Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241151EnglishN2023January7Healthcare Aspergillus and the Role of Cytopathology and Microbiology Lab Techniques in Diagnosis English0110Almutiri Abdullah BandarEnglish Mohammed M AlanaziEnglish M. ALMUTERYEnglish Mubarak AlqahtaniEnglish Salman MuyidiEnglish Mousa haqawiEnglish Fahad AlhusainEnglish Introduction: Aspergillosis is a type of fungal infection or a type of mold that can cause serious respiratory illnesses in people especially those with weakened immune systems. Timely diagnosis and treatment of Aspergillus infections is critical to preventing potentially life-threatening complications. It can be difficult to diagnose, as it often mimics other diseases. Cytopathology and microbiology lab techniques can be used to help diagnose aspergillosis; Histopathology, PCR and biochemistry are also important. Aims: To compare the most effective laboratory diagnostic techniques to detect the Aspergillus in body. Methods: This systematic review searched for studies that evaluated the use of cytopathology and microbiology and other lab techniques in the diagnosis of aspergillosis. Studies were identified through searches of Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Results: Cytopathology and microbiology lab techniques can both be helpful in diagnosing aspergillosis. Cytopathology and histopathology are both highly accurate, but results may take longer to obtain than with other tests. Microbiology is useful for diagnosing infections, but it may not be as accurate as cytopathology or histopathology. Poly Chain Reaction (PCR) is very accurate, but it is also expensive and results may take some time to obtain. Biochemistry can be useful for diagnosing metabolic disorders, but it is not as accurate as other tests. Conclusion: There is no one “best” way to detect Aspergillus, and the best approach may vary depending on the particular patient and situation. In general, a combination of two or more tests may be needed to accurately diagnose aspergillosis. The most important factor/guideline in choosing which tests to use is whether they will provide information that can help guide treatment decisions. Nevertheless, with all factors considered the PCR is the best test because it is highly sensitive and specific; able to detect even low levels of Aspergillus. EnglishAspergillus, Aspergillosis, PCR, Microbiology, Cytopathology, Infectionhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4674http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4674 1. Warris A. The biology of pulmonary Aspergillus infections. J. Infect. Dis. [2014] Nov 1;69:S36-41. 2. King J, Brunel SF, Warris A. Aspergillus infections in cystic fibrosis. J. Infect. Dis. 2016 Jul 5;72:S50-5. 3. El-Baba F, Gao Y, Soubani AO. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241151EnglishN2023January7Healthcare A Case Report of Rare Disease: Adenocarcinoma Esophagus in 12-years-Old Boy in Children’s Hospital, Lahore     English1113Alia AhmadEnglish Fariha SahrishEnglish Ayesha BibiEnglish Zainab EhsanEnglish Mahvish HussainEnglish Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is more common than adenocarcinoma. It is most common in Asian countries and more prevalent in black population as compared to white population. Its incidence has a decreasing trend, recent years. This disease is very rarely seen in children and adolescents. Case Report: A 12-year-old boy with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of lower esophagus is reported because it is a very rare disease in children. Patient presented with vomiting and dysphagia. Surgery was not possible due to widespread disease. Chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy was given. Patient started taking semisolids after two courses of chemotherapy. Discussion: Esophageal carcinoma is disease of old age and most prevalent in Asian countries. Most patients with this disease are male and have age more than 50 years. This disease is very rarely found in children, the youngest patient presented with the disease was eight years old. It frequently metastasizes to lungs, liver and mediastinal lymph nodes. EnglishEsophagus, Dysphagia, Adenocarcinoma, Asia, Squamous cell carcinoma, Mediastinal lymph nodeshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4675http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4675 1. He H, Chen N, Hou Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang G, et al. Trends in the incidence and survival of patients with esophageal cancer: a SEER database analysis. Thoracic cancer. 2020 May;11(5):1121-8. 2. Xie SH, Lagergren J. Time trends in the incidence of oesophageal cancer in Asia: Variations across populations and histological types. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;44:71-76. doi:10.1016/j. canep.2016.08.002 3. Murphy CC, Claire Yang Y, Shaheen NJ, Hofstetter WL, Sandler RS. An age-period-cohort analysis of obesity and incident esophageal adenocarcinoma among white males. Dis Esophagus. 