Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411112EnglishN2019June19HealthcareA Comparative Study and Histopathological Evaluation of Pterygium Excision with Amniotic Membrane Grafts Transplantation with Fibrin Glue and Vicryl Suture
English0106T. N. EzhilvathaniEnglish S. BalamuruganEnglishAim: To compare the clinical and the histopathological outcomes of fibrin glue versus vicryl sutures for fixing amniotic membrane grafts in patients undergoing pterygium excision.
Methods: The study was a randomized control study involving thirty patients with primary pterygium. All underwent pterygium surgery with amniotic membrane graft and every alternate patient had the graft secured with fibrin glue and 8 ‘0’ vicryl sutures. Therefore 15 eyes had the grafts attached with fibrin glue and 15 eyes had it attached with 8 ‘0’ vicryl suture in the recipient site. The patients were examined on 1st, 15th and 45th day to assess the patients comfort, duration of surgery, position of the graft and the histopathological examination of the edge of tissues on 1st and 15th day.
Results: Our results showed that amniotic membrane grafts are an effective alternative for conjunctival autografts in pterygium excision surgery in reducing inflammation and recurrence. The use of fibrin glue in attaching amniotic membrane grafts significantly reduces surgery time, improves post-operative patient comfort and results in decreased inflammation with faster healing
EnglishPterygium, Amniotic membrane graft, Fibrin glue, vicryl suture, HistologyIntroduction:
Pterygium is a greek word derived from pterigion, meaning ‘wing’. It is a wing shaped fibro-vascular sub-conjunctival tissue. Pterygium is a common external growth in the eye, growing over the conjunctiva and encroaching over the cornea.
It is more commonly seen in the tropical and sub tropical areas of the world. The pathogenesis of pterygia is still unclear. Some of the probable triggering mechanisms proposed for the growth of pterygium are the ultraviolet light, stimulation of fibroblasts, increased concentration of local growth factors and human papilloma infection. If the progressive pterygia are left untreated, the fleshy
growth encroaches the deeper layers of the cornea and may cover the pupillary axis.
The treatment options for progressive pterygium are essentially surgical excision but invariably are associated with recurrences. New approaches like adjunctive therapies, limbal conjunctival autografts and amniotic membrane grafts, are being tried to decrease the rate of recurrence after pterygium surgery1,2. Conjunctival autograft transplantation (CAT) is most commonly used to prevent recurrences after surgical excision of pterygium. CAT requires a skilled and a trained experienced surgeon to perform the surgery. Moreover, CAT cannot be used in conditions like double pterygium, severe dry eyes, cicatricial conditions of the eye, cystic pterygium or in patients with glaucoma in whom the superior conjunctiva needs to be preserved for future trabeculectomy. In these conditions, amniotic membrane grafts (AMG) can be an alternative3. The methods of attaching the AMG’s can be by either sutures or fibrin glue.
In our study we compared the effectiveness of using fibrin glue (Reliseal, Baxter) and 8 -0 vicryl sutures to attach amniotic membrane grafts in patients undergoing pterygium excision. This is a randomized clinical study to evaluate the operation time, postoperative patient’s satisfaction, comfort and the histopathological co-relation.
Materials and methods:
Thirty patients (30 eyes) with primary nasal, temporal and double pterygium extending 3 mm or more on the cornea were enrolled in the study. Patients with recurrent pterygium, connective tissue disease, and trauma, hypersensitivity to any component of tissue glue or other pathologic features or infection of the ocular surface were excluded from the study. After approval from the ethics committee of the institute, all patients were informed about the study and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Patients were randomized to two groups: Fibrin glue group (FG) and Vicryl suture group (VG). Every alternative patient underwent AMG with glue and AMG with sutures after pterygium excision in the affected eye. The patients were also masked for the subjective evaluation of symptoms and comfort. Before surgery, detailed ophthalmologic examinations including biomicroscopic anterior segment examination, intraocular pressure measurements and funduscopy were performed. All surgical procedures were performed by the same surgeon (Dr. E.N). Tissue glue was used to close the amniotic membrane grafts in 15 patients, and 8-0 vicryl sutures was used to close the amniotic membrane grafts in another 15 patients. Histopathologic examination of the tissue on the edges of the graft-host junction was performed in both groups on postoperative days 1and 15. The Main outcome measures were patient comfort, graft success, complications, histopathologic evaluation, and recurrence of pterygium.
Preparation of Fibrin Tissue Glue
The fibrin glue (Reliseal, Baxter) was prepared according to the manufactures instructions. Freeze -dried protein concentrate and thrombin were reconstituted and were warmed for few minutes in a fibrino thermin device. Then each solution was withdrawn in two separate syringes and placed in a dual injection system in which both their contents were mixed in appropriate proportions.
Preparation of amniotic membrane:
Processed and Cryopreserved amniotic membranes obtained from an eyebank authorized by ‘Eyebank association of India’ preserved in a cryofridge which maintains a temperature of about -70 degree is used. Serological tests on the grafts were done prior to the surgical procedures.
Clinical Follow-up:
All the patients underwent pterygium excision under local anaesthesia and they received AMG with fibrin glue and AMG with sutures alternatively. They were prescribed topical steroids in tapering doses weekly. Postoperative follow-up examinations were performed on 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days after surgery. A small bit of tissue at the graft –host junction was taken on 1st and 15th day post op for histopathological examination. The anterior chamber, integrity of the graft, and the donor site were evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination at each visit. All patients were evaluated with regard to subjective symptoms such as irritation, foreign-body sensation, and epiphora on the first postoperative day and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery. Subjective symptoms were graded according to patient satisfaction by using a scale of 0-3 as follows:
0: Complete satisfaction (no symptoms);
1: Moderate satisfaction (no interruption of daily activities);
2: Low satisfaction (partial interruption of daily activities);
3: Unsatisfied (complete interruption of daily activities).
