Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241156EnglishN2023March22Healthcare Economic Evaluation of Different Brands of Commonly Prescribed Drugs Used in the Management of Angina Pectoris in Indian Market     English0105Rajesh KumarEnglish Chakrapani KumarEnglish Pramod Kumar ManjhiEnglish Akhilesh Kumar RanaEnglish Shuvasree PayraEnglish Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in developing countries like India. Initial management includes use of many anti- anginal drugs. If angina pectoris not managed adequately results in significant morbidity and mortality too due to the complications. Anti-anginal drugs are used for lifelong. Therefore, analysis of the price of different drugs used in ischemic heart disease will help to improve patient compliance. Objective: (1) To assess the cost variation of different drugs available as antianginal agents in India. (2) To assess the cost ratio and percentage price variation of different formulations. Method: The maximum and minimum price of each brand of the drugs given in Indian rupees (INR) was noted by using ‘Drug Today’ (Oct 2022 – Jan 2023, volume II). The cost range, cost ratio, and the percentage cost variation for individual drug brands were calculated. The cost of tablets/capsule was calculated, and the cost ratio and percentage cost variation of various brands was compared. Results: After calculation of cost ratio and percentage cost variation for each brand of anti-anginal drugs, tab Diltiazem (60 mg) had a maximum percentage cost variation of 459.76% and a cost ratio of 5.59 while tab GTN (6.4 mg) had a minimum percentage cost variation of 76.19% and cost ratio of 1.76. Conclusions: There is a wide variation in the price of different brands ofanti-anginal drugs available in India. The clinicians prescribing these drugsshould be aware of these variations to reduce the financial burden of drugtherapy and improve compliance. EnglishAnti-anginal drugs, Cost ratio, Percent cost variation, Angina Pectoris, Drug Today, Cost Rangehttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4715http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4715 1. Kandaswamy E, Zuo L. Recent advances in treatment of coronary artery disease: Role of science and technology. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19:424 2. Shaper AG, Cook DG, Walker M. Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease in middle aged British men. Br Heart J. 1984;51:595– 605. 3. Cannon PJ, Connell PA, Stockley IH, Garner ST, Hampton JR. Prevalence of angina as assessed by a survey of prescriptions for nitrates. Lancet.1988 Apr 30;1(8592):979-81. 4. Hagman M, Jonsson D, Wilhelmsen L. Prevalence of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in a general population sample of Swedish men. Acta Med Scand.1977;201:571–7. 5. Clarke KW, Gray D, Hampton JR. Implication of prescriptions for nitrates: 7- year follow up of patients treated for angina in general practice. Br Heart J. 1994;71:38–40. 6. Gandhi MM, Lampe FC, Wood DA. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and short-term prognosis of angina pectoris. Br Heart J.1995;73:193–8. 7. Hjemdahl P, Eriksson SV, Held C, Rehnqvist N. Prognosis of patients with stable angina pectoris on antianginal drug therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(16):6D–15D. 8. Stewart S, Murphy N, Walker A, McGuire A, McMurray JJV. The current cost of angina pectoris to the National Health Service in the UK. Heart 2003;89(8):1–6. 9. Liu JL, Maniadakis N, Gray A, Rayner M. The economic burden of coronary heart disease in the UK. Heart. 2002;88:597–603. 10. Zethraeus N, Molin T, Henriksson P, Jonsson B. Costs of coronary heart disease and stroke: the case of Sweden. J Intern Med 1999;246:151–9 11. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projection of mortality and morbidity by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet.1997;349(9064):1498-504. 12. Deepa R, Arvind K, Mohan V. Diabetes, and risk factors for coronary artery disease. Curr Sci.2002;83:1497-505. 13. Gupta R, Sharma KK, Gupta A, Agrawal A, MohanI, Gupta VP, et al. Persistent high prevalence of CV risk factors in the urban middle class in India: Jaipur Heart Watch-5. J Assoc Physicians India.2012;60:11-6 14. Ritter J, Lewis L, Mant T, Ferro A. In: a Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th Edition. London: A Hodder Arnold Publication; 2012: 196-203. 15. Muszbek N, Brixner D, Benedict A, Keskinaslan A, Khan ZM. The economic consequences of noncompliance in cardiovascular disease and related conditions: a literature review. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(2):338-51 16. Indian Brand Equity Foundation. Introduction: Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Available at http://www.ibef.org/industry/ pharmaceuticalindia. Pharmaceuticals Industry Report. Nov. 2022 17. Das SC, Mandal M, Mandal SC. A critical study on availability and price variation between different brands: impact on access to medicines. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2007;69(1):160-3 18. Frazier LM, Brown JT, Divine GW, Fleming GR, Philips NM, Siegal WC, et al. Can physician education lower the cost of prescription drugs? A prospective, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(2):116-21. 