Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241822EnglishN-0001November30HealthcarePREVALENCE OF OBESITY AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN MADURAI English0106Babitha Rexlin G.English Sivakumar E.English Rajkumar D.English Nagendran M.EnglishAim: The objective is to find the prevalence of obesity among school children aged 6 to 12 years in Madurai and to investigate the factors promoting rise of weight in children. Methodology: It is a cross sectional observational study. The sample size is 2519 children from 2 rural and 2 urban schools. Height is measured by stadiometer and weight by electronic weighing machine. Body Mass Index is calculated and plotted on the Indian Academy of Pediatrics Body Mass Index chart (IAP-BMI) 2015 for boys and girls. Children are classified as underweight, normal, overweight and obese. Factors causing obesity assessed were age, gender, place of residence, birth weight, preterm/term, socio-economic status, Parents BMI, Environmental factors (physical activity, TV/Video gaming duration, Transport to school, Environmental safety), Food habits and sleep pattern. Result: The prevalence of obesity and overweight are 9.3% and 16.8% respectively. Obesity has strong association with the place of residence and socio-economic status (pEnglishObesity, Overweight, Prevalence, Risk factors, Protective factorsINTRODUCTION Obesity in children is a complex disorder. Its prevalence is increasing in recent years so as to consider it a major health concern both in the developed and developing world [1], [2], [3]. The ill effects of obesity on health are not fully reversible. So focus on preventing obesity is needed. Since overweight and obesity in adult life are predicated by childhood weight, prevention of obesity should start early in life. Many factors, including genetics, hormonal influence, in-utero environment, metabolic changes, lifestyle changes, socioeconomic status, nutrition status of parents, sleep pattern and eating habits, are believed to play role in the development of obesity. But, more than 90% of cases are due to modifiable factors and only less than 10% are due to hormonal or genetic changes. Addressing different areas by focusing on behavioral changes and environmental modificationtowards healthier lifestyles will be the primordial treatment to decrease childhood obesity One of the important target groups is the school-age children, especially the pre adolescents who are old enough to understand and young to be influenced. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants were 2519 children from 2 urban and 2 rural schools of Madurai. Children aged between 6 to 12 years are included in the study. The study protocol and procedures are approved by the research ethics committee of Madurai Medical College affiliated to The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University. The nutritional status of the child is classified as underweight, normal, overweight and obese was based on IAP-BMI chart 2015. Information collected are regarding age, gender, place of residence (urban or rural), birth weight (Small for gestation (SGA i.e.< 2.5 kg), Appropriate for Gestation (AGA i.e. 2.5 kg to 4.0 kg) or Large for Gestation (LGA i.e. >4.0 kg)), preterm/term, socio-economic status (according to updated modified Kuppusamy’s scale for rural areas and updated modified Prasad’s scale for urban areas), parents BMI, environmental factors (physical activity, TV/Video gaming duration, transport to school, environmental safety), food habits and sleep pattern. Questionnaire and profoma are distributed to the school children on the day of parents teachers meet and details filled by the author. Age was taken as per the completed years on the school records. Height of the child was measured using a stadiometer. Standing height was measured by making the child to stand against the fixed calibrated rod with the adjustable head rest without footwear, standing erect, looking forward with feet’s together. Weight was measured in kilograms using a standard electronic weighing machine without footwear and with light clothes. Separate IAP BMI percentile charts were used for girls and boys. After calculating the BMI for every child BMI was plotted on the IAP gender specific percentile chart 2015 and BMI status of the child assessed. Factors influencing obesity was also analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data’s were entered in Microsoft Excel 2014 and statistical analysis done using SSPS 18 software. The mean and Standard deviation of Body Mass Index in various age groups and sex are calculated and plotted in a scatter diagram. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is usedto test their significance. Other statistical methods used to analyze were Frequencies, Distributions, Confidence Interval, Chi-square test and Regression analysis. Since the Body Mass Index in boys and girls and urban and rural children has significant differences, data’s were analyzed both as a whole sample and separately for boys and girls. P value < 0.05 is taken statistically significant. RESULTS DISCUSSION: In this cross sectional study on 2519 children, the prevalence of Obesity was 9.3% (n=234) and overweight was 16.8% (n=423). Studies conducted in Amritsar showed 6.3% obesity and 11.9% overweight. Screening study in the nearby Pondicherry state [2] showed a prevalence of 3.8% obesity and 7.8% overweight.The following table reveals the rise in prevalence of obesity and need for prompt intervention. Table 10 – Studies on prevalence of Obesity in India. Author Year Place Age Prevalence of Obesity Settings SupreetKaurMD et al[3] 2006 Delhi 5-18 yrs 2.45% School Preetam B Mahajan et al[2] 2007 Pondicherry 6-12 yrs 2.12%. School Pediatric Oncall Journal[1] 2012 Patiala Punjab 6-15  yrs 7.6% School Nora El-Said Badawi et al[5] 2012 Egypt  6-12 yrs 13.5% School Alice T Cherian et al[6] 2012 Kochi, Kerala 6-15  yrs 3.0% - boys 5.3% - Girls School Premnath M et al[7] 2010 Mysore 5-16 yrs 3.4 % School   Age distribution and obesity: In our study BMI increases with age and with no gender variation, but there is no statistical difference in the prevalence of obesity related to increase in age (p value is 0.303). Studies done by Preetam B Mahajan et al[2] in Pondicherry among school children aged 6-12 years, studies in Egypt by Nora-El-Said[5] and Shiji K Jacob in Ernakulum, Kerala[8] also inferred that no increase in obesity noted in school age and obesity increases only during the pubertal age. Effect of gender on prevalence of Obesity: In our study prevalence of obesity among boys and girls were 9.7% (n=141) and 8.0% (n=93) respectively. P value was 0.354 and statistically insignificant. This delineate that comparing the obesity status between the genders in the age group of 6 to 12 years, does not show any relationship with obesity. Studies by Cynthia L. Ogden et al [9] in Maryland USA, and Helen et al[10] study also had the same views. Association of obesity with place of residence. In this study prevalence of obesity in urban and rural schools were 12% and 4.3% respectively. This result was statistically highly significant with p value Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=162http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=162 Pediatric Oncall Journal: ISSN - 0973-0958, Advance Search – Obesity Pediatric Oncall Year : November 2012 | Volume : 9 Issue : 11 DOI : 10.7199/ped.oncall.2012.73 Mahajan, Preetam B., et al. "Study of childhood obesity among school children aged 6 to 12 years in union territory of Puducherry." Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine 36.1 (2011): 45. Kaur, Supreet, et al. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst school children in Delhi, India." Asia Pac J ClinNutr 17.4 (2008): 592-6. Khadilkar, Vaman, et al. "Revised IAP growth charts for height, weight and body mass index for 5-to 18-year-old Indian children." Indian pediatrics 52.1 (2015): 47-55. Badawi, Nora El-Said, et al. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school children in Port Said city." Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette 61.1 (2013): 31-36. Cherian, Alice T., Sarah S. Cherian, and SobhanaSubbiah. "Prevalence of obesity and overweight in urban school children in Kerala, India." Indian pediatrics 49.6 (2012): 475-477 Premanath, M., et al. "Mysore childhood obesity study." Indian pediatrics 47.2 (2010): 171-173. Jacob, Shiji K. "Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight among School Going Children in Rural Areas of Ernakulam District, Kerala State India." Ogden, Cynthia L., et al. "Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010." Jama 307.5 (2012): 483-490. Sweeting, Helen N. "Gendered dimensions of obesity in childhood and adolescence." Nutrition Journal 7.1 (2008): 1. Alok, Parekh, Parekh Malay, and VadasmiyaDivyeshkumar. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents of urban and rural area of Surat, Gujarat." National Journal of Medical Research 2.3 (2012): 325-29. AUnnithan, S Syamakumari. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity and Underweight among School Going Children in Rural and Urban areas of Thiruvananthapuram Educational District, Kerala State (India). The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness. 2007 Volume 6 Number 2. Kotian, M. Shashidhar, Ganesh Kumar, and Suphala S. Kotian. "Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescent school children of South Karnataka, India." Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine 35.1 (2010): 176. Barnes, Ann Smith. "Obesity and sedentary lifestyles: risk for cardiovascular disease in women." Texas Heart Institute Journal 39.2 (2012): 224. Aggarwal, T., et al. "Prevalence of obesity and overweight in affluent adolescents from Ludhiana, Punjab." Indian pediatrics 45.6 (2008): 500. Kuriyan, Rebecca, et al. "Television viewing and sleep are associated with overweight among urban and semi-urban South Indian children." Nutr J 6.25 (2007): 1-4. Nixon GM, Thompson JM, Han DY, Becroft DM, Clark PM, Robinson E, et al. Short sleep duration in middle childhood: risk factors and consequences. Sleep. 2008;31:71–8. Beccuti, Guglielmo, and SilvanaPannain. "Sleep and obesity." Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 14.4 (2011): 402. Whitaker, Robert C., et al. "Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity." New England Journal of Medicine 337.13 (1997): 869-873. Obes Rev. 2011 Jul;12(7):525-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00867.x. Epub 2011 Mar 28. Birth weight and subsequent risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Yu ZB, Han SP, Zhu GZ, Zhu C, Wang XJ, Cao XG, Guo XR [Pub Med] The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Birth weight; postnatal, infant, and childhood growth; and obesity in young adulthood: evidence from the Barry Caerphilly, Anne McCarthy, Rachael Hughes, Kate Tilling, David Davies, George Davey Smith, and Yoav Ben-Shlomo Am J ClinNutr October 2007 vol. 86 no. 4 907-913

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241822EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareHISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ODONTOGENIC TUMORS AT TERTIARY CARE CENTRE English0709Pratibha VyasEnglish Parikh U.R.English Goswami H.M.EnglishBackground: Odontogenic tumors arise from remnants of embryonic tissue destined to develop into teeth and associated structure. They originate from remnants of odontogenic epithelium, mesenchymal or combination of cellular elements that comprise the tooth- forming apparatus, clinical behaviour ranges from hematoma like proliferation to benign and invasive neoplasm Objective: Purpose of study to analyse frequency of benign and malignant lesion, male female ratio, most common site for lesion and age of patient at the time of presentation. Material and Method: This study was carried out between January 2013 to May 2015 at department of pathology of the Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital Patient data such as patient age and histopathologies of tumors were collected. Result: We found a total no of 115 odontogenic tumors; of this 87 were benign; of which keratosis with dysplasia (10.57 %) and keratosis without dysplasia (13.91 %) are common. Twenty one were malignant of which squamous cell carcinoma is most common and 7 were inflammatory lesions. The male female ratio was 1.3:1 Conclusion: Among odontogenic tumors, benign condition is most common with mandible is the most common. The tumours show male predominance with common in 5th decade. EnglishOdontogenic tumors, Keratosis without dysplasia and with dysplasia, Squamous cell carcinomaINTRODUCTION Odontogenic tumors are uncommon lesions of the mandible and maxilla[1] The odontogenic tumors have shown geographic variations in their distribution and frequency [5,6]. Generally, we use the latest classification of the World Health Organization (WHO)[1]. Several studies show differences in the relative frequency of odontogenic tumors[2-3]in different geographical areas. The present study reviews 115 cases of odontogenic tumors diagnosed at an oral diagnosis centre, determining the type, relative frequency and distribution of the lesion as to patientsage and sex as well as its location, in order to provide data for comparison with the results of previously published studies from other oral diagnosis services. MATERIAL AND METHOD This study was carried out between January 2014 to May 2015 from at department of pathology. Patient data search as patient age, detailed clinical history, radiological investigations were collected. The tissue is received in 10 % buffered formal saline which was used as fixative for all specimens. Grossly multiple representative tissue sections of size ranging from 0.6x0.6  cm2 to 1 x1 cm2 tissue sections were taken, processed by automatic tissue processor  and embedded in paraffin. Microscopic examination was carried out. Histological features were studied in detail, diagnosis is made and correlated with other studies. OBSERVATION Table 1 Histopathological diagnosis of dental tumours     Benign                               Diagnosis total % keratosis without dysplasia 16 13.91% keratosis with dysplasia 11 10.57% Mucocele 10 9.25% Fibroma 9 8.57% Leukoplakia 8 6.95% Myxoma 5 4.76% pyogenic granuloma 5 4.76% Dentigerous cyst 4 3.80% Ameloblastoma 3 2.85% Lobular capillary hemangioma 2 1.90% Oral submucous fibrosis 1 0.95% Lipoma 1 0.95% Epidermoid cyst 1 0.95% Benign fibro epithelial polyp 1 0.95% Benign inflammatory ulcer 1 0.95% Verrucous hyperplasia 1 0.95% Total 79 60.03%     Malignant       Squamous cell carcinoma 21 18.26% Verrucous cell carcinoma 7 6.66% Non- hodgkins lymphoma 1 0.95% Total 29 22.34  Inflammatory Lesions 7 6.66% Total 7 6.66% Inflammatory Grand total 115 100.00 RESULT During the present study, the most common lesion we encounter is keratosis without dysplasia (13.91 %) followed by keratosis with dysplasia (10.57 %). (Table I). All the odontogenic tumours are more common in male compare to female. (Table II).                        TABLE 2 FREQUENCY OF ODONTOGENIC TUMORS IN SEX   MALE(%)        FEMALE (%) BENIGN 56 % 43 % MELIGNANT 58 % 42 %                                                                                                                                                               DISCUSSION Odontogenic tumors are relatively uncommon lesion. In our study, benign lesion is most common as compare to malignant.  In the present study keratosis with dysplasia (18.97 %) followed by keratosis without dysplasia (10.57%) is common among benign lesion. In studies carried out in Turkey4the ameloblastoma was the most prevalent tumors. Probably, such differences result from geographical variations[6] and awareness of people seeking early treatment and diagnosed earlier in tertiary health care centre. Among malignant lesion squamous cell carcinoma (18.26 %) is most common may be due to tobacco chewing, alcohol, and cigarette smoking among Indian population.[7]Which matches with those of Brazilian (5.5%) [8], Chinese (6.0%) [9]. Age of patients present with odontogenic tumors ranged from 9- 75 years with median age  5th decade ,similar  to Sriram et al., [10] Avelar et al. [12] ,Fernandes et al., [13] and Okada [11] studies reported the average age of 39.1.Maxilla is the most common site for odontogenic tumors. According to PHILIPSEN; REICHART [15] (1998) in a review of the literature carried out in 1991, this type of lesion has been more frequently found in the maxilla than in the mandible. According to our study male female ratio 1.4:1,in most of the previous studies, in terms of gender, Odontogenic tumors had a rather similar distribution for males and females. Nonetheless, there was a female preponderance in studies done by Regezi,[16]Wu and Chan [17] and Santos et al., [18]  CONCLUSION Among odontogenic tumors benign condition is the most common with predominance of keratosis with dysplasia followed by keratosis without dysplasia among them and among malignant conditions squamous cell carcinoma is most common and male predominance with maxilla is most common site for all Otontogenictumors. They are common in 5th decade is most common age of presentation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I, Dr PratibhaVyas , specially thanks to Dr .Urvi Parikh and Dr.HansaGoswami for their guidance and cooperation for this research.   Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=163http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=163 KRAMER, I. R. H.; PINDBORG, J. J.; SHEAR, M. Histological typing of odontogenic tumours. 2. ed. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1992. 118 p.       ASAMOA, E. A.; AYANLERE, A. O.; OLAITAN, A. A.; ADEKEYE, E. O. Paediatric tumours of the jaws in Northern Nigeria: clinical presentation and treatment. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, v. 18, n. 3, p. 130-135, Apr. 1990 DALEY, T. D.; WYSOCKI, G. P.; PRINGLE, G. A. Relative incidence of odontogenic tumors and oral and jaw cysts in a Canadian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, v. 77, n. 3, p. 276-280, Mar. 1994.         GÜNHAN, O.; ERSEVEN, G.; RUACAN, S. et al. Odontogenic tumours: a series of 409 cases. Aust Dent J, v. 35, n. 6, p. 518-522, Dec. 1990.         