Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241122EnglishN2020January28HealthcareTo Compare The Effect of Specific Yoga and Aerobic Exercise Program on Vital Parameters in Young Adult Females English0105Bindi DesaiEnglish Didhiti DesaiEnglishBackground & Purpose: Aerobics is an effective physical exercise which is often done to music. Yoga” is practiced in India and all over world for over thousands of years. Due to its increased awareness in health and natural remedies, yogic techniques (including “asanas” and “pranayama”) are gaining importance and receiving worldwide acceptance. Pranayama, meaning ‘breath control’, is an ancient technique involving slow and rhythmic breathing. Asana means a steady and pleasant posture of the body. Intervention and Method: The subjects selected randomly will be allocated into two groups. Group-A (Yoga Group) and Group-B (Aerobic Group) consisting 50 participants in each group according to the availability. Treatment duration: 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks, follow up after 3 weeks. Initial evaluation of participants vital parameters like BP, HR, RR & Temperature will be done prior and after intervention of each group. Group A: Yoga group -Total duration: 45 minute 3 asana include:-Padmasana, Nadi-shodana, Sukhasana, Kpalbhati, Vajrasana, Ujjayi Group B: Aerobic exercises:- Intensity: moderate exercise intensity 1st week and 2nd week: Warm up for 5 minutes Aerobic Exercise-jogging for 5 minutes Walking & aerobics dance for 30 minutes Cool down phase for 5 minutes. Results: For within group comparison paired t test was used and between group comparison unpaired t test was used. Results presented as mean ± sd. Yoga shows significant improvement in heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure better than aerobics. While diastolic blood pressure and temperature shows statistically equal improvement. Conclusion: In this study, both groups showed clinical improvement in all Vital Parameters but Specific Yoga program group was statically more significant in vitals like Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure when compared to Aerobics program. EnglishYoga, Aerobics, Heart rate, Respiratory rate, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, TemperatureINTRODUCTION The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) defines aerobic exercise as "any activity that uses large muscle groups, can be maintained continuously, and is rhythmic in nature." It is a type of exercise that overloads the heart and lungs and causes them to work harder than at rest(1) and the example are walking, jogging, running, skipping, dancing, swimming, bicycling etc. There are many evidences confirming that the changes, which occur due to the regular physical work, not only increase the functional capacity of organism, but also decrease the risk of various diseases(2,3). In order to promote and maintain health, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic physical activity five days a week or a minimum of 20 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity three days a week(7). The most recent recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) & American Heart Association (AHA) suggests promoting and maintaining health. Adult aged 18-65 years need moderate intensity exercise 30 minutes a day 5 days a week(8). Physical inactivity and poor physical fitness are associated with several health problems, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders (e.g. overweight, obesity, diabetes), musculoskeletal disorders, pulmonary diseases, cancer, psychological problems etc. and so on.(15) Since 1968 women lifestyle has changed in many ways. Many more women now work outside the homes. A female has to go through different psycho-physiological changes resulting in hormonal issues.(16) All this type of stress causes an imbalance of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system due to disturbances of homeostatic mechanisms in the body.(14) Here comes the role of aerobic dance training which not only improves the physical but mental stress as well as establishing equilibrium between sympathetic and parasympathetic components The Global Burden of Disease study estimates that 52% of CVD deaths occur below the age of 70 years in India. The contributing factors for the growing burden of CVDs are increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors especially hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, overweight or obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco use.