Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411720EnglishN2025October30Healthcare Impact of Hygiene Practices on the Microbiological Quality of Dishes Sold in Five Schools in the Educational Zone of Niamey II (Niger)     English0107Alio Sanda Abdel-KaderEnglish Hamidou Bonkano AminaEnglish Almou Abdoulaye AlioEnglish Sabo Seini HaouaEnglish Introduction: School canteens must comply with hygiene and food safety rules, especially when it comes to children. It is impor tant to take into consideration what is on their plates and how they are made. Snacks offered in schools contribute to a balanced diet, allowing students to stay focused and improve their academic performance. Aim/Objective: This study aims to improve the hygienic quality of ready meals sold in schools in Commune II of the city of Niamey. Methodology: The data was collected from December 2023 to January 2024 and involved 60 vendors in five schools, including two private primary schools, one public primary school, and two secondary schools (one public and one private). Result: The results showed that 96.7% of vendors are women and are mostly out of school (38.3%). Several food safety and hygiene issues were observed, including selling food near gutters (3.3%), exposure to sunlight and open air of food (61.7%), use of street clothes (93.3%), neglected hand hygiene (68.3%), and nail care (71.7%). For the FAMT, microbiological analysis showed that 40% of the samples were compliant, while 60% were non-compliant. The results showed that all samples were non compliant for total and fecal coliforms. Concerning Escherichia coli, 60% of the samples were also non-compliant. On the other hand, for yeasts and moulds, 100% of the samples were found to be compliant and 20% of the samples were non-compliant for Salmonella. Conclusion: A comprehensive and systematic assessment of the safety and quality of food and food prepared by school ven dors would therefore be crucial, both to ensure the health of school children and to ensure the socio-economic importance of school food sales. EnglishStreet food, hygiene, microbial contamination, school, Niamey (Niger), Food saleshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4875http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4875 1. Latoundji. CLAI. Evaluation de la qualité hygiénique du poisson frit servi dans les collèges de la ville de Ouidah (Sud-Bénin). Rapport de fin de cycle pour l’obtention du diplôme de licence professionnelle, Université D’Abomey-Calavi. 2020; 35. 2. Annie-Claude P, Malika M, Mbiada P, Germain N. Etat des lieux du dispositif d’alimentation dans quelques écoles primaires de la ville de Yaoundé (Cameroun). ESJ. June. 2017 ; 13(18): 314 327. 3. Programme Alimentaire Mondial (PAM). Politique en matière d’alimentation scolaire. 2013 ; 32. 4. Fanès Azalou Tingb A, Yemadje A. et Vido Arnaud A. Consom mation de boissons désaltérantes et risques sanitaires dans les collèges de la ville D’Abomey (Benin). ESJ ; 2018 ; 14 (33) : 1857-7881. 5. Baba-Moussa L, Bokossa YI, Baba-Moussa F, Ahissou H, Ade oti Z, Yehouenou B, et al. Etude des possibilités de contamina tion des aliments de rue au Bénin : cas de la ville de Cotonou. J. Rech. Sci. Univ. Lomé (Togo), série A. 2006 ; 8(2) : 149-156. 6. Yaou C, Aboubacar AM, Lewamy M, Sadou H. Microbiologi cal quality control of foods sold in schools in Niamey (Niger). IJBCS ; 2024; 18(3), 938–949. 7. Naibe Maimangyang S. Appréciation de la qualité des aliments en milieu scolaire dans la ville de N’Djamena au Tchad. Mé moire d’obtention du grade de philosophie Maitrise en Nutrition au département de Nutrition, Faculté de médecine : Université de Montréal. 2019 ; 127p. 8. Alio Sanda A, Ali Baoua O, Almou AA, Sabo SH. “Study of the Microbiological Quality of Cowpea Dishes Sold at the Abdou Moumouni University (UAM), Niamey, Niger”. MRJI; 2025; 35 (7):49-56. 9. Chakal A, Kadi N. Analyse microbiologique et hygiénique des plats cuisinés au niveau du restaurant de la cité universitaire de SOUMAA. Mémoire de fin d’étude en vue de l’Obtention du Diplôme de Master en Biologie, Département de biologie et physiologie cellulaire, Université de Blida. 2014 ; I.54p. 10. INS, Institut National de la Statistique direction régionale de Niamey. Annuaire statistique régional 2010-2014. 