2017;30(3):1-8. doi:10.1111/dote.12526 4. Kumar P, Dana R, Prashant Dadhich, Mehta V, Chaturvedi MK. A Rare Case Report: Carcinoma Esophagus in 12-year-old Girl with Unknown Etiology. Cancer Ther Oncol Int J. 2019;14(1):1- 3. doi:10.19080/CTOIJ.2019.14.555882 5. Shahi UP, Dattagupta S, Singhal S, Kumar L, Bahadur S, Rath GK. Carcinoma oesophagus in a 14-year-old child: report of a case and review of literature. Tropical gastroenterology: official journal of the Digestive Diseases Foundation. 1989 Oct 1;10(4):225-8. 6. Allam AR, Fazili FM, Khawaja FI, Sultan A. Esophageal Carcinoma in a 15-Year-Old Girl: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Ann Saudi Med. 2000;20(3-4):261-264. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2000.261 7. Soni NK, Bikaner PC. Carcinoma of the oesophagus in an eight-year-old child.The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 1980;94(3):327-329. doi:10.1017/S002221510008885X 8. Theilen TM, Chou AJ, Klimstra DS, LaQuaglia MP. Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Children and Adolescents: Report of 3 Cases and Comprehensive Literature Review. J Pediatr Surg Case Rep. 2016;5:23-29. doi:10.1016/j. epsc.2015.12.008 9. Buckle GC, Mmbaga EJ, Paciorek A, Akoko L, Deardorff K, Mgisha W, et al. Risk factors associated with early-onset esophageal cancer in Tanzania. JCO Global Oncology. 2022 Feb;8:e2100256. doi:10.1200/GO.21.00256 10. Hu N, Wang K, Zhang L, Liu ZJ, Jin Z, Cui RL et al.Epidemiological and clinical features of functional dyspepsia in a region with a high incidence of esophageal cancer in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 2021 Jun 20;134(12):1422-30. doi:10.1097/ CM9.0000000000001584 11. Luo LN, He LJ, Gao XY, Huang XX, Shan HB, Luo GY et al. Evaluation of preoperative staging for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Aug 8;22(29):6683-9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i29.6683

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241151EnglishN2023January7Healthcare Rescue Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty for Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias and Cardiogenic Shock     English1419Reddy Chandra ShekaraEnglish Srinivas ArunEnglish Chawath Siddarth KumarEnglish Introduction: Severe Calcific Aortic Stenosis (AS) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in aged population. Asymptomatic with reduced LVEF has high risk of sudden death. Aim: To study the complexity of clinical course of Severe Calcific AS with LV Dysfunction. Case Report: A Seventy-Six-year-old male was admitted with ACS, NSTEMI, LVEF 35% and Severe Calcific AS. With plan of AVR, CAG was done and showed Mild CAD. Post-procedure he had sequence of catastrophic clinical events that includes, A systolic Cardiac Arrest (reverted after CPR) and Protracted Pulmonary edema (Connected to Mechanical Ventilation). Later had Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias, treated with 34 times DC Shocks. He was not suitable for Surgical AVR or TAVI. After high-risk consent, he successfully underwent emergency Aortic Balloon Valvuloplasty (ABV) with significant drop in AV gradients. Post ABV, also had Paroxysmal AF. Arrhythmias were also treated with Beta blocker, Antiarrhythmics, Digoxin and Potassium supplementation. Gradually stabilized, discharged and followed up. Discussion: Aortic stenosis, a disease of elderly age group. Symptomatology varies widely. It has limited management options. In our case, Post CAG critical illness was probably due to “Pre -CAG” LV dysfunction with subclinical symptoms. ABV used as bail out the procedure in high-risk patients. Conclusion: ABV is considered as a viable palliative option, with the introduction of smaller profile balloons, rapid pacing and vascular closure devices. ABV can safely used as bridging procedure before Surgical AVR or TAVI in high-risk patients EnglishAortic Balloon Valvuloplasty, Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement, Trans Aortic Valvular Implantation, Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmiashttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4676http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4676 1. Dejam A, Hokinson M, Laham R. Repeated successful balloon valvuloplasty of a bioprosthetic aortic valve in a nonagenerian. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2011 Mar 1;77(4):589-92doi: 10.1002/ccd.22816 2. Otto Catherine M, Rick AN, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin 3rd JP, Gentile F et al. ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;77: e25-197.https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923 3. Tsampasian V, Grafton-Clarke C, Ramos AE, Asimakopoulos G, Garg P, Prasad S, et al. Management of asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2022 May 1;9(1): e001982. 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2022-001982 5. Zilberszac R, Gabriel H, Schemper M, Laufer G, Maurer G, Rosenhek R. Asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis in the elderly. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017 Jan;10(1):43-50.