LU, Y.; XUAN, M.; TAKATA, T. et al. Odontogenic tumors: a demographic study of 759 cases in a Chinese population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, v. 86, n. 6, p. 707-714, Dec. 1998.         DALEY, T. D.; WYSOCKI, G. P.; PRINGLE, G. A. Relative incidence of odontogenic tumors and oral and jaw cysts in a Canadian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, v. 77, n. 3, p. 276-280, Mar. 1994.         JaunRosai (2010),Rosai and Ackerman’s  Surgical Pathology. Tenth edition volume 1,page no Da-Costa DO, Maurício AS, de-Faria PA, da-Silva LE, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Lourenço SD. Odontogenic tumors: a retrospective study of four Brazilian diagnostic pathology centers. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012; 17: 389- 394. 12. Osterne RL, Brito RG, Alves AP, Cavalcante RB, Sousa FB. Odontogenic Luo HY, Li TJ. Odontogenic tumors: a study of 1309 cases in a Chinese population. Oral Oncol 2009; 45: 706-711. Sriram G, Shetty RP. Odontogenic tumors: A study of 250 cases in India teaching hospital. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;105:e14-21.   Okada H, Yamamoto H, Tilakaratne WM. Odontogenic tumors in Sri Lanka: Analysis of 226 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:875-82.   Reichart PA, Philipsen HP, Sonner S. Ameloblastoma: Biological profile of 3677 cases. Oral Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1995;31B: 86-9.   Fernandes AM, Duarte EC, Pimenta FJ, Souza LN, Santos VR, PHILIPSEN, H. P.; REICHART, P. A. Adenomatoidodontogenictumor: facts and figures.OralOncol, v. 35, n. 2, p. 125-131, Mar. 1998. Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RC. Oral pathology, clinical pathologic correlations. St Louis, MO: WB Saunders; 2008.   Wu PC, Chan KW. A survey of tumors of the jaw bones in Hong Kong Chinese: 1963-1982. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1985;23:92-102.   Santos JN, Pinto LP, de Figueredo CR, de Souza LB. Odontogenic tumors: Analysis of 127 cases. Pesqui Odontol Bras 2001;15:308-13.   Jing W, Xuan M, Lin Y, Wu L, Liu L, Zheng X, Tang W, Qiao J, Tian W. Odontogenic tumors: A retrospective study of 1642 cases in a Chinese population. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36:20-5. 

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241822EnglishN-0001November30HealthcarePREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES IN THE SCHOOL-GOING CHILDREN IN RBI STAFF QUADRANT SCHOOL English1012Nausheen MobeenEnglish Mahesh RamakrishnanEnglishAim: The aim of the study is to measure the prevalence of dental caries in school going children. Objective: This study is to measure the caries prevalence and treatment needs in school children of 5-10 years studying in different primary and high schools in Chennai, India. Background: Dental caries is a multi-factorial, microbial, infectious, transmissible disease of hard tissues of teeth characterized by the demineralization of inorganic structures and subsequent breakdown of organic structure along with remineralization of the demineralized structures until there is cavitations. The most common influencing factors, such as sticky carbohydrate containing foods, dietary intake of fibrous foods, the presence of fluoride or other micronutrients in diet, sugar intake frequency and oral hygiene maintenance all have to some extent influence over the causation of dental caries. This Study is carried out in children falling under age group of 3-6 years using World health organization criteria (1997) to record prevalence of dental caries. Results: A total of 200 children were examined, out of which 126 were female and 74 were male. The prevalence of dental caries was 63% among girls and 37% among boys. In all the primary teeth which were examined the highest incidence of dental caries is seen in maxillary left second molar with an average of 4.6 and highest incidence of filled tooth was also in maxillary left second molar with an average of 2.45. In mandibular quadrant the highest incidence of dental caries was in right second molar with mean average of 4.6 and highest filled tooth was also seen in mandibular right second molar With average of 2.3 while comparing both the quadrant the highest incidence of dental caries are seen in maxillary left second molar and mandibular right second molar with mean value of 4.6 but highest incidence of caries filled tooth is seen in maxillary left second molar with average of 2.45.. EnglishDental caries, Cavity, Filled tooth, ChildrenIntroduction The history of diagnosing dental caries began in 1883 by W.D. Miller who found bacterial involvement in caries development. Shafer (1993) defined dental caries as an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth, which often leads to cavitations (1). Among oral diseases, the dental caries [2, 3] is an important dental public problem in India and is predominantly a disease of childhood. Pain due to dental caries can affect normal food intake and daily activity in the children (4).The caries experience varies greatly among countries and even within small regions of countries. It varies with age, and sex, socioeconomic conditions, ethnicity, diet, medical conditions of the patient, oral hygiene practices, etc., and even within oral cavity all the teeth and surfaces are not equally susceptible to caries(5).In India, only sporadic data regarding dental caries prevalence is available. Most of studies have been localized to a smaller area involving a particular community (6). Voluminous literature exists on the status of dental caries in the Indian population. Despite several attempts to cure caries and prevent the disease, its prevalence has increased over the last couple of decades. These changing trends in the prevalence of dental caries need continuous understanding and investigations. Thus epidemiological data (7, 8) plays a vital role in updating recent trends of the disease and treatment needs. The present study was designed to access the prevalence of dental caries in school going children of Reserve bank of India staff quarters school, Chennai, Tamil Nadu in age group of 3-6  years. Materials and methods The study was carried out in 200 children studying in reserve bank of Indian staff quarters school in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The study was completed within a span for 4 months. The children were examined individually in the school premises by one examiner on a simple straight wooden chair using plane mouth mirrors and community periodontal index probe. The examination was done under natural day light and the details were entered using WHO criteria (9).The children were examined for the presence of decay and filled tooth in primary dentition status. The data was collected and statistical analysis was done. Inclusion criteria- - School going children of age 3-6 years -school children belonging to RBI staff quarters, Chennai. Exclusion criteria- -Children suffering from systemic illness -Children who were not willing to participate in the study -Children with orthodontic brackets and with severe extrinsic stains on their teeth. Results This is cross-sectional study were  200 children were examined , out of which 126 were female and 74 were male (Graph 1).The prevalence of dental caries was 63% among girls and 37% among boys. In all the primary teeth which were examined the highest incidence of dental caries in maxillary left second molar with an average of 4.6 and highest incidence of filled tooth was also in maxillary left second molar with an average of 2.45. In mandibular quadrant the highest incidence of dental caries was in right second molar with mean average of 4.6 and highest filled tooth was also seen in mandibular right second molar with average of 2.3.  While comparing both the quadrant the highest incidence of dental caries are seen in maxillary left second molar and mandibular right second molar with mean value of 4.6 but highest incidence of caries filled tooth is seen in maxillary left second molar with average of 2.45. Discussion  The study concludes that dental caries prevalence in RBI school going children of age 3-6years is significantly high and overall of 90% children required treatment. This could be because of negligence or lack of awareness about the importance of primary teeth. The increase in caries would be due to lack of dental awareness, improper brushing techniques, improper dietary habits, ignorance, and lack of motivation. We recommend creating dental awareness by increasing school dental health programs .Awareness to the public may be increased by using audio-visual communications such as radio, televisions, magazines, and public notices. Parents and teachers must be encourages to devote sufficient time for dental health education programs and diet counselling. Conclusion  This study was a cross-sectional study on prevalence of dental caries in children studying in RBI staff quarters, Chennai aged 3-6years. The study concluded that the highest incidence of dental caries was 63% in girls and 37% in boys. In all the primary teeth which were examined maxillary left and mandibular right second molar showed the highest incidence in dental caries and maxillary left second molar showed highest incidence of filled tooth.  