Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411423EnglishN2022December6Healthcare Study of Newcastle Disease Virus as an Immunostimulatory Agent for Anticancer Effect     English0104Upasana PathakEnglish Nagesh MalikEnglish R. B. PalEnglish Introduction: Ineffective response of conventional therapies for the treatment of cancer has dictated the search for new treatment strategies.Emerging mode of cancer therapy likeoncolytic virotherapy employs oncolytic viruses (OVs) like Newcastle disease virus which can selectively kill cancer cells through direct lysis and can also trigger a potent anti-tumor immune response. Aim: To study the immunostimulatory effect of NDV9B on cancer cell lines MCF 7, MDA MB-231, A549, PC3, and normal HEK-293 cell line. Methodology: UV inactivated NDV9B HAU 10 and 20was used to infect human PBMC. Post infection the stimulation of cytokine IFN-α, IFN-γ and TRAIL was quantified using ELISA. These activated PBMC was co-cultured with the cancer and control normal cell lines to check tumor neutralization activity. Results: UV inactivated NDV9B triggered cytokines secretion in PBMCs. The concentration of cytokine IFN-α, IFNγ, TRAIL/ TNFSF10 was found to be 239.57 pg/mL, 14.68 pg/mL, 61.17 pg/mL respectively infected with 20 HAU. Activated PBMCs when co cultured with cancer cells showed maximum cytotoxicity of 11.75 % in MDA MB231 cancer cell line. Conclusion: NDV9B was found to stimulate cytokines in PBMCs and these PBMCs successfully brought about low level of cytopathic effect in MDA MB231. EnglishOncolytic virotherapy, PBMCs, Newcastle disease virus, Immunostimulatory, Cytokine, Tumor neutralizationhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4630http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4630 1. Stratton MR, Campbell PJ, Futreal PA. The cancer genome. Nature. 2009 ; 458(7239): 719–724. 2. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020 : GLOBOCAN Estimatesof Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71(3):209–49. 3. Schirrmacher V, van Gool S, Stuecker W. Breaking therapy resistance: An update on oncolytic newcastle disease virus for improvements of cancer therapy. Biomedicines. 2019 Aug 30;7(3):66. 4. Cross D, Burmester JK. Gene Therapy for Cancer Treatment:Past, Present and Future. Clinical Medicine & Research ,2006 September 9;4 (3): 218-227 5. Chalovich JM, Eisenberg E. Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for cancer therapy: old challenges and new directions Dmitriy.Biophys Chem. 2005;257(5):2432–7. 6. Schirrmacher V, Haas C, Bonifer R, Ahlert T, Gerhards R, Ertel  C. Human tumor cell modification by virus infection: An efficient and safe way to produce cancer vaccine with pleiotropic immune stimulatory properties when using Newcastle disease virus. Gene Ther. 1999;6(1):63–73. 7. Takimoto T, Taylor GL, Connaris HC, Crennell SJ, Portner A. Role of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein in the Mechanism of Paramyxovirus-Cell Membrane Fusion. J Virol. 2002;76(24):13028–33. 8. Phale S. Newcastle Disease Virus: Structural and Molecular Basis of Pathogenicity. Med Chem (Los Angeles). 2018;08(08):202–4. 9. Fukuhara H, Ino Y, Todo T. Oncolytic virus therapy: A new era of cancer treatment at dawn. Cancer Sci. 2016;107(10):1373–9. 10. Lam HY, Yusoff K, Yeap SK, Subramani T, Abd-Aziz S, Omar AR, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of newcastle disease virus AF2240 strain on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int J Med Sci. 2014;11(12):1240–7. 11. Liang W, Wang H, Sun TM, Yao WQ, Chen LL, Jin Y, et al. Application of autologous tumor cell vaccine and NDV vaccine in treatment of tumors of digestive tract. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(3):495–8. 12. Fiola C, Peeters B, Fournier P, Arnold A, Bucur M, Schirrmacher V. Tumor selective replication of Newcastle Disease Virus: Association with defects of tumor cells in antiviral defence. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(2):328–38. 13. Wilden H, Schirrmacher V, Fournier P. Important role of interferon regulatory factor ( IRF ) -3 in the interferon response of mouse macrophages upon infection by Newcastle disease virus. Int. J. Oncol.2011 Aug;39(2):493-504. 