Histopathological examination:
The histopathological examination and grading on day 1 and 15 were done. Four micrometer sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) for examination with light microscopy under low x 10 high x 40 magnification. The grading of inflammation was estimated as negative, mild (a few changes roughly estimated at 33% of the cross-section), moderate (changes roughly at 33%-66% of the cross section), and severe (changes estimated at 66% of the cross section). They were evaluated for the
Presence or absence of fibrin glue
Location of inflammation : Whether epithelial or stromal ( Acute, chronic or mixed )
Degree of inflammation: Nil, Mild, Moderate and Severe
Fibrosis: Nil, Mild, Moderate and Severe
Congestion: Nil, Mild, Moderate and Severe
Granulation tissue: Present or absent
Others: Epithelial hyperplasia, Dysplasia, Pyogenic granuloma
Statistical analysis were done with SPSS soft ware version 23
Results:
All patients had primary pterygia and were operated with AMG after pterygium excision and 15 patients had attachment of the graft with 8- 0 vicryl sutures and 15 patients had attachment with fibrin glue and completed the 45 days follow up. No patient was excluded from the study.
Of the 30 patients, 20 (66.67%) were men, and 10(33.33%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 42.9 years± 6.32 years (range, 32 -55 years). There were no significant differences in age between the FG and VG (p = 0.514). No intra operative complication occurred in any group. No cases required sutures to close the AMG edges intra operatively. More bleeding was observed in the recipient bed after pterygium excision in the VG. The fibrin glue preventing the bleeding intra operatively was observed. Minimal congestion was observed in both the groups which gradually subsided over time. However, FG had subsided hyperemia by 1 week whereas, VG patients had extended hyperemia for over 15 days. No recurrence was observed in any group during the 45 day follow up period.
The overall mean duration of the surgery was 33.9 minutes ± 9.52 min (range 22 -55 min). The mean duration of the surgery was 25.5 minutes ± 3.41 min (range 22 -35 min) in the fibrin group and 42.23 min ± 4.8 min (range 39 -55 min) in the suture group. The operation time was significantly shorter in the fibrin glue group compared to that in the suture group (p< 0.05).
Subjective symptoms were milder and were relieved more rapidly in the FG than the VG during the 1st post operative week. The patients in the FG improved completely within 2 weeks of surgery.
73.3% in the VG had moderate to severe postoperative complaints like pain, foreign body sensation, irritation and epiphora on the postoperative days 1 and 15 whereas all the patients in the FG experienced mild post operative complaints (pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2609http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2609 References:
Mejia LF, Sanchez JG, Escobar H, Management of primary pterygia using free conjunctival and limbal-conjunctival autografts without antimetabolites. Cornea 2005; 24:972-975.
Ma DH, See LC, Hwang YS, et al. Comparison of amniotic membrane graft alone or combined with intra-operative mitomycin C to prevent recurrence after excision of recurrent pterygia Cornea 2005;24:141-150
Luanratakom P, Ratanopakom T, Suwanapichon O, Chuck RS. Randomised controlled study of conjunctival autograft versus amniotic membrane graft in pterygium excision. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:1476-80.
Youngson RM. Recurrence of pterygium after excision. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972; 56:120-5.
Starck T, Kenyon KR, Serrano F. Conjunctival autograft for primary and recurrent pterygia: surgical technique and problem management. Cornea 1991; 10:196-202.
Tseng SC, Espana EM, Kawakita T, et al., How does amniotic membrane work? Ocul Surf, 2004; 2(3):177-87.
Sridhar MS, Bansal AK, Rao GN. Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis after pterygium excision and conjunctival autograft. Cornea 2002; 21:305-7.
Koranyi G, Seregard S, Kopp ED. The cut-and-paste method for primary pterygium surgery:long-term follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2005; 83:298-301.
Chan SM, Boisjoly H. Advances in the use of adhesives in ophthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2004;15:305-10
Yasemin Ozdamar, MD, Seda Mutevelli, MD, Unsal Han, MD, et al . A Comparitive study of tissue glue and vicryl suture for closing limbal conjunctival autografts and histologic evaluation after pterygium excision. Cornea;2008:27:552-558.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411112EnglishN2019June19HealthcareMorphometric Analysis of Distal End of Dry Adult Human Fibulae
English0710Juned LabbaiEnglish Kruti TapiyawalaEnglishBackground: Ankle joint is one of the most frequently injured joint and very limited amount of studies is available on morphometry of the articular surfaces of bones forming the tibio-fibular mortise which will help in the reconstruction surgeries and in the manufacture of implants.
Methods: 120 dry adult fibulae (60 right & 60 left) obtained from the Department of Anatomy were studied.
Results: The mean height of talar facet on fibula was found to be 20.61±2.07 mm on the left side and 20.63±1.64 mm on the right side. The mean width of talar facet on fibula was found to be 18.07±2.14 mm on the left side and 18.03±1.98 mm on the right side.
Conclusions: The study provides a comprehensive data about the morphometry of distal end of dry adult fibulae which will help in reconstruction surgeries of the ankle joint.
EnglishFibula, Distal end, Talar facetINTRODUCTION
Ankle joint is one of the most frequently injured joint and very limited amount of studies is available on morphometry of the articular surfaces of bones forming the tibio-fibular mortise which will help in the reconstruction surgeries and in the manufacture of implants1. The distal tibia together with the fibula make a syndesmosis which forms the ‘mortise’ that articulates with the ‘tenon’, the talus at the talocrural joint.2
Ankle fractures have shown an exponential increase in incidence due to the high speed motorcycles on the roads. Better understanding of the mechanism of injury, and the displacements of the components: the lateral malleolus, the talus and the medial malleolus has resulted in better management of these injuries.3
Fibula plays a pivotal role in the tibio-fibular syndesmosis for the stabilization of the talocrural joint. Pre- and postoperative evaluation of talocrural fracture patterns are dependent on the distal fibular anatomy.4
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The study was conducted on dry adult human fibulae. The fibulae were obtained from the bone collection of the Department of Anatomy of a tertiary care hospital. Of the total collection of fibulae in the department, 120 undamaged dry adult fibulae (60 right & 60 left), were selected for the study. The Fibulae were of undetermined gender & age. Each fibula was assigned a serial number. Anatomical measurements were taken using a vernier caliper (0-200 mm with a precision of 0.01 mm) and protractor. Damaged bones, bones affected due to any pathology were excluded. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistical methods like mean, SD and percentage was used for depicting and analysing data.
