Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411724EnglishN2025December29Healthcare Cognitive Dysfunctions in Systemic Inflammatory Diseases: A Systematic Review     English0106Aleksandra TlakEnglish Katarzyna BielawskaEnglish Wiktoria Julia AuguscikEnglish Cognitive dysfunctions are considered a significant, yet unfortunately often unrecognized, complication of systemic autoimmune diseases. In this systematic review, we have collected and analyzed the available scientific data (using Pubmed and Google Scholar electronic databases) regarding the, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management principles of cognitive function disorders in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis. The prevalence of cognitive deficits in autoimmune dis eases is high which highlights the scale of clinical challenges. The pathogenesis of these disorders is multifactorial and includes the neuro-inflammatory effects of systemically circulating cytokines, autoimmune neuronal dysfunction induced by autoantibod ies, progressive cerebrovascular damage, as well as the indirect impact of chronic pain, depression, fatigue, and medication side effects on cognitive functions. Specific disease entities are characterized by distinct profiles of cognitive dysfunction. Effective therapeutic interventions for the described disorders include the implementation of immunomodulatory therapies, treatment of co-existing depression and pain, and the implementation of neuropsychological rehabilitation programs. An interdisciplinary approach with simultaneous involvement of rheumatologists, neurologists, and neuropsychologists is essential in the treatment process of cognitive function disorders. Future research directions should focus on attempts to identify biomarkers specific for co-existing cognitive dysfunctions, validation of diagnostic tools, and assessment of the impact of modern immunologic therapies and non-pharmacological interventions on cognitive functions, which would allow improving quality of life for patients. EnglishAutoimmune diseases, Cognitive dysfunction, Neuroinflammation, Neuropsychological assessment, Inflammatory diseases, Rheumatologyhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4886http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4886 1. Gwinnutt JM, Toyoda T, Barraclough M, Verstappen SMM, Hornberger M, MacGregor A. Cognitive impairment in the immune-mediated inflammatory diseases compared with age matched controls: Systematic review and meta-regression. Sem in Arthritis Rheum. 2023 Feb;58:152131 https://www.sciencedi rect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049017222001822 2. de Sousa DC, Sobreira EST, Feitosa WLQ, Aires TMPM, Araújo LPP, Silva ALC et al. Cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with disease activity and oxidative stress: a comparative study with rheumatoid arthritis for identi fying biomarkers. BMC Neurosci. 2023 Dec 13;24(1):66 https:// link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12868-023-00839-8 3. Pig?owska-Juhnke A, Stanis?awska-Kubiak M, Kalmus P, Waszczak-Jeka M, Samborski W, Mojs E. Cognitive Impair ment in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Pain, Inflammation, and Multimorbidity in Neuropsychological Outcomes. Biomed icines. 2025 Jul 11;13(7):1699 https://www.mdpi.com/2227 9059/13/7/1699 4. Camard M, Urbain F, Noel N. Cognitive impairment in systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: A narrative review fo cused on ANCA-associated vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and Behçet’s disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2025 Nov 28;24(11):103899 https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568997225001600?via%3Dihub 5. Myasoedova E, Sattui SE, Lee J, O’Brien JT, Makris UE. Cogni tive impairment in individuals with rheumatic diseases: the role of systemic inflammation, immunomodulatory medications, and comorbidities. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024 Dec;6(12):e871-e880 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanrhe/article/PIIS2665 9913(24)00190-5/abstract 6. Callhoff J, Berger K, Albrecht K, Strangfeld A; NAKO Inves tigators. Depression, anxiety and cognitive function in persons with inflammatory rheumatic diseases: cross-sectional results from the German National Cohort (NAKO). RMD Open. 2024 Oct 23;10(4):e004808 https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/10/4/ e004808 7. Oláh C, Schwartz N, Denton C, Kardos Z, Putterman C, Sze kanecz Z. Cognitive dysfunction in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020 Apr 15;22(1):78 https://link. springer.com/article/10.1186/s13075-020-02180-5 8. Manzo C, Martinez-Suarez E, Kechida M, Isetta M, Serra Mestres J. Cognitive Function in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci. 2019 Apr 15;9(4):85 https:// www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/4/85  

