Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241159EnglishN2023May15Healthcare PGPR Mediated Fe-Biofortification of T. aestivum L.     English0107Rasheed REnglish Ahmed AEnglish Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of Fe deficiency in human populations, especially in developing nations, increasing Fe concentration in cereal crops is a major global challenge. Biofortification of cereals such as wheat with Fe is an attractive approach that can significantly compensate for Fe malnutritionand human health issues. Under nutrient imbalance circumstances, bio-fertilizers have been reported to play a vital role in plant development. Aims/Objectives: The current study was designed to evaluate the potential of PGPR to be used as bio-fertilizers and appraised their capability to enhance plant growth, quality and nutrient content, in combination with Fe treatment to combat malnutrition. Methodology: PGPR were screened for auxin producing ability and biochemically characterized for various growth promoting attributes. Fe in various combinations with PGPR was applied in soil and as foliar spray to the plants. Various growth and biochemical parameters were recorded. Wheat leaves were subjected to atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS) analysis. Results: Five bacteria with maximum auxin production potential were selected as bio-fertilizers. 36% improvement in fresh weight was recorded in Pseudomonas sp.(FS2) inoculations in the presence of 100μg/ml Fe under laboratory conditions, whereas, in wire house setup, plants supplemented with Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus (Tr3)exhibitedremarkable elevation in sugar content 298% with 100μg/ml foliar application of Fe. Data obtained from AAS showed that plants treated with Burkholderia cepacia (FS1) and Proteus mirabilis (Pc3) exhibited 2.17 and 2.28 ppm Fe content as a result of soil and foliar spray of 200μg/ml Fe respectively. Conclusion: Foliar application of Fe along with bio-fertilizers has proven to be a practical approach to improve grain quality and Fe content. Hence, biofortification of cereal crops with micronutrients and bio-fertilizers can assure a sustainable, eco-friendly and cost-effective solution to cure malnutrition and food security in developing countries. EnglishBiofortification, Fe malnutrition, Bio-fertilizers, Wheat, Agricultural-Biotechnology, Green solutionhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4734http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4734 1. Jaiswal DK, Krishna R, Chouhan GK, de Araujo Pereira AP, Ade AB, Prakash S, et al. Bio-fortification of minerals in crops: current scenario and future prospects for sustainable agriculture and human health. Plant Growth Regul. 2022 Sep;98(1):5-22. 2. Shahane AA, Shivay YS. Agronomic biofortification of crops: current research status and future needs. Ind J Ferti. 2022 Feb;18(2):164-79. 3. Kumar J, Parveen A, Kumar A, Kaur G, Kumar P, Sharma S, et al. Identification of temporally distributed candidate genes for high iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Cereal Sci. 2023 Jan 1; 109:103602. 4. Ahmed A, Hasnain S. Extraction and evaluation of indole acetic acid from indigenous auxin-producing rhizosphere bacteria. JAPS: J Anim Plant Sci. 2020 Aug 1;30(4). 5. Bunt JS, Rovira AD. Microbiological studies of some subantarctic soils. J Soil Sci. 1955 Jan;6(1):119-28. 6. Paul D, Sinha SN. Isolation and characterization of a phosphate solubilizing heavy metal tolerant bacterium from River Ganga, West Bengal, India. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2015 Nov 1;37(6):651–657 7. Cappuccino JG, Sherman N. Serial dilution agar plating procedure to quantitate viable cells. Microbiology: a laboratory manual. 1992: 77-82. 8. Motsara MR, Roy RN. Guide to laboratory establishment for plant and soil nutrient analysis. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. 19th ed. Rome: 2008:38-40. 9. Wellburn AR. The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J Plant Physiol. 1994 Sep 1;144(3):307-13. 10. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Boil Chem. 1951; 193:265-75. 11. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PT, Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal chem. 1956 Mar 1;28(3):350-6. 12. Russell BJ, Shelton JP, Walsh A. Ibid. 1987;8:317. 13. Bekkaye M, Baha N, Behairi S, MariaPerez? Clemente R, Kaci Y. Impact of bio-inoculation with halotolerant rhizobacteria on growth, physiological, and hormonal responses of durum wheat under salt stress. J Plant Growth Regul. 2023 Jan 10;1-6. 14. Lata-Tenesaca LF, de Mello Prado R, Ajila-Celi GE, da Silva DL, Junior JS, Mattiuz BH. Iron biofortification in quinoa: Effect of iron application methods on nutritional quality, antinutrientcomposition, and grain productivity. Food Chem. 2023 Mar 15;404 (Pt A):134573. 