Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241922EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesVariation of Andrographolide Content in Andrographis paniculata from Different Sites of Balaghat Region of Jabalpur (M.P.)
English0104Anil KushramEnglish S. K. MasihEnglish Sajad Ahmad MirEnglishAim: The main objective of this investigation was to show the variation of Andrographolide content in Andrographis paniculata from thirty seven different sites of Balaghat (Jabalpur MP) region.
Methodology: In order to study the variation in andrographolide content, plant material was collected from different sites and were analyzed through quick and accurate HPLC chromatographic method using C-18 column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5μ particle size).
Result and Discussion: The average andrographolide content varied from 0.01 to 1.2%. Highest percent of andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata were estimated from site Kera of south Balaghat 1.2%. Lowest content of andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata were estimated from the site of Salhen north Balaghat region that is 0.02%.
Conclusion: The content of this active ingredient in this plant varies with in the plant parts and with the geographical distribution.
EnglishAndrographis paniculata, Andrographolide, Balaghat region, HPLC instrumentationINTRODUCTION
Andrographis paniculata is an important medicinal plant of family acanthaceae. It is also called king of bitters. It is an annual herb widely used in different parts of Asia. Used mainly for treating fever, liver disease, common cold, chickengunia fever, snake bite etc. It is to be used extensively for medicinal purpose in India, Thailand, China and Mauritius (Niranjan, et. al., 2010). The leaves and aerial parts of the plant are used in Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of fever, malaria, some throat infection (Shanker, et. al., 2012), hepatoprotective, antioxidant (Lin, et. al., 2009). Whole plant has variety of therapeutic uses. Phytochemical data revealed that this plant can be used for the treatment of common cold pharyngotonsillitis and diarrhea (Mishra et al 1992 and Najib et al 1999). Antioxidant properties of Andrographis paniculata were recorded by (Trivedi and Raval, 2001). This plant is used for blood purifier, liver diseases, dermatological diseases (Prathanturarug et al., 2007). Aqueous extract of this plant are having antimicrobial activity due to presence of arabinogalactan proteins and andrographolide (Singh et al., 2003). Leaf part was found to content highest amount of andrographolide and the seeds were estimated to content lowest amount of andrographolide (Sharma et al., 1991). Andrographolide is bitter crystalline compound, colorless having antithrombotic, hyphoglycemic and antipyretic properties. A recent study conducted by USA University that this plant is having anti HIV activity (Calabrese, 2000). This plant ranks seventeenth position among their thirty two prioritized medicinal plants and annual growth of this plant is 3.1 percent (Anonymous, 2007).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material: Andrographis paniculata was collected from different sites of Balaghat region. Areal plant parts were collected for comparative study of andrographolide content. Leaves/ plant material at different sites were collected and dried in shade for 15 days followed by grinding to form powder of it. The fine powdered samples were used in methanol solvent to estimate andrographolide content by HPLC method.
HPLC Instrument: HPLC instrument that was used for the estimation of andrographolide were of the following features, HPLC- grade waters, Pump - 515 Isocratic pump, Injector - Rheodyne injector with a 20-microlitre loop, Detector - UV Vis detector, Software - Data ace software, Column - Thermo C-18 column (4.6 x 250mm, 5μ particle size), sample size (20µl). Isocratic elution was carried out with methanol at a flow rate (1ml/min). The detection was performed with wavelength (230 nm) and column temperature was ambient (300C). Class VP software was used for integration and calibration. Evaluation was via peak areas with linear regression.
Preparation of herbal extract: Fresh aerial part of the plant sample collected from 37 different sites of Balaghat region of Jabalpur (M.P). Reflux 1 gm dried powder along with 50 ml of methanol was kept in soxhlet for one hour. After one hour the refluxing load was subjected to Rota-vapor at 60 RPM and heated at 600C. Filter & subject the marc for another two cycles of refluxes (1 hrs. each) with methanol (50 ml) combine with the filtrate. Evaporate under vacuum to dryness Dissolve the residue 10 mg in methanol (10ml). Filter, Inject the solution in HPLC with the help of 20 µl fixed loop injector and percent content of andrographolide were estimated by counting the area of andrographolide peak in HPLC chromatogram in all sample.
RESULTS
Table 1: Variations of Andrographolide content from Andrographis paniculata
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2363http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2363
Anonymous, (2007). National Medicinal Plant Board, Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study II. Country report, Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi.
Calabrese, C. et al., (2000). A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers. Phytotherapy Research, 14: 333-338.
Lin, F.L., Wu, S.J., Lee, S.C. and Ng, L.T., (2009). Antioxidant, antioedema and analgesic activities of Andrographis paniculata extracts and their active constituent andrographolide. Phytotherapy Research, 23 (7): 958 - 964.
Mishra, P., N.L. Pal, P.Y. Guru, J.C. Katiyar, Srivastava, V. and Tandon, J.C., (1992). Antimalarial activity of Andrographis paniculta (Kalmegh) against Plasmodium berghi NK 65 in Mastomys natalensis. International Journal Pharmacology, 30: 263-274.
Najib, Nik A., N. Rahman, T. Furuta, S. Kojima, Takane, K. and Ali Mohd, M., (1999). Antimalarial activity of extracts of Malaysian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64(3): 249-54.
Niranjan, A., Tewari, S.K. and Lehri, A., (2010). Biological activities of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) and its active principles-a review. Indian Journal Of Natural Product and Resources, 1:125- 135.
Prathanturarug, S., N. Soonthornchareonnon, Chuakul, W. and Saralamp, P., (2007). Variation in growth and diterpene lactones among field-cultivated Andrographis paniculata. Journal Natural Medicine, 61: 159-163.
Shankar, R.S., Deb and Sharma, B.K., (2012). Antimalarial plants of northeast India: An overview. Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 3(1): 10-16.
Sharma, A.K., Singh, B.B. and Singh, S.P., (1991). Relationship among net assimilation rate LAI and yield of soybean of genotypes. Photosynthetica 16: 115-122.
Singh, P.K., Roy S. and Dey, S., (2003). Antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata. Fitoterapia 74 (7-8): 692-694.
Trivedi, N.P. and Rawal, U., (2001). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant property of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in BHC induced liver damage in mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 39(1): 41-46.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241922EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesEffects of Brownian Motion and Thermophoresis on Magneto Hydrodynamics Stagnation Point of
a Nanofluid Boundary Layer Flow on a Stretching Surface with Variable Thickness
English0512Shiva Prasad RayapoleEnglish Anand Rao JakkulaEnglishThe paper aims to investigate the properties of Brownian motion and Thermophoresis magento hydro dynamics (MHD) stagnation point of a Nanofluid Boundary layer flow on a stretching surface with inconsistent thickness. The effect of inconsistent thickness is considered and understood that the sheet is defiant. A governing continuity, momentum, angular momentum and heat equations mutually with allied boundary conditions are first abridged to a set of self-similar non-linear united ordinary differential equations by appropriate transformations. These equations are solved numerically by using the Keller Box method. The influence of magnetic parameter M reduced the velocity profile while it increases temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles. It is seen that the boundary layer is formed when l>1 and on other hand an inverted boundary layer is formed when EnglishStagnation Point, Variable Thickness, MHD, Nanofluid, Thermal Radiation, Stretching SurfaceINTRODUCTION
In fluid dynamics, MHD stagnation flow over a stretching sheet has many production applications such as tragedy core cooling system, glass industrialized, sanitization of crude oil, etc. The stagnation-point flow and the flow due to a stretching sheet are equally essential in theoretical and claim point of view. The two-dimensional flow of fluid near a stagnation point was first examined by Hiemenz [1]. Later, Chaim [2] considering the strain-rate of the stagnation-point flow and the stretching rate of the sheet to be identical and found no boundary layer structure near the sheet. Whereas, the performance of stagnation-point flow over stretching vertical under diverse physical aspects was discussed by Ishak A, Nazar R.,[3].Layek et al.,[4], studied the unsteady laminar MHD flow and heat Transfer in the stagnation region. The minority current studies covering similar topics are cited in Refs. [5–16]. Besides stagnation point flow, stretching surfaces has a ample range of applications in engineering and numerous technical purposes predominantly in metallurgy and polymer industry. For instance, plodding cooling of continuous stretching metal or plastic strips can be mentioned which have various applications in mass production. pointless to say, the final eminence of the product robustly depends on the rate of heat transfer from the stretching surface. Crane [17] is the first to present a identity-analogous solution in the congested analytical form for steady two-dimensional incompressible boundary layer flow caused by the stretching plate whose velocity varies linearly with the distance from a fixed point on the sheet. Following Crane’s study, the thermal approach to this crisis was investigated by Carragher and Crane [18]. They tacit that the temperature difference between the sheets and the ambient is comparative to a power of the detachment from the fixed point. Subjecting uniform heat flux boundary condition, Dutta et al. [19] presented the temperature allocation for a stretching surface in an ambient with different temperatures. Nanofluid is a fluid containing small particles, called nanoparticles. These fluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluidstudied by Buongiorno[20]. The nanoparticles used in nanofluids are classically made of metals, oxides, carbides, or carbon nanotubes. The base fluids used are usually water, ethylene glycol and oilKakac, A. Pramuanjaroenkijand Marga, S.J. Palm[21,22]. Recently, boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet was presented by Khan and Pop [23], The natural convective boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate is presented systematically by Kuznetsov and Nield [24] Vajravelu et al. [25] presented the exhaustive scrutiny of convective heat transfer in the flow of viscous Ag–water and Cu–water nanofluids over a stretching surface. Very recently the boundary layers of an uneven stagnation-point flow in a nanofluid is investigated by Bachok et al. [26], They analyzed that fluid containing solid particles may drastically increase its conductivity. Recently, Bachok et al. coated the boundary layers of an unsteady stagnation-point flow in a nanofluid. Nanofluids have their foremost applications in heat transfer, as well as microelectronics, fuel cells, pharmaceutical processes, and hybrid-powered engines, domestic refrigerator, chiller, nuclear reactor coolant, grinding, space machinery, and boiler flue gas temperature reduction. They exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient counter balanced to the base fluid. Nanotechnology has enormous applications in industry. Fluids with nanoscaled particles interface are called nanofluid. The term nanofluid was proposed by Choi [27] Nanofluid heat transfer is a pioneering technology which can be used to augment heat transfer. Nanofluid is a deferral of solid nanoparticles (1–100nm diameters) inconventional liquids like water, oil, and ethylene glycol. The nano particles used in nanofluid are usually collected of metals, oxides, carbides, or carbon nanotubes. Water, ethylene glycol, and oil are familiar examples of base fluids. The effects of the wall thickness constraints are velocity power index, ratio of rates of velocities, radiation parameter and the Prandtl number on the membrane friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number, which represents the heat transfer rate at the surface, for the steady stagnation point flow and heat transfer towards stretching surface has been studied by Prasanna Kumara et al [28] In current study we extended the work of Prasanna Kumara e.al [28], by taking into consideration the flow of an incompressible nanofluid stagnation point flow towards a stretching surface with variable thickness, thermal radiation. The fluid determined by a stretching surface located at with a fixed stagnation point at x = 0.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES
Consider the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid driven by a stretching surface located at with a fixed stagnation point at x = 0 as shown in figure 1. We imagine that wall is impervious, non-flat with a given profile and the coefficient A being small so that the sheet is adequately thin. The stretching velocity Uw(x) and the ambient fluid velocity U(x) are assumed to be thickness of the stretched sheet from the stagnation point i.e., Uw(x) = (x+b)m and U(x) = (x+b)m, where m is the velocity power index. Due to the acceleration or deceleration of the sheet, the thickness of the stretched sheet may decrease or increase with distance from the slot, which is reliant on the value of the velocity power index. With the above assumptions, the boundary layer equations prevailing the flow and temperature fields are given by,
Where u and v are the velocity components of the fluid along x and y directions respectively. M, μ, , k and are the magnetic parameter, the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, density of the fluid, thermal conductivity and specific heat of the fluid respectively. T is the temperature, T is stable temperature of the fluid in the in viscid free stream, is the thermal conductivity, p is the effective heat capacity of nanoparticles, f is heat capacity of the base fluid, C is nanoparticle volume fraction, B is the Brownian diffusion coefficient, and T is the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient. The allied boundary conditions for the present problem are
is the stretching velocity,U0 and b are the physical parameter related with stretched surfaces. and Tw and T denote the temperature at the wall and at large distance from the wall respectively and T0 is the distinctive temperature. Cw is the variable wall nanoparticle volume fraction with C0 being a constant and C is constant nanoparticle volume fraction in free stream, To employing the generalized Bernoulli’s equation, in the free stream U(x) = U1(x + b)m the equation (2) reduces to
where and k* are the Stefan-Boltzman constant and mean absorption co-efficient, respectively. Assuming that the temperature differences within the flow such that the term T4 may be expressed as a linear function of the temperature, we expand T4 in a Taylor series about and neglecting the higher order terms beyond the first degree in (T- T) we get
Here Pr, Le, Nb, Nt, M,and Nr denote the Prandtl number, the Lewis number, the Brownian motion parameter, the thermophoresis parameter, magnetic parameter, Radiation parameter respectively. This boundary value problem is reduced to the classical problem of flow and heat and mass transfer due to a stretching surface in a viscous fluid when n = 1 and Nb = Nt = 0 in eqs (13) and (14). The quantities of practical interest, in this study, are the local skin friction Cfx Nusselt number Nux and the Sherwood number Shx which are defined as
Table 1: Comparison of the values of membrane friction coefficient f''(0) for a choice of values of m and for fixed values ????= Pr= Nr = 0 and β=0.5
M
Fang et al.
