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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK - A TOOL FOR PREDICTION OF MONSOON RAINFALL OVER TAMIL
NADU
English0508R. Samuel SelvarajEnglish Raajalakshmi AdityaEnglishOver the last few decades, several models have been developed, attempting the successful
forecasting of rainfall in India. Though some of these models show notable accuracies in short
term rainfall occurrence prediction, long term prediction and rainfall depth prediction has
proven to be somewhat difficult using traditional statistical methods. The reason being, that the
rainfall dynamics are dependant upon highly unpredictable physical parameters, such as
humidity, wind speed, wind direction, pressure, temperature and cloud amount. This paper
gives the idea about Northeast monsoon rainfall over Tamil Nadu through neural network. The
model can predict Northeast monsoon rainfall based on the parameters like Outgoing Long
wave Radiation (OLR), Global temperature and Sunspot number as input variable. The model
can perform well both in training and testing periods.
EnglishMonsoon rainfall, Neural network, Outgoing Long wave Radiation, Global temperature, Sunspot number.INTRODUCTION
Tamil Nadu, located in southeast peninsular India, receives the major part of its annual rainfall during the northeast monsoon season (the three-month period from October to December). While coastal Tamil Nadu receives about 60% of its annual rainfall and interior Tamil Nadu receives about 40-50% of annual rainfall during northeast monsoon1 . In comparison with Indian summer monsoon, the Northeast monsoon is characterized by limited aerial extent and average lesser rainfall amount. During northeast monsoon season, Tamil Nadu generally receives rainfall due to the formation of tough of low, cyclonic circulation, easterly waves, low pressure area, depression and cyclonic storm over Bay of Bengal. Because the northeast monsoon season is the major rainy season, the vicissitudes of the rainfall of Tamil Nadu state has led to considerable and widespread interest among the public, farmers and in government circles in recent years, in view of the frequent failure of northeast monsoon rainfall over Tamil Nadu and the consequent water scarcity condition. There are several papers and documents to explain the relation between OLR and Northeast monsoon rainfall. The interannual variation of the outgoing long-wave radiation for the summer monsoon period showing a close association with the large scale monsoon rainfall over India has been mentioned by Prasad and Verma2 . They have concluded that the satellite-derived outgoing long-wave radiation can be used to monitor more comprehensively the large-scale monsoon circulation and its year-to-year variability in view of its spatial coverage over oceanic areas. Prasad and Bansod3 have found the relationship between averaged OLR for west central India and the Indian summer monsoon rainfall to be stable. The inter-annual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall and Northeast monsoon rainfall is determined by external forcings and nonlinear internal dynamics. Surface air temperature is one of the factors that influence monsoon variability. The distribution of surface air temperature over land and sea determines the locations of heat source and sink which in turn affect circulation patterns through thermal and latent heat energy exchange between atmospheres and the surface beneath. A number of studies addressed the relationship between Indian summer monsoon and land and sea surface temperatures4,5. Many studies6,7 examined the global land surface air temperature anomaly patterns in association with inter annual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Balachandran et al8 suggested that, in the correlation coefficient patterns, the positive correlation coefficient regions indicate that when the surface air temperature over these areas are warmer (cooler) than normal, the northeast monsoon is above (below) normal. Similarly, the negative correlation coefficient regions indicate that the surface air temperatures over these areas are cooler (warmer) than normal when the northeast monsoon rainfall is above (below) normal. Sun is the primary source for all activities of earth atmospheric system. If there is any variation in solar output, it affects the generation of cloud condensation nuclei or wind pattern or droplet growth size. Samuel Selvaraj et al9 found that the linear correlation between sunspot activity and Tamil Nadu annual rainfall is -0.21, which is significant at 1% level, but it is able to explain the 5% of variations in rainfall. Regression estimation, which is made for Tamil Nadu annual rainfall, using sunspot activity by a quadratic regression equation, is able to explain about 75% of the variations in annual rainfall of Tamil Nadu.