Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411616EnglishN2024August26Original Research Formulation of Antifungal Herbal Shampoo Incorporating Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Biowaste English0107Dhruwa PatilEnglish Reshma PolEnglish Introduction: Nanoparticles are being used commercially to enhance the effects on the products for better results. Silver nanoparticles are gaining popularity due to their wide range of applications considering their antimicrobial and antifungal properties. This research work uses a quick and ecological method for formation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles and its application as an anti-dandruff shampoo. Methods: Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Citrus limon and Allium cepa aqueous peel extracts of 5mM and 10mM concentration. Characterization of the nanoparticles was done by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and UV-spectroscopy. The formulation of herbal shampoo was carried out. The physical evaluation and antifungal properties (disc diffusion method) of the formulation were determined. Results: UV-spectroscopy showed peaks at a range of 350-450 nm for both nanoparticles after 24hrs and 1 week. SEM analysis showed particle morphology of spherical shape in a range of 30-100nm for both Lemon and Onion nanoparticles. FTIR identified functional groups present in nanoparticles which showed presence of O–H, C=C and C–Br for Citrus limon nanoparticles and H-O-H bending in Allium cepa nanoparticles along with OH, C-Br and C-O groups. These nanoparticles were used to formulate an anti-fungal herbal shampoo using Meethi, Amla, Reetha and Shikakai extracts and anti-fungal activities were studied against the fungi Candida balantits and Candida albicans. The nanoparticles and nanoparticles incorporated shampoo formulation exhibited significant zone of inhibition stating its effectiveness against dandruff causing fungi. Conclusion: The current study included the formulation of an anti-dandruff shampoo with reduced usage of silver nitrate, thereby less quantity of nanoparticles, hence decreasing the risk of toxicity. EnglishCitrus limon, Allium cepa, Anti-fungal, Silver nanoparticles, Herbal shampoo, Anti-dandruffhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4816http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4816 1. Ranganathan S, Mukhopadhyay T. Dandruff: The most commercially exploited skin disease. Indian J Dermatol.2010;55(2): 130-134. 2. Jeevanandam J, Barhoum A, Chan YS, Dufresne A, Danquah MK. Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity, and regulations. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2018 ;9: 1050-74. 3. Dikshit PK, Kumar J, Das AK, Sadhu S, Sharma S, Singh S, et al. Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications and Limitations. Catalyst. 2021; 11: 8. 4. Moira CDN, Koneswaran M, Umaramani M. 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A Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Anti-Dandruff Shampoo. Int. J. Pharm. Res. Appl. 2021; 6(3): 1300-11. 10. Kumar A, Mali RR. Evaluation of prepared shampoo formulations and to compare formulated shampoo with marketed shampoos. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2010; 3:1. 11. Bisht LK, Jacob B, Chandy V. Evaluation studies on various reputed brands of shampoo. Asian J Appl Sci Technol. 2017; 1(6); 23-25. 12. Prathna TC, Chandrasekaran N, Raichur AM, Mukherjee A. Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Citrus limon (lemon) aqueous extract and theoretical prediction of particle size. Colloids Surf. B. 2011; 82(1): 152-59. 13. Rao P, Chandraprasad MS, Lakshmi YN, Rao J, Aishwarya P, Shetty S. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using lemon extract and its antibacterial activity. Int. J. Multidiscip. Curr. Res. 2014; 28: 165-69. 14. Abdullah HST, Mohd Asseri SNAR, Wan Mohamad WNK, Kan Su-Yin, Azmi AA, Julius FSY, Chia PW. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411616EnglishN2024August26Life Sciences Role of Fluoride Compounds in Preventing Early Childhood Caries and Caries Progression in Children     English0813Urszula LapinskaEnglish Piotr ZdziebloEnglish Ewelina Machala-CwiklaEnglish Piotr CwiklaEnglish Dominika MachalaEnglish Kamila MachalaEnglish Rafal LapinskiEnglish Caries is a contagious disease affecting most of the population from the first month of life. Almost half of the children under 6 years old are affected by caries and its consequences. The aim of the measures taken is to reduce its spread and level of its incidence in children, preventing health complications in the future. Limiting spreading of caries can decrease amount of invasive dental treatments and following