19. Chawan VS, Gawand KV, Badwane SV. Cost analysis of oral hypolipidemic agents available in India. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2014;3:1-4. 20. Phatak AM, Hotwani JH, Deshmukh KR, Panchal SS, Naik MS. Cost analysis of long established and newer oral antiepileptic drugs available in the Indian market. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2015;4(4);744-8. 21. Chawan VS, Gawand KV, Badwane SV. Fluoroquinolones in India-Are we prescribing it right: A cost variation study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2015;5:306-8. 22. Chawan VS, Badwane SV, Gawand KV, Chhaya MU. Analysis of price variation amongst different formulations of anxiolytic drugs available in Indian market. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016;4:2398-401.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241156EnglishN2023March22Healthcare Knowledge and Awareness of Exercises in Diabetes Mellitus among Female Population       English0614Fathimath AnsaraEnglish Nigat Fathima PAEnglish Khaja Mohinuddeen KPEnglish Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is influenced by multi-factorial components, such as behavioural, environmental and social factors. Exercises are considered to be very effective in prevention, care and management of diabetes, but the awareness of exercises in diabetes is limited and underutilized. As knowledge is essential in bringing alteration in behaviour, it is important to know the awareness. The awareness of community-based knowledge in rural population is necessary as it reduces the burden in the society by promoting health education. Aims/Objectives: To find the knowledge and awareness of exercises and its types in diabetes mellitus among female population, and to find the association between the knowledge and awareness of diabetes based on age and level of education. Method: This study is a cross-sectional study involving 195 females between the age of 18 and 60 years who were interviewed by the personal investigator using a structured questionnaire form which is structured in a way to find the age, level of education, knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus, its risk factors, complications, prevention and management of diabetes mellitus by different types of exercises. Results: Results suggested that even though there is a good awareness of a diabetes mellitus as a condition (100%), people lacked knowledge and awareness in various aspects of diabetes mellitus such as risk factors (81.3 %), prevention (70.3%), type of exercises (aerobic exercises: 94.0%, resistance exercises: 33.2% and flexibility exercises: 31.0%), role of exercises in diabetes mellitus and exercise-induced hypoglycemia (60%). Association between the knowledge & awareness of diabetes mellitus based on educational status revealed that literacy rate plays an important role in influencing a person’s knowledge. Conclusion: This study established that even though people are aware of a condition called diabetes mellitus, the knowledge regarding its risk factors, prevention, complications and type of exercises are grossly inadequate. EnglishAwareness, Knowledge, Diabetes Mellitus, Exercises, Prediabetes, Femaleshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4717http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4717

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241156EnglishN2023March22Healthcare Comparative Characterisation Study of the Properties of Modified and Unmodified African Locust Beans (Parkia Bigbosa) Marketed in Ilisan/Shagamu Area of Ogun State, Nigeria     English1521Idika Digbo IEnglish Anaekwe Vera CEnglish Ndukwe Nelly AEnglish Introduction: Parkia biglobosa is a wide leguminous plant found in Nigeria and many other African countries. It has been found to contain high calorific value, essential proteins, fatty acids etc. Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of this work amongst others is to characterize the modified and the unmodified African locust bean with the view of finding out their nutritional value. Methodology: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out on both the unmodified and modified samples at different magnifications in order to determine their morphologies. Also, Fourier transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT- IR) was employed to investigate the functional groups and their intensities in the water-based extract of both samples. Finally, X-RD analysis was carried out on the unmodified water-based extract in order to determine the phase names available in the sample. Results: From the SEM analysis, patches and pores were found in each of the samples, but the patches on the modified sample appeared wider than the ones seen in the modified sample. This could be as a result of the breakdown of proteins by microorganisms in the course of fermentation. The following functional groups were detected in the unmodified water sample with their intensities: O-H, N-H (45.64) CH2O asymmetric, C-H stretch (85.55), CH2O symmetric, C-H stretch (91.04), C≡N, C≡C (95.16), C=O (64.14) C-CH asymmetric bend (85.22), SO2 symmetric stretch sulfate (85.43) and C-N Stretch (85.42). Additionally, the following functional groups with their intensities were recorded for the modified water based extract: O-H, N-H (74.75), C-N (82.30), C≡N, C≡C (96.34), C=O (85.07), CO2 asymmetric stretch (67.44), CH3 umbrella (74.78), Alkyl/Aryl (83.72), SO2 stretch sulfate (81.73) amongst other vital result obtained from X-RD analysis. Conclusion: More functional groups were prevalent in the modified African locust beans seeds than in the unmodified including their intensities. This is indicative of more nutritional value in the modified sample compared with the unmodified sample. EnglishUnmodified, Modified, Parkia Biglobosa, SEM, X-RD, FTIRhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4718http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4718 1. Abdullahi I, Akinyele A. Shoot Proliferation Using Cotyledonary Nodes of Locally Conserved Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth Seeds. IRJPS. 