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Neural network are signal processing systems that attempts to emulate the behavior of biological nervous systems by providing a mathematical models of combination of numerous basics blocks called neurons connected in a network. It is remotely analogous to living nervous system and hence its name. One can think of neural networks as an extended form of regression which has the properties of Adaptivity Robustness Ruggedness Speed (via massive parallelism) Nonlinearity Optimality with respect to error For regression, we assume a functional form first, such as linear or exponential, and then we find the coefficients that minimize some measure of errors, whereas for neural networks, the method itself extracts the functional form from the data. As input to the model, a historical set of significant meteorological data is used, whereas the output, northeast rainfall is predicted by the model. The network is trained with past data. By the proper choice of training sets, after the learning process, the trained network is capable of predicting the northeast rainfall as an output according to the inputs and internal structure of the network established during the learning period. The most common neural network is the feed forward mapping network, it consists of a set of nodes and a set of interconnection between them. A node contains a computational element called neuron, taking inputs from incoming interconnections (input links) and providing outputs to outgoing interconnections (output links). The units of the neural network are arranged by layers. A unit on one layer takes inputs from the units on the layers below and feeds its output to the units on the layers above. The bottom layer is called input layer whose units take input from the outside and without processing them distribute to the units on the layer above. The top layer is an output layer whose output is the output of the neural network. The layers between input and output layers are called hidden layers. A pattern is defined as a set of input values with the related output values. A typical computational element takes the weighted sum of the input and passes the result through a transfer function. The process of learning the training set of patterns means the determination of the optimum weights, which minimize the mean square error between the outputs in the output layer and the desired values. Most commonly used ?back-propagation learning algorithm?10 is used for the training. Initially random weights between ±0.5 are assigned to each weight as initial guessed. The weights are learned through an iterative process. During learning, the weights are updated. When the network learns the training set of patterns well enough, it can be used for determining the output values for the pattern with unknown outputs (test period or Prediction period). Data The OLR for the period of 1974-2009 and sunspot activity data is collected from the National Geophysical Data centre, Colorado, USA at ngdc.noaa.gov.in. The Global temperature and Rainfall data of Tamil Nadu is collected from Indian Meteorological Department.Meteorological Department.
RESULT
The data is separated for training of the network and the network was trained. The weight values were fixed. Remaining data was used for testing of the network. The result obtained is shown in the fig.1 Root Mean Square Error of Training Data Set =0.158547 % Root Mean Square Error of Test Data Set =12.252306 % The above results validate the proposed model. Hence it is concluded that the above model can be used for predicting Northeast monsoon of Tamil Nadu. If we want to reduce the error the newly correlated parameter are taken as input in the model.
CONCLUSION
The atmosphere is very much chaotic by nature and no prior assumptions can be made while developing any models for chaotic atmospheric processes. Unlike the stochastic modeling techniques, the artificial neural networks (ANN) are capable of modeling highly non-linear relationships without any prior assumption. The percentage errors of prediction from the three inputs ANN models are computed with sigmoid non-linearity for Tamil Nadu rainfall. It is found that the percentage of errors of prediction lie below 15%.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2120http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2120REFERENCES
1. India Metrological department (1973) Northeast monsoon; FMU Rep.no.iv 18.4.
2. Prasad. K.D., Verma. R.K.; Large- scale features of satellite- derived Outgoing Long wave Radiation in relation to monsoon circulation over the Indian region; International journal of climatology,(1985) ; Vol-5, 297-306.
3. Prasad. K.D., Bansod. S.D.;Inter annual variations of Outgoing Radiation and Indian summer monsoon rainfall; International journal of climatology (2000); vol 20, 1955-1964.
4. Sikka. D.R; Some aspects of the large scale fluctuations of summer monsoon rainfall over India in relation to fluctuations in the planetary and regional scale circulation parameters; Indian Academic science ,(1980) (Earth Planet science);vol 89, 179-195.
5. Verma.R.K, Subramanian. K, Dugam. S.S; Interannual and Long term variability of the summer monsoon and its link with northern hemisphere surface air temperature; Indian Academic science (Earth Planet science) (1985); vol 94, 187-198.
