Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411714EnglishN2025July22Healthcare Current Treatment Methods for Dry Socket (Alveolar Osteitis) — Literature Review         English0106Piotr ZdziebloEnglish Anna BieniaszEnglish Maria SitkoEnglish Dominika StolarczykEnglish Aleksandra BakEnglish Katarzyna AgopsowiczEnglish Katarzyna BlicharzEnglish Martyna BiernackaEnglish Anna ZdziebloEnglish Michalina PiwowarEnglish Alveolar osteitis (AO), also known as post-extraction alveolitis, is one of the most frequently encountered complications following tooth extraction. Its etiology is multifactorial. Dry socket is common name for this complication. It may result from the failure to form a blood clot, its disintegration, or loss. The sharp pain is the main symptom of this condition. It can significantly reduce the patient’s quality of life. Sometimes, in an effort to help the patient, doctors resort to systemic antibiotics. In strictly defined cases, especially in immunocompromised individuals, the preventive use of antibiotics before and after the procedure appears to be justified. However, such management during routine extractions in patients with a properly functioning immune system is consid ered a medical error. Experts emphasize that antibiotics are often overused and misused in dentistry. It must be acknowledged that dentists share responsibility for the rapidly growing problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In clinical practice, many treatment protocols are used for managing dry socket. There is a growing body of evidence supporting primarily local treatment of this complication. With the advancement of medicine, increasingly newer and more effective methods of managing this condition are being introduced. The most recent literature is focusing more and more on methods based on the latest scientific and technological achievements. EnglishDry socket, Dry socket treatment, Alveolar osteitis, Dentistry, Inflammation, Alveolitis, Tooth extraction riskshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4859http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4859 1. Mamoun J. Dry Socket Etiology, Diagnosis, and Clinical Treat ment Techniques. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Apr;44(2):52-58. doi: 10.5125/jkaoms.2018.44.2.52. Epub 2018 Apr 25. PMID: 29732309; PMCID: PMC5932271. 2. Rohe C, Schlam M. Alveolar Osteitis. 2023 May 29. In: Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 35881742. 3. Ghosh A, Aggarwal VR, Moore R. Aetiology, Prevention and Management of Alveolar Osteitis-A Scoping Review. J Oral Re habil. 2022 Jan;49(1):103-113. doi: 10.1111/joor.13268. Epub 2021 Oct 22. PMID: 34625985. 4. Shen LH, Xiao E, Wang EB, Zheng H, Zhang Y. High-Through put Sequencing Analysis of Microbial Profiles in the Dry Socket. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019 Aug;77(8):1548-1556. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2019.02.041. Epub 2019 Mar 9. PMID: 30946809. 5. Litwiniuk M, Krejner A, Speyrer MS, Gauto AR, Grzela T. Hya luronic Acid in Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration. Wounds. 2016 Mar;28(3):78-88. PMID: 26978861. 6. Domic D, Bertl K, Lang T, Pandis N, Ulm C, Stavropoulos A. Hyaluronic acid in tooth extraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical trials. Clin Oral Investig. 2023 Dec;27(12):7209-7229. doi: 10.1007/s00784 023-05227-4. Epub 2023 Nov 15. PMID: 37963982; PMCID: PMC10713798. 7. Suchánek J, Ivan?aková RK, Mottl R, Browne KZ, Pilneyová KC, Pilbauerová N et al. Hyaluronic Acid-Based Medical De vice for Treatment of Alveolar Osteitis-Clinical Study. Int J En viron Res Public Health. 2019 Oct 1;16(19):3698. doi: 10.3390/ ijerph16193698. PMID: 31581430; PMCID: PMC6801692. 8. Daly B, Sharif MO, Newton T, Jones K, Worthington HV. Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry sock et). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD006968. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Sep 26;9:CD006968. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub3. PMID: 23235637. 9. Oginni FO. Dry socket: a prospective study of prevalent risk factors in a Nigerian population. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Nov;66(11):2290-5. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.01.063. PMID: 18940494. 10. Ku?nierek W, Brzezi?ska K, Nijakowski K, Surdacka A. Smok ing as a Risk Factor for Dry Socket: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel). 2022 Jul 1;10(7):121. doi: 10.3390/dj10070121. PMID: 35877395; PMCID: PMC9317683. 