Prasanna Kumar et al
Present results
10
7
3
1
-1.0603
-1.0550
-1.0359
-1.0000
-1.06034
-1.05506
-1.03588
-1.00000
-1.0602
-1.0549
-1.0358
-1.0000
Table: 2 Result Values of skin friction –f''0 , Nusslet number -θ'0 and Sherwood number ∅' 0 for different values of physical parameters
Results and Discussion
The classification of equations (1)-(4) along with the boundary condition (5) has been solved numerically by using implied finite difference scheme known as Keller Box method.
The abridged Eqs. (12)–(15) are nonlinear and united, and thus their exact methodical solutions are not potential. They can be solved numerically using Keller – Box for dissimilar values of parameters such as magnetic parameter, Prandtl, Eckert and the Lewis numbers, the Brownian motion parameter and the thermophoresis parameter. The possessions of the emerging parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, membrane friction, the rates of heat and mass transfer are investigated.
The important steps in using the Keller Box method are:
Tumbling higher order ODEs (systems of ODEs) in to system of first order ODEs;
Writing the systems of first order ODEs into difference equations using central differencing scheme;
Liberalizing the difference equations using Newton’s method and writing it in vector form;
Solving the system of equations using block eliminations method.
In order to solve the above degree of difference equations numerically, we adopt Matlab software which is very efficient in using the well known Keller Box method.
In order to study precision of our results compared the present results with those of PrasannaKumaraet.al.,[28],when neglect the effects of Nt and Nb. The evaluation results ensures there is a good concurrence between the present and previous works Prasanna Kumara et al [28]. The computed results for some values of the prevailing flow parameters M,m, β,λ Nr, Nt, Nb ,Le are analyzed graphically for velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles in figures (2) to (9).
Fig. 2(a-c) exhibits the effect of magnetic parameter on the velocity. It is empirical that the velocity profile of the fluid is inconsequentially reduced with increasing values of M. An increase in magnetic parameter M results in a strong diminution in velocity. This is due to the fact that magnetic field introduces a retarding body force which acts oblique to the direction of the applied magnetic field. This body force, known as the Lorentz force, decelerates the boundary layer flow and the boundary layer thickness decreases with increase in magnetic parameter. The authority of magnetic parameter M on the temperature and concentration profiles is clearly observed to be appreciably enhanced with increasing magnetic parameter. As the Lorentz force is a resistive force which opposes the fluid motion, so heat is produced and as a result, the thermal boundary layer thickness become thicker for stronger magnetic field.
Fig 3(a)-(c), represents the deviation of velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction for different values of m. It is found from fig 3(a) that the velocity profiles decrease with the increase of m in case of λ1 . For a fixed value of λ=0.5 the temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction increases with the increase of m is depicted from the figure. One can seen that if m= 1, the problem reduces to a flat sheet problem.
Fig 4(a)-(c), illustrates the deviation in the velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction, respectively, for the different values of β . From the figure it is apparent that if β increases the fluid velocity is increases for a fixed value of λ1. This is because for higher value of β the boundary layer becomes thicker. It can be experimental from the figure that the temperature profiles and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles increases with increase of β . It can be noticed that an increase in wall thickness parameter results, increases the profiles of temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction.
Fig 5(a)-(c), exhibits the ratio of frees tiring velocity parameter λ on velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profile respectively. It is observed that there is a decrease in the velocity and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles is noticed with an increasing λ . It is originated that when the stretching velocity is less than the free string velocity i.e., λEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2364http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2364
K. Hiemenz, “The boundary layer on a circular cylinder in uniform flow (in German)’’, Dingl Polytech. J.326 (1911) 321-328.
T.C. Chiam, Stagnation point flow towards a stretching plate. J. Phys. Soc, Jpn, 63 (1994) 2443-2444.
Ishak A, Nazar R and Pop I “ Mixed convection boundary layers in the stagnation-point flow toward a stretching vertical sheet”, 2006 Meccanica 41 509.
Layek G C, Mukhopadhyay S and Samad S.K A ‘’Heat and mass transfer analysis for boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a heated porous stretching sheet with heat absorption/generation and suction/blowing”,2007 Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 34 347.
Ding Q and Zhang H Q, “Heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking sheet with non-uniform heat flux’’, 2009 Chin. Phys. Lett. 26 104701
M. Sheikholeslami, T. Hayat, A. Alsaedi MHD free convection of Al2O3–water nanofluid considering thermal radiation: a numerical study Int J Heat Mass Transf, 96 (2016), pp. 513-524
M.M. Rashidi, S. Abelman, N. Freidooni Mehr Entropy generation in steady MHD flow due to a rotating porous disk in a nanofluid Int J Heat Mass Transf, 62 (0) (2013), pp. 515-525
M. Sheikholeslami, M. Gorji-Bandpay, D.D. Ganji Magnetic field effects on natural convection around a horizontal circular cylinder inside a square enclosure filled with nanofluid Int Commun Heat Mass Transf, 39 (7) (2012), pp. 978-986
M.M. Rashidi, M. Ali, N. Freidoonimehr, F. Nazari Parametric analysis and optimization of entropy generation in unsteady MHD flow over a stretching rotating disk using artificial neural network and particle swarm optimization algorithm Energy, 55 (15) (June 2013), pp. 497-510
M. Sheikholeslami, M.M. Rashidi, T. Hayat, D.D. Ganji Free convection of magnetic nanofluid considering MFD viscosity effect J MolLiq, 218 (20P16), pp. 393-399
S.A. Shehzad, Z. Abdullah, F.M. Abbasi, T. Hayat, A. AlsaediMagnetic field effect in three-dimensional flow of an Oldroyd-B nanofluid over a radiative surface J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 399 (2016), pp. 97-108
Rizwan UlHaq, S. Nadeem, Z.H. Khan, N.F.M. NoorMHD squeezed flow of water functionalized metallic nanoparticles over a sensor surface Physica E: Low Dimen Syst Nanostruct (73) (2015), pp. 45-53
O.D. Makinde, W.A. Khan, Z.H. Khan Buoyancy effects on MHD stagnation point flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid past a convectively heated stretching/shrinking sheet Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 62 (2013), pp. 526-533
Rizwan UlHaq, S. Nadeem, Z.H. Khan, N.F.M. Noor Convective heat transfer in MHD slip flow over a stretching surface in the presence of carbon nanotubes Physica B, 457 (15) (2015), pp. 40-47
W.A. Khan, O.D. Makinde, Z.H. KhanNonaligned MHD stagnation point flow of variable viscosity nanofluids past a stretching sheet with radiative heat Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 96 (2016), pp. 525-534
O.D. Makinde, F. Mabood, W.A. Khan, M.S. TshehlaMHD flow of a variable viscosity nanofluid over a radially stretching convective surface with radiative heat J. Mol. Liq., 219 (2016), pp. 624-630
L.J. CraneFlow Past a Stretching Plate Zeitschriftfür Angewandte Mathematik und Physik (ZAMP), 21 (4) (1970), pp. 645-647
P. Carragher, L.J. CraneHeat transfer on a continuous stretching sheet ZAMM (1982), p. 62
B.K. Dutta, P. Roy, A.S. GuptaTemperature field in flow over a stretching sheet with uniform heat flux Int Commun Heat Mass Transf, 12 (1985), p. 89
J. Buongiorno Convective transport in nanofluids J Heat Transfer, 128 (3) (2010), pp. 240-250
S. Kakac, A. Pramuanjaroenkij Review of convective heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 52 (13) (2009), pp. 3187-3196
S.E.B. Marga, S.J. Palm, C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. GalanisHeat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows Int J Heat Fluid Flow, 26 (4) (2005), pp. 530-546
W.A. Khan, I. PopBoundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 53 (11) (2010), pp. 2477-2483
A.V. Kuznetsov, D.A. NieldNatural convective boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate Int J Therm Sci, 49 (2) (2010), pp. 243-247
K. Vajravelu, K.V. Prasad, J. Lee, C. Lee, I. Pop, R.A.V. GorderConvective heat transfer in the flow of viscous Ag-water and Cu–water nanofluids over a stretching surface Int J Therm Sci, 50 (5) (2011), pp. 843-851
N. Bachok, A. Ishak, L. Pop The boundary layers of an unsteady stagnation-point flow in a nanofluid Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 55 (22–23) (2012), pp. 6499-6505
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B. C. Prasanna Kumara et al, MHD Stagnation Point Flow of Nanofluid Towards a Stretching Surface with Variable Thickness and Thermal Radiation /IJIM Vol. 7, No. 1 (2015) 77-85
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241922EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareA Case Report of Rare Fungal Lesion
English1315Vimala ChelladuraiEnglish Yoga LakshmiEnglish Chitra SrinivasanEnglish Sharanya KarthikEnglishAim: Sporotrichosis is a common subcutaneous mycotic fungal infection caused by the dimorphic fungus sporothrixschenkii
Case Report: Here we report a rare case, 50 years old male, farmer by occupation presented with history of pain and swelling both the forearms for a duration of 6 months. Diagnosed with Sporotrichosis fungal infection on tissue biopsy.