2015 ; 82p. 11. INS Institut National de la Statistique direction régionale de Niamey. Niamey en chiffre. Dépliant édition. 2022 ; 1p. 12. Jean-Louis CUQ. Cours de microbiologie alimentaire. Départe ment de Sciences et Technologies des Industries Alimentaires, 4ème année/Université Montpellier II Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc. 2007 ; 134p. 13. Barro N, Ouattara CT, Nikiema PA, Ouattara SA, Traoré AS. Évaluation de la qualité microbiologique de quelques aliments de rue dans la ville d’Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso. Cahier d’Etude et de Recherches Francophones / Santé. 2002 ;12 : 369 374. 14. FAO/OMS. Le secteur informel de la distribution de produits alimentaires. Harare, Zimbabwe. 2005; 11p. 15. Mayoré AD, Tidjani A, Bessimbaye N, Asséta K, Kuan A, René D. Characteristics of the street food sector in N’djamena, Chad. Food Sci Nutr Technol. 2017;2(3):1-7. 16. Almou AA, Yaou C, Rabiou MM, Alio SA, Sabo HS, Sadou H. Analysis of Risk Factors for Microbial Contamination of Veg etables in Market Gardening Environments in Niamey, Niger. JAM ; 2024; 24(1): 39-51. 17. Kamara Y. Qualité microbiologique des Hors-d’œuvre préparés au restaurant du centre régional des œuvres universitaires Saint Louis (CROUS). Thèse en médecine vétérinaire/Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. 1994 ; N°18. 97p. 18. Sabo H, Aminou Illia Mama N, Bako A, Sadou H, Amoukou I, Musambahou Malam A, et al. Influence of Manufacturing Methods on the Microbiological and Nutritional Characteristics of Kilichi, Dry Meat of Niger. IJCM AS; 2018; 7(12) : 231-241. 19. Alio Sanda A, Almou AA, Chaibou Y, Mahamane IIA, Sabo SH, Sadou H. Evaluation of the microbiological quality of three va rieties of kilichi produced in Niger. AFSJ ; 2024; 23(4): 24-30. 20. Allaoui AEL, Filali FR, Ameur N, Oumokhtar B. Qualité hy giénique des saucisses fabriquées traditionnellement dans la ville de meknes au Maroc. ScienceLib Editions Mersenne, 4 (120707). 2011 ; 1-16. 21. Mbawala A, Daoudou B, Ngassoum MB. Qualité microbi ologique du kilishi (produit carné séché) produit dans la ville de Ngaoundéré (Cameroun). TROPICULTURA, 2010 ; 28 (3) : 153-160. 22. AFNOR. Analyse microbiologique : Méthodes horizontales Par is : Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR). 1996 ; 1, 521p. 23. Igene L, Sedibe MM, Solomon O, Van der Westhuizen C, Fadeyi OA. Processors’ training needs on modern shea butter process ing technologies in North Central Agro-Ecological Zone of Ni geria. SAJAE ; 2017; 45(1), 41–48.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411720EnglishN2025October30Healthcare Antifungal and Antibacterial Efficacy of Solvent Extracts from Ramalina Conduplicans and Roccella Montagnei against Clinically Relevant Pathogens English0813Georgy AntonyEnglish Anusha BhaskarEnglish Sudheesh MEnglish Manikkumar REnglish Introduction: Ramalina conduplicans and Roccella montagnei represent ecologically resilient symbiotic systems that synthesize diverse secondary metabolites with potent antimicrobial potential. Aim/Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial activities of solvent extracts from Roccella montagnei and Ramalina conduplicans, traditionally known for their therapeutic properties, against clinically relevant pathogens . Methods: Lichen thalli collected from the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu were sequentially extracted using diethyl ether, acetone and methanol via Soxhlet hot percolation. Antifungal activity was assessed against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani using disk diffusion and broth macrodilution methods. Antibacterial activity was determined by agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified spectrophotometrically as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively. Statistical significance was evaluated using two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: Ramalina conduplicans and Roccella montagnei exhibited notable antifungal and antibacterial efficacy in a solvent dependent manner. The acetone extract of Ramalina conduplicans produced the largest inhibition zones (10–12 mm) and the lowest MIC values (2–8 μg/mL), particularly