14. Zeng J, Fournier P, Schirrmacher V. Induction of interferon-α and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in human blood mononuclear cells by hemagglutinin-neuraminidase but not F protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virology. 2002;297(1):19–30. 15. Ahmed I, Ahmad U, Keong YY, Manan NA, Othman F Induction of Nitric Oxide and TNF-Α in Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) AF2240 Infected RAW 264.7 Macrophages and their Cytotoxic Activity on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2014;06(11). 16. Ghrici M, El Zowalaty M, Omar AR, Ideris A. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411423EnglishN2022December6Healthcare Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain   English0515Dorothy Ebere AdimoraEnglish Magdalena Pilar Andrés RomeroEnglish Nkiru Christiana OhiaEnglish Adaorah Rapuluchukwu OnuorahEnglish Mathew Ikechukwu EzeEnglish Introduction: Domestic violence is violence or abuse in a domestic setting--such as in marriage or cohabitation-- which could result in depression, psychological ill-health and suicide. Unfortunately, neither the appropriateness and effectiveness of DV preventive interventions in deterring future DV nor the appropriate punishment for the aggressors is clear. Could there be remediation strategies for the victims of DV and coping mechanisms for the associated adversities such as increased depression, psychological trauma, suicide, deaths and other adverse effects? These major concerns motivated this study. Objectives: The study seeks to investigate the remediation strategies for effects of DV on PWB, depression and suicide among Women at COVID-19 pandemic and beyond in Nigeria and Spain. Methods: The design used for the study is descriptive survey. The population comprised females in South-Eastern Nigeria who were victims of DV during COVID-19 Pandemic. Using purposive and snowballing sampling technique, 284 females participated. Quantitative study supplemented by qualitative structured in-depth interviews and well-structured five clusters of questionnaires were used to collect data. Results: revealed high prevalence of psychological/emotional violence of between 163 (57.4 %) and 191(68.2 %), impact of DV on their psychological well-being (PWB) 227 (79.9%) to 197 (69.4 %), severe depression 162 (57.0 %) to 236 (83.1%), high suicidal behaviours 226 (79.6%) to 242 (85.2) and coping mechanism/remediation of between 180 (63.4) to 232 (81.7). Discussion: There was high prevalence of DV especially psychological/emotional violence resulting in poor psychological well-being, severe depression and high suicidal behaviours during the COVID-19 lockdown. In conclusion, it is imperative to study the DV detailed epidemiology in pandemics so that interventions which can be delivered during lockdown with the help of health-care and frontline workers could be devised to address this problem. EnglishDomestic Violence, Psychological Trauma, Anxiety, Depression, Suicidal behaviourhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4631http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4631 1. World Health Organization. Global and regional estimates of violence against women Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence [Internet]. World Health Organization. Italy: World Health Organization; 2013 [cited 18 Feb 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ reproductivehealth/publications/violence/9789241564625/en/ 2. Tjaden P, Thoennes N. (1998). Stalking in America: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Dep. Justice, Nat. Inst. Justice. 3. Benebo, F.O., Schumann, B. & Vaezghasemi, M. Intimate partner violence against women in Nigeria: a multilevel study investigating the effect of women’s status and communitynorms. BMC Women’s Health 18, 136 (2018). https://doi. org/10.1186/s12905-018-0628-7. 4. Akoni, O & Alu, N (2021) Vanguard-Domestic violence/abuse: Lagos records over 10,000 cases in 2yrs. Available at https:// www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/domestic-violence-abuse-lagos- records-over-10000-cases-in-2yrs/. 