Discussion: Sporotrichosis is a rare, acute or chronic fungal infection caused by the dimorphic fungus sporothrixschenkii. Infection commonly results from percutaneous inoculation of infected wood splinters or thorns. Farmers, florist and gardeners are most usually affected. In our case also patient was a farmer by occupation. Sporotrichosis is a slowly progressive disease and initial symptom may appear 1 to 12 weeks after the exposure to the fungus.
Conclusion: As Sporotrichosis is an uncommon fungal disease awareness of this disease and an extensive environmental study is required to understand the actual burden of the disease.
EnglishSporotrichosis, Fungus, SubcutaneousINTRODUCTION
Most common subcutaneous mycosis is Sporotrichosis. [1]It is often acquired by trauma.[1] It is caused by one of the species of the Sporothrixschenckii family. More than 6 species have been identified by molecular techniques. [1]the most common presentation is the cutaneous form. The disease has been classi?ed into three clinical forms: cutaneous-lymphatic, ?xed and disseminated.[1. Most common location is the upper limbs, while in children it tends to occur more commonly on the face, in adults. [1]
The form of transmission is traumatic inoculation of the organism into the skin, through contact with contaminated soil, plants or organic substrates.[2] Immunosuppressed individuals are more prone for Pulmonary, mucosal, disseminated, Osteoarticular infections.[1]The diagnosis is suggested by biopsy specimen and confirmed by tissue culture. [1]
CASE REPORT:
We here present a 50 years old male, farmer by occupation presented with history of pain and swelling both the forearms for a duration of 6 months .On examination patient has multiple ulcerated plaques and papules in a linear pattern on the right forearm(Figure 1) and scattered lesions on the left forearm and left leg. The lesion on the left forearm was biopsied and sent for histopathological examination.
Grossly we received formalin fixed grey white multiple soft tissue bits measuring 0.5*0.5cm to 0.5*0.3cm each.
Microscopically skin with focal area of ulceration covered by exudate composed predominantly of neutrophils was present. The dermis was also showing multiple granulomas composed of epithelioid cells, histiocytes, foreign body type of multinucleated giant cells and dense neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrates(Figure 2)
Special stains were done. Periodic Acid Shiff was showing round to oval spores measuring 4-6µm in size within the dermal granuloma that stained more strongly at the periphery than in the centre. Small cigar shaped bodies were also present.
GMS also confirmed the findings as seen in the PAS. (Figure 3)
DISCUSSION
Sporotrichosis is a rare, acute or chronic fungal infection caused by the dimorphic fungus sporothrixschenkii[3]. More than 6 species, such as S schenckiisensustricto, Sporothrixbrasiliensis, Sporothrixglobosa, Sporothrixmexicana, and Sporothrixalbicans, have been identified by molecular techniques. [1]The first case was reported in 1898 by Schenck who demonstrated the pathogenicity of this fungus[4]. Infection commonly results from percutaneous inoculation of infected wood splinters or thorns [5].Farmers, florist and gardeners are most usually affected. [5]In our case also patient was a farmer by occupation.
Sporotrichosis is a slowly progressive disease and initial symptom may appear 1 to 12 weeks after the exposure to the fungus.
Unusual presentations of Sporotrichosis also have been reported.[6] Brisa et al presented rare case of sporotrichosis presenting as an ear pinna lesion.[7]Similarly Henry T. Lederer reported a case of Osteoarticularsporotrichosis.
Paola Machado Gomes Esteves et al reported Sporotrichosis in a HIV positive patient, resulted from fungal hematogenic dissemination from an initial inoculation site[8]
Development of systemic sporotrichosis although rare, occurs particularly in person with a immunosuppression, such as patients receiving long term systemic corticosteroids. S. Schenckii is uncommon opportunistic in HIV –infected individuals, but disseminated sporotrichosis has been seen in patients with AIDS.[9]
Clinical cases of Sporotrichosis have been classified into lymphangitic or lymphocutaneous lesions, localized or fixed type, multifocal or disseminated and extracutaneous types by Sampaio and Lacaz [10] Clinical manifestations most commonly include cutaneous with papulonodular lesions and lymphocutaneous forms (adenopathy and lymphangitic spread) of the infection. Rarely the infection involves the joints. Commonly affected joint is knee.[7] The lymphocutaneous form of this infection starts as a painless papule that grows into an ulcer, usually on a finger or hand. And also a chain of asymptomatic nodules appears along the lymph vessels draining the area called sporotrichosis spread which undergoes suppuration and subsequent ulceration.
Whereas in a fixed cutaneous form, a solitary plaque or occasionally a group of lesions are seen, commonly on an arm or on the face showing superficial crusting or a verrucous surface.[11,12,13]
The diagnosis of Sporotrichosis is established by culture or histopathology findings. The time for growth on cultures is approximately 8 days, butMayrequire2–4 weeks. Histological findings can include granulomatous inflammation with budding yeasts that are round to oval, 3–5-μm in diameter, and appear as elongated, cigar-shaped bud. In our case the histopathology hematoxylin and eosin sections were showing granulomatous inflammation and confirmed Sporotrichosis fungal infection with PAS and GMS special stains.(Figure 1 & 2)
Immunohistochemical staining using primary antibodies directed against S. Schenckii has high sensitivity compared to histochemical methods in which the organism can be demonstrated.[14]
Treatment in most cases is Itraconazole[15]. For cutaneous and lymphocutaneous forms, the Infectious Diseases Society of America(IDSA)guide lines recommend Itraconazole at 200mg orally daily for at least 2–4 weeks after resolution of all lesions(typically for 3–6 months) [16]. In our current case report also patient was treated with Itraconazole 200mg.
For systemic or disseminated cases, amphotericin B is the treatment of choice. Differential diagnosis include blastomycosis were the reaction pattern is very similar so special stains for fungal forms should be performed.
If the fungus is not found in sections, a diagnosis of sporotrichosis can only be suspected. But tests like sporotrichin test can be done which is always positive except in cases with disseminated diseases.[17]
CONCLUSION:
As Sporotrichosis is an uncommon fungal disease and seen among our population we reiterate the need for a high index of clinical suspicion and pivotal role of laboratory findings to aid in prompt diagnosis and patient management. Awareness of this disease and an extensive environmental study is required to understand the actual burden of the disease.
Acknowledgement: Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in the references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/ editors/ publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
SOURCE OF FUNDING: SELF
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: NIL
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2365http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=23651. Vásquez-del-Mercado E, Arenas R, Padilla-Desgarenes C. Sporotrichosis. Clin Dermatol. 2012;30:437-43
2. De Lima Barros MB, de Oliveira Schubach A, Galhardo MC, Schubach TM, dos Reis RS, Conceição MJ, et al. Sporotrichosis with widespread cutaneous lesions: report of 24 cases related to transmission by domestic cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42:677-81
3. Hay RJ and Moore M (1998) Mycology. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA and Breathnach SM, eds, Rook/Wilkinson/Ebling Textbook of Dermatology, (6thedn), Blackwell Science, London:1277-1376
4. B.R. Schenck, On refractory subcutaneous abscesses caused by a fungus possibly related to the sporotricha, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull.9(1898)286–290.
5.Weedon D. Mycoses and algal infections. In Weedon's skin pathology. 3rdedn, 2010, Churchill Livingstone, China: 582-606
6.Brisa Dondoni Reis, Fernanda Oliveira Cobucci et al; Sporotrichosis in an unusual location - Case report; An Bras Dermatol. 2015;90(3 Suppl 1):S84-7.
7.Lederer HT, Sullivan E, Crum-Cianflone NF. Sporotrichosis as an unusual case of osteomyelitis: A case report and review of the literature. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2016;11:31-5.
8.Esteves PMG, Trope BM, Barbalho MGM, Akiti T, Ramos-e-Silva M (2014) Disseminated Cutaneous Sporotrichosis in an Immunosuppressed Patient. J AIDS Clin Res 5:352.
9.James C. Shaw , Wendy Levinson, Anthonymontanaro; Sporotrichosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Volume 21, Issue 5, Part 2, November 1989, Pages 1145-1147
10. Da Rosa AC, Scroferneker ML, Vettorato R, Gervini RL, Vettorato G, et al. (2005) Epidemiology of sporotrichosis: a study of 304 cases in Brazil. J Am Acad Dermatol 52: 451–459
11.Dellatorre, D. L., Lattanand, A., Buckley, H. R., Urbach, F, 1982, Fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis of the face; Page 147
12.Lurie HI. Histopathology of sporotrichosis. Arch Pathol 1963;75:92–109.
13. Carr R.D., M.A. Storkan , J.W.Wilson and F.E.Swatek;1964; extensive verrucous sporotrichosis of long duration. Arch Dermatol.,89;124
14.Marques MEA, Coelho KL, Sotto MN et al; Comparison between histochemical and immunohistochemical methods for diagnosis of sporotrichosis; Journal of clinical pathology; Volume 45 ,Issue 12
15. P.K. Sharkey-Mathis, C.A. Kauffman, J.R. Graybill, D.A. Stevens, J.S. Hostetler, G. Cloud, et al., Treatment of sporotrichosis with Itraconazole. NIAID Mycoses Study Group, Am. J. Med. 95(1993)279–285
16. C.A. Kauffman, B. Bustamante, S.W. Chapman, P.G. Pappas, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis:2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin. Infect. Dis.45(2007)1255–1265
17. David E. Elder; Levers histopathology of the skin; Tenth edition, chapter 23, page 614
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241922EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareOccupational Health Problems of the Auto Rickshaws Service Providers in Agartala City: A Case Study of Nagerjala Motor Stand
English1621Debasish DebbarmaEnglish Saptarshi MitraEnglishHealth is a very significant matter in the daily life of a vehicle driver. Long hours on road contribute to the occupational health hazards. The aim of this study is to identify the health problems among the auto rickshaw service providers in relation to their age and the number of hours put in driving the auto rickshaws. The study had been carried out in Nagerjala Motor Stand, Agartala City in Tripura among the auto rickshaw drivers through interview method and obtained data were analysed with the help of statistical tools. The result showed that musculo-skeletal problem was most common and of frequent occurrence among all age groups of the auto rickshaw service providers. Relevant preventative measures have been suggested for the better health condition of the drivers.