Following parameters were recorded in a proforma:
Anteromedial distance of the facet for talus
Posteromedial distance of the facet for talus
Maximum height of the facet for talus
Maximum width of the facet for talus
Angle between sides of talar facet
RESULTS:
The results obtained from the present study have been tabulated in table 1 and 2
DISCUSSION
The measurements of the distal end of tibia and fibula are vital in considering the stability of ankle joint, in designing of prostheses for use in ankle arthroplasty and in interpretation of diagnostic images of the ankle joint5
CONCLUSION
The study provides a comprehensive data about the morphometry of distal end of dry adult fibulae which will help in reconstruction surgeries of the ankle joint. In addition, the osteometry of the talar facet will lead to advances in design of prosthesis regarding the talocrural joint.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Authors also acknowledge
The Dean, Seth GS Medical College & KEMH, Mumbai
Department of Anatomy, Seth GSMC & KEMH, Mumbai
Funding: No funding sources
Conflict of interest: None declared
Ethical approval: Not required
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2610http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2610
Shishirkumar, Satheesha N, Kumar A, Patil GV. Morphometric study of the Articular Surfaces of Bones Forming the Tibio-Fibular Mortise in South Indian Population.
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 2014; 1(4): 190-197.
Musa M, Joseph N, Pamela M, Moses O, Gichambira G. Sexual dimorphism in the morphometric characteristics of the tibial plafond and medial malleolus. Indian Journal of Basic & Applied Medical Research 2013; 2(7): 760-763
Raza HKT, Raza SMG, S. Upadhyay. Anthropometry of the Lateral Malleolus. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 2015; 6 (6) : 4821-4826
Naidoo N, Ishwar Kumar S, Lazarus, Pillay P, Satyapal K.S. Osteometry and morphology of the human fibula: A South African study. Int. J. Morphol 2015; 33(3):1071-1077.
Gupta C, Palimar V, Nayak N, Yadav JS, Kalthur SG.A Morphometric Study of Distal Articulating Surfaces of Tibia and Fibula in South Indian Population with its Clinical Implications. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res 2017; 42(2): 36-38
M.S. Patil, S.M.G. Raza, Md. Nayeem Ali. Anthropometric measurements of ankle mortise for evaluating mortise fracture reductions with an aim to develop contoured implants. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2012; 5(4) : 381-387
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411112EnglishN2019June19HealthcareRadiographic Stents and Surgical Stents in Implant Placements: An Overview
English1115Prerna N. KulkarniEnglish Nilesh S. BulbuleEnglish Dilip M. KakadeEnglish Neha V. HakepatilEnglishAim: This article presents an overview about various simple techniques for fabrication of radiographic and surgical stents for implant placement.
Background: Dental implantology is now a feasible option to conventional prosthodontics. A need for predictable prosthesis has resulted in the emergence of prosthetically guided implantology. A radiographic stent is used for evaluation and determination of the accurate position for implant placement during the planning and for identification of the accurate site for the placement of implants during the surgical procedure. Radiographic and surgical stents help in placement of the implants in a precise and pre-determined position and angulation, along with minimizing unnecessary osteotomy, results in an accurate design of prosthesis, reducing the time for implant placement and trauma caused to the patients thus increasing their comfort.
Conclusion: Using stents for implant placement helps achieve accurate position and angulation of implant.
EnglishDiagnostic stent, Radiographic stents, Surgical Stents, Dental ImplantsIntroduction:
Implants have now become an important option for replacement of missing teeth. Initially, the residual bone available and its quality determined the implant position and angulation. [1]
Prosthetically guided implantology was eventually developed due to the need for a predictable prosthesis. According to this concept, an accurate position of the implant is established at the diagnostic phase as per the pre-planned final restoration. [1]
During implant placement surgery, the position and angulation of the implant should be determined in an optimal position, considering the bone contour, the future prosthesis presence of any vital structures in the vicinity of the proposed implant site. One method to achieve an accurate implant position is to use a radiographic stent during the planning of implant treatment and use of surgical stents during surgery. [2-3]
The use of radiographic template with CBCT for planning implant position and a surgical stent during the surgery can play an important role.[1]
Use of surgical stent during surgery can help toprevent implant placement undesirable site, reduce unrequired osteotomy, result in appropriate prosthesis design, reduce the required surgical time and trauma, and increase patient comfort. [1]
An inadequate implants position and angulation may make prosthesis fabrication more complex, and worsen the prognosis of the implant by increasing the risk of surgical and prosthetic problems. It may lead to failure of the implant and will result in additional trauma to the patients, additional time and cost will be required of correction.
Literature Review
Naina Talwar et al(2010) in their paper have described a simple method for fabrication of a diagnostic stent using acrylic and gutta-percha as a radiopaque material for radiographic evaluation. After the radiographic evaluation it can be modified to be used as surgical stent during the implant placement. They have suggested a method for fabrication of a simple and cost effective stent for implant placement and its advantages over the other techniques of stent fabrication. [1]
Yen-Chen Ku and Yu-Fu Shen (2000) have described a method for fabrication of a radiographic and surgical stent. A vacuum-formed matrix that is usually used in the fabrication of fixed provisional prostheses was used in the fabrication of stents for radiographic examination and in the surgical stage of implant therapy. A simple method of fabricating a vacuum-formed matrix filled with clear acrylic resin and a gutta-percha marker was described. [4]
Ingeborg J. De Kok et al (2014) have described various methods for fabricating radiographic stents for implant placement. The different methods described are - using an existing prosthesis with radiopaque markers, using a thermoplastic shim incorporating radiopaque markers, using radiopaque teeth in a mucosa or tooth supported stent and fabricating a radiopaque resin duplicate of a diagnostic wax-up. [5]
Techniques
Radiographic stent
Various techniques can be used for the fabrication of radiographic stents.
They are –
Using an existing prosthesis with radiopaque markers (Fig. 1)[5]
Existing prosthesis (Removable partial denture) of patient used as a radiographic stent.
A thin layer of sticky wax applied to the mid-facial region of tooth.
A lead foil is stuck to the sticky wax.
Radiograph of the patient with the stent in place.
Using a thermoplastic shim incorporating radiopaque markers (Fig. 2)[5]
Plaster cast of patient showing anterior teeth missing.
Wax-up done and cast duplicated.
Thermoplastic shim fabricated and radio-opaque material applied to the shim.
Radiograph of the patient with the shim in place.
