Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411718EnglishN2025September30Healthcare PROTACs for Targeted Protein Degradation: Mechanisms, Design, and Controllable Delivery Strategies       English0107Lukasz MisiakEnglish Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are an emerging class of bifunctional small molecules that induce targeted protein degradation by hijacking the cell’s ubiquitin–proteasome system. A PROTAC simultaneously binds a protein of interest (POI) and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, forming a ternary complex that leads to ubiquitination and proteasomal destruction of the target protein. Here, we present a concise review of PROTAC technology aimed at synthesizing recent advances in mechanism, molecular components, and rational design. Relevant literature was identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sci ence up to August 2025. Articles were thematically analyzed to highlight mechanistic principles, structure–activity relationships, and delivery innovations. Evidence consistently shows that efficient degradation depends more on productive ternary-complex formation and cooperativity than on binary binding affinities, that linker geometry and E3 ligase choice are decisive factors for selectivity, and that new approaches such as photoswitchable PROTACs, pro-drug designs, and antibody or aptamer conjugates offer spatiotemporal control. The review concludes that standardization of cooperativity metrics, expansion to new E3 ligases, and integration with clinically validated targeting vectors are key priorities for future development. EnglishLinker design, Protein degradation, Cancer, Ligands, Clinical trial, Ubiquitin–proteasome systemhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4871http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4871 1. An S, Fu L. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411718EnglishN2025September30Healthcare Evidence-Based Recommendations for Physiotherapy Management of Knee Osteoarthritis in India: A 3-Round Delphi Study     English0815Tanvi Banker (Tijoriwala)English Vivek RamanandiEnglish Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent form of arthritis worldwide, causing significant functional impairment and re duced quality of life due to chronic pain. Despite the availability of research literature, there is no Indian physiotherapy guideline for patients with OA knee. Methods: This study used a modified Delphi approach, involving a literature review and expert committee feedback. Eleven expert committee members, including physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons, participated in the study. The study consisted of three rounds of consensus, using the GRADE instrument to grade the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Results: The consensus process identified evidence-based component getting affected (pain, strength, endurance, propriocep tion, kinesiophobia, posture, gait) in OA knee and treatment propositions (isometric exercises, strengthening, proprioceptive training, postural correction, agility training). The study demonstrated a rigorous approach to developing evidence-based treat ment guidelines for OA knee, incorporating expert feedback and preferences. The final list of components getting affected and evidence-based physiotherapy protocol is under consensus. Conclusion: This study developed evidence-based treatment guidelines for osteoarthritis knee management in India, empha sizing exercise therapy, patient education, and a multidisciplinary approach, while highlighting the need for tailored guidelines incorporating various exercises targeting different components, which are getting affected in OA knee. EnglishOsteoarthritis knee, Components getting affected, Physiotherapy protocol, GRADE guidelines, Multidisciplinary approach, Consensus-based studyhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4872http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4872 1. Sofat N, Ejindu V, Kiely P. What makes osteoarthritis painful? The evidence for local and central pain processing. Rheumatol ogy (Oxford). 2011;50(12):2159-67. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatol ogy/ker283 What makes osteoarthritis painful? The evidence for local and central pain processing - PubMed) 2. Beckwée D, De Hertogh W, Lievens P, Bautmans I, Vaes P. Ef fect of tens on pain in relation to central sensitization in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012 Feb 21;13:21. doi: 10.1186/1745 6215-13-21. Effect of tens on pain in relation to central sensiti zation in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial - PubMed 3. O’Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ. 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PMID: 26681395 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/26681395/ 7. Sathiyamoorthy T, Ali SA, Kloseck M. Cultural Factors Influ encing Osteoarthritis Care in Asian Communities: A Review of the Evidence. J Community Health. 2018 Aug;43(4):816-826. doi: 10.1007/s10900-018-0470 -8. Cultural Factors Influencing Osteoarthritis Care in Asian Communities: A Review of the Evi dence - PubMed 8. Pal CP, Pulkesh S, Sanjay C, Kaushal Kumar P, Ashok V. Epide miology of knee osteoarthritis in India and related factors. IJO. 2016; 50(5), 518-522, doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.189608. Epide miology of knee osteoarthritis in India and related factors - Pub Med 9. Reddy BN, Prabhu GR., Sai TSR. “Study on Availability on Physical Infrastructure and Manpower Facilities in Sub-centres of Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh”. Indian J Public Health. 2012 Oct-Dec;56(4):290-2. doi: 10.4103/0019-557X.106417. 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Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 22;2014(4):CD007912. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD007912.pub2. PMID: 24756895. 14. Goh SL, Persson MSM, Stocks J, Hou Y, Lin J, Hall MC, et al. Efficacy and potential determinants of exercise therapy in knee and hip osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2019 Sep;62(5):356-365. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2019.04.006. PMID: 31051392. 15. Fransen M, McConnell S. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 9;2015(1):CD004376. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004376.pub3. 16. Marks R. Knee osteoarthritis and exercise adher ence: a review. Curr Aging Sci. 2012;5(1):72–83. doi: 10.2174/1874609811205010072. 17. Braghin RMB, Libardi EC, Junqueira C, Nogueira-Barbosa MH, de Abreu DCC. Exercise on balance and function for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2018;22(1):76-82. 18. Shellington EM, Gill DP, Shigematsu R, Petrella RJ. 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Guide to Physical Therapist Practice. Second Edition. American Physical Therapy Association - PubMed 23. Fernandes L, Hagen KB, Bijlsma JW, Andreassen O, Chris tensen P, et al. EULAR recommendations for the non-pharma cological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(7):1125-1135. DOI: 10.1136/annrheum dis-2012-202745. EULAR recommendations for the non-phar macological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis - PubMed 24. McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Arden NK, Beren baum F, et al. ARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(3):363 388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.003. OARSI guide lines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis - ScienceDirect