EnglishHealth, Occupation, Auto-rickshaw, Musculo-Skeletal ProblemIntroduction
Health has been a major cause of concern in driving occupation especially among auto rickshaw drivers. Auto rickshaws are one of the major modes of para-transit transport system in urban 5 as well as in the fringe areas in Agartala City. Auto rickshaws are relatively cheaper and easily available form of public transport in most of the cities in India 3. By nature it is designed as a three wheeler with small sized cabin and slightly curved long handle. It is able to ply in both main roads and narrow streets. Drivers spend a considerable amount of time in an environment full of pollutant gases, noisy, continuous cacophony and whole body vibration. Further harmful lifestyle are practised like irregularity of meals, no proper rest rooms, awful quality of sanitary toilets, bad posture while driving and stressful occupational conditions during their working hours. Such working parameters may be associated with various gastro intestinal disturbances, musculo- skeletal, cardio-vascular, respiratory, hearing and other problems which can hardly compromise with driving safety issues 8, 9, 10. There have been lots of studies on the health profile of long distance truck 7, 8 tempo 2 and bus drivers 4, 6, 11 and factors influencing them; but there have been very few studies about the short distance auto rickshaw drivers 9 and that too rarely done in India. As for many other cities, the auto rickshaw is one of the major modes of public transport system in Agartala City. Specific environmental conditions increased the probability of disability or illness like hearing impairment, lowering efficiency of ocular system; break down of nervous system etc. This study was planned to integrate and identify the health problems of the auto rickshaw drivers of Nagerjala Motor Stand of Agartala City. The study will also highlight various other factors which influence physical and emotional well being of auto rickshaw drivers showing that the work environment and stress directly affect their health.
Study area
Nagerjala is one of the registered auto rickshaw node as well as terminal in Agartala City. Previously Nagerjala was a marshy land till the year of 2005. It was wetland where water covered the ground for a long period of time. The marshy land of Nagerjala was usually treeless and dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants. The area was also surrounded by dense settlement where buildings were very compact in nature. With passage of time the present area has been transformed into a huge terminal zone. Mainly the terminal provides the commuters the facility to travel towards the southern part of the state covering the Sepahijala, Gomati and South Tripura Districts. The terminal consists of deluxe buses as well as Mini buses, jeep, Cruiser and 4 wheeler big passenger carriage (Tata Magic), and autos (3 wheeler) which connect and provide services to the commuters to move mostly towards the southern regions of the state. The Central, Northern and Eastern parts of the city areas also are well connected and accessible by auto rickshaws. Nagerjala auto rickshaw connects all nearby nodes like Chandrapur, Old Motor Stand, Gurkha Basti, R.M.S. Chowmuhuni etc. The node consists of diverse group of public transport system which include small and heavy vehicles that provide the travellers to go short or long distance destinations at different directions.
Methodology
In order to study the proposed research problems and fulfil the objectives the researchers initially prepared the location map of the study area based on the road and ward map of Agartala City procured from the office of the Agartala Municipal Corporation (AMC). A suitable questionnaire was carried out among the auto rickshaw service providers in the selected area of Nagerjala Motor stand in Agartala City. A number of 84 subjects were taken as a clustered sample size and was interviewed mainly on their health problems during their services period of driving auto rickshaws. The collected data were analysed by statistical tools where the average, deviation and the variance level was taken out to find the most prevalent health problems among the auto rickshaw service providers. The paper was presented in the shape of tabular form along with logical elucidation of the facts of the present research work.
Results
Sometimes eye pain felt by the drivers is actually caused by irritation or inflammation of the surface of the eye, particularly the cornea. The major reason may be from multiple sclerosis, viral infections or bacterial infections. The symptom results on pressure behind the eye along with vision changes and eye pain. Pain is generally felt like a stabbing, burning or stinging sensation. Pressure behind the eyes gives the feeling of fullness or a stretching inside the eyes. A feeling of pressure in the eye causes eye pain, watering of eyes, blurred vision, burning of eye, redness of eye and pain often leading to headache. Continuous driving of auto rickshaw in the busy road of Agartala puts tremendous stress on eye sight of the auto drivers leading to the problems of the ocular system. From the field survey it was found that 67.85 per cent of 40-50 age groups were suffering from severe ocular system problem. The deviation value was 2.47 whereas the variance level recorded as 6.09 per cent. This shows that out of the total respondents less than half were suffering from ocular problem.
Breathlessness is the distressing sensation of a deficit between the body’s demand for breathing oxygen and the inability of the respiratory system to satisfy that demand. Poorly controlled asthma and years of practising of smoking causes low level of oxygen in the blood causing lack of red blood cells further increasing the problem of respiratory system. Although very few were found suffering from breathlessness with only 7.14 per cent in 40-50 age group of auto drivers. The deviation value was also found very less from the total with only 0.518 and the variance level 1.25 per cent where as in terms of dry cough none was found suffering from such problem.
Headache can be a sign of stress or physical distress caused by hyper tension, anxiety or depression. It can lead to other problems like high blood pressure. A headache can occur in any part of the head like on both sides of the head or just in one location. Headache can radiate across the head from a central point. They may last from less than an hour up to several days. From the field survey it was found that 67.85 per cent of 40-50 age groups frequently suffer from severe headache. On the other hand, 53.12 per cent of 29-39 age groups also suffer from similar problem. The deviation value is 3.52 whereas the variance level was recorded as 9.06 per cent. This shows that out of the total respondents more than half of the respondents suffer from nervous system problem. Thus 55.95 per cent of the total respondents have stated that for earning bread and butter by driving a small three wheeler for long hour daily pressure has been the centre of their stress and pressure causing headache and hyper tension which adversely affect their health.
Adopting hunched sitting position when driving can result in increased back and shoulder problems over time. The human back is composed of a complex structure of muscles, ligaments, tendons, disks and bones. The segments of our spine are cushioned with cartilage like pads called disks. Problem with any of these components can lead to back pain. Back pain can also be the result of some uncomfortable daily activity or poor posture. The pain may be characterised as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain or burning sensation. It may radiate into the arms and hands as well as legs or feet and may include weakness and numbness in the legs or arms. It was found that most of the auto rickshaw drivers suffer from musculo-skeletal problem that includes lower back pain (96.42 percent), knee pain (88.09 per cent), wrist pain (71.43 per cent), shoulder pain (100 per cent) and body ache (88.10 per cent). Such a problem is common with nine out of ten respondents of all age groups experiencing it at the same point in their life style. Maximum responders are engaged for 8-10 hours of driving. Continuously gripping the wheel and sitting at bad posture while driving, causes such musculo- skeletal problem creating shoulder and back pain at maximum level. Data from the field survey shows that both the deviation and variance level is much higher and closer to the total respondents of the study area.
The circulatory system also called the cardiovascular system is the system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting disease and stabilize body temperature. From the field survey it was found that 48.81 per cent of the total respondents mainly of 29-39 and 40-50 age groups suffer from chest pain as they are habituated in smoking. The deviation value is 3.6 whereas the variance level was recorded as 9.27 per cent which shows that out of the total respondents more than half of the respondents suffer from Cardio-Vascular problem. The nicotine content in cigarettes makes one habituated rather addicted which makes one difficult to quit. Thus it increases the risk of several illnesses like tuberculosis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, high blood pressure, stroke, lowering of immunity and even coronary artery disease. It also covers the chest pain.
Another important health problem that has been identified among the auto rickshaw service providers are tooth decay. Tooth decay also known as dental caries or cavities, is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria. The cavities may be a number of different colours from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty in eating. Complications may include inflammation of the tissues around the tooth, tooth loss and infection or abscess formation. From the field survey it was found that 73.81 per cent of the total respondents mainly of 29 to above age group suffer from caries as they are habituated in tobacco chewing. The deviation value is 3.78 whereas the variance level was recorded as 9.31 per cent which shows that most of the respondents suffer from dental problems. Poverty is also a significant social determinant for oral disease. Dental caries have been linked with lower socio-economic status. Caries is associated with poverty, poor cleaning of the mouth and receding gums resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth. The use of tobacco also increases the risk for caries formation. Some brands of smokeless tobacco contain high sugar content, increasing susceptibility to caries. Tobacco use is a significant factor for periodontal disease.
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastro-intestinal system. After reaching the age of 40+ the common problem observed among many individuals is “Gas” or “Gastric Stomach Problem” leading to acid secretion. It causes severe pain and discomfort. It is known to all that gas is formed in everybody’s body which, however is eliminated by passing. This can be uncomfortable and embarrassing when the quality of gas increases in the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The gases formed in human body primarily are carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and sometimes methane which are mostly odourless vapours. From the field survey it was found that 55.95 per cent of the total respondents mainly of 29 to 39 age group constituting 68.75 per cent of the total respondents suffer from gastric as they are habituated in taking fast food from the hotels or nor having food in time. The deviation value is 4.31 whereas the variance level was recorded as 11.71 per cent which shows that maximum of the respondents suffer from gastro-intestinal problems.
Other than all the above mentioned health issues the other common health problem identified among auto rickshaw is the Low Blood Pressure (LBP). It is a result of abnormally low blood pressure in the arteries. Generally, the normal blood pressure in human body is 80 in the lower level and 120 at the upper level. But if this blood pressure drops unusually low, it can restrict the amount of blood flowing to our brain and vital organs which can cause unsteadiness, headache, sleepy, dizziness, fainting and even may fall to unconsciousness. From the field survey, it was found that 48.81 per cent of the respondents of mainly 40-50 age group are facing such health problems. The deviation shows 3.46 whereas the variance level was found 9.16 per cent of the total variance of 13.9 per cent. As driving is the main occupation of the auto rickshaw drivers such health hazards may pose risky at any stage of the movement.
Discussion
The result showed that musculo-skeletal problem that comprises of Knee, Back, Wrist and Shoulder pain were the most common and frequently occurring among all age groups of the auto rickshaw service providers of the present study area. However, as the prevalence of various health complaints is very high among auto rickshaws service providers, there is an urgent need to overcome the situation. So to override the hurdles and to create a healthy and safe environment for the auto rickshaw drivers, the authors propose some preventive implementable measures as a future initiative for a good health of these service providers. These are divided into three categories.
Health Planning: A health Plan is an entity that offers or arranges for coverage of designated health services needed by members for a fixed, prepaid premium. Professional auto rickshaw drivers need physical exercise to keep them strong and fit to continue functioning in good condition. A healthy body is obtained by maintaining a good diet and good exercise to keep the body going. A sound mind is capable of good, positive and free thinking in a healthy body. Although finding time from their irregular route duties to schedule in exercise is very difficult. But taking out time for own from this busy schedule is much more important than ruining self and having an unhealthy life. However, benefits associated with doing physical exercise includes helping to build and maintain healthy muscles, joints and bones, increasing strength, stamina and endurance, helping to maintain weight and energy level, promoting better sleep and positive mental health, reducing the risk of depression and stress, improving mood and overall sense of well-being, improving resistance to infection, reducing the risk of heart disease, heart attack, stroke, cancer and keeping balance of blood pressure. More over regular health check-ups are also necessary for taking preventive measures.