Thus it concludes that dental caries incidence is high in RBI school children and 90% children needs treatment. Healthy teeth and oral tissues and the need for oral health care are important for any section of society and as dentist it is important to promote awareness towards dental caries in children. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=164http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1641.Raajendran R, Shivapathasundharam B, Raghu AR. Shafer&#39;s Textbook of Oral Pathology. In: Shafer, Hine, Levy, editors. 6th ed. Noida, India: Elsevier; 2005. 2.Mittal M, Chaudhary P, Chopra R, Khattar V. Oral health status of 5 years and 12 years old school going children in rural Gurgaon, India: An epidemiological study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2014;32:3–8. 3. Joshi N, Sujan S, Joshi K, Parekh H, Dave B. Prevalence, severity and related factors of dental caries in school going children of Vadodara city-an epidemiological study. J Int Oral Health. 2013;5:35–9. [PMC free article] 4. Dhar V, Jain A, Van Dyke TE, Kohli A. Prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs in the school-going children of rural areas in Udaipur district. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2007;25:119–21. 5.Saravanan S, Anuradha KP, Bhaskar DJ. Prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs among school going children of Pondicherry, India. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2003;21:1–12. 6. Mahesh Kumar P, Joseph T, Varma RB, Jayanthi M. Oral health status of 5 years and 12 years school going children in Chennai city - An epidemiological study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2005;23:17–22. 7.Munjal V, Gupta A, Kaur P, Garewal R. Dental caries prevalence and treatment needs in 12 and 15-year-old school children of Ludhiana city. Indian J Oral Sci. 2013;4:27–30. 8. Grewal H, Verma M, Kumar A. Prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs in the rural child population of Nainital District, Uttaranchal. J Indian Soc Pedod PrevDent. 2009;27:224–6. 9.World Health Organisation. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO; 1997. Oral Health Survey, Basis Methods.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241822EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesEFFECT OF SULPHUR FERTILIZATION ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF SUNFLOWER IN NORTH CAUVERY DELTAIC REGION English1317C. RavikumarEnglish M. GanapathyEnglish V. VaiyapuriEnglishAim: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the response and fix an optimize source and levels of S for sunflower production. Materials and Methods: Field experiments were conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar during March - June and June - September 2014 in RBD to study the response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) var. K-1 to different sources and levels of sulphur (Elemental sulphur, Gypsum and Pyrite for their growth, yield attributes, and yield. Result: Among the different treatments Elemental Sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 along with RDF (40:20:20 kg ha-1) had a positive effect on growth, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake in sunflower for I and II crops. The lowest values of growth, yield attributes and yield were recorded by 0 kg S ha-1 along with RDF. Conclusion: Application of sulphur especially through Elemental sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 along with RDF (40:20:20 kg ha-1) is a fitting practice for augmenting sunflower yields in clay loam regions of Cuddalore district sunflower farmers. EnglishSulphur Levels, Growth, Yield, Sunflower, Nutrient uptakeIntroduction Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops containing high quality edible oil. It is easy to cultivate and grown in different conditions and soils [Kaya MD and Kolsarici O (2011)]. Sunflower oil has excellent nutritional properties, and has a relatively high concentration of linoleic acid [Seiler GJ (2007)]. Oilseeds and their derivatives vegetable oil and meal are in demand globally, and there is a need to identify and quantify the key issues for their production by different stakeholders to develop and support actions that will ensure a viable future of such crops (Muhammad Farhan et al., 2013). In oil seeds sulphur plays a vital role in the development of seed and improving the quality (Naser et al., 2012). Sulphur is increasingly being recognized as the fourth major plant nutrient after nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (Tandon and messick, 2002). Sulphur plays a predominant role in improving the grain quality of sunflower crop and also the use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. Sulphur helps in the synthesis of cystein, methionine, chlorophyll, vitamins (B, biotin and thiamine), metabolism of carbohydrates, oil content, protein content and also associated with growth and metabolism, especially by its effect on the protolytic enzymes (Najar et al., 2011). Sulphur deficiency was observed in different states of India. Eighty eight out of four hundred odd districts were identified as sulphur deficient with varying degrees (Tandon, 1986). Sulphur deficiency have been reported 70 countries worldwide, of which India is one, Tamilnadu is one of the agriculturally important states with very little data  on soil sulphur status. It has been found that 80 percent of the samples obtained from 15 bench mark clay soil in Cuddalore district were reported to be ‘S’ deficient (Balasubramanian et al.,1990). Consequently, the yield of oilseed crops, especially sunflower, is severely affected due to S deficiency. Response of crops to other nutrients also becomes less and less because of the marginally low level of S in these soils. In addition, the disproportionately greater use of nitrogen (N) and P in comparison to S has widened the N–S and P–S ratios (Manickam and Vijayachandran, 1985). Hence the present investigation was carried out to evaluate the response and fix an optimize levels of S for sunflower production. Materials and methods In order to study the different sources of sulphur at varying levels on the quantitative and qualitative characters of sunflower. The experiment was conducted at Annamalainagar experimental farm, Tamilnadu, India during March to June and June to September on 2014. The experimental site of the study is geographically located at 110 24’N latitude, 79 0 44’E longitude and an altitude of +5.79 m of above mean sea level. Soil was analysed for their physical and chemical properties. A composite soil sample was collected at a depth of 0-30 cm. It was air dried, crushed, and tested for physical and chemical properties. The soil was clay loam in texture with soil reaction of (pH 7.7), electrical conductivity 0.49 dS m-1, organic matter (0.96%), low available nitrogen (256.5kg.ha-1), available phosphorus (20.6 Kg ha-1), and low available sulphur (17.8 kg.ha-1). The experimental design was carried out in a randomized block design with arrangement of treatments in three replications. Experimental plots consist of three sulphur sources (Elemental sulphur, Gypsum and iron pyrite), levels (15, 30, 45 kg.ha-1) and control i.e., recommended N, P and K (40:20:20 kg. ha -1) alone. The plots were prepared with dimension of 5 m × 3 m and seeds of variety K1 were sown with a spacing of 30×30 cm. At 4-5 leaf stage plants were thinned to appropriate density. Weeds were controlled manually at 5-leaf stage, stem elongation and flowering stage to maintain a uniform plant population. Irrigation were given uniformly and regularly to all plots as per requirement so as to prevent the crop from water stress at any stage. The crop was completely harvested at physiological maturity stage and their biometric observations such as seed number.cap-1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and oil yield were recorded. Oil percentage was calculated using a commercial Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMRS) method. Oil yield was obtained by following formula:  Oil yield = Oil percentage × seed yield /100. Chlorophyll assay The total chlorophyll content of leaves was determined by using 80 % acetone extraction suggested by Arnon (1949). About 250 mg of fresh leaf material from each plot was taken and crushed thoroughly with 80% acetone. A homogeneous paste was made and filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper. Made up the volume with 80 % acetone 25 ml. Since the extract is subjected to evaporation and photooxidation. The optical activity or density of chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ recorded at 645 nm and 663 nm wave length respectively and chlorophyll a and b were calculated using the formula. Chlorophyll a = 20.2 × O.D value at 645 nm × 100 /1000 mg.g-1  Chlorophyll b = 8.02 × O.D value at 663 nm × 100 /1000 mg.g-1  Total chlorophyll content = chlorophyll a + chlorophyll b. Biometric observations were obtained by selecting