against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium solani. The methanolic extract of Roccella montagnei showed strong antifungal activity (MIC 2–4 μg/mL) with high phenolic (37.28 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (48.24 mg QE/g) contents. Acetone extracts of both lichens displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, most pronounced against Escherichia coli (21–24 mm ZOI; MIC 4–8 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study highlights R. montagnei and R. conduplicans as promising sources of phenolic rich metabolites with potent antifungal and antibacterial properties. The acetone and methanol extracts demonstrated broad spectrum inhibitory effects, underscoring their potential for developing novel natural antimicrobial agents. EnglishLichens, Roccella montagnei, Ramalina conduplicans, antifungal activity, MIC, secondary metabolites, phenolic compoundshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4876http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4876 1. Kumar TK, Siva B, Anand A, Anusha K, Mohabe S, Reddy AM, et al. Comprehensive Lichenometabolomic Exploration of Ramalina conduplicans Vain Using UPLC-Q-ToF-MS/MS: An Identification of Free Radical Scavenging and Anti-Hyperglycemic Constituents. Molecules. 2022 Oct 9;27(19):6720. https:// doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196720. 2. Hegnauer R. Chemotaxonomy der Pflanzen. Band 1: Thallophyten, Bryophyten, Pteridophyten und Gymnospermen. Basel-Stuttgart: Birkhaüser; 1962. 3. Vinayaka KS, Praveen Kumar SV, Prashith Kekuda TR, Krishnamurthy YL, Mallikarjun N, Swathi D. Proximate composition, antioxidant, anthelmintic and insecticidal activity of a macrolichen Ramalina conduplicans Vain (Ramalinaceae). European J Appl Sci. 2009;1(3):40-46. https://idosi.org/ejas/1(3)09/3.pdf 4. Srivastava P, Upreti DK, Dhole TN, Srivastava AK, Nayak MT. Antimicrobial Property of Extracts of Indian Lichen against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2013;2013:709348. doi:10.1155/2013/709348 5. Kambar Y, Manasa MV, Kekuda TRP, R O. Antimicrobial activity of Ramalina conduplicans Vain (Ramalinaceae). J Sci Technol Arts Res. 2014;3(3):57-62. https://journals.wgu.edu.et/ index.php/star/article/view/453 6. Luo H, Wei X, Yoshikazu Y, Yanpeng L, Lisong W, Jae Sung J, et al. Antioxidant activities of edible lichen Ramalina conduplicans and its free radical-scavenging constituents. Mycoscience. 2010;51(5):391-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-010-0048- 5. 7. Mishra T, Shukla S, Meena S, Singh R, Pal M, Upreti DK, et al. Isolation and identification of cytotoxic compounds from a fruticose lichen Roccella montagnei, and its in silico docking study against CDK-10. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2017;27(6):724- 728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2017.07.006. 8. CLSI. Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Guideline. 2nd ed. Wayne (PA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI); 2009. CLSI document M44-A2. 9. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. 3rd ed. Wayne (PA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017. CLSI document M38-Ed3. 10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. 11th ed. CLSI document M07. Wayne (PA): CLSI; 2023. 11. Kim DO, Jeong SW, Lee CY. Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food Chem. 2003 Jun;81(3):321-326. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00423-5. 12. Katasani D, Bhogineni S, Ramanjaneyulu B. Phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total phenolic, flavanoids and antimicrobial evaluation of Trachyspermum ammi. J Atoms Mol. 2011;1(1):1-8. 13. Ankith GN, Rajesh MR, Karthik KN, Avinash HC, Kekuda TRP, Vinayaka KS. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of three Ramalina species. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2017;7(5):27-32. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v7i5.1501 14. Devashree, Pandey A, Dikshit A, Nayaka S. Antimicrobial activity of Roccella montagnei against pathogenic microorganisms. Int J Adv Res Ideas Innov Technol. 2019;5(3):1426-1431https:// www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v5i3/V5I3-1769.pdf