Infrastructural Planning: Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving an area for its economy to function well. The physical work environment often influences the mindset of the service providers and their efficiency and ability to innovate in delivering expanded services. A good work environment can facilitate better surroundings for the service providers. An unhealthy work environment always deteriorates the physical as well as mental ability of the service providers and puts an unhygienic condition that affects the others as well. Thus infrastructural planning for the auto rickshaw service providers is also an important element for the good health of this section of society. These planning will reorganising the existing space with well facilitated health centre, sanitation and rest room facilities and also providing them with healthy and clean quality of food and water. Such an innovative and refurbished infrastructure will help to keep the health of the auto rickshaw drivers in good forum.
3. Social Planning: It focuses on improving well-being and quality of life in a community. It supports the community according to its needs to develop itself economically, socially and culturally. They perform an important task for the society by commuting the dwellers to their preferred destination. The auto rickshaw service providers have its own organization or group within the society. Few members are represented as their leaders who put forward the problems of these services providers. They elect their members by casting votes that are held within their organization. Thus this particular group of the society also needs representative attention including other socio-developmental activities. This puts the premise of social planning among the auto rickshaw drivers. It includes organizing regular meeting for knowing the crisis. Such activity will put the drivers to express them communally and to solve them to their best extent. Although further studies are also required to assess the possible risk factors for various health complaints among the auto rickshaw service providers.
Conclusion
Auto rickshaw of Agartala Municipal Corporation area had faced a lot of challenges and problems since time being. But today, leaving behind all such constrains, this service of transportation are playing much more beneficial role in the society in different aspects and features in comparison to any other vehicular movements of transportation. Although, at present the Auto rickshaw service system of AMC area are facing variety of hazardous social problems within which the economy of both phenomena (Auto rickshaw drivers and service taker as Passengers) are being affected in an injurious manner. It is because of the absence of social awareness among the common people of the concern study area but maximum numbers of participation could erase such problems. Thus social awareness must be the main purpose of planning so that the proposals of developmental approach could flow in a better way.
Acknowledgement
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and book from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Source of Funding
The research is funded by RET fellowship provided by the Tripura University.
Abbreviation
AMC: Agartala Municipal Corporation
LBP: Low Blood Pressure
RET: Research Eligibility Test
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2366http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2366
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Kumar, M., Singh, S., Ghate, A. T., Pal, S., & Wilson, S. A. (2016). Informal Public Transport Modes in India: A Case Study of Five City Regions. IATSS Research, 39(2).
Maciulyte, N. (2000, October). Bus drivers’ health and conditions of work, In Symposium conducted at the European Centre for Occupational Health. Safety and the Environment, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Mani, A., Pai, M. & Aggarwal, A., (2012). Sustainable Urban Transport in India: Role of the Auto rickshaw Sector. WRI Publication, India.
Poulsen, K.B. (2004). The Healthy Bus project in Denmark: need for an action potential assessment, Health promotion international. 19(2), 205-213.
Sabbagh-Ehrlich, S., Friedman, L., & Richter, E.D. (2005). Working conditions and fatigue in professional truck drivers at Israeli ports. Injury Prevention. 11(2), 110-114.
Saltzman, G.M., & Belzer, M.H. (2007). Truck driver occupational safety and health: 2003 conference report and selective literature review (No. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2007-120).
Singh, S.P., Misra, S.K., Chaudhary, S.S., Katyal, R., Singh, A., & Joshi H.S., (2015). Heath status of auto rickshaw drivers plying in Agra city, MedPulse – International Medical Journal. 2(4), 221-228, http://www.medpulse.in.
Whitelegg, J., (1995). Health of professional drivers, A Report for Transport and General Workers Union. Eco-Logica Ltd. White Cross, Lancaster, LA1 4XQ.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241922EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareJuvenile Psammomatoid Ossifying Fibroma - A Rare Entity
English2225Evelyn Elizabeth EbenezerEnglish Volga HarikrishnanEnglish Chitra SrinivasanEnglishAim: Juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) is a rare fibro-osseous neoplasm in young children.
Case Report: 14 year old boy presented with a painless swelling over the palatal region for two months duration which was clinically diagnosed as pyogenic granuloma.
Discussion: JOF is defined as a variant of the ossifying fibroma, and latter includes juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma (JPOF) and juvenile trabecular ossifying fibroma (JTOF). Both variants involve the craniofacial bones with the trabecular variant being more common in the jaws and the psammomatoid variant being more common in the paranasal sinuses. JPOF may exhibit erosion and invasion of the surrounding bone accompanied by rapid enlargement. JPOF can be distinguished from other maxillofacial fibro osseous lesions by its tendency to recur and its clinical mimicry of malignant bone tumors.
EnglishOssifying fibroma, Psammomatoid ossifying fibromaINTRODUCTION
Fibro-osseous lesions are a group of diseases characterized by replacement of normal bone tissue by fibroblast, fibrous tissue, and variable quantities of mineralized material.[1]
Fibro-osseous lesions do not represent a specific diagnosis represent a group of disease such as: (1) Fibrous dysplasia, (2) osseous dysplasia and (3) ossifying fibroma[1].Thou they have similar clinical, radiographic and histopathological features but present different in biological behavior. Ossifying fibroma is a neoplasm while Fibrous dysplasia and osseous dysplasia are reactive lesions.[1]
Ossifying fibroma has been referred to as fibro osteomas, osteofibroma benign fibro-osseous lesion. Ossifying fibroma was first described by Menzel in 1872, but the term was coined in 1972 by Montgomery
Ossifying fibromas are classified into two groups based on the clinicopathological presentation as Conventional and juvenile. Conventional ossifying fibromas are usually present in the third and fourth decade of life and present as a slow growing mass. They can be treated with simple curettage and the recurrence is rare, but in contrast to the form seen at adults, the juvenile ossifying fibroma(JOF) occurs in much younger age and presents as a more aggressive mass with increased recurrence rate.[2]
JOF is further subdivided into two distinct histopathologic variants of as Trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma (TrJOF) and Psammomatoid Juvenile ossifying fibroma (PsJOF).
The Psammomatoid variant was first reported in the year 1938 by Benjamin’s, who described it as osteoid fibroma with atypical ossification of the frontal sinus. Later, in 1949 Gögl, termed it as psammomatoid ossifying fibroma of the paranasal sinuses and nose. In 1952 Johnson et al further modified the term as juvenile active ossifying fibroma. Following a review of 86 cases by Makek, it was considered to be a variant of osteoblastoma and was termed as psammous desmo osteoblastoma.It was in the year 1985, Margo et al introduced the term psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma.[2]
Other names that have also been considered are psammo osteoid fibroma, psammous desmo osteoblastoma, juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma, and juvenile aggressive psammomatoid ossifying fibroma. [2]
The distinctive features of PsJOF are a predilection for the sinonasal complex and orbit of young people, with an aggressive, infiltrative growth pattern, and a high incidence of recurrence.[2]
Here we report a case of Juvenile ossifying fibroma involving the maxilla in a 14 year old boy.
CASE HISTORY
A 14 year old boy presented to the OPD of oral and maxilla facial surgery at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India with complaints of a painless swelling over the palatal region for two months duration gradually progressive in size. No history of trauma or similar lesion noted. Other Medical and Dental history were not contributory .General physical examination revealed no abnormalities. Extraoral examination revealed mild facial asymmetry. On intraoral examination the swelling was 3x2cm over the palate on the oral mucosal surface near the first and second incisor tooth. It was pedunculated, nontender and firm in consistency (fig 1).The mouth opening of the patient was normal and there were no decayed teeth in the lesion are. Oral hygiene was good. With the above clinical features a Differential diagnosis of Traumatic fibroma or pyogenic granuloma was considered. Complete surgical removal of
The lesion (enucleation) was carried out under local anesthesia with conscious sedation. Post-operative course was favorable. The excised tissue was sent in 10% Neutral buffered formalin and subjected to histopathological evaluation.
MORPHOLOGY
Gross Examination: Received specimen measured 2.5 x1 cms, well defined, pale brown and firm in consistency, External surface was smooth. Cut surface was uniform pale brown. The tissue was all embedded and processed for microscopic examination.
Microscopy: Hematoxylin and eosin stained slides were examined under light microscopy. Sections showed stratified squamous epithelium with focal ulceration and granulation tissue formation.(Fig 2).with underlying sub epithelial stroma shows fibrosis, haphazard bony fragments and many psammoma body like structures (Fig3).With the above features a Confirmatory diagnosis of Juvenile psammomatois ossifying fibroma was given.
DISCUSSION
Ossifying fibroma is a rare benign osteogenic neoplasm. It comprises of 2% of oral tumors in children. This rare neoplasm can present as a clinical enigma and a pathological dilemma, due to its overlapping clinical and morphological features. There are persistent differences in terms of classification and diagnosis of fibro-osseous lesions in craniofacial area, a dilemma does exist amidst these lesions. All present as a replacement of normal bone tissue with fibroblast and collagen fiber tissue along with varying quantities of mineralized material.[3]
JOF has a slight male predominance. [3] The average age of occurrence for trabecular JOF is 8 1/2 to 12 years, while the psammomatoid variant occurs during 16-33 years. Our patient was 14 years old. 75% of PsJOFs predominantly occur in the orbit, paranasal sinuses and calvaria, and 25% involve the maxilla or mandible, as in our case. The TrJOF predominantly involve the jaws, with a predilection for the maxilla.[4]
Although the underlying cause is unclear, there are been few articles reporting trauma as a causative factor in areas of the lesion. Postulating a connective tissue reaction rather than a neoplasm.
Suggested hypothesis include:
According to Kempsoh[5] — bone deposition and resorption occurring on the same spicules of the bone. It was postulated that ossifying fibroma resulted from excessive resorption of bone with fibrous repair of the defect.
• Hammer suggested ossifying fibroma — considered as tumor of periodontal ligament origin (mesenchymal blast cells).[6]
• Trauma induced stimulation of progenitor cells has been suggested by Weing.[3]
It also occurs in the jaws due to maldevelopment of basal generative mechanism that is essential for root formation.[7]Ossifying fibroma are sporadic , but incidence of familial inheritance by the presence of nonrandom chromosomal breakpoints at Xq26 and 2q33 resulting in (x,2) translocation have been reported in few instances.[8]
Clinically the tumor evolves as an asymptomatic tumor that reaches a point causing a painless swelling of the involved bone, as seen in our cases, few cases present with functional and cosmetic deformities such as displacement of the teeth with intact overlying mucosa. Centrifugal growth of the tumor causing bowing of the inferior border of the mandible.