6. Rajeevan.M., Pai.D.S., Thapliyal. V; Spatial and temporal relationship between global surface air temperature anomalies and Indian summer monsoon; Meteorol. Atmospheric physics (1998);157-171.
7. Pai.D.S ;Tele connections of Indian summer monsoon with global surface air temperature anomalies; Mausam (2003); vol 54(2), 407-418.
8. Balachandran.S., Asokan.R., Sridharan.S; Global surface temperature in relation to Northeast monsoon rainfall over Tamil Nadu; J. Earth. syst. Sci,(2006); vol 115, 349-362.
9. Rumbelhart.D., Hinton. G.E., Williams. R.J; Learning internal representation by error propagation; In parallel distributed processing exploration in the Microstructure of cognition (1986); Vol I, Cambridge.
10. Samuel Selvaraj. R, Muthuchami. A, Nancharaiah. M; Influence of sunspot activity on the annual rainfall of Tamil Nadu, India; Indian J. Phys. (2009); 83(9), 1251-1258
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesDEGRADATION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN GROUNDNUT CAKE, PANICUM MAXIMUM AND RUMEN
EPITHELIAL SCRAPING BASED DIETS BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
English0915O. A. OgunwoleEnglishThree West African dwarf rams fitted with rumen cannula, were used in a completely
randomized design for the study of the degradation of organic matter (OM) of groundnut cake
(GNC), Panicum maximum (Guinea grass), rumen epithelial scraping (RES), and diets
containing increasing levels of RES. Concentrate diets were formulated such that 0% (A), 50%
(B), and 100% (C) of groundnut cake were replaced with RES in a diet containing 20% GNC.
The soluble fraction ?a’ (86.81, 80.55, 68.83), insoluble fraction ?b‘ (4.8, 3.88, 4.62) and rumen
undegradable organic matter (RUOM) (8.39, 15.57, 26.55) obtained for GNC, grass and RES
respectively varied significantly (pEnglishRumen epithelial scraping, degradability, Organic matter, Cannulated sheep, Supplement.INTRODUCTION
Ruminants are unable to meet their maintenance requirement by feeding on grasses alone (Adegbola, 1985). Adequacy of nutrition in terms of quality and quantity can confer a measure of immunity on the animals without succumbing to diseases Even, the so called grasses or legumes are not available all year round. This is because of seasonal effects, which minimizes forage production especially during the hot dry period that does not favor the growth of grasses and legumes. Dietary supplementation therefore, remains the most obvious way of manipulating the supply of absorbed nutrients (Preston, 1995). Most supplements are expensive and their use in ruminant nutrition competes with monogastric animals and human nutrition. Preston (1995) prescribed six nutritional attributes of a good supplement for ruminants. The fermentable energy, fermentable nitrogen, micronutrients and roughage ensures optimal rumen ecosystem while bypass nutrients (by pass energy and by pass protein) complement the need of the animal as a whole. The choice of supplement must tilt towards the more available and less costly alternative. By pass nutrients sources such as oilseed cakes and fishmeal may be too expensive for use in the small scale farming system. The most sustainable solutions may therefore be the exploitation of a vast, cheap, available and underutilized slaughterhouse wastes from abattoirs and animal by products hitherto unused which also constitutes environmental pollutant. Rumen epithelial scrapings of cattle are such major wastes from abattoirs. Available reports (Isah, 2001; Fajemisin, 2002; Ogunwole, 2004) indicated that an average of 0.6 Kg of properly dried scrapings could be obtained from slaughtered adult beef cattle when processed. The authors projected that more than 82 metric tons of the scrapings could be generated annually from Ibadan metropolis alone, So far, the use of RES in goat production has been documented (Isah, 2001; Fajemisin, 2002).The chemical composition and degradability of dry matter (Ogunwole et al., 2009), crude protein (Ogunwole et al., 2011) in GNC, Guinea grass, RES and diets based on it in fistulated WAD rams have been reported. The present study was undertaken to investigate the degradation characteristics of organic matter in GNC, Guinea grass and RES and diets based on RES in WAD rams.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sources and Description of Rumen Epithelial Scraping
Samples of RES for this study were collected at the main abattoir in Bodija market, Ibadan, Nigeria. Processing methods and preparation of RES have been outlined and documented (Ogunwole et al., 2009; 2011). Concentrate supplements were formulated such that 0% (A), 50% (B), and 100% (C) of GNC were replaced weight for weight with RES in a concentrate diet containing 20% GNC. The formulated diets were then used for the experiment. The composition and nutrient content of experimental diets is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Experimental Site, Animal Feeding and
Management.