Using radio-opaque teeth in mucosa or tooth-supported stent (Fig. 3)[5]
Plaster cast of the patient with missing teeth.
Wax-up done on the cast.
Cast duplicated and thermoplastic shim fabricated.
Radio-opaque acrylic teeth placed in the shim.
Radiograph of the patient with the shim in place.
Radiopaque resin duplicate of the prosthesis or a diagnostic wax-up (Fig 4)[5]
Maxillary denture of the patient duplicated in a radiopaque resin.
Stereolithographic surgical stent fabricated from derived treatment plan
USING THE GENERATED SCAN DATA (Fig. 5)[5]
3-D reconstruction of the edentulous mandible with superimposed prosthesis with the planned tooth position in place.
Determined position of the implant based on data acquired.
Design of the surgical stent virtually designed.
Surgical stent fabricated using stereolithography.
Surgical Stent (Fig. 6)[1]
1. Maxillary and Mandibular impressions are made using irreversible hydrocolloid impression material and poured in gypsum.
2. The casts are articulated on an articulator. Wax up is done on the mounted cast.
3. This cast is then duplicated in gypsum.
4. Occlusal two third of the prosthesis is trimmed on the duplicated cast. The location of access holes both mesio-distally and bucco-lingually is determined.
5. A stent was fabricated as a plate using autopolymerizing acrylic resin on the trimmed teeth and the position of the implant is transferred on the plate.
6. A channel is made in the center of the stent through the predetermined mesio-distal and bucco-lingual center. The channel is filled with gutta percha used as the radiopaque marker.
7. A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography scan of the implant site with the stent in the patient’s mouth is obtained.
8. The Cone-Beam Computed Tomography scan images are analyzed and tracings of images are done for determining three dimensional position of the implant.
Discussion
For a successful implant treatment, it is important to place the implant at an accurate pre-determined position. The mesio-distal position of the implant should be such that, it helps in papilla preservation and provides an esthetic restoration profile. [6]
Implants have to be placed a minimum of 1.5 mm from the adjacent tooth and 3 mm from an adjacent implant. [7, 8, 9]
When more than one implant has to be placed, they should be placed parallel to each other or it might lead to non-axial loading that might result in failure of implants. [10]
To achieve these objectives, the use of radiographic and surgical stent has been advocated. According to the literature, implants that have been positioned using stents are more accurately positioned as compared to those placed without stents. [11,12]
A surgical guide allows the placement of the implant along planned prosthetic axes during surgery. A radiographic stent allows visualizing the planned implant axis, position of the definitive prosthesis, emergence site, available space for the attachment components, and thickness of the mucosa overlying the bone. The radiographic stent can be transformed into a surgical stent after the treatment planning has been completed. During surgery, this removable surgical stent offers ease in implant placement without compromising access to the implant sites. [13]
Conclusion
Dental implantology has come up as a feasible option to conventional prosthodontics. Using stents for implant placement helps in achieving precise position of implants. Even an inexperienced surgeon can achieve better results by using radiographic and surgical stents during implant placement.
Source of Funding: Nil
Conflict of Interest: Nil
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We place on record, our sincere gratitude to the HOD and professors, Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, for their constant help and encouragement. We also thank them for their expert, sincere and valuable guidance extended to us.
We would like to extend our gratitude to Dr. Paresh Kale, Dr. Vedashree Natu, Dr. Tejas Agarwal and Dr. Vaibhav Jathar for their contribution to this paper.
We acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. We are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
We would also like to extend my sense of gratitude to one and all who, directly or indirectly, have lent their helping hand in this venture.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2611http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2611
Naina Talwar, Balendra Pratap Singh, Pooran Chand, U. S. Pal. Use of Diagnostic and Surgical Stent: A Simplified Approach for Implant Placement; J Indian Prosthodont Soc (Oct-Dec 2010) 10(4):234–239
Jun Kuo, Chih-Cheng Hung. An assistant guide for accurate placement of dental implants;
Becker CM, Kaiser DA. Surgical guide for dental implant placement. J Prosthet Dent 2000; 83:248-51.
Yen-Chen Ku and Yu-Fu Shen. Fabrication of a radiographic and surgical stent for implants with a vacuum former. J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:252-3.
Ingeborg J. De Kok, Ghadeer Thalji, Matthew Bryington, Lyndon F. Cooper. Radiographic Stents Integrating Treatment Planning and Implant Placement. Dent Clin N Am 58 (2014) 181–192.
Lazzara RJ (1993) Effect of implant position on implant restoration design. J Esthet Dent 5:265–269
Almong DM, Torrado E, Meitner SW (2001) Fabrication of imaging and surgical guides for dental implants. J Prosthet Dent 85:504–508
Horiuchi M, Ichikawa T, Kanitani H et al (1995) Pilot-hole preparation for proper implant positioning and the enhancement of bone formation. J Oral Implantol 21:318–324
Almog DM, Onufrak JM, Hebel K et al (1995) Comparison between planned prosthetic trajectory and residual bone trajectory using surgical guides and tomography—a pilot study. J Oral Implantol 21:275–280
Taylor TD, Agar JR, Voigiatzi (2000) Implant prosthodontics: current perspective and future directions. Int J Maxillofac Implants 15:66–75
Engelman MJ, Sorenson JA, Moy P (1988) Optimum Placement of Osseointegrated implants. J Prosthet Dent 59:467–473
Modica F, Fava C, Benech A et al (1991) Radiologic-prosthetic planning of the surgical phase of the treatment of edentulism by osseointegrated implants: an in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 65:541–546
Claudine Wulfman, DDS, MS, A Alain Hadida, MD, MS, PhD,b and Christophe Rignon-Bret. Radiographic and surgical guide fabrication for implant-retained mandibular overdenture (J Prosthet Dent 2010;103:53-57)
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411112EnglishN2019June19Life SciencesCharacter Association Studies on Yield and Attributing Traits of Fifty-two Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Genotypes
English2528Ghosh SanhitaEnglish Roy AninditaEnglish Kundagrami SabyasachiEnglishAim: Mungbean is one of the most important pulse crops due to the high content of protein as well as the ability to nitrogen fixation in soil. Seed yield is the most complex trait which highly influenced by other traits and also the environment. In this view, the study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between yield and yield attributing traits.