2013; 4(10): 302-309. 2. Bhat R, Karim A. Exploring the Nutritional Potential of Wild and Underutilized Legumes. Comp. 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The Upgrading of Traditional Fermented Foods Through Biotechnology. AJB. 2005; 4: 375-380. 9. Chukwu O, Orhevba B, Mahmood B. Hydrothermal Treatment on Proximate Composition of Fermented Locust Bean (Dawadawa). JFT. 2010; 8: 99-101. 10. Marcel T, Lambon P, Tuffour E. The Potential Of The Fruit Pulp Of Parkia Biglobosa (African Locust Bean) As An Excipient In Solid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. EJPMR. 2015;2 (7): 362 – 369. 11. Adetutu A, Corcoran W. Ethnopharmacological Survey And In Vitro Evaluation of Wound Healing Plants Used in South-Western Nigeria. JOE. 2011; 137(1), 50-56. 12. Ojewumi M, Omoleye A, Ajayi A. The Study of The Effect of Moisture Content on The Biochemical Deterioration of Stored Fermented Seeds. OJERT. 2016;1:14-22. 13. Dedehou V, Olounlade P, Alowanou G, Azando E, Adote S. A Review on Medicinal Plants ofParkia Biglobosa (Mimosaceae- Fabaceae) and Pterocarpus Erinaceus (Leguminosae- Papilionoidea). JMPS. 2016;4: 132–137. 14. Alabi D, Akinsulire O, Sanyaolu M. Qualitative Determination of Chemical and Nutritional Composition ofParkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. AJOB2005; 4 (8): 812-815. 15. Modupe E, James A, Adesla A, Oyinlola A. Molecu; Ar Compositions And Morphologiical Structure Of Fernmented Africa Locust Bean Seed (Parkia Biglobosa). POAJ. 2022;11(1):3111- 3119. 16. Abioye E, Akinpelu D, Aiyegoro O, Adegboye, M, Oni M, Okoh A et al. Preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of crude stem bark extracts and fractions of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.). Molecules. 2013 18: 8485-8499. 17. Adebo O, Njobeh P, Kayitesi E. Fermentation By Lactobacillus Fermentum Strains (Singly And In Combination) Enhances The Properties Of Ting From Two Whole Grain Sorghum Types. JOCS. 2018; 82: 49-56. 18. Adebo O, Njobeh P, Mulaba-Bafubiandi A, Adebiyi J, Desobgo Z, Kayitesi E et al. Optimization Of Fermentation Conditions for Ting Production Using Response Surface Methodology. JOFPP. 2018; 42:13-38. 19. Ahmed S, Hanifi S, Iftkhar T. Phytochemical Profiling with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Screening of Amaranthus Viridis, L. Leaf and See Extracts. OJOMM. 2013; 3(3): 164-171. 20. Alabi D, Akinsulire O, Sanyaolu M. Qualitative Determination of Chemical and Nutritional Composition Of Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. AJOB. 2005;4 (8): 812-815. 21. Bainbridge P. Wound Healing and The Role of Fibroblasts. JOWC. 2013; 22 (8): 407–408. 22. Bello M, Falade O, Adewusi S, Olawore N. Studies on The Chemical Composition and Antinutrients of Some Lesser- Known Nigeria Fruits. AJOB. 2008; 7(21): 3972-3979. 23. CampbellP. African Locust Bean (Parkia Species) And Its West African Fermented Food Product, Dawadawa. JOEOFAN. 1980; 9: 123-132 24. Daramola B. Effects Of Extraction Solvent, Morphological Parts and Ripening Stage on Antioxidative Activity Of Solanum Anguivi Fruit. IJORJ. 2015;22 (2): 644 – 650. 25. Gbekley H, Katawa G, Karou1 S, Anani K, Tchadjobo T, Ameyapoh Y et al. Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used to Treat Asthma In The Maritime Region In Togo. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2017; 14 (1): 196-212. 26. Fayinminnu O, Adeniyi O, Alabi O, Omobusuyi D. Potentials Of Aqueous Extract of Pod Husk Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth As a Biopesticide in Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.)(Moench) Production. JOAERI. 2017; 12(1): 1-12. 27. Fadeyi S, Fadeyi O, Adejumo A, Okoro C, Myles EL. In Vitro Anticancer Screening Of 24 Locally Used Nigerian Medicinal Plants. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013; 13:79. 28. Ezekwe C, Anaya C, Okechukwu P. Effects Of Methanol Extract of Parkia Biglobosa Stem Bark on The Liver and Kidney Functions Of Albino Rats. GJOBB. 2013; 8 (2): 40-50. 29. Ibrahim M, Habila J, Koorbanally N, Islam M. Butanol Fraction of Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) G. Don Leaves Enhance Β-Cell Functions, Stimulates Insulin Secretion and Ameliorates Other Type 2 Diabetes associated Complications in Rats. JOE. 2016; 183: 103-111. 30. Marcel T, Lambon P, TuffourE. The Potential Of The Fruit Pulp Of Parkia Biglobosa (African Locust Bean) As An Excipient In Solid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. EJOPMR 2015;2 (7): 362 – 369.