Radiologically, JOF presents as a well-defined, concentrically expanding solitary mass with bone density or unilocular to multilocular lesion with central opacification or ground glass appearance.[10] This variation is due to stage, duration and histology of neoplasm. The circumscribed nature of ossifying fibroma distinguishes it from fibrous dysplasia.[9]
Histologically, they present as a benign lesion, composed of highly vascular and fibroblast rich connective tissue, which produce calcified substance either a cementum or bone. Clumps of osteoblast are also present. Psammomatoid type of JOF shows highly cellular fibrous stroma often with whorled pattern containing closely packed spherical ossicles resembling psammoma bodies
Complication includes intracranial extensions, cysts, recurrences and ocular disturbances. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice. [9]. The incidence of JOF is unknown. A literature review revealed 17 cases reported between the year 2003 and 2010.[11]
CONCLUSION
Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma requires early detection, complete surgical excision and a long term follow-up bears importance in clinical management due to their aggressive nature and high recurrence rate. In the case examined, surgical excision of the lesion was carried out. Patient was recalled at regular intervals. No evidence of recurrence was seen
ACKNOWLEGMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Ethical Clearance: N/A
Informed Consent: N/A
Source of Funding: Nil
Conflict of interest: Nil
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Moghe S et al. Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma. IOSR. Journal of dental and medical sciences (IOSR-JDMS). Jun.2014. Volume 13; 6: 43-45
Jithender Reddy Kubbi , Navadeepak Kumar K , Vivekanandh Reddy , Ramlal G. Juvenile ossifying fibroma. Journal of dental sciences and research.2011. vol. 2, issue 2, pages 1-5
Breheret et al. R. Juvenile ossifying fibroma of the maxilla, european annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases. 2011. 128, 317- 320.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241922EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareManagement of Non Vital Teeth with Open Apex Using Endosequence Root Repair Material, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Biodentin - A Case Series
English2630Dasarathan DuraivelEnglish Abdullah FayeezEnglish Saravanan PoorniEnglish Davidson DianaEnglish Manali Ramakrishnan SrinivasanEnglishImmature tooth with necrotic pulp and periapical pathosisis a major challenge and requires a tailored treatment plan. Success of an endodontic treatment in such a case requires closure of the root apex. There is a plethora of research going on in dentistry with the focus not only on the treatment rationale but also on the materials. These endeavors have led to the development of some new materials like Biodentine, Endosequence Root Repair Material, etc. which have revolutionized Endodontics. This article is a case series presenting apexification done using three different materials; Endosequence root repair material, Mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentin.
EnglishBioceramic material, Immature teeth, Novel apexificationINTRODUCTION
Traumatic injuries to the teeth are most common among all facial injuries. Though this can occur in any age group, thirty percent of traumatic injuries to the dentition occurs during childhood (1). Majority of these injuries occur before the completion of root formation(2). Premature loss of vital pulp results in a frail tooth with a compromised crown-root ratio, thin dentin walls and an open apex (3). Open apex often requires pretentious effort by a dentist as roots are more susceptible to fracture and the obturating material can impinge on the periodontal tissues (4).
Management of a non-vital tooth with open apex requires stimulating the formation of a natural or an artificial apical barrier which can act as a stop for the obturating material. Apexificationis defined as “a method to induce a calcified barrier in a root with an open apex or the continued apical development of an incomplete root in teeth with necrotic pulp” (5).Considered to be the Gold standard material, Calcium Hydroxide is widely used to induce apical barrier (6-8). But the major limitation with this material is the micro leakage occurring during the formation of hard tissue barrier(which is comprised of irregularly arranged cementum-like tissue, soft tissue and calcified tissue) (9). The current approach is to form an artificial apical barrier by the placement of an apical plug using biocompatible materials.
Literature reveals a number of materials that have been used for creating an artificial apical barrier such as Tricalcium phosphate, Surgicel/amalgam, Freeze-dried bone or dentin, Biodentin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) (10, 11). Endo Sequence Root Repair Material(ERRM) is a novel bioceramic material commonly used for management of perforation. It is composed of calcium silicates, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, calcium phosphate monobasic and filler agents. It is produced with nanosphere particles that allow the material to pass into the dentinal tubules and interact with the moisture present in the dentin. This creates a mechanical bond on setting and renders the material with exceptional dimensional stability. ERRM simulates tissue fluid, phosphate buffered saline and consequently resulting in precipitation of apatite crystals depicting its bioactive nature (12-14). In a study by Jeevani et al. (15), ERRM showed better sealing ability when compared to MTA and Biodentine as furcation repair materials.But there is paucity in the literature citing the use of ERRM for apexification.
This article describes a series of cases with non-vital pulp with open apex in maxillary incisor managed successfully using Endosequence Root Repair Material, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Biodentin.
CASE REPORTS
CASE 1
A 26 year old female patient reported to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Venkateshwara Dental College, Thalambur with a chief complaint of pain in her upper front tooth region for past two days. Patient gave history of dull throbbing pain for the past 6 months in the same region. Past medical and dental history were noncontributory. Clinical examination showed Ellis Davis Class IV Fracture in upper left central incisor (21). Sensibility test showed no response in 21.Radiographic examination showed blunderbuss canal and a periapical radiolucency in relation to 21. (Figure 1a)
Based on the clinical examination, sensibility test and radiographic findings, a provisional diagnosis of Ellis Davis Class IV fracture with open apex and periapical pathology was made. Apexification was planned with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (Angelus, Andheri, Mumbai). A written consent was taken from the patient after explaining the treatment protocol.
In the first visit, Access opening was done under rubber dam (Hygenic, Coltène/Whaledent, Altstätten, Switcherland) isolation using endo access bur #1 (Dentsply, Pennsylvania, United States).Canal patency was checked using a #10 K file (Mani, Brussels, Belgium)and working length was determined using Ingle’s Radiographic method (Figure 1b). Biomechanical preparation was done using K files using step back technique. Irrigation was done using 5.25 % NaOCl(Prime Dental Products Pvt. Ltd, India) and saline (Polyamp DuoFit, South Wales, Australia). Chlorhexidine (AnabondAsep-RC, Chennai, India) was used as a final irrigant. Calcium Hydroxide (Voco Calcicur, Cuxhaven, Germany) was placed using a Lentulo spiral (Mani, Brussels, Belgium) and tooth was temporized. Patient was recalled after a week. In the second visit, access cavity was reestablished, canal was irrigated copiously following the same protocol and dried with sterile paper points (Mani, Brussels, Belgium).ERRM (Brasseler, Georgia, USA) was mixed according to the manufacturer’s protocol and was carried to the access cavity using a messing gun (Mani, Brussels, Belgium) and packed to a thickness of 4 mm in the apical third using a hand plugger (Mani, Brussels, Belgium) (Figure 1c). A sterilecotton pellet was placed in the canal andthe tooth was temporized. Patient was recalled after two days.
In the subsequent visit, obturation was done using thermoplasticized guttapercha (Obtura™ Max, Algonquin, Canada) and Composite resin restoration (Magma NT) was placed to seal the access cavity (Figure 1d). Patient was recalled after a month for follow up.
CASE 2
An 18 year old male patient reported to the department with a chief complaint of pain in her upper front tooth region for past two days. Patient gave history of acute sharp pain in the same region. Past medical and dental history were noncontributory. Clinical examination showed Ellis Davis Class IV Fracture in upper left central incisor (11). Sensibility test showed no response in 11. Radiographic examination showed blunderbuss canal and a periapical radiolucency in relation to 11.
Based on the clinical examination, sensibility test and radiographic findings, a provisional diagnosis of Ellis Davis Class IV fracture with open apex and periapical pathology was made. Apexification was planned with Biodentin. The written consent was taken from the patient after explaining the treatment protocol.
In the first visit, Access opening was done under rubber dam and Canal patency was checked as mentioned in the previous case. Working length was determined using Ingle’s Radiographic method (Figure 2a) and Biomechanical preparation was done. Calcium Hydroxide was placed using a Lentulo spiral and tooth was temporized. Patient was recalled after a week.
In the second visit, access cavity was reestablished, canal was irrigated copiously and dried with sterile paper points. Biodentin (Septodont,Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France) was mixed according to the manufacturer’s protocol and was carried to the access cavity using a messing gun and packed to a thickness of 4 mm in the apical third using a hand plugger. A sterile cotton pellet was placed in the canal and the tooth was temporized. Patient was recalled after two days.
In the subsequent visit, obturation was done using thermoplasticized gutta-percha and Composite resin restoration was used to seal the access cavity (Figure 2b). Patient was recalled after a month for follow up.
CASE 3
A 22 year old female patient reported to the department with a chief complaint of black discolouration in her upper front tooth region for past two days. Patient gave history of traumatic injury in the same region 10 months back. Past medical and dental history were noncontributory. Clinical examination showed Ellis Davis Class IV Fracture in upper left central incisor (12). Sensibility test showed no response in 12. Radiographic examination showed blunderbuss canal and a periapical radiolucency in relation to 12.
Based on the clinical examination, sensibility test and radiographic findings, a provisional diagnosis of Ellis Davis Class IV fracture with open apex and periapical pathology was made. Apexification was planned with MTA (Angelus, Londrinas, Brazil). The written consent was taken from the patient after explaining the treatment protocol.
The same procedure was followed as done in the earlier cases; in the first visit, Access opening was done and canal patency was checked. Working length was determined using Ingle’s Radiographic method. Biomechanical preparation was done and Calcium Hydroxide was placed and tooth was temporized. Patient was recalled after a week.
In the second visit, access cavity was reestablished, canal was irrigated copiously and dried with sterile paper points. MTA was mixed according to the manufacturer’s protocol and was carried to the access cavity using a messing gun and packed to a thickness of 4 mm in the apical third using a hand plugger (Figure 3a). A sterile wet cotton pellet was placed in the canal and the tooth was temporized. Patient was recalled after two days
In the subsequent visit, obturation was done using thermoplasticized guttapercha and Composite resin restoration was used to seal the access cavity. Patient was recalled after a month for follow up.
DISCUSSION
Traumatic injury to a tooth before root development results in destruction of hertwig epithelial root sheath as it is most sensitive to inflammatory reaction. (16) This does not however mean that there is an end to deposition of hard tissue in the region of the root apex as hard tissue formation by cementoblast cells can be stimulated (17). Also the fibroblasts of the dental follicle and periodontal ligament can undergo differentiation after an injury to become hard tissue producing cells (1,18).
Apexification procedure intends to form a mineralized barrier in the root apex against which gutta- percha can be condensed in the canal space. With the passage of time many materials have been modified by research in material sciences that has evolved dentistry to prove, disprove or facilitate treatment approaches in management of cases. Practitioners need to always be aware of changes in scientific studies that occur from time to time supporting or disproving these treatment rationales.
MTA introduced by Torabinejad in the present has been exclusively used in pulp capping, pulpotomy cases, and sealing accidental perforations of the root canal (19,20), it became the material of choice for apexification therapy because of excellent biocompatibility and sealing ability (21). The mechanism of action of MTA lies in releasing calcium ions that activate cell attachment and proliferation, and at the same time, the high pH creates an antibacterial environment. But the major drawback with MTA is its long setting time and presence of toxic elements in its composition (22).
Biodentine is a new bioactive dentin substitute cement. It is avalaible in a powder-liquid system; powder composed of Tri-calcium silicate, Di-calcium silicate, Calcium carbonate and oxide, Iron oxide, Zirconium oxide. Liquid consist of Calcium chloride, Hydro soluble polymer. Biodentine has a shorter setting time of 12 minutes, as compared with that of MTA, which is 2 hours 45 minutes (23, 24). Zanini et al suggested that Biodentine is bioactive because it induces differentiation of odontoblast-like cells and increases murine pulp cell proliferation and biomineralization(25). The major disadvantage of biodentine is its high alkalinity which induces denaturing of the organic matrix (26).