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411724EnglishN2025December29Healthcare Immunohaematological effects of Giardia lamblia and Plasmodium spp. co-infection in school-aged children, in Owerri West, Imo State, Nigeria       English0711NwachukwuEnglish J.C.English AnyalogbuEnglish E. A. A.English A. A.English Introduction: Giardia lamblia and Plasmodium species are the pathogenic organisms for Giardiasis and Malaria, respectively, both human protozoan infections. Parasitic infections have continued to pose significant health challenges to children, especially in developing countries. Aim/Objective: This study investigated the immunohaematological effects of single and co-infections with Giardia lamblia and Plasmodium species among school-aged children (5–15 years) in Owerri West Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 108 pupils were sampled from 20 randomly selected primary schools across rural, semi-urban, and urban settings. Blood and stool samples were collected for parasitological and immunohaematological analysis. Parasite identification was performed using direct microscopy: Stool samples for Giardia lamblia and thick/thin blood smears for Plasmodium spp. White blood cell (WBC) counts and differentials were measured using standard haematological techniques. Results: The total parasite load was 272.36×10?±1.32 parasites/µm, with Giardia and Plasmodium accounting for 76.2×10?±1.24 µm and 104.4×10?±0.88 µm, respectively. Co-infection was recorded at 91.76×10?±1.08 µm. The total WBC count in co-infected pupils (15.4×10?±0.03/L) was higher than in Giardia-only (6.95×10?±0.02/L), Plasmodium-only (7.3×10?±0.02/L), and control (7.05×10?±0.01/L) groups. Differential counts revealed marked elevations in total WBCs, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in co-infection cases, with percentage values of 118.44, 34.38, 361.54, 566.67, 169.23, and 26.67%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings highlight the intensified immune response in co-infections and underscore the importance of inte grated surveillance for parasitic diseases. EnglishGiardia lamblia, Plasmodium spp, co-infection, Haematology, White blood cells.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4887http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4887 1. World Health Organisation, WHO. World Plasmodium report 2022: Tracking progress and gaps in the global response to Plasmodium. 2022. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/teams/ global-Plasmodium-programme/reports/world-Plasmodium report-2022 2. Meibalan E, Marti M. Biology of malaria transmission. Cold Spring Harbour Perspectives in Medicine, 2017: 7(3), 25-34. 3. Ryan U, Zahedi A. Giardia: Taxonomy, molecular epidemiology and drug resistance. Pathogens, 2019: 8(4), 227-238 4. Mahende C, Mandara CI, Ngasala B, Mwambuli A, Ngatunga D. Multiplex PCR assays for the detection of multiple parasitic infections in endemic regions. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2021: 21(1), 123-133. 5. Farthing MJ. Giardiasis. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 1996: 25(3), 493-515. 6. Perlmann P, Troye-Blomberg M. Plasmodium blood-stage in fection and its control by the immune system. Folia Biologica, 2000: 46(6), 210-218. 7. McCullers JA. The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2014: 12(4), 252-262. 8. Ecker A, Donkor S, Wutor V, Opara J. Giardia lamblia infection alters haematological parameters and plasma cytokine profiles in children and adults in Ghana. Pathogens, 2022: 11(6), 679 690. 9. Ali S, Rashid M, Malik S. Immune response in Giardia lamblia infection: A review. Journal of Immunology Research, 2020: 1-10. 10. Taylor SM, Haldar K. Haemolysis and haemoglobinopathy in Plasmodium falciparum: An evolving hypothesis. Parasitology International, 2013: 62(4), 565-573. 11. Cummings DAT. Neutrophils and parasitic infections: Immune defence mechanisms in children. Immunology and Infection, 2020: 132(4), 564-572. 12. Nash TE, Herrington DA, Losonsky GA. Clinical and immuno logic aspects of giardiasis: The saga of human giardiasis contin ues. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2021: 223(9), 1514-1521. 13. White NJ. Anaemia and Plasmodium. Plasmodium Journal, 2018: 17(1), 371-386. 14. Katz N, Aquino EM, Andrade JP. Eosinophils and parasitic in fections: New insights into an old association. Frontiers in Im munology, 2019: 10, 1642-1653. 15. Ramalho-Pinto FJ, Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Gomes KX, de Mattos MCFI, de Castro EPF, Bueno LL. Eosinophils as key players in Giardiasis. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022: 13, 836 850. 16. Quintero JP, Dutta S, Saha B. Eosinophils and monocytes: Emerging roles in immune regulation in Plasmodium. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021: 12, 699-714. 17. Ghosh K, Ghosh S, Maitra A. Role of basophils in parasitic infections. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2017: 10(11), 997-1002. 18. Mukai K, Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ. IgE and mast cells in host defence against parasites and venoms. Seminars in Immunopathology, 201638(5), 581-603. 19. Zarebavani M, Karimzadeh K, Naserifar R. Basophils: Key players in Plasmodium infection and therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022: 13, 926-936. 20. Cerban R, Moromizato MC, Chung G, Ranasinghe S. Giardia lamblia infection: A narrative review of the immunological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Frontiers in Im munology, 2022: 13, 898-919. 21. Ndungu FM, Urban BC, Marsh K, Langhorne J. Regulation of immune responses by the spleen during Plasmodium infection. Parasite Immunology, 2018: 40(8), 400-413. 22. Okell LC, Bousema T, Griffin JT, Ouédraogo AL, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic Plasmodium infections and their relevance for control. Nature Communications, 2019: 10(1), 1-13. 23. Dutta S, Saha B. Differential immune response in co-infections: A roadmap to therapeutic interventions. Frontiers in Immunol ogy, 2020: 11(6), 196-208. 24. Cai H, Mu Q, Xiong H, Liu M, Yang F, Zhou L, Zhou B. Regula tory B cells in parasitic infections: Roles and therapeutic poten tial. Parasitology Research, 2025:124, 5