Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411521EnglishN2023November20Healthcare
Mechanisms of Azole Resistance in Candida- A Narrative Review
English0108Neethu BabuEnglish Chitralekha SaikumarEnglish Jomon Raphael CEnglish
Candida species, opportunistic fungal pathogens, pose a significant threat to human health, and the emergence of drug-resistant Candida strains has become a major concern in clinical settings, limiting the efficacy of antifungal therapies. Azoles are a class of antifungal agents that play a crucial role in the management of fungal infections. They have several advantages which contributes to their widespread use, like their broad-spectrum activity, availability in systemic and topical formulations, good oral bioavailability, tolerability, target specificity, established efficacy, and low toxicity for long-term prophylaxis. Azole resistance in Candida species poses a significant therapeutic challenge in the management of fungal infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. One common mechanism of resistance involves alterations in the target enzyme, cytochrome P450 14-alpha-demethylase (CYP51), which is essential for ergosterol biosynthesis, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes. Mutations in the CYP51 gene can lead to structural changes in the enzyme, reducing its affinity for azoles and thus decreasing their inhibitory effect. Another mechanism involves overexpression of efflux pumps, such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters. These pumps actively remove azoles from fungal cells, preventing them from reaching effective concentrations and thereby reducing their antifungal activity. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug resistance is crucial for developing effective strategies to overcome this growing problem. This review describes and summarises the mechanisms associated with azole resistance in Candida, exploring the genetic, biochemical, and cellular factors contributing to this phenomenon. Additionally, potential approaches to combat azole resistance are discussed, aiming to pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
EnglishATP Binding Cassette Transporters, Azoles, Drug efflux pumps, Drug resistance, Ergosterol biosynthesis, Mutationhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4776http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4776
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411521EnglishN2023November20Healthcare
A Cross-Sectional Study to Asses Knowledge and Food Hygiene Practices among Food Handlers in Food Establishments
English0914Anand RanjanEnglish Pradeep ShindeEnglish Vishal PolEnglish
Introduction: Food safety is one of the important issue in public. Food handlers with poor personal hygiene and lack of awareness of important issues in preventing food borne diseases, working in food establishments could be potential sources of infections of many intestinal helminthes of protozoa and estrogenic pathogens.
Aims: The objective of the study was to procure information about various food handling practices and spread awareness about the prevention of food borne diseases.
Methods: An organization based cross-sectional study. All the food handlers in given area like sevlal, Morrapur, Thanda, Baddenpally, Ankusapur and Narsimbulapally were contacted. A total of 172 food handlers in food establishments were interviewed within the stipulated time. The required data is obtained by per designed questionnaire method; the data collection involves the following criteria– Food handling practices, environmental and personal hygiene, knowledge of food hygiene and safety and also their attitude,measures taken for controlling and preventing of food borne illnesses, incidence of food borne diseases. Proportions and Chi square test were used for analysis of the data.
Results: This Study found that maximum food handlers were not certified in food training i.e. 82.5%, 27.9% of food handlers reported that they heard about food borne diseases. Study found that food can be a source of infection if not handled properly. Awareness or knowledge was better in females 36.8% compared to males 25.3%. The Majority of food handlers acquired that knowledge through mass media. Study found overall the attitude of food handlers towards handling of food was satisfactory. In the present study, all practices related to food hygiene were very well followed by majority of the food handlers in the study.
Conclusions: The overall knowledge, attitude and practices of the food handlers were very good and above the average.
EnglishFood safety, Food handlers, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, Satisfactoryhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4777http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4777
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