five representative sample plants from each plot at random the growth characters (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index and DMP)  yield components (Capitulum diameter, number of seeds.capitulum-1, number of filled seeds and seed yield in the experiments were recorded at 30 (vegetative stage), 45 (flowering stage) DAS and at harvest. Post harvest soil samples were taken from each treatment at 0-15 cm depth and the samples were dried and passed through a 2mm sieve and available N, P, K and S obtained by using appropriate methods. Statistical analysis The experimental data were statistically analysed as suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1976). For significant results the critical difference was worked out at 5 per cent level. Results Growth attributes Statistically analysed results showed that the effect of different sources and levels of sulphur application significantly influenced all experiment traits except 1000 seed weight. Among the different levels of sulphur, the highest plant height (144.80 cm and 146.73 cm) was noticed with application of elemental sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 along with RDF (40:20:20 kg ha-1) at harvest which was followed by gypsum and iron pyrite in two seasons. Application of sulphur significantly increase the plant height in sunflower (Intodia and Tomar, 1997). Similar results have been reported by Zeiny et al., (1998) and Legha and Gajendra Giri (1999). The similar trend was recorded in LAI (4.26 and 4.49) at flowering stage, DMP (4027.00 and 4134.00 kg   ha-1) at harvest stage, CGR (16.02 and 16.09), RGR (0.0762 and 0.0765) at flowering stage and total chlorophyll content (1.642) in both the seasons.  The lowest values for growth attributes were recorded in the plots which received 0 kg S ha-1 in both seasons. Yield attributes Sulphur levels and sources significantly influenced the yield components and yield in both the crops. Among the different sources and levels of suphur through elemental sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 along with RDF (40:20:20 kg ha-1) obtained maximum capitulum diameter (16.92 cm and 17.22 cm), number of filled seeds capitulum-1 (695.00 and 705.00), seed yield 1060.00 and 1072.00 kg ha-1), oil content (38.53% and 38.51%) and crude protein content (16.35% and 16.39%) followed by gypsum and iron pyrite in both seasons. Crop Nutrient Uptake  The crop nutrient uptake increased with in levels of sulphur application and the values were significant between the sources, Elemental sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 along with RDF (40:20:20 kg ha-1) recorded highest uptake (82.16 and 85.80, 14.94 and14.97, 113.63 and 113.80 and 11.68 and 12.00 kg ha-1) followed by gypsum and iron pyrite of N, P, K and S respectively in both   seasons and among the sources. Yadav and Singh (1970) opined that the synergistic relationship of S with N, P, K, Ca and Mg in plants and hence increment in S levels in soil increase the uptake of nutrients by the crop. Among all sources tried, Elemental sulphur resulted in the highest nutrient uptake at all levels. Discussion In present series of study the increase in growth attributes might be due to more synthesis of aminoacids, increase in chlorophyll content in growing region and improving the photosynthetic activity, ultimately enhancing cell division resulted in an increment in plant height, higher LAI and DMP. This was evidenced through the studies of Intodia and Tomar (1997) and Raja et al. (2007).  Sulphur application resulted in significance increase in LAI, chlorophyll pigments, CGR, RGR, capitulum diameter and 100 seed weight. Obviously these have jointly contributed and increased the yield potential of the crop as reflected by the higher seed yield. Such a response to increasing levels of ‘S’ might be ascribed to adequate supply of nutrients resulted in high production of photosynthates and their translocation to sink ( Tomar et al., 1997). Further the properties of elemental sulphur reveals that when it is applied to the soil, absorbs moisture and disintegrates into fine and coarse particles. The finer particles oxidise rapidly and coarser particles slowly which might have supplied sufficient sulphur to the soil pool throughout the growth period of sunflower and resulted in higher seed yield than other sources like gypsum and iron pyrite respectively. Apart from that application of sulphur helps in conversion of carbohydrates into oil. In fatty acid synthesis, acetyl co-A is converted into malonyl co-A. In this conversion an enzyme thiokinase is involved, the activity of which depends upon sulphur supply. Moreover, acetyl co-A itself contains suphur and sulphadryl group (Sreemannarayana et al., 1998). The results in line with the earlier findings of Ajabsingh  yadav and Harishankar (1980), Tripathi and sharma (1995) and Tamak et al .,(1997). Crude protein content was increased with the increment of sulphur levels. Sulphur nutrition provides disulphide group of cross linking of two polypeptide chains in protein formation (Allway and Thompson, 1996). Similar findings were reported by yadav and singh (1970), Das et al., (1994) and Jadav and Shelke (1994).   In the present study a synergistic effect of sulphur on phosphorus was recorded. This might be due to solublization of phosphorus by sulphur. Jaggi and Dixit (1996) reported, all sorts of interactions viz., positive, neutral and negative between phosphorus and sulphur. The increase in S uptake with increasing rates of sulphur seems to be associated with increased availability of S from applied sulphur with a concomitant increase in crop yield. Decrease in S content of the mature crop might be attributed to the translocation of the absorbed S to the growing part, especially to seed (Tandon, 1990). The higher uptake of sulphur in seeds indicated its requirement in the synthesis of lipids and proteins for qualitative improvement in sunflower (Narender Reddy et al., 1996).          Conclusion In the light of the above study, it may be concluded that application of sulphur especially through Elemental sulphur @ 45 kg.ha-1 combined with RDF (40:20:20 kg ha-1) is a fitting practice for augmenting  sunflower yields in clay loam regions of cuddalore district sunflower farmers. Acknowledgement Authors wish to acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in the refer­ences of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors /editor/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been re­viewed and discussed. Authors wish to acknowledge the Annamalai University for the conduct of experimental trial.   Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=165http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=165 Ajab Singh Yadav and Harishankar. 1980. Effect of nitrogen,   sulphur   and   boron  fertilization on oil and protein content and their quality parameter in sunflower seeds. Oilseeds journal, 10: 58 – 68 Allway, F.O. and J.F Thompson. 1996. Sulphur in nutrition of plants and animals. Soil Sci., 101: 204- 207. Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzyme in isolated chloroplasts, polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulagaris. Pl. Physiol., 24: 1- 15. Balasubramanian, p., Babu, M., Arivazhagan, K. and B.Ragupathy. 1990. Influence of soil parameters on the forms of sulphur in benchmark soils of Chidambaram Taluk,  Tamil nadu, Proc. U.A.S. FACT seminar on sulphur, Bangalore. Das, S.K. Ahmed, A. Tripathi, S.K. and R.P. Singh. 1994. Effect of soil water conservation practices and sulphur fertilization on seed yield and quality of sunflower   on eroded type of Ustochrept. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 42: 491-493. Gomez, A.A and R.A. Gomez. 1976. Statistical procedure for agricultural research with emphasis on rice. IRRI. Los Banos. Philippines. Intodia, S.K. and O.P. Tomar.1997. Effect of sulphur application on growth and yield of sunflower. Indian J. Agrl. Sci., 67(1): 46 – 47. Jadav, T.W. and D.K. Shelke. 1994. Effect of levels and timing of sulphur application on  seed yield and oil content. Res. Bull. Marathwada Agic. Univ., 18(1): 38 – 40. Jaggi, R.C. and S.P. Dixit. 1996. Sulphur efficiency in presence of other nutrients. Intensive Agric., 5: 13 – 14. Kaya MD, Kolsarici O (2011) Seed yield and oil content of some sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids irrigated at different growth stages. Afr. J. Biotechnol 10: 4591-4595. Legha, P.K. nd Gajendra Giri. 1999. Influence of nitrogen and sulphur on growth, yield and oil content of sunflower grown in spring season. Indian J. Agron., 44 (2): 408 – 412. Manickam, T. S., and P. K. Vijayachandran (eds.). 1985. Proc. of the National Seminar on Sulphur in Agriculture. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatorc, India. 188 pp. Muhammad Farhan Sarwar, Muhammad Haroon Sarwar, Muhammad Sarwar,Niaz Ahmad Qadriand Safia Moghal.2013. The role of oilseeds nutrition in human health: A critical review. Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds, 4(8), 97-100. Najar, G. R., Singh, S. R., Akthar, F. and Hakeem , S. A. 2011. Influence of sulphur levels on  yield, uptake and quality of soybean (Glycine max) under temperate conditions of Kashmir valley. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 81 (4): 340-3 Narender Reddy, S., Gopal Singh, B. and R. Uma Reddy. 1993. Response of phosphorus and sulphur fertilization in sunflower. J. Res. APAU, 21: 235 – 236. Naser, A. .Anjum , Sarvajeet, S.Gill, Shahid Umar, Igbal Ahmed, Armando C. Duarte. and Eduarda Pereira. 2012. Improving growth and productivity of Oliferous brassica under changing environment. Significance of nitrogen and sulphur nutrient and underlying mechanisms. The Scientific world Journal, 12. Raja, A., Omar Hattab, K., Gurusawmy, L., Vembu, G., Suganya, K. S., 2007. Sulphur  application on growth, yield and quality of sesame varieties. Int. J. Agric. Res. 2, 599-606. Seiler GJ (2007) Wild annual Helianthus anomalus and H. deserticola for improving oil content and quality in sunflower. Ind. Crops Prod 25: 95-100. Sreemannarayna, B., Srinivasa Raju, A. and G.Mrinalini. 1998. Effect of N and S application on yield and quality of sunflower. Madras Agric. J., 85(3,4) : 204-206. Tamak, J.C. Sharma, H. C. and K.P. Singh. 1997. Effect of phosphorus, sulphur and boron on seed yield and quality of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). Ind. J. Agron., 42: 173 – 176. Tandon, H.L.S. 1986. Sulphur research and development in Indian agriculture. Fert. News, 31 (9): 9 – 16. Tandon, H.L.S. 1990. Fertilizer recommendation for oilseed crops: A guide book. Fertilizer and consultation organization, New Delhi. Tandon, H. L. S. and Messick, D. L. 2002. Practical sulphur guide. The Sulphur Institute, Washington, D. C. Tomar, H.P.S., Singh, H.P. and K.S. Dadhwali. 1997. Effect of irrigation, nitrogen   and phosphorus on growth and yield of spring sunflower. Ind. J. Agron., 42: 169-172. Tripathi, A. and N. l. Sharma. 1995. Effect of gypsum and pyrite on yield and quality of mustard in salt affected soils of western Uttar Pradesh. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 45(2): 290-291. Yadav, R. and S. Singh. 1970. Effect of gypsum on the chemical competition, nutrient uptake and yield of groundnut. J. Ind. Soc.Soil Sci., 18: 183 – 186. Zeiny, H.A., Saade, A.O.M., Thalooth, A.T. and G. Garab. 1998. Physiological responses of peanuts grown under saline conditions as affected by spraying with vapor guard and MnSo4 under gypsum application. Photsynthesis: mechanisms and effects. Vol. 4. Proceeding of the XIth International congress on photosynthesis, 2633 – 2636.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241822EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareRELIEVING THE TIE: CASE SERIES OF MANAGEMENT OF TONGUE-TIE English1821Renganath M. J.English Ramakrishnan T.English Manisundar N.English Vidya SekharEnglish Ebenezer M.English Sivaranjani P.EnglishAim: Ankyloglossia, which is also commonly known as tongue-tie, either partial or complete may lead to various difficulties and deformities that includes abnormal speech, mal-occlusion and inability in deglutination thus being an undesired problem in normal life activity. Various techniques like scalpel, laser, and electro-surgery have been performed for the past few decades in treating tongue-tie. Though, each techniquehas got their own advantages and disadvantages, all aimed at relieving the high muscle attachment to improve the movement of the tongue. Hence, scalpel have been preferred for treating the cases with ankyloglossia. Case Report: This series of case reports of 2 cases with partial ankyloglossia, exhibiting speech difficulty along with restricted tongue movementswhich requires definitive treatment to correct the deformity. Discussion: The outcome of the frenulectomy in the 2 cases using scalpel showed good healing with improved tongue movements than that of pre-operative movements thus achieving the primary objective of relieving the tongue-tie. Conclusion: The clinical outcome following the surgical frenulectomy for the 2 cases treated by scalpel has shown better healing with improvement in tongue movements suggesting that surgical frenulectomy could be considered as the reliable technique for the treatment of ankyloglossia.. EnglishAnkyloglossia, Tongue-tie, Surgical/scalpel frenulectomy, Speech defectIntroduction Ankyloglossia (Tongue-tie) is defined as partial or complete fusion of the tongue with the floor of the mouth or the lingual gingiva due to an abnormally short, mid-line lingual frenulum, resulting in restricted tongue movement.1Tongue-tie may lead to various functional abnormalities that includes abnormal speech, mal-occlusion, inability to swallow the food which could entail difficulty in normal life activity of an individual. Ankyloglossia may be partial or complete and may lead to the above mentioned problems. Although, both partial and complete ankyloglossia requires surgical correction, certain partial ankyloglossia, may not require treatment, which could be corrected by performing tongue movement exercises. Speech problems can occur as a major concern, when there is limited mobility of the tongue due to ankyloglossia. Therefore, a little correction or relieving of the highly attached lingual frenulum can lead to improvement and correction of the speech problems caused by tongue-tie. This series of case report describes management of 2 cases with partial ankyloglossia, treated by means of surgical excision with scalpel and the potential outcome of the treatment showing enhanced tongue movement. Case 1 A 20 year old female patient reported to department of Periodontics, Adhiparasakthi dental college, Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu, with the chief complaint of difficulty in moving her tongue freely which often causes speech difficulty in pronouncing certain words freely. On intra oral examination, the tongue exhibited limited movements due to high frenal attachment to the floor of the mouth [fig 1], leading to inability in movements like protrusion and lateral movements [fig 2]. It was diagnosed as partial ankyloglossia and so frenulectomy was planned by means of scalpel. Under local anaesthesia, bilateral lingual nerve block, the tongue was sutured at its tip using 3-0 silk suture material [fig 3] in order to hold or retract the tongue conveniently. Excision of the high frenulum muscle fibres was done by giving 2 incisions, with one on the upper and other on the lower border of the frenulum attachments [fig 4]. Following the excision of the muscle fibres, simple interrupted sutures were placed to close the surgically open site [fig 5] along with prescription of antibiotic regimen (Amoxicillin 500mg and Metronidazole 400 mg) thrice a day and analgesic (Acelofenac paracetamol) twice a day for five days. The sutures were removed 1 week following the day of surgery which showed excellent healing [fig 6] and the tongue movements were re-evaluated which showed better improvement in its movement in all the directions compared to the movements observed pre-operatively [fig 7]. Patient was advised to practice speech by reading and pronouncing consonants and sounds thatincludes “s, z, t, d, l, j, zh, ch, th, dg” to improve the pronunciations of difficult consonants. Case 2 A 20 year old male patient reported to department of Periodontics, Adhiparasakthi dental college, Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu, with the chief complaint of speech difficulty in pronouncing certain words freely. On intra oral examination, the tongue exhibited lack of protrusion and lifting movements due to high frenal attachment to the floor of the mouth and extending till the attached gingiva in relation to teeth 31 and 41 lingually. It was also diagnosed as partial ankyloglossia and frenulectomy was planned same as the case 1 by means of scalpel. Under local anaesthesia using bilateral lingual nerve block, frenulectomy procedure using scalpel was performed same as like case 1 and sutures was placed to close the surgical site. After a week, sutures were removed and tongue movements were re-evaluated, which showed improved tongue movements in all the directions. This patient was also advised to practice speech by continued reading by pronouncing the sounds “s, z, t, d, l, j, zh, ch, th, dg” same as like case 1to improve the pronunciations of difficult consonants. Discussion The tongue is a vital organ of important functions including deglutition, mastication, and speech. It also exerts a major influence on occlusion of the dentition, growth of the jaws, and enhances to maintain the facial form. In the infant, the normally mobile tongue is unconfined by teeth and thus extends outward between the maxillary and mandibular arches. During deglutition, the infant keeps the jaws parted whereas the tongue is placed between the occlusal gum pads to produce a vacuum for sucking.  