11. Brookes ZLS, Bescos R, Belfield LA, Ali K, Roberts A. Cur rent uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review. J Dent. 2020 Dec;103:103497. doi: 10.1016/j. jdent.2020.103497. Epub 2020 Oct 17. PMID: 33075450; PM CID: PMC7567658. 12. Poppolo Deus F, Ouanounou A. Chlorhexidine in Dentistry: Pharmacology, Uses, and Adverse Effects. Int Dent J. 2022 Jun;72(3):269-277. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.01.005. Epub 2022 Mar 12. PMID: 35287956; PMCID: PMC9275362. 13. Dodson T. Prevention and treatment of dry socket. Evid Based Dent. 2013 Mar;14(1):13-4. doi: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6400913. PMID: 23579300. 14. Keshini MP, Shetty SK, Sundar S, Chandan SN, Manjula S. Assessment of Healing Using Alvogyl and Platelet Rich Fibrin in Patients with Dry Socket - An Evaluative Study. Ann Max illofac Surg. 2020 Jul-Dec;10(2):320-324. doi: 10.4103/ams. ams_259_19. Epub 2020 Dec 23. PMID: 33708574; PMCID: PMC7944002. 15. Supe NB, Choudhary SH, Yamyar SM, Patil KS, Choudhary AK, Kadam VD. Efficacy of Alvogyl (Combination of Iodo form + Butylparaminobenzoate) and Zinc Oxide Eugenol for Dry Socket. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Jul-Dec;8(2):193-199. doi: 10.4103/ams.ams_167_18. PMID: 30693231; PMCID: PMC6327816. 16. Ansari A, Joshi S, Garad A, Mhatre B, Bagade S, Jain R. A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Honey in the Management of Dry Socket. Contemp Clin Dent. 2019 Jan-Mar;10(1):52-55. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_283_18. PMID: 32015642; PMCID: PMC6974995. 1 7. Soni N, Singh V, Mohammad S, Singh RK, Pal US, Singh R, et al. Effects of honey in the management of alveolar osteitis: A study. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Jul-Dec;7(2):136-147. doi: 10.4103/0975-5950.201354. PMID: 28356684; PMCID:PMC5357930. 18. Manisha DB, Shyamapada M. Honey: its medicinal prop erty and antibacterial activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011 Apr;1(2):154–160. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6 19. Shashank B, Bhushan M. Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF): The newest biomaterial and its use in various dermatological conditions in our practice: A case series. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021 May;20(5):1421-1426. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13742. Epub 2020 Oct 12. 20. Laforgia A, Danilo A, Riccaldo L, Avantario P, Buongiorno S, Malcangi G et al. The Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) in the Management of Dry Socket: A Systematic Review. J. Mol. Sci. 2024; 25(18): 10069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810069 21. Cardoso R-B, Soto V-C, Gonçalves R-C, Pedroso A-M, Jabur R-D, Bortoluzzi M-C. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Dry Socket Following Routine Dental Extractions. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal. 2024 ; 29: e408–e415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 22. Chakravarthi S. Platelet rich fibrin in the management of estab lished dry socket. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Jun 28;43(3):160–165. doi: 10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.3.160 23. Houston JP, McCollum J, Pietz D, Schneck D. Alveolar Ostei tis: A Review of Its Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment Modali ties.Gen Dent. 2002 Sep-Oct;50(5):457-63; quiz 464-5. PMID: 12448899. 24. Khalifah M. Surgical Curettage as a Treatment Modality for Al veolar Osteitis: A Wide Controversy. Int J Clin Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;3(5):26-29. 25. Faizel S, Thomas S, Yuvaraj V, Prabhu S, Tripathi G. Compari sion between neocone, alvogyl and zinc oxide eugenol packing for the treatment of dry socket: A double blind randomised con trol trial. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2014;14(2):312-320. 26. Alexander RE. Dental extraction wound management: a case against medicating postextraction sockets. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58(5):538-551. doi:10.1016/s0278-2391(00)90017 x 27. Blum IR. Contemporary views on dry socket (alveolar ostei tis): a clinical appraisal of standardization, aetiopathogenesis and management: a critical review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31(3):309-317. doi:10.1054/ijom.2002.0263 28. Taberner-Vallverdú M, Nazir M, Sánchez-Garcés Á, Gay-Esco da C. Efficacy of different methods used for dry socket manage ment: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015 Jun 27;20(5):e633–e639. doi:10.4317/medoral.20589 29. Tarakji B, Saleh LA, Umair A, Azzeghaiby SN, Hanouneh S. Systemic review of dry socket: aetiology, treatment, and preven tion. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Apr;9(4): ZE10-3. doi: 10.7860/ JCDR/2015/12422.5840. Epub 2015 Apr 1. PMID: 26023661; PMCID: PMC4437177. 30. Khalil W. A New Approach for Explaining and Treating Dry Sockets: A Pilot Retrospective Study. Cureus. 2023 Jul 4;15(7): e41347. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41347. PMID: 37546073; PMCID: PMC10398614. 31. Ren YF, Malmstrom HS. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in third molar surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(10):1909-1921. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2007.03.004 32. Eshghpour M, Ahrari F, Najjarkar NT, Khajavi MA. Compari son of the effect of low level laser therapy with Alvogyl on the management of alveolar osteitis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015 May 1;20(3):e386-92. doi:10.4317/medoral.20375. 33. Kaya G?, Yap?c? G, Sava? Z, Güngörmü? M. Comparison of alvogyl, salicept patch, and low-level laser therapy in the management of alveolar osteitis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(6):1571–7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2010.11.005 34. Rosa A, Pujia AM, Arcuri C. Investigation of alveolar osteitis and the effectiveness of laser treatment: a unified Meta-analysis and review of the literature. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:700. doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04461-w 35. Smucler R, Hubálková H, Mazánek J, Sta?ková H. Dry socket and the length of healing depending on the type of the treatment. Part two: Treatment with ozonated water. ?es Stomatol/Prakt Zubní Lek. 2016;116(4):96-101. doi:10.51479/cspzl.2016.012

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411714EnglishN2025July22Healthcare Physicochemical Characteristics of Whole Wheat Flour Fortified with Four Different Levels of Tricalcium Phosphate     English0713Shreya WarrierEnglish Pranali PangerkarEnglish Nidhi RandiveEnglish Anuradha RameshEnglish Jagmeet MadanEnglish Prakash RaoEnglish Shobha A. UdipiEnglish Introduction: Dietary calcium intakes have been reported to be lower than recommended intakes in women and adolescents. This essential nutrient has not received adequate attention at the population level. Food fortification, particularly of staples can help bridge the gap between requirement and customary intakes, without altering diet patterns. Aim/Objectives: This study aimed to fortify wheat flour to increase calcium content, using four levels of Tri Calcium Phosphate (TCP), to determine the optimum level, based on physicochemical characteristics. Methods: Wheat flour was fortified with four levels of TCP such that 150g of flour would provide 200mg, 300 mg, 400 mg or 500 mg. Physicochemical properties (Water absorption capacity, swelling power, swelling volume, solubility index, bulk density, solvent retention capacity, particle size) were analyzed in fortified and unfortified flour samples. Results: Fortified flours had lower water absorption capacity than unfortified wheat flour (pEnglishTricalcium phosphate, Particle size, Solvent retention capacity, Swelling volume, Water absorption capacity, Cal cium fortificationhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4860http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4860 1. Beto JA. The role of calcium in human aging. Clin Nutr Res 2015;4(1):01–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25713787/ 2. International Institute for Population Sciences. National Family Health Survey 4. India Fact Sheet. Ministry of Health and Fam ily Welfare, Government of India, Mumbai: International Insti tute for Population Sciences; 2016. https://www.iipsindia.ac.in/ content/national-family-health-survey 3. Madari RS, Boddula S, Kumar BN, Bala Krishna N, Avula L. Dietary and nondietary determinants of nutritional status among adolescent girls and adult women in India. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 2018: 1416: 5–17. https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ pdf/10.1111/nyas.13599 4. Sanwalka NJ, Khadilkar AV, Mughal MZ, Sayyad MG, Khad ilkar VV, Shirole SC, et al. A study of calcium intake and sourc es of calcium in adolescent boys and girls from two socioeconomic strata in Pune, India. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2010; 19 (3): 324–329. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20805075/ 5. Patil S, Joglekar C, Desai M, Yadav A, Sonawane S, Chavan R, et al. Nutritional status and psychological impairment in rural adolescent girls: Pilot data from “KOKAN” region of western India. Frontiers Publ Hlth 2018; 6:160-168. https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29977886/ 6. Gupta A, Norohna, JA, Shobha. Macronutrient and micronutri ent knowledge among adolescent girls of Udupi taluk, Karna taka. Ind J Publ Hlth Res Dev 2018; 9(10):190. 7. https://researcher.manipal.edu/en/publications/macronutrient and-micronutrient-knowledge-among-adolescent-girls-National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau. Diet and nutritional status of ru ral population, prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among adults and infant and young child feeding practices. Report of third repeat survey, NNMB Technical Report No 26. Hyderabad: National Institute of Nutrition;2012. https://www.scribd.com/ document/488073329/1-NNMB-Third-Repeat-Rural-Survey Technicl-Report-26-pdf 8. Revised Short Summary Report- 2023, ICMR-NIN Expert Group on Nutrient Requirements for Indians, Recommended Dietary Al lowances (RDA) and Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)- 2020. ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition;2023. Indian Council of Medical Research. Department of Health Research. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India. https://nin.res. in/RDA_short_Report_2024.html 9. Cormick G, Betrán AP, RomeroI B, Lombardo CF, Gülmezoglu AM, Ciapponi A, et al. Global inequities in dietary calcium in take during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2019;126: 444–456. https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/30347499/ 10. Bharadva K, Mishra S, Tiwari S, Yadav B, Deshmukh U, Eliza beth KE, et al. Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Young Children: Consensus Statement from Infant and Young Child Feeding. Indian Paediatr. 2019; 577-586. https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31333213/ 11. Maternal Health Division. Ministry of Health and Family Wel fare. National Guidelines for Calcium Supplementation and Lac tation. Government of India. 2014; 3. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/282337540_National_Guidelines_for_Calci um_Supplementation_During_Pregnancy_and_Lactation_India 12. Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regula tions, 2018; Version-I (02.03.2021) https://fssai.gov.in/upload/ uploadfiles/files/Compendium_Food_Fortification_Regula tions_04_03_2021.pdf 13. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Food Safety and Stand ards Authority of India. Food Safety and Standards (Health Sup plements, Nutraceuticals, Foods for Special Dietary Use, Food for Medical Purpose, Functional Foods, and Novel Food) Reg ulations, 2016 December 26REGD. NO. D. L-33004/99. EX TRAORDINARY. PART III-Section 4. https://www.mohfw.gov. in/sites/default/files/13%20ChapterAN2018-19.pdf 14. Amandikwa C, Iwe MO, Uzomah A, Olawuni, AI. Physico chemical properties of wheat-yam flour composite bread. Ni gerian Food J. 2015; 33(1):12–17. https://scholar.archive.org/ work/okpk4cfqdvbf5m74etfqktfbhe 15. Ee KY, Eng MK, Lee ML. Physicochemical, thermal and rheo logical properties of commercial wheat flours and correspond ing starches. Food Sci Tech (Campinas). 2020; 40(1):51–59. https://www.scielo.br/j/cta/a/vwRFzb9vZCR78xzYPSn3LPC/? format=pdf 16. Oladunmoye OO, Akinoso R, Olapade AA. Evaluation of some physical–chemical properties. J Food Qual 2010; 33: 693 708. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1745 4557.2010.00351.x 17. Awuchi CG, Victory I, Echeta EC. The Functional Properties of Foods and Flours. Int J Adv Acad Res Sci, Tech Eng2019; 5(11): 139-160. https://www.academia.edu/41000810/The_Function al_Properties_of_Foods_and_Flours 18. Janve M, Singhal RS. Fortification of puffed rice extrudates and rice noodles with different calcium salts: Physicochemical prop erties and calcium bioaccessibility. LWT- Food Sci Tech 2018; 97: 67–75. https://europepmc.org/article/AGR/IND606130566 19. Bhat NA, Wani IA, Hamdani AM, Gani A, Masoodi FA. Phys icochemical properties of whole wheat flour as affected by gam ma irradiation LWT - Food Science and Technology Physico chemical properties of whole wheat flour as affected by gamma irradiation. LWT - Food Sci Tech 2020; 71:175–183. https:// www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Physicochemical-properties