The study was carried out at the International livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Ibadan, Nigeria. The station is located between latitudes 60 10? and 90 10? North of the equator and longitudes 30 and 6 0 of the Greenwich. Three matured rams with a mean live weight of 26.53 ± 3.32kg each one fitted with a permanent ruminal cannula, were used for the degradability studies. The sheep were housed in individual pens on a smooth concrete floor with wood shavings as bedding. The wood shavings were replaced on alternate days. The animals were allowed to graze on Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) from 08.30h and 16.30h after which they were driven back to their pens. Each of them was offered a supplement of wheat bran at 17.00h daily at 3% of their live weight. They also had free access to fresh clean water and salt lick ad libitum. The animals were sprayed with Asuntol to remove external parasites and were also administered Banmith F(R), a dewormer by oral drenching as prophylactic treatments. Determination of the dry matter (OM) degradability was by measuring loss of OM from 2g samples suspended in nylon bags in the rumen for different length of time (Mehrez et al., 1980). Samples were incubated for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h. After
CONCLUSION
Empirical evidence from this study revealed that rumen epithelial scrapings compared with groundnut cake and grass contained prime substantial slowly degradable, higher rumen undegradable by-pass or escape (nutrients) organic matter that could be of subsequent post ruminal digestion and use by the animals
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2121http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2121REFERENCES
1. Adegbola, T. A. 1985. Browse plants: Propagation, management and utilization. Proc. Nat. Conf. On small Rum. Prod. Page 85 – 98
2. AFRC. 1992. Agricultural and Food Research Council. Technical Committee on Response to Nutrients. Rep. No.9. Nutritive requirements of Ruminants animals: Protein: Nutri. Abstr. Ser. B. Lives. to feeds, feeding. 62: 787– 835
3. AOAC 1984. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (14th Ed.) Washington DC, USA
4. AOAC 1990. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (15th Ed.) Washington DC, USA.
5. Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F. Tests. Biometrics 11: 1-42. In: Physiol. Of digestion and metabolism in the ruminant (Ed. A. T. Phillipson and Press, Newcastle Upon Tyne.
6. Fajemisin, N. A. 2002. Mineral utilization by West African dwarf goats fed epithelium – based diets Ph.D. Thesis University of Ibadan, Ibadan,Nigeria.
7. Gomez, K. A. and A. A. Gomez 1985. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research,Wiley, New York.
8. Isah O. A. 2001. Evaluation of rumen waste – based diets in Goat production Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
9. Mehrez, A. Z; Qskor E. R. and Opstvedt, J. 1980. Processing factors affecting degradability of fish in the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 50: 737
10. Ogunwole, O. A. 2004. Evaluation of rumen epithelial scrapings of cattle for pregnant, lactating and pre-weaned lambs of West African dwarf sheep. Ph.D Thesis Dept. of Anim. Sci. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
11. Ogunwole, O. A; Akinfemi, A. and Akinsoyinu, A. O. 2009. Chemical Composition and dry matter degradability of rumen epithelial scrapings based diets by West African dwarf sheep. Tropical Journal of Anim. Science. Vol II, page 47-56
12. Ogunwole, O. A; Akinfemi, A. and Akinsoyinu A. O. 2011. Degradation of crude and protein in groundnut cake, guinea grass (Panicum maximum) rumen epithelial scrapings based diets by West African dwarf sheep. Nigerian Journal of Animal Prod. Vol. 38 No 1
13. Preston, T. R. and Leng, R. A. 1987. Feeding strategies for improving milk product production of Dairy animals managed by small farmer in the Tropics. Feeding dairy cows in the tropics. In: FAO Anim. Prod. & Health Paper 86 pp 82 – 104
14. Preston, T. R. 1995. Tropical animal feeding. A manual for research workers. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 126, Rome.