5. Romero, T (2021) Number of women that were killed in gender violence assaults in Spain from 2003 to 2020. Available at https:// www.statista.com/statistics/1204074/victims-of-domesticabuse- in-spain/ 6. Fawole, O.I., Okedare, O.O. & Reed, E. Home was not a safe haven: women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. BMC Women’s Health 21, 32 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01177-9. 7. Graham-Harrison, E; Giuffrida, A; Smith, H & Ford, L (2020) The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/ mar/28/lockdowns-world-rise-domestic-violence?CMP=Share_ iOSApp_Other 8. BBC. (2020). Coronavirus: Domestic Abuse Calls up 25% Since Lockdown, Charity Says. Available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/uk-52157620. 9. Jimenez, R.R; Otero, N.E.F; Fernández, L.G (2020) Genderbased violence during COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411423EnglishN2022December6Healthcare Cancer from Different Perspectives: Roaming in the Alleys of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology English1619Hota SarbashisEnglish Our understanding of ‘cancer’ has evolved with scientific break-throughs, which provided insight into the pathogenesis of tumour progression. Oncology, in many occasions, has emerged as a field of interdisciplinary study, as multiple areas of cross-talks exist between the streams like developmental and evolutionary biology. This fact is often overlooked among medical professionals. The article tries to focus on epistemology of cancer research, the changing philosophy in a nutshell and a brief review of two broad domains of Biological Science; regarding how they have shaped our understanding of cancer. EnglishCancer, Developmental Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Interdisciplinary study, Epistemology, Pathogenesishttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4632http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4632 1. Mukherjee S. The Emperor of All Maladies: A biography of cancer. Scribner. November 16, 2010. 2. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC.Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th Edition. Elsevier. May 18, 2020. 3. Moch H, Humphrey PA, Ulbright TM, Reuter VE.WHO Classification of tumours of the Urinary system and Male genital organs.IARC. Lyon 2016; 4th Edition; Vol 8. 4. WHO classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Female Genital Tumours. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer,2020. (WHO Classification of tumours series: 5thedition.) 5. Aiello NM, StangerBZ. Echoes of the embryo: using the developmental biology toolkit to study cancer. Dis Models Mech. 2016,9(2), 105-114. 6. Kelleher FC, Fennelly D, Rafferty M. Common critical pathways in embryogenesis and cancer. Acta Oncol.2006, 45(4): 375-388. 7. Gilbert SF, Barresi MJF. Developmental Biology, Eleventh Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2018. 8. Maguire LH, Thomas AR, Goldstein AM. Tumors of the Neural Crest: Common Themes in Development and Cancer. Dev Dyn. 2015; 244(3):311-322. 9. Ruvolo Peter P. Galectin 3 as the guardian of tumour microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016; 1863(3): 427-437. 10. Andrea S, Haeyoun K, Zhicheng Ma, Trevor AG, Matthew PS, Junsong Z et al. A Big Bang model of human colorectal tumour growth. Nat Genet. 2015 March; 47(3): 209-216. 11. Pepper JW, Findlay CS, Kassen R, Spencer SL, Maley CC. Cancer research meets evolutionary biology. Evol Appl. 2009 Feb;2(1): 62-70. 12. Casás-Selves M, De Gregori J.How cancer shapes evolution, and how evolution shapes cancer. Evolution (N Y), 2011 December, 4(4): 624-634. 13. Callaway E. How elephants avoid cancer: Pachyderms have extra copies of a key tumour-fighting gene. Nature. October, 2015. 14. WHO classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Soft tissues and bone tumours. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer,2020. (WHO classification of tumour series,5thedition, vol.3). 15. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, et al. WHO Classification of tumours of Hematopoietic & Lymphoid tissues, Revised 4thedition, IARC; Lyon,2017.