of-whole-wheat-flour-as-Bhat-Wani/3f44ffab28b2691c7152028 0723b52de40ead55d 20. Codin? GG, Zaharia D, Stroe SG, Ropciuc S. Influence of cal cium ions addition from gluconateand lactate salts on refined wheat flour dough rheological properties. J Food. 2018; 16(1): 884-891. https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/ca27ac7b-c6c3 3547-b575-4a2f30c574fa/ 21. Khan FA, Ameer K, Qaiser MA, Pasha I. Development and analysis of bread fortified with calcium extracted from chicken eggshells of Pakistani market. Food Sci Tech (Brazil) 2021; 41:14–20. https://www.scielo.br/j/cta/a/pZq33Gv77VmPWq7v VSznj5B/?format=pdf 22. Sehn GA, Nogueira AC, Chang AY, Steel CJ. Fortification of wheat dough with calcium and magnesium ions affects empirical rheological properties. Cereal Chemistry 2015; 92(4): 405–410. https://www.repositorio.unicamp.br/acervo/detalhe/1187202 23. Miller RA, Hoseney RC. Role of salt in baking. Cereal Foods Wld 2008; 53:4–6. https://www.proquest.com/docview/230377 753?sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals 24. Sasaki T, Matsuki J. Effect of Wheat Starch Structure on Swell ing Power. Cereal Chem 1998; 75(4): 525-529. https://onlineli brary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.4.525 25. Chandra S, Singh S, Kumari D. Evaluation of functional prop erties of composite flours and sensorial attributes of composite flour biscuits. J Food Sci Tech 2015; 52(6): 3681–3688. https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26028751/ 26. Gaines CS. Report of the AACC committee on soft wheat flour. Method 56– 11. Solvent Retention Capacity Profile. Cereal Foods Wld 2000; 45: 303–306. https://www.cerealsgrains.org/ resources/Methods/tools/Documents/56-11-01.pdf 27. Kweon M, Slade L, Levine H. Solvent retention capacity (SRC) testing of wheat flour: Principles and value in predicting flour functionality in different wheat-based food processes and in wheat breeding-A review. Cereal Chem 2011;88(6): 537–552. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?reference id=620926 28. Guzman C, Posadas-Romano G, Hernández-Espinosa N, Mo rales-Dorantes A, Peña A. new standard water absorption criteria based on solvent retention capacity (SRC) to determine dough mixing properties, viscoelasticity, and bread-making quality. J Cereal Sci 2015; 66:59-65. Sciencedirect.com/science/article/ abs/pii/S0733521015300746 29. Haynes LC, Bettge AD, Slade L. Soft wheat and flour products methods review: Solvent retention capacity equation correction. Cereal Foods Wld. 2009;54(4):174–175. https://www.research gate.net/publication/327189574_Soft_Wheat_and_Flour_Prod ucts_Methods_Review_Solvent_Retention_Capacity_Equa tion_Correction 30. Cereals and Grains Association. Solvent Retention Capac ity Profile. Physicochemical tests. AACC International Method 1999:56-11.01. https://www.cerealsgrains.org/resources/Meth ods/tools/Documents/56-11-01.pdf 31. Duyvejonck AE, Lagrain B, Dornez E, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Suitability of solvent retention capacity tests to assess the cookie and bread making quality of European wheat flours. LWT- Food Sci Tech2012; 47(1): 56–63. https://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/S0023643812000047 32. Pike PR, MacRitchie F. Protein composition and quality of some new hard white winter wheats. Crop Sci. 2004; 44(1): 173–176. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2135/ cropsci2004.1730 33. Pang J, Guan E, Yang Y, Li M, Bian K. Effects of wheat flour particle size on flour physicochemical properties and steamed bread quality. Food Sci Nutr. 2021; 9(9): 4691–4700. https://on linelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fsn3.2008 34. Lin S, Gao J, Jin X, Wang Y, Dong Z, Ying J, et al. Whole-wheat flour particle size influences dough properties, bread struc ture and: In vitro starch digestibility. Food Funct. 2020; 11(4): 3610–3620. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/ fo/c9fo02587a 35. Bressiani J, Oro T, Da Silva PML, Montenegro FM, Bertolin TE, Gutkoski LC, et al. Influence of milling whole wheat grains and particle size on thermomechanical properties of flour using Mixolab. Czech J Food Sci 2019; 37(4): 276– 284. https://www. agriculturejournals.cz/pdfs/cjf/2019/04/09.pdf 36. Bassi D, Kaur K, Singh TP, Kaur J. Quality attributes and chapa tti making property of biofortified wheat as influenced by par ticle size. J Food SciTech 2021; 58(3): 1156–1164. https://pub med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678897/