Methodology: In the present study, fifty-two mungbean genotypes were evaluated at the experimental farm of the University of Calcutta, Baruipur, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal in the three different years of 2015-2017. The data of eight yield and yield attributing traits (pooled over years) were calculated through the SPAR software, version 2.0.
Results: The association study revealed that branches plant-1, pods plant-1 and pod length were exhibited as the most yield contributing traits.
Conclusion: Selection based on traits namely branches plant-1, pods plant-1 and pod length would be helpful for future mungbean yield improvement program.
EnglishMungbean, Yield, Association, Correlation, PathIntroduction
Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek] is the one of short duration important legume crop which grown under the tropical and sub-tropical region of Asia, America. It is the third most important pulse crop to the Indian subcontinent.The plant roots of mungbean can fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. That is why this crop valuable for both economically and nutritionally because it can improve soil quality and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer required in the soil when grown in rotation with cereals, thereby increasing cereal grain and straw yields due to its residual effects (Perera et al. 2017). It is playing an important role to increase the quantity of food and constitutes a noteworthy part of human diet for all segments of individuals where it providing the vast majority of the proteins or in adjusting the deficiencies of the cereal proteins in vegetarian population (Rehman et al. 2009). But the productivity of mungbean is less increased compare to other pulse crop where it is grown up to four times into the kharif, pre-kharif and rabi seasons. Yield is a complex trait dependent on various constituent traits (Tabasum et al. 2010). Knowledge of the relationship between yield and yield contributing traits is necessary for any selection program which provides information regarding on the nature and magnitude of the association between any two pairs of these metric agro-morphological traits (Ofga and Petros 2017). The correlation analysis showed the relationship between two or more series of variables where direct and indirect effects of path coefficient analysis split correlation variables and visualized the relationship in a more meaningful way(Rahim et al. 2010).
Keeping in view of these facts, the present study was conducted to evaluate the association between seed yield and its attributing traits.
Materials and Method
In the present study, fifty-two mungbean genotypes were evaluated at Experimental Farm of University of Calcutta, Baruipur, South 24 Parganas West Bengal during the period of mid-March to end May in the year of 2015, 2016 and 2017. The experiment was laid out in a Random Block Design (RBD) using three replications with experimental plot and cultural practices were performed according to Park(1978). Data were collected on five randomly selected healthy harvested plants from each replication and each genotype. The pre and post harvesting observations were recorded from five randomly selected plants from each replication on different parameters such as plant height (PH), branches plant-1 (BPP), pods plant-1 (PPP), pod length(PL), seeds pod-1 (SPP), 100 seed weight(HSW), harvest index(HI) and seed yield plant-1 (SYPP) and these traits were determined according to Moussa et al. (2000). Pods of each plant were kept separately in envelop and dried. Path coefficient analysis was done according to Dewey and Lu (1959).
Statistical Analysis:
Thecorrelation and path coefficient analysis (pooled over years) of yield and yield-related traits were calculated using the software SPAR version 2.0.
Results:
Association Studies:
Correlation Analysis (Genotypic and Phenotypic):
Perusal data have been shown genotypic correlation greater than phenotypic correlation in Table 1. Seed yield per plant was possessed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation exhibited significantly positive with number of pods plant-1 (0.665, 0.578 respectively) at P>0.01 where number of seeds pod-1 (0.261) showed significant positive correlation only in genotypic level at P>0.05. The branches plant-1 and pod length were showed significant positive correlation in genotypic level (0.387, 0.346 respectively) at P>0.01 and in phenotypic level (0.256, 0.245 respectively) at P>0.05.In the genotypic and phenotypic correlation, higher significant positive interrelationship was observed between the number of seeds pod-1 with 100 seed weight (0.693, 0.616 respectively), branches plant-1 with pods plant-1 (0.417, 0.301 respectively), pods plant-1 with harvest index (0.406, 0.392 respectively).
Path Coefficient Analysis:
The path coefficient analysis (pooled over years) is shown in Table 2. The path coefficient analysis exhibited that pods plant-1 (0.717) have been excreted maximum positive direct effect on seed yield plant-1 followed by pod length (0.405) and the number of seeds pod-1 (0.241), number of branches plant-1 (0.188) where plant height (0.048) showed minimum positive direct effect on seed yield through 100 seed weight (0.071), harvest index (0.85). Here, branches plant-1 have been exhibited a positive direct effect on seed yield plant-1 through the highest positive pods plant-1 (0.299) among the other traits. Pods plant-1 have been showed the maximum negative indirect effect on seeds pod-1 (- 0.211) through pod length (- 0.177).
Discussions:
Correlation Analysis (Genotypic and Phenotypic):
In the present study, assessment of genotypic correlation between different characters has been exhibited close parallelism with their corresponding phenotypic correlation.The genotypic correlationwashigher in magnitude than the analogous correlation at the phenotypic level. Singh and Bains (2014), Ofga and Petros (2017), Narasimhulu et al. (2013), Srivastava et al. (2012) agreed with the present findings. It is demonstrated that vigorous intrinsic relationship could be remotely marked at a phenotypic level due to environmental influences to alter the degree of association among all the traits (Singh and Bains, 2014). Pods plant-1 is exhibited as a most important yield attributing traits due to the higher significant positive correlation at both levels. Branches plant-1 also showed a significant positive correlation with seed yield plant-1 and suggested that it could be increased the seed yield plant-1 through increased the pods plant-1. The traits with significant positive associated have been demonstrated a constituent collaboration in a gene modeling where one trait will give impact on another trait through conditional consistency (Ofga and Petros, 2017). The present results have collaborated with previous results reported by Alom et al. (2014), Khajudpar et al. (2011), Singh and Kumar(2014). In the higher interrelationship between pods, plant-1 and harvest index have been suggested a healthy plant provided maximum seed yield. On the other hand, the interrelationship between branches plant-1 and pods plant-1 have been clearly indicated that more branches would deliver more pods plant-1 which could finally enhance the seed yield plant-1. From this present study, it has been conceivable to realize that the genetic up gradation in one trait depended on the other pair.