(18) At one end of the spectrum are young individuals without atherosclerotic disease who have not yet been sufficiently exposed to the life-style and environmental factors responsible for this disease and its complications. Then, there are an increasing number of individuals who develop asymptomatic atherosclerosis as a consequence of their exposure to smoking, an unhealthy diet and sedentary life-style, which result in obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and other risk factors for atherosclerosis and its complications.(19) Physical activity has been proved to be effective in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic, special and diseased population.(20) For many students, college is a time of chronic stress, and students with greater perceived stress are more susceptible to headaches, sleep disturbances, and illnesses, such as the common cold.(29-32) It is important for college students to establish a method for coping with chronic stress, and many students are enrolling in Yoga classes to reduce stress and experience relaxation.   Yoga is an ancient discipline designed to bring balance and health to the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of the individual. Yoga is often depicted metaphorically as a tree and comprises eight aspects, or ‘‘limbs:’’ yama (universal ethics), niyama (individual ethics), asana (physical postures), pranayama (breath control), pratyahara (control of the senses), dharana (concentration), dyana (meditation), and Samadhi (bliss). (33) . “Yoga” is practiced in India and all over world for over thousands of years. Due to its increased awareness in health and natural remedies, yogic techniques (including “asanas” and “pranayama”) are gaining importance and receiving worldwide acceptance. “Yoga” produces physiological changes which has a sound scientific basis.(34) Pranayama' is a Sanskrit word - Prana and Ayama. 'Prana' means life or life Force. 'Ayama' means development or control. Therefore, Pranayama is the development and control of life force.(35) Asanas and pranayama have beneficial effect on the body: they improve the functions of different system of the body, increasing longevity. They invigorate the activity of lungs and heart. They calm the mind, increase the concentration and give the ability to cope with tension. They are a complete system for personal development, promoting total physical and spiritual wellbeing.(41) There are studies on effect of yoga and aerobics on physiological variables in healthy individual, but there were very few studies on specific vitals in Young adult females. So, this study is designed to see the effect of specific yoga program and aerobics program on vital parameters in young adult females. Method and Materials: Total 100 subjects were taken according to inclusion criteria like Female age - 18-35 BMI - 18.5 to 24.9, Individual not engaged in fitness activity since last 1 year, Non-diabetic non-smoking and free of cardiovascular diseases,Subjects who were healthy based on a routine clinical examination, The students had no experience of practicing yoga and aerobics or any physical activity likes body building, walking, jogging, sports etc.Individuals with medical conditions likeCardiovascular disorders, Diabetes mellitus, Bronchial asthma, Endocrinal disorders, Depression, Epilepsy, Psychological disorders were excluded. Institutional Ethics Committee of the Parul University approved the study. Then subjects were selected randomly, they were allocated into two groups. Group-A (Specific Yoga Program Group) and Group-B (Aerobic Program Group) consisted 50 participants in each group. The total Treatment duration was 6- weeks. Follow up after 3 weeks. Initial evaluation of participants vital parameters like Blood pressure, Heart rate, Respiratory rate & Temperature were done prior and after intervention of each group. Group A: Specific Yoga program group Total duration: 45 minutes Group B: Aerobics program-Intensity: moderate exercise intensity Warm up- gentle stretching exercise for 5minutes Aerobic Exercise- exercises like jogging for 5 minutes Walking & aerobics dance with music at 50-75% maximum heart rate for 30 minutes  Warm down phase: 5 minutes gentle stretching exercise The first week of training was equivalent to 60% of the Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) which progressively increased upto 80% HRmax in the treatment duration. Result In present study 100 subjects of age group of 18 to 35 years were taken and divided into two groups. Group A (Specific Yoga Program group) and Group B (Aerobics Program group). 93 individuals completed the study program without any complications. The data obtained in the both groups are as follows. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The pre and post-test data were analysed with a statistical paired sample t-test. Statistical significance was accepted at PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2649http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2649 Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. American College of Sports Medicine- Lea and Fibiger 1988:168-69. Halm MA, Denker J. Primary prevention programs to reduce heart disease risk in women. Clin Nurse Spec 2003;17(2):101-09 Howes DG. Cardiovascular disease and women. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract 1998;2(5):514 24. W. L. Haskell, I. M. Lee, R. R. Pate et al., “Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American college of sports medicine and the American heart association,” Circulation, vol. 116, no. 9, pp. 1081–1093, 2007. Fabris De Souza SA (2007) Role of Body Mass Index in pulmonary Function              of Morbidly Obese patients: Physiology, PFTs, Rehab exercises. Chest 132: 4. James A.Blumenthal, Charles F Emery et al. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of exercise training in healthy older men and women. Journal of Gerontology; Medical sciences .1989; Vol.44, No 5: 147-157.  Nevin Sanlier and Fatima et al. A study into the effect of stress on women’s health. Human Soc Sci J 2007; 2(2) : 04-109. R.S. Hyde R.T. et al. Work activity and coronary heart mortality. Eng J Med 1975; 11: 545- .50 Wood D. Asymptomatic individuals – Risk stratification in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull 2001;59:3-16. Wong PC, Chia MY, Tsou IY, Wansaicheong GK, Tan B, Wang JC, et al. Effects of a 12-week exercise training program on aerobic fitness, body composition, blood lipids and C-reactive protein in adolescents with obesity. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2008;37:286-93. Ferrari CKB. Metabolic syndrome and obesity: Epidemiology and Prevention by physical activity and exercise. J Exerc Sci Fit.2008;62:87-96. Labbe EE, Murphy L, O’Brien C. Psychosocial factors and prediction of headaches in college adults. Headache. 1997;37(1):1-5. Farnill D, Robertson MF. Sleep disturbance, tertiary-transition stress, and psychological symptoms among young first year Australian college students. Australian Psychologist.1990;25:178-188. Giesecke ME. The symptom of insomnia in university students. Journal of American Collegiate Health. 1987;35:215-221.  Stone AA, Bovbjerg DH, Neale JM, Napoli A, Valdimarsdottir H, Cox D, et al. Development of common cold symptoms following experimental rhinovirus infection is related to prior stressful life events. Behavioral Medicine.1992;18:115-120. Iyengar BKS. Light on Yoga. 2nd ed. New York: Schocken Books, 1976  Sahoo J K, Vatve M, Sahoo K D, Patil V V, Pravara Effect of Specific “Yogasanas” On Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Test Med Rev 2010; 2(1)  Swami Satyananda Saraswati: Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha 1996; 3rd edition Bihar; pg – 363. Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Kennedy B. The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on the heart. Int J Neurosci 1993;73:47-60 Alyson Ross et al The Health Benefits of Yoga and Exercise:A Review of Comparison Studies the Journal of Alternative And Complementary Medicine Volume 16, Number 1, 2010, pp. 3–12 K. Sandhi, Dr.CH. VST. Saikumar Effect of Specific Yoga Program and Aerobic Program on Selected Physiological Variables of Working Women International Journal of  Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2(5) February 2015

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241122EnglishN2020January28Life SciencesSodium Chromate Influence on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Horse Gram (Dolichos Biflorus Linn.) English0610Sampath KoppulaEnglishMedicinal plant Dolichos biflorus L. used in traditional medicine is well known for its healing properties. Its seeds are majorly used in treatment of various ailments besides used as tonic, astringent, and diuretic. The main purpose of this study is Sodium Chromate (Na2Cro4) contamination in water, soil and plants is a serious health problem throughout the world. We studied the effect of aqueous solutions of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 and 3.0 % Sodium Chromate on seed germination and seedling growth of D. biflorus at the end of 20days of treatment, significant reduction in root length, shoot length, seedling length, Rooting length/shoot length ratio (cm) and fresh weight, % of germination were observed at increasing Chromate concentration. Response of D.biflorus varied on all growth