EndoSequence is a novel bioceramic material. It has a working time of more than 30 minutes and a setting reaction initiated by moisture with a final set achieved in approximately 4 hours. It is composed of calcium silicates, zirconium oxide, tantalumoxide, calcium phosphate monobasic and filler agents. It contains nanosphere particles that allow the material to enter into the dentinal tubules and interact with the moisture present in the dentin. This creates a mechanical bond on setting and renders the material with exceptional dimensional stability, along with this the material has superior biocompatibility characteristics due to its high pH (12,13). Endosequence root repair material simulates tissue fluid, phosphate buffered saline and results in precipitation of apatite crystals that become larger with increasing immersion times concluding it to be bioactive (14).
The findings in this case report suggest that Endosequence Root Repair Material can be used as an alternative for MTA and biodentine. Since there is a paucity in the literature on the use of ERRM for apexification, long term follow up is required to implicate a difference among these three materials.
CONCLUSION
ERRM can be considered as a suitable alternative to other materials used in apexification procedure. Further scrutiny through clinical trials are required for comparison with other materials and to determine long term success rate.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2368http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2368
Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth, 3rdedn. Copenhagen: Munkasgaard 1994
Moore A, Howley MF, O’Connell AC. Treatment of open apex teeth using two types of white mineral trioxide aggregate after initial dressing with calcium hydroxide in children. Dent Traumatol 2011 Jun;27(3):166-73
Ahlawat B, Kumar A, Chaudhary N, Vijaylaxmy, Bhardwaj V. Apexification with Rapid MTA Plug Technique. Indian J.Sci.Res 2015;6(2):153-6
Trope M. Treatment of the Immature tooth with a Non-Vital Pulp and Apical Periodontitis. Dent Clin North Am 2010 Apr;54(2):313-24
American Association of Endodontists. Glossary of endodontic terms, 7thedn. Chicago; 2003
Ghose LJ, Baghdad VS, Hikmat YM. Apexification of immature apices of pulpless permanent anterior teeth with calcium hydroxide. J Endod 1987;13:285-90
Kerekes K, Heide S, Jacoben I. Follow up examination of endodontic treatment in traumatized juvenile incisors. J Endod 1980;6:744-8
Cvek M. Prognosis of luxated non-vital maxillary incisors treated with calcium hydroxide and filled with gutta-percha; A retrospective clinical study. Endod Dent Traumatol 1992;8:45-55
Bortoluzzi EA, Broon NJ, Bramante CM, Consolaro A, Garcia RB, Moraes IG, Bernadineli N. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with or without Calcium Chloride in Pulpotomy. J Endod 2008, Feb;34(2):172-5
Amandeep SU, Mandeep KB, Jagat B, Gulsheen. Apexification. DJAS 2013;1(16)
Harbert H. One step apexification without calcium hydroxide. J Endod 1996;22:690-2
Damas BA, Wheater MA, Bringas JS, Hoen MM. Cytotoxicity Comparison of Mineral Trioxide Aggregates and Endo Sequence Bioceramic Root Repair Materials. J Endod 2011;37(3):372-5.
Nasseh A. The rise of bioceramics. Endodontic Practice 2009;2:17-22
Shokouhinejad N, Nekoofar MG, Razm H, Sajadi S, Davies TE, Saghiri MA, et al. Bioactivity of Endo Sequence Root Repair Material and Bioaggregate. IntEndod J. 2012;45:1127-34
Jeevani E, Jayaprakash T, Bolla N, Vemuri S, Sunil CR, Kalluru RS. Evaluation of sealing ability of MM-MTA, Endosquence and Biodentine as furcation repair materials: UV spectrophotometric analysis. J Conserv Dent. 2014;17(4):340-43
Bhasker SN. Orban’s oral histology and embryology, 11thedn. St Louis:Mosby-Year Book; 1991
Torneck CD. Effects of trauma to the developing permanent dentitiion. Dent Clin N Am 1982;26:481-504
Andreasen JO, Ravn KK. Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries to primary and permanent teeth in a Danish population sample. Int J Oral Surj 1972;1:235-9
Torabinejad M, Hong Cu, McDonald F, Pitt Ford TR. Physical and chemical properties of a new root end filling material. J Endod 1995;21:349-53
Torabinejad M, Watson TF, Pitt Ford TR. Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate when used as a root end filling material. J Endod 1993;29:591-5
Lantz B, Persson P. Periodontal tissue reactions after root perforations in dog’s teeth: a histologic study. Odonto Revy 1967;75:209-20
Kratchman SI. Perforation repair and one-step apexification procedure. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:291-307
Priyalakshmi S, Ranjan M. Review of Biodentine- a bioactive dentin substitute. IOSR Journal of dental and medical sciences 2014;13(1):13-15
Han L, Okiji T. Uptake of calcium and silicon released from calcium silicate-based endodontic materials into root canal dentine. Int Endod J. 2011;44:1081-7
Zanini M, Sautier JM, Berdal A, Simon S. Biodentine induces immortalized murine pulp cell differentiation into odontoblast-like cells and stimulates biomineralization. Journal of Endodontics 2012;38(9):1220-6
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241922EnglishN-0001November30TechnologyComparative Analysis of Different Modified Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithms over Conventional Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm
English3134Kirti Prakash ChoudhuryEnglish Sangeeta KakotyEnglishDuring the recent times, with the tremendous growth of digital data communication over computer network, information content security becomes a prime concern. Internet itself allows many security threats and those can easily corrupt the transferred data over network. Cryptography plays an important role by providing security for digital transmission of data over such insecure network. Cryptographic protocols scramble data into unreadable text which can be only read or decrypted by those possesses the associated key. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is symmetric key algorithm which provides higher security with higher encryption speed and throughput but still modifications are going on to improve its performance. In this paper we survey and analyze several modifications on AES encryption techniques on different parameters and compare their performance with conventional AES.
EnglishCryptography, AES Algorithm, Decryption, Encryption, Block cipher, S-Box, Encoder, Key stream generator, Field Programmable Gate ArrayIntroduction
The rapid growth of digital data transmission has significantly increased the importance of information security in our modern digital life. In data communication the development of new transmission technologies have ascended the need of specific strategy for security mechanisms. Network security has become more and more pivotal as digitalization and transmission of large data over internet have been transforming from time to time. Cryptography and different encryption techniques provide security and protection to the data transmitted over non secure networks used for digital transmission of data. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) known as Rijndael is a well-known symmetric block cipher algorithm adopted by the United States of America government as a national encryption algorithm and it provides portability, robustness and high level security against many cryptographic attacks. To have better performance, certain efforts have already been made in redesigning and reconstructing the AES algorithm. In this paper we are discussing about different modifications on AES algorithm and comparing their result on the basis of different parameters. To enhance the efficiency of AES, researchers sometimes modified the existing structure of the AES algorithm and sometimes merging the AES block cipher with other models from various fields.
Here in this paper, we try to find out several characteristics of all those modified algorithms so that it will help other researchers to develop an efficient algorithm and which will be implemented in more secured manner. As the comparison is on the basis of the conventional AES algorithm, we are giving a brief overview of this algorithm in the next section.
Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm
The Advanced Encryption Standard is based on the Rijndael cipher developed by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. It is a symmetric block cipher that processes data blocks of 128 bits using key size of 128, 192, and 256 bits. Each data block of 128 bit data is divided into 16 Bytes. These bytes are mapped to a 4 x 4 array called as the state and all operations of AES are performed on this state [1]. For full encryption, AES uses several rounds (Nr = 10, 12, 14) in which each round is made of four stages. The different four stages found in each round are as follows:
ByteSub transformation: This is a non linear byte Substitution step in which each byte in the state matrix is replaced with another byte using a Substitution table (S-box), which is constructed by multiplicative inverse and affine transformation.
ShiftRows transformation: This is a simple byte transformation where the bytes in the first row are not shifted. But second, third and fourth rows are shifted cyclically to the left by one byte, two bytes and three bytes respectively.
MixColumns transformation: This stage is equivalent to a matrix multiplication of each column of the states. Each column vector is multiplied by a fixed matrix. In this stage bytes are treated as polynomials rather than numbers.[2]
AddRoundKey transformation: This is a bitwise Exclusive-OR (XOR) operation between the present state and the roundkey. This transformation is its own inverse.[2]
In AES algorithm, encryption procedure starts with an Add Round Key stage followed by (Nr-1) rounds having four stages each and the encryption process ends with the last round which contains three stages. This full encryption and decryption procedure is shown by Figure-1. This diagrammatic representation is cited here for references because most of the modifications done in the AES algorithm is reflected in these step directly or indirectly.
The decryption procedure is the exactly the inverse of encryption procedure consisting also four stages namely InvSubBytes, InvShiftRows, InvMixColumns, and AddRoundKey.
Conventional AES-128 algorithm provides better security, better encryption speed, and better throughput in comparison to other symmetric encryption technique. But still modifications are going on to reduce hardware resources, increase security against statistical attacks, better encryption speed, less overhead on the data, transferring large scale multimedia data as per different needs in different situations.
Related Work:
We all know that conventional AES provides good encryption-decryption speed, and throughput. It has high security than other existing encryption-decryption algorithm. Then also researchers are trying to modify this algorithm to enhance its security, encryption-decryption time and to increase throughput as per requirement. Some of modifications to improve AES are discussed below:
Shtewi et. al. presented a concept on modification to the Advanced Encryption Standard (MAES) to reflect a high level security and better image encryption. The modification is done by adjusting the Shift Row phase [2].
Ritu and Vikas proposed a modified AES having 200 bit block as well as key size using 5x5 Matrix unlike the conventional 128 bit AES with 4x4 Matrix. The proposed work is then compared with the 128, 192, 256 bit AES. Only the mix column transformation is changed in this process. The result shows encryption speed and throughput at encryption end is increased and decryption speed, throughput at decryption end is decreased than conventional AES Algorithm [4].
Dandekar et. al. proposed a modified symmetric AES algorithm. They used 512 bit length in order to provide a high level of security and high throughput required application. Strength of the AES algorithm is enhanced by increasing the key length to 512 bit and in order to provide a stronger encryption method for secure communication the number of rounds is increased [5].
Vandana C. Koradia is concerned with optimizing the existing standards of cryptography for the images and text data encryption. The modification is done by totalling the Initial Permutation step, takes from Data Encryption Standard (DES), in order to enlarge the encryption performance. This modification indubitably increases the efficiency of encryption and makes the algorithm speedier than the existing one [6].
Manish Kumar Aery has proposed combination of encryption feature of AES and compression feature of Base64 encoder to develop an efficient encryption system that can encrypt the data and thus saving time and increasing the throughput. First Base64 encoder encodes or converts the text into string value or whole data into string and then encrypted by AES algorithm; finally cipher text is generated. After encoding the size of file is further reduced and is then sent to encryption that further reduces the time for processing [7].
Zeghid et. al. proposed a new encryption schemes by adding a key stream generator, such as (A5/1, W7), to the AES algorithm in order to increase the high image security and increase encryption performance, mainly for images characterised by reduced entropy. Key stream generator into AES for image encryption helps to overcome the problem of textured zones and increase encryption performance [8].