complications. Reducing caries transmission and preventing its onset requires repetitive preventive methods that affect women from pregnancy, through infancy and childhood, and continue into adulthood due to its strong infectivity. This work aims to evaluate the effectiveness of fluoride-containing compounds from childhood onward, as well as comparing them to prevent and reduce the development of cariessss. EnglishFluoride, fluoride varnish, ECC, Caries in children, Early childhood caries, Caries prevention, Caries transmission, Cariogenic factors, Cariogenic bacteriahttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4817http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4817 1. Uribe SE, Innes N, Maldupa I. The global prevalence of early childhood caries: A systematic review with meta-analysis using the WHO diagnostic criteria. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2021 Nov;31(6):817-830. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12783. Epub 2021 Apr 30. PMID: 33735529. 2. Bencze Z, Mahrouseh N, Andrade CAS, Kovács N, Varga O. TheBurden of Early Childhood Caries in Children under 5 Years Old in the European Union and Associated Risk Factors: An Ecological Study. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 29;13(2):455. doi: 10.3390/ nu13020455. PMID: 33573027; PMCID: PMC7911369. 3. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): Classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2020:79-81. https://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_ Guidelines/P_ECCClassifications.pdf Access date: 25.05.2024 4. Lam PPY, Chua H, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Risk predictors of early childhood caries increment-a systemic review and meta-analysis. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2022 Sep; 22(3):101732. doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2022.101732. Epub 2022 Apr 29. PMID: 36162891. 5. Harris R, Nicoll AD, Adair PM, Pine CM. Risk factors for dental caries in young children: a systematic review of the literature. Community Dent Health. 2004 Mar;21(1 Suppl):71-85. PMID: 15072476. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8630271_Risk_factors_for_dental_caries_in_young_children_A_systematic_ review_of_the_literature Access date : 25.05.2024 6. Manchanda S, Sardana D, Peng S, Lo ECM, Chandwani N, Yiu CKY. Is Mutans Streptococci count a risk predictor of Early Childhood Caries? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2023 Sep 7;23(1):648. doi: 10.1186/s12903- 023-03346-8. PMID: 37679718; PMCID: PMC10483843. 7. Xiao J, Alkhers N, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Billings RJ, Wu TT, Castillo DA, et al. Prenatal Oral Health Care and Early Childhood Caries Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res. 2019;53(4):411-421. doi: 10.1159/000495187. Epub 2019 Jan 10. PMID: 30630167; PMCID: PMC6554051. 8. de Abreu da Silva Bastos V, Liana Bastos F-F, Tatiana Kelly da Silva F, Carla M, Cláudia Trindade M, Pomarico Ribeiro de Souza I et al. Mother-to-child transmission of Streptococcus mutans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2015 Feb;43(2):181-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.12.001. Epub 2014 Dec 6. PMID: 25486222. 9. Manchanda S, Sardana D, Liu P, Lee GHM, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Horizontal Transmission of Streptococcus mutans in Children and its Association with Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Dent. 2021 Jan 15;43(1):1E- 12E. PMID: 33662253. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ aapd/pd/2021/00000043/00000001/art00002, Access date : 25.05.2024 10. Chibinski AC, Wambier LM, Feltrin J, Loguercio AD, Wambier DS, Reis A. Silver Diamine Fluoride Has Efficacy in Controlling Caries Progression in Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res. 2017;51(5):527-541. doi: 10.1159/000478668. Epub 2017 Oct 4. PMID: 28972954. 11. Crystal YO, Chaffee BW. Silver Diamine Fluoride is Effective in Arresting Caries Lesions in Primary Teeth. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2018 Jun;18(2):178-180. doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp. 2018.03.012. Epub 2018 Apr 4. PMID: 29747804. 12. Zaffarano L, Claudia S, Guglielmo C, Silvia C, Araxi B, Lorena K et al. Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) Efficacy in Arresting Cavitated Caries Lesions in Primary Molars: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 9;19(19):12917. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912917. PMID: 36232217; PMCID: PMC9566773. 13. Bonifácio CC, Hesse D. Is silver diammine fluoride effective in arresting dental caries in cavitated primary molars? Evid Based Dent. 2023 Jun;24(2):50-51. doi: 10.1038/s41432-023-00874-8. Epub 2023 May 2. PMID: 37130922. 