Path Coefficient Analysis:
Every component has two sections of activity (i) the straight impact (direct effect) and (ii) roundabout impacts (indirect effect) along with the constituent traits which are not exhibited from the correlation studies. In the present study, yield and yield attributing traits have been exhibited as genotypic path due to the genotype correlation higher than phenotypic correlation.Correlation and path coefficient analysis were varied according to both genetic differences (genotypes) and environmental factors (Khajudpar et al. 2011).The direct effect of any character on seed yield per plant has been giving an idea regarding the successful traits determination while the indirect effect demonstrates the interrelationship between constituent traits towards yield contribution (Kumar et al. 2013). In this study, genotypic path analysis has been representing cause and effect relationships among quantitative traits and seed yield per plant. Since pods, plant-1 and pod length have been indicated high direct impacts could be considered for direct selection for high seed yield in contrast with the rest of the other traits which are valuable in indirect selection towards yield. The present results have been agreed with the previous result reported by Khajudpar et al. (2011), Srivastava and Singh (2012) for pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1, 100 seed weight, Ambachew et al. (2015) for 100 seed weight and Singh et al. (2009) for plant height. Residual effects measure the role of other possible independent variables. The result of residual effect (0.18) revealed that the variables studied in the present investigation explained 82% of the variability in the yield and the other attributes besides the traits have been studied to contribute for seed yield per plant (Srivastava and Singh, 2012). It suggested that maximal emphasis should be given on pods plant-1, branches plant-1 and pod length was the most important yield contributing traits. Thus, the selection based on these traits would give better response for the improvement of yield in mungbean genotypes.
Conclusion:
The present study has been suggested that maximal emphasis should be given on pods plant-1, branches plant-1 and pod length because they are the most important yield contributing traits. Finally, it concluded that the selection of genotypes based on these traits could be exploited for a future breeding program to improve the mungbean yield.
Acknowledgment:
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grate to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Sources of Funding: ‘Non-NET Fellowship’ from University Grant Commission (UGC).
Conflict of Interest: Authors have no conflict of interest.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2612http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2612
Alom, K. M. M., Rashid, M. H and Biswas, M. Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L). J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources. 2014; 7(1): 131–138.
Ambachew, D., Mekbib, F., Asfaw, A., Beebe, E.S., and Blair, W.M. Trait associations in common bean genotypes grown under drought stress and field infestation by BSM bean fly. The Crop Journal. 2015; 3:305 – 316.
Dewey, R. D. and Lu, K. H. A correlation and path coefficient analysis of components of crested wheat grass seed production. Journal of Agronomy. 1959; 51: 515-518.
Khajudpar, P. and Tantasawat, P. Relationships and variability of agronomic and physiological characters in mungbean. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011; 10(49): 9992-10000.
Moussa, E. H., Millan, T., Moreno, M. T., and Gil, J. Genetic analysis of seed size, plant height, day to flower and seed per plant by using both morphological and molecular markers in chickpea. Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2000; 54:101-107.
Narasimhulu, R., Naidu, N. V., Shanthi, P. M., Rajarajeswari, V. and Reddy, K.H.P. Genetic variability and association studies for yield attributes in mungbean. Indian J. Plant. Sci. 2013; 2(3): 82-88.
Ofga, B. and Petros, Y. Genetic variability and association among agronomic characters in selected Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes at Bale Zone, Sinana Research Center, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Genetics and Genomics. 2017; 5(6): 63-75.
Park, H.G. Suggested Cultural Practices for Mungbean (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan: Tainan).1978.
Perera, U.I.P., Chandika, K.K.J. and Ratnasekera, D. Genetic variation, character association and evaluation of mungbean genotypes for agronomic and yield components. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. 2017; 45 (4):347 – 353.
Rahim, M. A., Mia, A. A., Mahmud, F., Zeba, N. and Afrin, K. S. Genetic variability, character association and genetic divergence in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). P. O. J. 2010; 3: 1-6.
Rehman, A., Khalil, S.K., Nigar, S., Rehman, S., Haq, I., Akhtar, S., Khan, A.Z., Shah, S. R. Phenology, plant height and yield of mungbean varieties in response to planting date. Sarhad J. Agric. 2009; 25(2): 147-152.
Singh, B., and Bains, T.S. Effective selection criteria for yield improvement in interspecific derivatives of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Indian journal of applied research. 2014;4(11):1-3.
Singh, J., and Kumar, P. The interrelationship of various traits with seed yield in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 2014; 5(4): 869 -874.
Srivastava, R. L. and Singh, G. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Indian Journal of Life Sciences. 2012; 2: 61-65.
Tabasum, A., Saleem, M., Aziz, I. Genetic variability, trait association and path analysis of yield and yield components in mungbean (Vigna radiata(L.) Wilczek). Pak. J. Bot. 2010; 42: 3915-3924.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411112EnglishN2019June19Life SciencesPost Harvest Evaluation of Rice Hybrids for Grain and Cooking Qualities
English1624Anirban NathEnglish Disharee NathEnglish Chand Kumar SantraEnglish Tapash DasguptaEnglishBackground: For commercial exploitation of rice hybrids, superior grain and cooking qualities are prerequisites. The current study evaluates thirty eight rice hybrids in terms of important grain and cooking quality parameters.
Materials and Methods: Performances associated with grain quality parameters like Hulling%, Milling%, Head rice recovery%, Kernel length, Kernel Breadth and L/B ratio were recorded. In case of cooking qualities, characters like Amylose content, Gel consistency, Alkali spreading value, Gelatinization temperature, Elongation ratio and water uptake were estimated. The data obtained from the quality performances were also compared with consumer preferences reported by earlier authors.
Results and Discussions: As per earlier reports, rice millers prefer 80 % Hulling, 70% milling and 65% head rice recovery. From the consumer’s perspective long slender kernel, intermediate amylose, soft gel and intermediate gelatinization temperature are prerequisites. In the current investigation the hybrids like ADTRH1, GK5003 and Suruchi exhibited superior performances for all the grain qualities but lacked in one or more cooking quality parameters. On the contrary, hybrids like IR58025A x IR10198R, IR79156A x IR40750R, Sahyadri4, PSD 3 and PusaRH-10 exhibited superior cooking quality traits but lacked in one or more grain quality parameters. The hybrid IR80559A x IR6876-1 was the best performer fulfilling the criteria for most of the grain and cooking quality traits. A Correlation coefficient analysis was performed and significant correlations among the quality traits were elucidated. The analysis revealed that hulling (%) and head rice recovery (%) were significantly correlated with milling (%). Similarly Amylose content was negatively correlated with gel consistency.