15. Kaur A, Singh G. Zinc and iron application in conjunction with nitrogen for agronomic biofortification of field crops–a review. Crop Pasture Sci. 2022 Jun 24; 73:769-780. 16. Baldelli A, Liang DY, Guo Y, Pratap-Singh A. Effect of the formulation on mucoadhesive spray-dried microparticles containing iron for food fortification. Food Hydrocoll. 2023 Jan 1; 134:107906. 17. Kong D, Khan SA, Wu H, Liu Y, Ling HQ, Biofortification of iron and zinc in rice and wheat. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2022; 64 (6), 1157-1167. 18. James N, Umesh M, Sarojini S, Shanmugam S, Nasif O, Alharbi SA, et al. Unravelling the potential plant growth activity of halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis NJ04 isolated from soil and its possible use as a green bioinoculant on Solanum lycopersicum L. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241159EnglishN2023May15Healthcare Screening for Efflux Pump Mediated Resistance in Enterobacterales by Acridine Orange Agar Cartwheel Method     English0813Anusha APEnglish Harish Kumar KSEnglish Rani S JayamohanEnglish Deepthy BJEnglish Introduction: Aerobic gram negative bacilli such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp are major causes of hospital-acquired infections. Efflux pump mediated resistance is one of the major mechanism contributing to antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacterales. Aim/Objectives: The aim of our study was to detect efflux pump mediated resistance in Enterobacterales by Acridine orange agar method. Materials and Methods: In this study, various Enterobacterales were isolated from clinical samples and identified using various biochemical tests. The screening for expression of efflux pump was done by Acridine orange agar cartwheel method. Results: Among the Enterobacterales, E. coli showed highest prevalence of efflux pump activity followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. Conclusion: In this study, it is implicated that Acridine orange can be used as an alternative to Ethidium bromide and screening for efflux pump can be done by Acridine orange agar method in a microbiology laboratory set up. EnglishEnterobacterales, Multidrug resistance, Extensively Drug Resistance, Efflux Pump Mediated Resistance, Acridine Orange Cartwheel Method, Antimicrobial Resistance Detectionhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4737http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4737 1. Aslam B, Wang W, Arshad MI, Khurshid M, Muzammil S, Rasool MH et al. Antibiotic resistance: A rundown of a global crisis. Infect. Drug Resist. 2018, 11: 1645-58. 2. Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Marti?nez JL. Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives. Nat Microbiol. 2019, 4(9):1432– 1442. 3. Fisher RA, Gollan B, Helaine S. Persistent bacterial infections and persister cells. Nat.Rev. Microbiol. 2017, 15 :453–464. 4. Guo, Y, Song G, Sun M, Wang J, Wang Y. Prevalence and therapies of antibiotic-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10: 107. 5. Rice LB. “Progress and challenges in implementing the research on ESKAPE pathogens.” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2010; 31(1): S7–S10. 6. GiedraitieneA, Vitkauskiene A, Naginiene R, Pavilonis A. “Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of clinically important bacteria,” Medicina (Kaunas). 2011; 47(3):137–146. 7. Wilson DN. “Ribosome-target in antibiotics and mechanisms of bacterial resistance.” Nat RevMicrobiol. 2014;12(1): 35–48. 8. Kumar A, Schweizer HP. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: active efflux and reduced uptake. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005; 57(10):1486-513. 9. Nelson ML: Modulation of antibiotic efflux in bacteria. Curr Med Chem. 2002; 1: 35-54. 10. Piddock LJ. Clinically relevant chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance efflux pumps in bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19(2): 382-402. 11. Webber MA, Piddock LJV. The importance of efflux pumps in bacterial antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother2003; 51(1):9-11. 12. Zgurskaya HI, Nikaido H. Multidrug resistance mechanisms: drug efflux across two membranes. Mol Microb. 2000; 37(2):219-25. 13. Nikaido H. The role of outer membrane and efflux pumps in the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. Can we improve drug access? Drug Resist Updat. 1998;1: 93-98. 14. Tenover FC. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am J Infect Control. 2006; 119(6 Suppl 1):S3-10; discussion S62-70. 15. Amaral L, Cerca P, Spengler G, Machado L, Martins A, Couto I et al. Ethidium bromide efflux by Salmonella: modulation by metabolic energy, pH, ions and phenothiazines. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;38(2): 140-145. 