14. Arrow P, Forrest H, Piggott S. Minimally Invasive Dentistry: Parent/Carer Perspectives on Atraumatic Restorative Treatments and Dental General Anaesthesia to the Management of Early Childhood Caries. Front Oral Health. 2021 Apr 23;2:656530. doi: 10.3389/froh.2021.656530. PMID: 35048003; PMCID: PMC8757745. 15. Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Appelbe P, Marinho VC, Shi X. Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD007868. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD007868.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 04;3:CD007868. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3. PMID: 20091655. 16. Gupta A, Sharda S, Nishant, Shafiq N, Kumar A, Goyal A. Topical fluoride-antibacterial agent combined therapy versus topical fluoride monotherapy in preventing dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2020 Dec;21(6):629-646. doi: 10.1007/s40368-020-00561-7. Epub 2020 Oct 1. PMID: 33006116. 17. Sharda S, Gupta A, Goyal A, Gauba K. Remineralization potential and caries preventive efficacy of CPP-ACP/Xylitol/ Ozone/Bioactive glass and topical fluoride combined therapy versus fluoride mono-therapy - a systematic review and metaanalysis. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021 Aug;79(6):402-417. doi: 10.1080/00016357.2020.1869827. Epub 2021 Jan 16. PMID: 33459095. 18. de Sousa FSO, Dos Santos APP, Nadanovsky P, Hujoel P, Cunha- Cruz J, de Oliveira BH. Fluoride Varnish and Dental Caries in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res. 2019;53(5):502-513. doi: 10.1159/000499639. Epub 2019 Jun 20. PMID: 31220835. 19. Marinho VC, Worthington HV, Walsh T, Clarkson JE. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 11;2013(7):CD002279. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002279.pub2. PMID: 23846772; PMCID: PMC10758998. 20. Rashed T, Alkhalefa N, Adam A, AlKheraif A. Pit and Fissure Sealant versus Fluoride Varnish for the Prevention of Dental Caries in School Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2022 Sep 20; 2022:8635254. doi: 10.1155/2022/8635254. PMID: 36263239; PMCID: PMC9553663. 21. Li F, Jiang P, Yu F, Li C, Wu S, Zou J, et al. Comparison between Fissure Sealant and Fluoride Varnish on Caries Prevention for First Permanent Molars: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 13;10(1):2578. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020- 59564-5. PMID: 32055001; PMCID: PMC7018844. 22. Sheetal M, Divesh S, Pei L, Gillian Hm L, Kar Yan L, Edward Cm L, et al. Topical fluoride to prevent early childhood caries: Systematic review with network meta-analysis. J Dent. 2022 Jan;116:103885. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103885. Epub 2021 Nov 12. PMID: 34780874. 23. Urquhart O, Tampi MP, Pilcher L, Slayton RL, Araujo MWB, Fontana M, et al. Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Dent Res. 2019 Jan;98(1):14-26. doi: 10.1177/0022034518800014. Epub 2018 Oct 5. PMID: 30290130; PMCID: PMC6304695. 24. Sonesson M, Twetman S. Prevention of white spot lesions with fluoride varnish during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2023 Sep 18;45(5):485-490. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjad013. PMID: 37032523; PMCID: PMC10505687. 25. Benson PE, Parkin N, Dyer F, Millett DT, Germain P. Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 17;2019(11):CD003809. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003809. pub4. PMID: 31742669; PMCID: PMC6863098. 26. da Silva BM, Rios D, Foratori-Junior GA, Magalhães AC, Buzalaf MAR, Peres SCS, et al. Effect of fluoride group on dental erosion associated or not with abrasion in human enamel: A systematicn review with network metanalysis. Arch Oral Biol. 2022 Dec; 144:105568. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105568. Epub 2022 Oct 9. PMID: 36265394. 27. Konradsson K, Lingström P, Emilson CG, Johannsen G, Ramberg P, Johannsen A. Stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice in relation to dental caries, dental erosion and dentin hypersensitivity: A systematic review. Am J Dent. 2020 Apr;33(2):95-105. PMID: 32259415. 28. Zipporah Iheozor-E, Helen VW, Tanya W, O’Malley L, Jan EC, Richard M, et al. Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 18;2015(6):CD010856. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010856. pub2. PMID: 26 29. Tubert-Jeannin S, Auclair C, Amsallem E, Tramini P, Gerbaud L, Ruffieux C, et al. Fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gums) for preventing dental caries in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;2011(12):CD007592. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007592.pub2. PMID: 22161414; PMCID: PMC6876544.