15. Qrskor, E. R and Macdonald I. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurement weighed according passage. J. Agric. Sc. (Cambridge). 92: 499-502.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareUNILATERAL ELONGATED STYLOID PROCESS-A CASE REPORT
English1620Asha.KEnglish Vinay.MEnglish Anitha.TEnglish Indira.V.IngoleEnglish Kalpana.TEnglishThe styloid process is a clinically important structure because of its close proximity to the
maxillovertebro-pharyngeal recess. During routine osteology demonstration classes an
abnormally elongated styloid process on right side of 5.4cms length was observed.The clinical
implications of such an elongated styloid process and its variations in dimensions are discussed
in this paper.
EnglishSkull, Styloid process (SP), Elongated styloid process (ESP), Eagle‘s syndrome.INTRODUCTION
The styloid process is a thin, cylindrical, sharp osseous outgrowth from the base of petrous temporal bone anteromedial to mastoid process / between external auditory meatus and jugular foramen (infront of stylomastoid foramen). The name styloid process is derived from Greek word ?stylos? meaning a pillar. The length of styloid process normally varies from 2-2.5cm [1] in adults. It has a tapering apex which is directed downwards and forwards. The SP gives attachement to three muscles ie, stylopharyngeus at its medial base, styloglossus on mid anterior and stylohyoid at anterior tip and two ligaments, stylomandibular and stylohyoid ligament. The apex of SP is connected to the ipsilateral cornu of hyoid bone via stylohyoid ligament which are embryological remnants of second bronchial arch. The apex of SP is clinically important because it is located between external and internal carotid arteries, just lateral to tonsillar fossa [2] . The facial nerve emerges from stylomastoid foramen and runs anteromedial to SP. The glossopharyngeal nerve exits through jugular foramen and curves around stylopharyngeus muscle. The vagus and accessory nerve also run medial to it. The approximation of glossopharyngeal nerve with the stylohyoid ligament is the basis for glossopharyngeal neurological symptoms seen in Eagles syndrome. ?ELONGATED STYLOID PROCESS? a term used since a publication by Eagle in 1937 reports concerned findings in dentomaxillofacial and Ear-nose-throat patients. Eagles syndrome or styalgia caused by ESP is an uncommon and underdiagnosed clinical entity. The elongated styloid process may produce characteristic head and neck pain syndromes, commonly known as Eagle's syndrome. An awareness of this syndrome is important to all health practitioners involved in the diagnosis and treatment of neck and head pain.
CASE REPORT
During routine osteology demonstration classes of skull for undergraduate students, an adult female skull [prominent superciliary arches, less prominent glabella, smooth muscle attachments], we found that the styloid process was abnormally lengthy as shown in figure-1. The length of SP was measured with the help of measuring tape using the inferior border of tympanic plate [just anterior to stylomastoid foramen] as the inceptive point to the tip of styloid process. The length measured was 5.4cm. This length is 2.16% longer than normal length. A bony protuberance or ossified mass with a circumferential diameter of 10mm was seen at proximal 1/3rd near the base of styloid process.