Conclusions: The hybrids showing superior grain and cooking qualities can be recommended for commercial production. The vital correlations can be used as tools for selection in terms of grain and cooking qualities.
EnglishHybrid rice, Hulling, Milling, Head rice recovery, Amylose content, Gel consistency, Gelatinization temperature, Correlation coefficient analysisIntroduction:
The high grain yield attributed by hybrid vigour will only be worthwhile if ultimately the rice obtained is of high quality in terms of grain and cooking properties. In the absence of adequate grain and cooking quality associated with the grain obtained, the hybrid rice finally produced from a breeding program will be commercially inefficacious. Compared to other cereals, grain quality of rice is of crucial importance and determines the market price since rice is consumed as a whole grain. Also, the preferences in terms of cooking quality vary from region to region. In general, few desirable quality parameters like high milling %, head rice recovery %, grain shape, appearance, cooking qualities, palatability, etc are emphasized across rice growing regions. In most countries including India ‘long grain’ type of rice which is soft and non-sticky upon cooking are preferred over ‘short grained’ Japonica types which are sticky on cooking resulting from a low amylose content. In case of hybrid rice, achieving superior grain and cooking quality is challenging. Firstly the consumed grains belong to F2 generation. Secondly the sterile cytoplasm has significant influence on the quality traits associated with the grain as reported by Shivani et al. (2007), Yi and Cheng (1992), Virmani et al. (2003). The current study aims at evaluating 13 new hybrids (unreleased) and 25 commercially released hybrids for their physical grain and cooking qualities.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was performed using 38 rice hybrids comprising of 13 newly identified and 25 released hybrids from public and private sectors. The list of germ plasm evaluated in the current experiment is mentioned in the Table 1. For the analysis of quality traits, post-harvest seeds kept at a moisture level of 12 to 15% were used. After 60 days of harvest, the grain and cooking qualities were estimated.
Characterization of Grain physical parameters:
The vital grain quality characters like Hulling and Milling %, Length of Kernel, Breadth of Kernel, Length-breadth ratio and Head Rice Recovery% were evaluated. For estimating hulling % (HL) Paddy de husker (Satake, Japan Model – THU-35B) was used. For estimating Milling % (ML), replicated paddy seeds were milled using the rice miller (Satake, Japan Model – TMO 5C & TM – 05). Head rice recovery % (HRR) was estimated using 4 months old seeds as suggested by Khush et al. (1978). Head rice was separated using the (Satake Japan, Model no.TRGO58). The hulling %, milling % and Head rice recovery% were calculated as per Singh (2000). The Kernel Length (KL) and Kernel Breadth (KB) were measured using Dial Thickness Gauge (Mitutoyo, Japan, Range: 0.01- 20 mm). The LB ratio was calculated by dividing KL by KB. The Kernel Length was classified as ≥7.50mm (very long), 6.61 to 7.50(Long), 5.51 to 6.60 (Medium or intermediate) and ≤5.50 (short). The LB ratio was classified as ≥3.0 (slender), 2.1 to 3.0 (medium), ≤ 2.0 (bold).
Characterization of hybrids with respect to cooking quality parameters:
Cooking quality and palatability of rice are influenced predominantly by the properties of starch, which corresponds to 90% of the milled rice recovered. The physical and chemical properties of starch can be approximated by the amylose content, gel consistency and alkali spreading value observed in the milled rice. In the current study Amylose Content (AC) was estimated following Sadasivam and Manikam (1992). Classification of grain type based on amylose content into waxy (0-2%), very low (3-9%), Low (10-19%), intermediate (20-25%) and High (>25%) was done following Kumar and Khush (1986). For determining the texture of the cooked rice, gel consistency (GC) was estimated and classified following Cagampang et al.(1973). For determining the cooking temperature of the milled rice the gelatinization temperature (GT) was estimated using the Alkali spreading value (ASV). ASV was determined following Little (1958). The ASV and GT was scored following Singh (2000). The cooked rice properties like Elongation ratio (ER) and Water uptake (WU) were also estimated. The ER was estimated by dividing length of cooked rice by uncooked Azeez and Shafi (1966).
Results and discussion:
The performances of the hybrids in terms of grain physical qualities are discussed in Table 2. In terms of hulling and milling percentages the best performing hybrid was Indira Sona with 84.22% and 75.24 % hulling and milling recovery respectively. The highest head rice recovery% was observed in GK5003 (69.24 %). For the new crosses, the highest HL and ML was observed in IR69897A x CNR102 with 82.47 % and 75.21% hulling and milling recovery respectively. The highesr HRR (%) among the new crosses was observed in IR80559A X IR6876-1 (65.27 %). In terms of grain physical appearance, a long grained rice (long slender/medium) are highly marketable Kaul (1970), Singh et al. (2000). The grain type revealed that 26 out of 38 hybrids were long grained of which 24 are long slender and 2 hybrids were long medium.
The cooking quality parameters of the hybrids were evaluated and discussed in Table3. The elongation ratio of the cooked rice was calculated. The highest elongation ratio (ER) was observed in PA 6444 (1.9). In case of amylose content, an intermediate value (20 to 25 %) is preferred by the consumers in the Indian sub continent. In the current study 28 out of 38 hybrids exhibited an intermediate level of amylose. For determining the texture of the cooked rice, gel consistency was estimated. The Gel consistency suggests that 6 out of 38 hybrids exhibited a soft gel with a gel migration of ≥ 61mm. These hybrids can be presumed to maintain a soft texture in the cooked rice which is highly desired by consumers Tang et al. (1991). For determining the temperature required for cooking, Alkali spreading value indicating the GT was estimated. In case of Gelatinization temperature, 29 out of 38 hybrids exhibited an intermediate range of 70 to 74 ºC. An intermediate cooking temperature is desired by the consumers Bansal et al. (2006).