During teeth eruption, the tongue remains confined within the oral cavity. At approximately 21/2 years of age, when all deciduous teeth have erupted and are in occlusion, the "infantile swallow" is replaced by the "adult swallow". In the adult swallow, the lips are closed, the teeth held in occlusion, and the tip of the tongue raised and pressed against the anterior portion of the palate, sealing the anterior portion of the mouth. For unknown reasons, few individuals do not outgrow their infantile swallow and continue to swallow with their jaws apart. Any band or condition restricting free­dom of motion of the tip of the tongue and preventing it from touch­ing the anterior palate may interfere with the development of an adult swallow and perpetuate the infantile swallow, resulting in an open bite deformity.2 Ankyloglossia was also found associated in rare syndromes such as Van der Woude syndrome,3 X-linked cleft palate syndrome,4 Opitz syndrome5 and Kindler syndrome.6 Nevertheless, most ankyloglossias are observed in persons without any other congenital anomalies or diseases. The major problem associated with the tongue-tie includes speech difficulty. The difficulties in pronunciationof consonants and sounds includes “s, z, t, d, l, j, zh, ch, th, dg”. 7 Here, both the patients came with the chief complaint of inability in pronouncing the above mentioned words due to restricted tongue movement. Ankyloglossia can be classified based on Kotlow’s assessment:8 Class I: Mild ankyloglossia: 12 to 16 mm, Class II: Moderate ankyloglossia: 8 to 11 mm, Class III: Severe ankyloglossia: 3 to 7 mm, Class IV: Complete ankyloglossia: Less than 3 mm Where, class III and IV casesrequires definitive surgical correction because they the tongue’s movements are severely restricted in these cases. Hence, clinically acceptable, normal range of free tongue should be greater than 16 mm and a normal range of tongue movements exhibits as the tip of the tongue should be able to protrude outside the mouth; without clefting, and also the tip of the tongue should be able to sweep the upper and lower lips easily; without straining. When in retruded position, the tongue should not blanch the tissues lingual to the anterior teeth; and the lingual frenum should not create a diastema between the mandibular central incisors. If severe/complete ankyloglossia is present in an adult, there is usually an obvious limitation of the tongue protrusion, elevation and speech problems which can be improved following surgical intervention.9 There is continuing controversy over the diagnostic criteria and treatment of ankyloglossia.10 Literature reviews and various case reports in the past few decades have shown the benefits and clinical outcomes of various techniques like scalpel, laser, and electro-surgery for the treatment of tongue-tie. But all the techniques aimed at relieving the high muscle attachment to improve the movement of the tongue. Here, for the 2 cases, surgical frenulectomy using scalpel was planned, since surgical excision of the muscle fibres thus relieving the frenulum was simple, easier as well as time consuming. The most expedient factor of electing scalpel over the other techniques like Laser, electro-surgery was because of the fact that the complete excision of the lingual frenulum muscle fibres could be achieved by means of scalpel rather than any other techniques. But caution should be taken while preferring scalpel in order not to traumatize the adjacent vital structures including lingual nerve, vein and sub lingual duct.   The outcome of the frenulectomy in the 2 cases using scalpel in one week post-operative review showed good healing without any post-operative complications. The tongue exhibited improved movements when compare to the movements observed pre-operatively. Thus the primary objective of relieving the tongue-tie has been achieved by the surgical frenulectomy. Conclusion Ankyloglossia in adults causing obvious limitation of the tongue protrusion, elevation and especially speech problems could be improved by surgical intervention. The clinical outcome following the surgical frenulectomy for the two cases presented here shown better healing with improvement in tongue movements. With the limitation of this case reports, it could be concluded that surgical frenulectomy remains one of the best and reliable technique for the management of tongue-tie. Further studies with large sample size should be done to support the beneficial outcomes of this technique. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=166http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=166 American Academy of Periodontology. Glossary of Periodontal Terms. Chicago: American Academy of Periodontology; 2001:3. Tuerk, M., and E. C. Lubit, Ankyloglossia. Plastic reconstr. Surg., 1959: 24,271-6. Burdick AB, Ma LA, Dai ZH, Gao NN. Van der Woude syndrome in two families in China. J Craniofac Genet DevBiol 1987;7: 413-8. Moore GE, Ivens A, Chambers J, Farrall M, Williamson R, Page DC, et al. Linkage of an X-chromosome cleft palate gene. Nature 1987;326:91-2. Brooks JK, Leonard CO, Coccaro PJ Jr. Opitz (BBB/G) syndrome: Oral manifestations. Am J Med Genet 1992;43:595-601. Hacham-Zadeh S, Garfunkel AA. Kindler syndrome in two related Kurdish families. Am J Med Genet 1985;20:43-8. Messner AH, Lalakea ML. The effect of ankyloglossia on speech in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:539-45. Kotlow LA. Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie): A diagnostic and treatment quandary. Quintessence Intl 1999;30:259-62. Chaubal TV, Dixit MB. Ankyloglossia and its management. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2011 Jul 1;15(3):270. Messner AH, Lalakea ML. Ankyloglossia: controversies in management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;54 (2/3):123- 31.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241822EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareSELF-DIRECTED LIFE-LONG LEARNING IS PROBLEM BASED LEARNING English2224Pradnya KulkarniEnglish Pradeep Pilajirao KulkarniEnglishProblem Based Learning (PBL) is an innovative way of getting knowledge and thinking properly to solve problems. In the 1960s, PBL method wasused in McMaster University School of Medicine in Canada and then spread around the world. If students follow PBL method,they develop knowledge, effective problem solving skills, self-directed learning, effective collaboration skills and intrinsic motivation.1 Problem Based Learning shows active involvement of students. By working together students come to know their own knowledge, how much they should know about that particular topic, the sources from which they will get knowledge etc.Instructors (Tutors) should guide and monitor the learning process.2 Tutor should encourage the students and built up their confidence.3 PBL is not a lecture. PBL is not conducted in a class room EnglishProblem Based Learning (PBL), Hypotheses, Learning issuesIntroduction PBL is discussion and not lecture. All students are involved in the process, so it is student centered learning. As this is a student centered activity, they are more interested in PBL than in lectures. In lectures, teacher is most actively involved and involvement of students is minimum.  In PBL , small groupof students discuss the topic so they do not hesitate to speak . They developcommunication skill.Facilitator’s duty is to make students to think and obtain knowledge which is required to solve the problem. Facilitator will not give any information but he/she will make the students to solve the problem. After getting a trigger by teacher, a list of learning issues is made. As the first session is finished, students are very eager to know answers. In this way students are made interested in getting knowledge which helps them life-long. In many institutions teaching is done by taking lectures, demonstrations and practicles. In all these methods involvement of teacher is more than student. But this is not true with PBL. Once the problem is given, students start thinking about it. To get knowledge students use books, internet facilities or consult other people who know about that topic.It is conducted in 2 or 3 sessions. In the 1st session after getting problem, students discuss about that topic with whatever knowledge they are having. In 2nd session they come prepared and then discuss again. All these efforts teach them how to solve the problem (not only medical but any problem in life) Methodology Students were actively involved in PBL sessions. In first session students got topic. They found out key points. They discussed about those key points. Those key points about which they didn’t know, they were discussed in 2nd session. Before coming to 2nd session they read books, tried to get sufficient knowledge from internet or other experts also. So students were actively working to prepare topic. As they took part in discussion, their confidence increased. As they came to know about this fact, their interest in learning, solving problems also increased. Discussion Barrows defines the Problem-Based Learning Model as:4 1. Student Centered Learning 2. Small Student Groups, ideally 6-10 people 3. Facilitators or Tutors guide the students rather than teach 4. A Problem stimulates learning 5. The problem is a vehicle for the development of problem solving skills. It stimulates the cognitive process. 