reporting Eagle syndrome is reported to be 40 +/- 4.72 mm.[10] Eagle‘s definition is that the normal styloid process measures between 2.5-3cms in length. An elongated styloid process occurs in about 4% of the general population. Only small percentages (between 4-10.3%) of these patients are symptomatic. So, the true incidence is about 0.16%, with a female-to-male predominance of 3:1. The length of the styloid process has also been studied by Wang et al,[11] Basekim et al,[12]. Savranlar et al, [13] and Jung et al,[14] from radiographs or three-dimension computed tomography. Data on the osteometric values of the styloid process are scanty. Thot et al reported that the length of the left side styloid ranged from 0.7 to 1.6 cm, and on the right side, from 0.8 to 2.4 cm. The average lengths for the left and right styloids were 1.52 cm and 1.59 cm, respectively, in Indian subjects [15]. Jung et al suggested that the styloid process should be considered to be elongated, when its length exceeds 45 mm [14]. Keur et al stated that, if the length of the process or the mineralised part of ligaments which appeared in radiography was 30 mm or more, this could be considered an elongated styloid process [16]. Thot et al stressed that length in isolation is not a risk factor, but that its combination with increased acuity in deviation from the norm, both anteriorly and medially, makes the elongated styloid process the sole cause of Eagle‘s syndrome [15] . The styloid process, stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn of the hyoid bone are derived from Reichert‘s cartilage, which arises from the second branchial arch. According to other authors, the cause for ESP was as follows: Eagle (1937-1948), it was post surgical trauma with reactive hyperplasia [17]. Lentini (1975), it was due to persistence of the mesenchymal elements (Reichert cartilage residues) of styloid process [18] . . Epifanio (1962), due to endocrine disorders in women at menopause, accompanied by the ossification of ligaments elsewhere (eg, iliolumbar, thyrohyoid) [19]. Gokce C et al , due to ectopic calcification (EC), especially in patients with abnormal calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and vitamin D metabolism (as in end-stage renal disease) [20] . The cause of elongation of the styloid process has not been fully elucidated. Several theories have been proposed by Steinmann [21] . 1. Congenital elongation of the process due to persistence of a cartilaginous anlage in the stylohyale. 2. Calcification of the stylohyoid ligament giving the appearance of an elongated styloid process. 3. Growth of osseous tissue at the insertion of the stylohyoid ligament. The third theory is based on histological evidence of metaplastic changes to the subperiosteal cells in the vicinity of the ligaments insertion. Regardless of the pathophysiology of elongation, the result is a rigid, abnormally long structure that can cause pain or discomfort by one or several mechanisms. An elongated styloid process or ossified stylohyoid ligament is not symptomatic in all cases. Only 4-8% cases are accompanied with symptoms [22]. Those vary from dysphagia, foreign body sensation, throat pain, ipsilateral otalgia, facial pain, pain radiating to maxillary and orbital region, headache, neck pain during rotation, pain during tongue extension, facial and carotid pain. It should be differentiated from other causes which mimic these symptoms like cervical spondolysis, cervical osteophytes[23] , and anomolous fourth part of vertebral artery [24] The first who described a case of stylohyoid ligament ossification seems to be Manchetti of Padua back of 1652 [25]. Diagnosis can be done by bimanual palpation of tonsillar fossa, which exacerbates the pain and relieved by local anaesthetics (normal styloid process is not normally palpable). It is further confirmed by panoramic radiography studies and CT. Treatment includes appropriate choice of therapy for symptomatic cases and depends on pain intensity or dysphagia and it can be conservative or invasive. These include antiinflammatory and corticosteroid drugs. If the Symptomatology persists then surgical treatment could be helpful by excision of elongated styloid process.
CONCLUSION
In this case, the length of styloid process of 5.4cms is clinically important and would have caused eagle‘s syndrome. The cause of such elongation would be calcification of stylohyoid chain and the osseous protuberance at proximal1/3rd of the base might represent the site of unification between the apex of process and the ossified section of stylohyoid ligament. This article reviews the clinical importance of ESP and was reported for consistent terminology in anatomy and anthropology.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2122http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2122RENCES
1. Eagle WW. Elongated styloid process: further observations and a new syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol 1948; 47:630-40.
2. Hollinshead WH. Anatomy for Surgeons. The Head and Neck, 3rd ed., Vol. 1. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co. 1982; 365
3. Moffat DA, Ramsden RT, Shaw HJ. The styloid process syndrome: aetiological factors and surgical management. J Laryngol Otol. Apr 1977;91(4):279-294.