16. Viveiros M, Rodrigues L, Martins M, Couto I, Spengler G, Martins A et al. Evaluation of efflux activity of bacteria by a semiautomated fluorometric system. Methods Mol Biol. 2010; 642: 159-172. 17. Paixa?o L, Rodrigues L, Couto I, Martins M, Fernandes P, de Carvalho CC et al. Fluorometric determination of ethidium bromide efflux kinetics in Escherichia coli. J Biol Eng. 2009; 3: 18. 18. M100-Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, 31th Edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2021. 19. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drugresistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Mar;18(3):268-81. 20. Reygaert WC. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. AIMS Microbiol. 2018 Jun 26;4(3):482-501. 21. Sharpiro HM. Flow cytometry of bacterial membrane potential and permeability. Methods Mol Med. 2008;142:175-86. 22. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241159EnglishN2023May15Healthcare A study on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices among Fisherwomen in Udupi Taluk     English1418Dsilva RaineEnglish Sumit KumarEnglish Zubair Sabah MohdEnglish Introduction: Clean water, basic toilets, and good hygiene practices are essential for all human beings. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene are essential in the fish market while handling fish to reduce as well as prevent fish contamination and microbial growth. Objective: To assess water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices among the fisherwomen in Udupi Taluk. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the fisherwomen using a validated questionnaire in Udupi Taluk. Data were entered and analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0. Results: The study found that most fish markets use a reliable water source. The fish market had at least one functional toilet and (66.8%) of toilets were clean. It was found that (86.4%) of the waste are been collected daily by the municipality. The majority of the fisherwomen (98.6%) wash their hands before having food, before handling fish practice, and after using the toilet but (62.4%) wash their hands only with water. About (88.3%) but do not wash their hands after receiving currency notes from the customers. The practice of menstrual hygiene was found to be better. Work experience was found to be significantly significant with (p-value EnglishWater, Sanitation, Hygiene Practices, Fisherwomen, Fish Market, Hand Washinghttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4738http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4738 1. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. UNICEF. 2020 [cited 29 April 2020].Available from: https://www.unicef.org/wash/ 2. Shirke SS, Sukham MD, Nashad M, Pradeep HD, Rahman MR. An overview of adoption of hygienic practices by fish marketing personnel in selected fish markets of Port Blair city, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. IJE&D. 2018 Apr 30;6(4):1-6. 3. Dubey A, Bansal U, Shankar P, Sachan AK, Dixit RK. Knowledge and practice towards hygiene and sanitation among children. World J Pharm Sci. 2016;4(3):372- 4. 4. Sah RB, Baral DD, Ghimire A, Pokharel PK. Study on knowledge and practice of water and sanitation application in Chandragadhi VDC of Jhapa District. Health Renaissance. 2013;11(3):241-5. 5. Rao BM, Jeeva JC, Khasim DI. Palm Impression Technique: a simple tool to popularize good hygiene and sanitation practices among fish handlers. Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin. 6. Prüss-Ustün A, Wolf J, Bartram J, Clasen T, Cumming O, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Hunter PR, Medlicott K, Johnston R. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: an updated analysis with a focus on low-and middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2019 Jun 1;222(5):765-77. 7. Cairncross S, Valdmanis V. Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion (chapter 41). [cited 19 May 2020]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11755/ 8. Samikwa E, Kapute F, Tembo M, Phiri T, Holm RH. Identification of critical control points using water quality as an indicator of hygiene for artisanal fisheries on Lake Malawi. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management. 2019 Mar;24(1):3- 12. 9. Orimoloye EO, Amadi CO, Amadi AN, Azuamah YC, Nwoke EA, Zacchaeus U, Dozie IN. Assessment of water sanitation and hygiene practices in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int. J. Res. 2015;2(2):94- 100. 10. Hossain MS, Arefin SZ, Anwar M, Hossain M, Mia R, Parvage5i MM. Hygiene Practice and Nutritional Status of Fisherman Residing Southern Part of Bangladesh. American Research Thought. 11. Gopalakrishna Iyer TS, Damle SP, Garg DK, Nambiar VN, Vasu NM. Quality of fish in retail markets of Bombay.