6. New knowledge is obtained through Self-Directed Learning (SDL). Many medical colleges follow the traditional teaching method. In traditional teaching method many errors are there with over- load of knowledge. Because of overload of knowledge students may not remember important information which is required in medical practice. 5 Students enjoy PBL than lectures. Workshops were organized on PBL in Hong Kong to improve University Teaching.6, The major observations and assessment by the teaching consultant revealed that when given appropriate guidance and encouragement, the 1st year medical students at the University of Hong Kong can perform very well in PBL sessions. PBL helps the student in building knowledge. PBL includes problems that can be solved in many different ways and have more than one solution.7.In PBL student learns without stress, helps to develop communication skill. PBL promotes lifelong learning.8Schmidt, and Hung explain the cognitive constructivist process of PBL:2,3 In PBL sessions’ One student becomes a group leader. All students note down key words. Within their group they discuss about possible theories and hypotheses. All of them write down learning issues. After the initial team work, students work independently. They try to find out answer by using different aids. Again they come together and discuss the learning issues. As they are coming this time with proper preparation, they know the solution to the problem. Key words Hypotheses.   Learning issues   Roll of facilitator /instructor (tutor) is very important.Facilitator should not give knowledge but if discussion is going away from the topic then he/she should tactfully handle the situation and bring them to the correct path.The role of the instructor(known as the tutor in PBL) is to facilitate learning by supporting, guiding, and monitoring the learning process.2InPBL the role of the instructor is to guide the learning process rather than providing knowledge.1,9Students feedback is also important component of PBL.Because of interaction between students, they think and interpret result or final diagnosis in case of medical students. PBL assists in processes of creating meaning and building personal interpretations of the world based on experiences and interactions.10PBL helps the student from theory to practice during their life journey through solving the problem.11A student using PBL after finishing his/her medical course becomes more competent doctor. This effect was especially strong for social and cognitive competencies such as coping with uncertainty and communication skills.12 Advantages-1) Student learn the application of knowledge. 2) Students understand that learning is not a time limited process. One should go on learning till death. 3) As this is practical oriented session, students remember knowledge for longer duration. 4) They learn to speak in small group. By practice they can speak in large group also. Along with this they develop communication skill as well as inquiry skill. 5)Discussion of the topic is carried out  through many angles. 6)Stress free, noncompetitive, healthy environment of PBL is a best way of learning. 7) After every PBL not only student but tutor also learns something which gives satisfaction.Learning becomes enthusiastic. Disadvantages-1) Some teachers say that deapth of knowledge is not achieved by PBLas pointed out by Woods 13.Doctors who are successfully practicing, do they remember detailed anatomy of nervous systeme? It is impossible. But if they have seen a case of facial palsy and discussed the case with someone , they will remember it life long. So practical knowledge and discussion is more important.2) To carry PBL sessions more teaching staff, more PBL rooms  are required which may be a economic burden to that institute. Conclusion As learning is an important method to become successful in life, we need to examine our teaching methods regularly to see if they continue to meet the needs of our students. There should be experimental evidence and sound reason to change curriculum so that students will be benefitted. After some years new method will come which may be better than PBL. That time we should accept that method also. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=167http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=167 Hmelo-Silver, Cindy E. (2004). "Problem-Based Learning: What and How Do Students Learn?". Educational Psychology Review16 (3): 235.doi:10.1023/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3 Schmidt, Henk G; Rotgans, Jerome I; Yew, Elaine HJ (2011). "The process of problem-based learning: What works and why". Medical Education45 (8): 792–806. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04035.x. PMID 21752076 Hung, Woei (2011). "Theory to reality: A few issues in implementing problem-based learning". Educational Technology Research and Development59 (4): 529. doi:10.1007/s11423-011-9198-1 Barrows, Howard S. (1996). "Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview". New Directions for Teaching and Learning1996 (68): 3. doi:10.1002/tl.37219966804 Kassebaum DG: Change in medical education: the courage and will to be different. Editorial. Acad. Medi 1989;64:446—7. Kember D et al. eds. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Hong Kong, 1996: 61-9 Coti?, Mara; Zuljan, Milena Valen?i? (2009). "Problem?based instruction in mathematics and its impact on the cognitive results of the students and on affective?motivational aspects". Educational Studies35 (3): 297. doi:10.1080/03055690802648085 Yew, Elaine H. J.; Schmidt, Henk G. (2011). "What students learn in problem-based learning: A process analysis". Instructional Science40 (2): 371–95. doi:10.1007/s11251-011-9181-6 Dolmans, Diana H J M; De Grave, Willem; Wolfhagen, Ineke H A P; Van Der Vleuten,   Cees P M (2005). "Problem-based learning: Future challenges for educational practice and research". Medical Education39 (7): 732–41. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02205.x. PMID 15960794. Hmelo, C.E.; Evensen, D.H. (2000). "Problem-based learning: Gaining insights on learning interactions through multiple methods of inquiry". In Evensen, Dorothy H.; Hmelo, Cindy E.; Hmelo-Silver, Cindy E. Problem-Based Learning: A Research perspective on learning interactions. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-0-8058-2644-9. Edens, Kellah M. (2000). "Preparing Problem Solvers for the 21st Century through Problem-Based Learning". College Teaching48 (2): 55–60. doi:10.1080/87567550009595813. JSTOR 27558988. Koh, G. C.-H.; Khoo, H. E.; Wong, M. L.; Koh, D. (2008). "The effects of problem-based learning during medical school on physician competency: A systematic review". Canadian Medical Association Journal178 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070565. PMC 2151117. PMID 18166729 Woods DR:Problem-based learning: How to gain the most from PBL. First ed. Water- down, Ontario: Donald R. Woods; 1994; xiii:1-145.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241822EnglishN2020October27HealthcarePotato Plant Disease Detection Using Convolution Neural Network English152156Pitchai REnglish Sharath Kumar GEnglish Ashutosh Varma DEnglish Madhu Babu CHEnglishBackground: In countries like India, whose primary occupation is agriculture faces a huge loss when the crops get affected by any disease. These diseases attack the crops in various stages and destroy the entire production. Since most of the diseases are transmitted from one crop to another there is much need to detect the exact type of disease the crop has been affected so that farmers can take the required steps to the “save the crops” and production. But detecting the kind of disease that a crop has been affected is very difficult for farmers since there are various kinds of diseases. Method: There are so many classification techniques, such as k-Nearest Neighbor Classifier, Probabilistic Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm, Support Vector Machine, and Main Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, and Fuzzy Logic. It is difficult to select the best classification method as compared to other methods the system will be more reliable. This article presents a dissection of various techniques used to find the disease of the plants. Results and Observation: The developed system is capable of detecting diseases in plants and is also capable of providing treatments that can be used against them. To improve the health of the plant, we need to deal with it with sufficient knowledge of the disease and cure. The framework proposed is implemented using python and the google GPU(Graphical Processor Unit) used provided 80 % accuracy. Conclusion: The proposed model used a convolution a neural network model based on SSD mobile network for data training. Some checkpoints are created after training the model. We need to take the last Model Checkpoint to create a file that is used for testing. A particular file type with the.pb extension is created by using the checkpoint file. The model provided 80% of accuracy English Plant Disease Detection, Neural networks, Genetic algorithm, KNN, PCA, Fuzzy Loghttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=3008http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=3008