-nagpur (Accessed: 24 February 2026). 11. Haque A, Daniel S, Maxwell T, Boerstoel M. Postmarketing sur veillance studies—An industry perspective on changing global requirements and implications. Clin Ther. 2017;39(4):675-685. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.03.007