parameters viz root, shoot, seedling length, dry weight and root / shoot ratio. There was also reducing rate of seed germination of D. biflorus with all treatment of chromium was recorded. The treatment of chromium at 3% produced significant 2.4 cm length of plant with effects on root, shoot and seedling length of D. biflorus as compared to control. The reduction in the seedling dry weight of D. biflorus at 3% of Sodium chromate was reduced and was more prominent with the increase in concentration at 3% of Sodium Chromate treatments. Tolerance indices and seedling vigor index of 3% for chromium treatment decreased with the increase in chromium concentration in the substrate as compared to control. More reduction in seedling tolerance and seedling vigor indices percentage of D. biflorus was recorded at 1.0 % for chromium treatment. There was further reduction in seedling vigor and tolerance indices of D. biflorus at 3% of Sodium chromate concentration as compared to control. EnglishSodium Chromate and Seedling growth, Root length, Shoot length and Leaf length Introduction: Dolichos biflorus Linn (Fabaceae), is commonly known as Muthira in Telugu and horse gram in English. It is a branched, and dowsing herb, sub-erect or trailing annaul, with small trifoliate leaves, bearing, when mature, narrow, flat, curved pods, 1½ - 2 inches long, tipped with a persistent style. The pods contain 5-6 flattened, ellipsoid seeds, 1/8 - 1/4 in long. The plant is native of India and is distributed throughout the tropical regions of the old world. It occurs all over India up to an altitude of 5000 feet. It is an important pulse crop particularly in Madras, Mysore, Bombay and Hyderabad. Chromium is present in food and feed plants, but the form is not well characterized (Cary, 1982; Das et al., 2005). The likely form is soluble in chromium (III)  organic compounds such as chromium (III) oxalate in plants (Smith et al., 1989). Chromium is an important micronutrient for animals and humans (Bahijri and Mufti, 2002). Humans must consume organically bound or chelated chromium as part of the proper metabolism of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF). Although chromium (VI) can be rapidly absorbed through the intestinal wall, any ingested chromium (VI) is believed to be quickly reduced in the stomach where the pH is around 1 and numerous organic reducing agents can be found. Chromium plays a key role in the biological life but above critical level it is toxic (Balamurugan et, al., 2004; Han e, al., 2004;) mutagenic (Gili et,al., 2002; Puzon et,  al., 2002; Wise et, al., 2005), carcinogenic (Codd et, al., 2003; Reddy et, al., 2003; Sato et, al., 2003) and teratogenic (Asmatullah et, al., 1998). Trivalent form of chromium is more common and its compounds are less soluble and less toxic than hexavalent  chromium  (Smith. E and  K. Ghiassi, 2006). Trivalent chromium forms stable complex with legends on DNA, proteins and small molecules such as glutathione (Adach and Cielak-Golonka, 2005). Trivalent chromium bounds to the DNA template cause increased DNA polymerase processivity and decreased DNA replication fidelity. These alterations in DNA function can result in greatly increased bypass of oxidative DNA lesions, which are  promutagenic (Adach and Cielak-Golonka, 2005). D. biflorus belongs to the family fabaceace. It was formerly called as Horse gram its vernacular names are Papataku in Telugu, Badachandrika in Hindi and Pampukaalchchedi in Tamil. (Mathews, 1983) have reported the high Chromate concentration in ground water at Hyderabad Telangana state, The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of varying concentration of chromium on seed germination and seedling growth performance of legume crop D. biflorus. The results of the study could be useful as selection criteria for cultivation in chromium-contaminated areas. Material Methods: The healthy legume seeds of horse gram D. biflorus were collected from the Agriculture Research Station Hyderabad) at Botanical garden, Osmania University Campus Hyderabad and soaked in distilled water. The percentage of germination was first checked. To prevent fungal contamination, seeds of the D.biflorus were surface sterilized using dilute Sodium hypochlorite for one minute. The seeds were washed with double distilled water and placed in Petri plates on filter paper (Whatman No.42)  at room temperature. Twenty seeds were placed in each Petri plate for replicates. Solutions of chromium salt as Sodium chromate were prepared having five 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 percentage of concentrations for treatment. The concentration of zero (0) served