From the commercial perspective earlier reports indicated specific criteria which are to be fulfilled in terms of quality parameters. Fulfillment of these criteria can ensure marketability for the hybrids. Bisne and Sarawgi (2008) indicated 80% hulling percentage is required for marketability of a rice cultivar. Similarly 70% milling recovery and 65% head rice recovery was suggested by Cruz and Khush (2000), Bhonsle and Sellappan (2010) respectively. For cooking qualities, intermediate amylose (20-25%), Soft gel consistency and intermediate gelatinization temperature were recommended Cruz and Khush (2000) Tang et al. (1991), Bansal et al.(2006) respectively. Based on the fulfillment of such standards, performances of the hybrids in terms of quality traits were scored in the form of presence (+) or absence (-) in Table 4. It reveals that, none of the hybrids could fulfill all the criteria suggested. The hybrids IR58025A x IR10198R, IR79156A x IR40750R, Sahyadri 4, PSD 3 and Pusa RH-10 exhibited superior cooking qualities in addition to long (slender/medium) grain types but lacked in traits like hulling, milling and head rice recovery. Whereas ADTRH1, GK5003 and Suruchi fulfilled the superior grain quality parameters like hulling, milling and head rice recovery but lacked in one or more cooking qualities. The hybrid IR80559A x IR6876-1 fulfilled almost all the criteria for high performance with respect to both grain and cooking qualities only drawback being slightly low hulling percentage.
Since the grain and cooking quality parameters are highly complex, prediction of performance becomes highly challenging and tedious. In such cases understanding the mutual association between the quality traits is very helpful. Thus based on the performances of the hybrids, a correlation coefficient analysis was performed (Table 5).
The correlation coefficient analysis indicated that the hulling % and head rice recovery % are positively correlated with milling %. Such correlations were also observed by Manonmani and Khan (2003). Hulling % and Head rice recovery % were also observed to be positively correlated. Influence of hulling percentage upon head rice recovery % was mentioned by Bisne and Sarawgi, (2008) who suggested that 80 % hulling percentage can enhance head rice recovery expected in the hybrids. From such observation it can be suggested that superior performance for any one of these three traits can indicate a desirable performance for the others. A significantly positive correlation was observed between Kernel length and L/B ratio. Similarly a significantly negative correlation at 1% probability was observed in case of kernel length and kernel breadth as well as between kernel breadth and L/B ratio. Thus from such observations it can be suggested that larger kernel length can indirectly ensure reduction of grain breadth and increase of L/B ratio. Such hybrids can be expected to produce long slender or long medium grain type. Significant correlations among the characters associated with grain shape has been also reported by Hussain et al.(1987), Naik et al.(2005), Rajamani et al. (2004).
Since cooking quality of rice is highly influenced by the grain amylose content, the correlations involving amylose content is worth analyzing. The amylose content of the grains were found to be positively correlated at significantly high probabilities with alkali spreading value. Such observations suggest that selection for the intermediate levels of amylose can indirectly ensure the intermediate GT. Such Intermediate GT within a range of 70 to 74ºC is a desired attribute in terms of cooking quality. The positive association between the two traits was also suggested by Jennings et al.(1979).
Another strong correlation associated with amylose was observed in case of Gel consistency. The two traits were negatively correlated at high probabilities. Thus increase of amylose will lead to hard gel consistency with short gel flow and for low amylose the gel will be soft with a longer gel flow. This occurs as a result of the retrogradation behavior of amylose during cooling as suggested by Rani et al. (2006). Gel consistency determines the texture of the cooked rice after cooling down of rice following the completion of the cooking process. Thus selection of hybrids for desirable amylose content can ensure desirable texture for the cooked rice. The negative correlations between gel consistency and amylose content was reported earlier by Khatun et al. (2003). Apart from the above mentioned correlations which can be exploited for determining the desired grain and cooking quality parameters, many other correlations have been observed between the grain and quality traits. These correlations indicate the nature of interactions among the traits and the complex network of genetic interactions which influence these quality characters.
Conclusions:
The performances of the hybrids in terms of important quality traits provided vital inputs on the expected marketability of the hybrids. The study suggested that the cross combination IR80559A x IR6876-1 was the best performer showing desirable results for both grain and cooking qualities. Thus the hybrid can be expected to be commercially desirable. Other crosses like IR58025A x IR10198R, IR79156A x IR40750R, Sahyadri 4, PSD 3 and Pusa RH-10 exhibited superior cooking qualities but lacked in grain qualities. The loss of head rice recovered in these lines can be avoided if they are consumed as brown rice. Similarly hybrids like ADTRH1, GK5003 and Suruchi performed well in terms of grain qualities but showed drawbacks in case of cooking qualities. These hybrids can be used for making rice based products. The results from the correlation coefficient analysis identified the traits which can influence multiple grain and cooking qualities. Evaluation of hybrids for these traits can in turn provide an approximate idea about the performances for other quality traits.
Acknowledgement:
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. The authors extend their gratitude towards the project “Crop Breeding Research Unit” funded by Department of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal, India and Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, Hooghly Govt. of West Bengal for providing infrastructural support.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2613http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2613
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411112EnglishN2019June15Healthcare
Neuroendocrine Defects in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Different Phenotypes based on the Levels of Gonadotropins (FSH and LH), and Body Mass Index
English2934Rita SinghEnglish Smita BhatiaEnglish M. Gouri DeviEnglish
Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a genetically complex disorder associated with abnormal follicular growth, hyperandrogenism and subfertility or infertility. There are untimely high levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and expression of the LH receptor in PCOS women; however, these defects are not part of the criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. Young women with PCOS require advanced IVF procedures to conceive, but they have a low rate of successful pregnancies. Aims: To understand the variations in gonadotropin levels in women with PCOS. Methods: We hypothesized that PCOS women may have differences in the neuroendocrine defects that may ultimately lead to PCOS symptoms. Here, we report different PCOS phenotypes where both follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH levels were elevated, or just LH secretion was higher than normal. In this cohort of PCOS women, 71% had high LH levels. Result: However, high insulin levels were not associated with either high LH or obesity. Obese PCOS women with high FSH had high insulin levels; however, that could be associated with obesity and not FSH. Conclusion: The defect in the secretion of FSH, LH, or both leads to the reproductive abnormalities in women with PCOS. With the emerging connection between FSH, LH, and insulin receptor substrates, there may be an increase in the susceptibility of women with PCOS to metabolic disorders due to imbalance in FSH and LH secretion.
EnglishLuteinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Testosterone, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Obesity, Body mass
index, Hyperandrogenismhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=4719http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4719
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