Yogeswari and Eswaran proposed an elegant and novel method to enhance security aspects by associating cryptographic techniques along with Steganography. This paper offers confidence and trust by make use of improved dual key AES algorithm along with Steganography [9].
Abdulazeez and Tahir proposed two architectures, one for AES Encryption 128-bit process, and the other for AES Decryption 128-bit process. Both architectures are based on an Iterative structure and modifications such as merging transformation, Look Up tables for decryption, generating keys, and optimization of each clock cycle to incorporate maximum number of operations to improve the throughput and reducing hardware resources [10].
Comparative Analysis:
To improve the performance of AES algorithm, numerous efforts have been done in redesigning and reconstructing of AES that we have discussed in the previous section. A comparative analysis of performance of different modified AES algorithms in comparison to conventional AES algorithm is done on the basis of six different parameters, which is discussed below and shown in Table-1.
Performance of all modified AES in terms of Encryption and Decryption speed are better than the conventional AES, except AES-512 algorithm and AES-200 algorithm. In AES-512 algorithm, due to increase in number of round, the encryption and decryption procedures become more complex thereby degrading the speed. Thus there is a tradeoff between speed and security. Again in AES-200 only decryption time per bit slightly decreased but encryption time per bit up to 20% and decryption time per bit increased up to 25% than conventional AES. On the other hand, modification done by Vandana C. Koradia using Initial Permutation table replacing Mix Column step of AES highly increases encryption and decryption speed, which is helpful for multimedia data encryption.
Table 1: Performence Analysis and Comparison of Various Modified AES Algorithms
Parameters
Key Length
(Bits)
Added Tech-
nology
Encryption Speed
Decryption Speed
Throughput
Security
AES with adjustment of ShiftRow [2]
128
NO
Increased
Increased
Increased
High
AES-200 [4]
200
NO
Increased
Decreased
Increased
High
AES-512 [5]
512
NO
Decreased
Decreased
Double Increased
Extreme High
AES with Permutation Table [6]
128
NO
Highly Increased
Highly Increased
Increased
Good
AES with Base64 Encoder [7]
128
YES
Increased
Increased
Increased
Extreme High
AES with A5/1 and W7 Encoder [8]
128
YES
Increased
Increased
Good
High
AES with Stagnography [9]
128
YES
Good
Good
Good
Extreme High
AES using
FPGA [10]
128
NO
Increased
Increased
Highly Increased
Good
The throughput may be defined as number of bits that can be encrypted or decrypted during one unit of time [4]. From the Table-1, it is observed that out of these eight different modifications on AES, more or less all the modified AES algorithms are performing well in respect of throughput, but AES-512 algorithm and AES with merging transformation show excellent performance by giving about double throughput. Again some modifications failed to show any significant rise of throughput after merging additional technology with the conventional AES.
There are many methods used by researchers in the design and modification of AES block cipher in order to enhance the security of the algorithm and some including merging the AES block cipher with other models from various fields [11]. AES algorithms provide strong security but there are still some issues related to Brute Force attack and Statistical attacks. From Table-1, it is observed that the security strength of modified AES algorithms has improved, but implementation of Permutation Table in AES reduces security strength of AES algorithm. In our study, we analysed that AES-512 algorithm provide extreme high security by increasing key bit length and numbers of rounds. Merging of technology like Stagnography and Encoder like Base64 with AES able to provide higher security than the conventional AES. Also the modified algorithm (MAES) gives better encryption results in terms of security against statistical attacks in comparison to original AES.
Conclusion
In this paper we surveyed and analyzed several modifications on AES encryption techniques on different parameters and compared their performance with conventional AES. Performance of these modified AES algorithms vary on different parameters. Generally, with the increase demand of strong security where high level security is needed, we have to compromise with encryption speed in those modifications. Again for encryption of large data like multimedia data, higher encryption speed is needed, for which security is somewhere to be compromised to achieve higher encryption speed. These modifications are useful in different conditions according to the situation demanded. Therefore modifications on AES should focus on designing such methods and techniques that could be used on existing applications in an efficient manner and provide us a highly secured, extremely fast encryption system which can provide high security against all attack including Statistical attack and Brute Force attack and also encrypt large data including multimedia data at very high speed.
Acknowledgment
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. The first author also acknowledges the academic support given by Assam down town University (AdtU), Guwahati, Assam.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2369http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2369
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241922EnglishN-0001November30TechnologyReduction of Side Lobes of Radar signals for Complementary Code using Particle Swarm Optimization
English3538D. Tirumala RaoEnglish P. Rajesh KumarEnglish K. Raja RajeswariEnglishDoppler resolution is the ability to determine the relative speed of the target along the line of sight from the radar whereastheRange resolution is the ability of the radar receiver to discriminate nearby targets. The performance of range and Doppler resolutions of radar would be optimal, if the coded waveform has impulsive autocorrelation function (ACF).Complementary codes waveforms provide better resolutions compared to other pulses. A desirable property of the compressed pulse is that it should have low side lobes in order to prevent a weaker target from being masked in the side lobes of a nearby stronger target. When
the side lobes are relatively lower than the main lobe peak, the main peak can be distinguished in a better way and hence the corresponding code will be much better. In this we have proposed the PSO algorithm to design the complementary code for better performance measures like peak sidelobe ratio(PSLR) and integrated sidelobe ratio(ISLR) and compared with matched filter values. The performance measures influence in discriminating the target in the noise environment.
EnglishACF, PSO, PSLR and ISLRIntroduction
Complementary sequences, which have the property that the sum of their autocorrelation functions vanishes at all delays other than zero [1]. In the existing system of radar communication, the electromagnetic wave is being used for detection of targets in the radar receivers by extracting the received echo signal with the help of codes like Barker, Walsh and Golay codes to find the location and range of the target. But problem occurred i.e., high side lobes are here one occurred in some cases where they dominate the main lobe it causing False Alarm. In proposed system to avoid the side lobes or False alarm by using the new technique i.e., complementary codes are used instead of Barker, Walsh and Golay codes to to get nearer to zero side lobes which eases to find the target location and range of radar[2].
Generation of Complementary Code Pairs
The generation of complementary codes is presented with a concept that sum of autocorrelation functions is double the length of the sequence for zero shifts and zero for other shifts. The energy efficiency of the sequences is found as unity or 100% [4]. The choice of the selection of the sequence in the case of complementary sequences is restricted to a few numbers of sequences.
The radar ambiguity function is the output of the matched filter which provides the information about how different waveforms may be suitable for various radar applications. The behavior of complementary sequences is studied in ambiguity domain[5]-[10].
Let
S=(x0,x1,x2, ………..xn-1,) 1
be a real sequence of length N.
Consider the following two subsequences as an example of a complementary code pair
S1 = {1, 1, 1, –1, 1, 1, –1, 1} 2
S2 = {1, 1, 1, –1, –1, –1, 1, –1} 3
The ACF’s of the subsequences in (2.2) and (2.3) are respectively
r1(k) = {1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, –1, 8, –1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1} 4
r2(k) = {–1, 0, –1, 0, –3, 0, 1, 8, 1, 0, –3, 0, –1, 0, –1} 5
Adding the two auto correlation functions together, element-by-element, generates the final decoded sequence, r(k)= r1(k) + r2(k) given by
r(k) = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0} 6
A complementary code pair consists of two equal length subsequences with the property that the algebraic sum of the Auto Correlation Functions’ (ACFs) of the subsequences is zero expect for only one sample point (r (0)) as given in equation.
ACF of the subsequences in (2.4) and (2.5) are respectively
R11= {1 0 1 0 3 0 –1 8 –1 0 3 0 1 0 1} 7
R22= {-1 0 -1 0 -3 0 1 8 1 0 -3 0 -1 0 -1} 8
R(k) represents Auto Correlation Function’s (ACF’s) of two equal length subsequences with the property that the algebraic sum of the Auto Correlation Function’s (ACF’s) of the subsequences is zero expect for only one sample point (r (0)), R(11) and R(12) represents Auto Correlation Function’s (ACF’s) of 8bit Sequence.
Development of PSO Based Compressor
The complementary code sequencex(k) is applied at the input as shown in Fig.1 serially and the desired signal is zero in all other cases except a one in the middle. The comparison of desired value and the estimated output y(k) produces an error term e(k).The input and error values are used to update the mismatched filter until the desired output is obtained [11]. PSO simulates the behaviours of bird flocking. Consider a group of birds are randomly searching food in the confined area. There is only one piece of food in the confined area being searched. All the birds do not know where the food is. But they know how far the food is in each iteration. So what's the best strategy to find the food? The effective one is to follow the bird which is nearest to the food.In PSO, each single solution is a "bird" in the search space. We call it a "particle". All the particles have velocities which direct the flying have fitness values and are evaluated by the fitness function to be optimized. The particles fly through the problem space by following the current optimum particles.PSO is initialized with a group of random solutions (particles) and then searches for optima by updating iterations (generations). In every iteration, each particle is updated by following two "best" values. The first one is the best solution (fitness) it has achieved so far. The fitness value is also stored and is called as pbest. Another "best" value that is tracked by the particle swarm optimizer is the best value, obtained so far by any particle in the population. This best value is a global best and denoted as gbest [12]-[17]. When a particle takes part of the population as its topological neighbours, the best value is a local best and is called lbest.After finding the two best values, the particle updates its velocity and positions with following equations 1 and 2.
Results
The 16, 32&64bit Complementary code are perturbed by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with different SNRs. The ISLRs & PSLRs performances of the proposed mismatched filter under noisy conditions are evaluated through simulation and are listed in Tables 2&3.
To observe the performance measures ISLR & PSLR using PSO, first the matched filter (Direct) values are computed for the applied complementary codes of 16, 32&64 bit and noted in the tablesin range and Doppler domains and the proposed performance measures (ISLR & PSLR)are compared and shown in tables 1, 2&3 with corresponding ambiguity diagrams.
Discussion: The main performance measures ISLR & PSLR in range & doppler domains of signal under study are evaluated. PSO algorithm is used to find the target location by applying complementary codes. The main purpose of this study is to analyze which of these signals have the better (lower) values of Peak Side lobe Level and Integrate Side lobe Level. Here the performance measures ISLR & PSLR in range &Doppler domains with PSO algorithm are shown in the tables 1,2&3 for comparison with matched filter (Direct) values.
Conclusions
Based on the results obtained, the noise performance measures, ISLRs & PSLRs are calculated for 16, 32 &64 bit lengths of complementary code. In all these cases the calculated values of ISLRs and PSLRs using ACF with PSO are low in magnitude. As SNR increases ACFs of ISLR & PSLR and ISLR3& PSLR3 decreases in 16, 32& 64 bit complementary codes in Range and Doppler domains. After applying PSO algorithm, the ISLRs & PSLRs values for 16, 32&64bit lengths at different SNRs i.e. 0, 5, 10,15,20,25 &30dB are falling to lower values than the values with matched filter. This indicates falling of side lobes (or reduction of side lobes) with PSO algorithm.
Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors /publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2370http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2370
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