as control. The experiment starts with 5 ml of metal solution of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 concentrations to each set of respective treatment was applied. After every two days, 2ml of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 percentage solutions of chromium were added to respective treatment. The control received only 2ml of distilled water on alternate days. The experiment was designed on the basis of three replicates, the Petri dishes were kept at room temperature (32±2°C) with 240 Lux light intensity, and the experiment lasted for 10 days. The experiment was completely randomized. Seed germination, root, shoot, seedling lengths and root/shoot, ratios were recorded. The seedling dry weight was determined by drying the 3 tallest seedling from each replicate for each concentration, the one having good growth and placing the seedling in an oven at 80°C for 24 hours. Seedling dry biomass was measured with electrical balance. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), standard error and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to determine the level of significance at p < 0.05 on personnel computer using COSTAT version 3, statistically analyzed the seed germination and seedling growth data. Tolerance indices of seedlings were determined with the help of the following formula. Tolerance indices (T.I.). Mean root length of treated seedlings X 100 Mean root length of control seedlings Results and Discussion: Sodium Chromate treatment also produce significant effects on seed germination percentage of D. biflorus as compared to control (Table -1). 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Biol., 7: 213-219. Das, M., S. Dixit and S.K. Khanna, 2005. Justifying the need  to prescribe  limits  for toxic metal contaminants in food-grade silver foils. Food Additives Contaminants, 22: 1219-1223. Gili, P., A. Medros, P.A. Lorenzo-Lorenzo-Luis, E.M. de la  Rosa and A.  Munoz, 2002. On  the interaction of compounds of chromium (VI) with hydrogen peroxide a study of chromium(VI) and (V) peroxides in the acid-basic pH  range.  Inorganica  Chim.  Acta,  331:  16-24. Han, F.X., B.B.M. Sridhar, D.L. Monts and Y. Su, 2004. Phytoavailability and toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to Brassica juncea. New Phytol., 162: 489-499 Gulzar, S. and Khan, M.A.(2001) Seed germination of a halophytic grass Aeluropus logopoides’ Ann. Botany., 87, 319-324. Gupta, S. Banerjee, S. and Mondal, S.(2009) Chromate phytotoxicity in the germination of paddy. Chromate., 42(2), 142-146 Kiran Y, Sahin A. 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Kumar and B. Sundareswar, 2003. Trace elemental analysis of carcinoma kidney and stomach by PIXE method nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section B. Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, 207: 345-355. Sabal, D., Khan, T.I. and Saxena , R. (2006) Effect of sodium Chromate on cluster bean( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) seed germination and seedling growth. Chromate., 39(3), 228- 230 Sato, H., K. Murai, T. Kanda, R. Mimura and Y. Hiratsuka, 2003. Association of chromium exposure with             multiple primary cancers in the nasal cavity Aurisn asus Larynx. Mineralogical Maga., 30: 93-96. Singh S, Parihar P, Singh R, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Heavy metal tolerance in plants: role of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics. Front. Plant Sci. 2016; 6:11- 43. 27. Singh, J., Devraj ,S. and Chauhan, SVS (2001). Effect of sodium Chromate on growth and yieldz in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 71: 1,41-43. Smeets K, Opdenakker K, Remans T, Sanden SV, Belleghem FV, Semane B, Horeman, B, Guisez Y, Vangronsveld J, Cuypers A. Oxidative stress-related responses at transcriptional and enzymatic levels after exposure to Cd or Cu in a multipollution context. J of Plant Physio, 2009; 166(18):1982-1992. 28 Smith, E. and K. Ghiassi, 2006. Chromate removal by an iron sorbent mechanism and modeling. Water Environ. Res., 78: 84-93. Smith, S., P.J. Petersen and K.H.M. Kwan, 1989. Chromium accumulation transport and toxicity in plants. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 24: 241-251. Wise, S., A. Holmes, J. Moreland, H. Xie and S. Sandwick et al., 2005. Human lung  cell growth is not stimulated by lead ions after lead chromate-induced genotoxicity. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 297: 75-84 Zhang , H. and Ding Yao, Wu (1998). Effect of Chromate on the vegetative and reproductive growth of litchi. Journal of South China Agricultural University.,19 : 2 , 76-80.