4. Kaufman SM, Elzay RP, Irish EF. Styloid process variation. Radiologic and clinical study. Arch Otolaryngol. May 1970;91(5):460-3.
5. Lindeman P. The elongated styloid process as a cause of throat discomfort. Four case reports. J Laryngol Otol. May 1985;99(5):505-8.
6. Correl R, Jensen J, Taylor J et al. Mineralization of the stylohyoidstylomandibular ligament complex: A radiographic incidence study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1979;48:286–291.
7. Langlais RP, Miles DA, Van Dis ML. Elongated and mineralized stylohyoid ligament complex: a proposed classification and report of a case of Eagle's syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. May 1986;61(5):527-32.
8. Montalbetti L, Ferrandi D, Pergami P, et al. Elongated styloid process and Eagle's syndrome. Cephalalgia. Apr 1995;15(2):80- 93.
9. Monsour PA, Young WG. Variability of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament in panoramic radiographs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. May 1986;61(5):522-6.
10. Balcioglu HA, Kilic C, Akyol M, Ozan H, Kokten G. Length of the styloidprocess and anatomical implications for Eagle's syndrome. Folia Morphol (Warsz). Nov 2009;68:265-70.
11. Wang Z, Liu Q, Cui Y, Gao Q, Liu L. [Clinical evaluation of the styloid process by plain radiographs and three-dimensional computed tomography]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 2006; 20:60-3.
12. Basekim CC, Mutlu H, Gungor A, et al. Evaluation of styloid process by threedimensional computed tomography. Eur Radiol 2005; 15:134-9
13. Savranlar A, Uzun L, Ugur MB, Ozer T. Three-dimensional CT of Eagle‘s syndrome. Diagn Interv Radiol 2005; 11:206-9.
14. Jung T, Tschernitschek H, Hippen H, Schneider B, BorchersL. Elongated styloid process: when is it really elongated?Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2004; 33:119-24.
15. Thot B, Revel S, Mohandas R, Rao AV, Kumar A. Eagle‘ syndrome. Anatomy of the styloid process. Indian J Dent Res 2000; 11:65-70
16. Keur JJ, Campbell JP, McCarthy JF, Ralph WJ. The clinical significance of the elongated styloid process. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986; 61:399-404.
17. Eagle W. Elongated styloid process: Further observation and a new syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol. 1948;47:630–640.
18. Lentini A. Gli aspetti clinici e radiologici delle anomalie dell'apparato stilo-joideo. Radiol Med. 1975;61:337-3640.
19. Epifanio G. Processi stiloidei lunghi e ossificazione della catena stiloidea. Rad Prat. 1962;12:127-132.
20. Gokce C, Sisman Y, Sipahioglu M. Styloid Process Elongation or Eagle's Syndrome: Is There Any Role for EctopicCalcification?. Eur J Dent. Jul 2008;2:224-8.
21. Steinmann EP. Styloid syndrome in absence of an elongated process. Acta Otolaryngol 1968; 66:347-56.
22. Eagle W. Elongated styloid process. Report of two cases. Arch Otolaryngol. 1937;25:584–587.
23. Zeliha U, Sebnem O, Gorkem E, Asim A, Patel B: Elongated Styloid Process and Cervical Spondylosis. Clinical Medicine: Case Reports 2008 , I:57-64.
24. Johnson CP, Scraggs M, How T, Burns J: A necropsy and histomorphometric study of abnormalities in the course of the vertebral artery associated with ossified Stylohyoid ligaments. J Clin Pathol 1995 , 48:637-640.
25. Lengele BG, Dhem AJ: Length of the styloid process of the temporal bone. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988 , 114:1003-1006.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesCARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AMONG SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN-ASSOCIATION WITH WEIGHT AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
English2131Rashmi H PoojaraEnglish Vidya VijayanEnglishObjectives: To determine the nutritional status of nine to twelve year old school going children, to obtain
a greater insight into the relationship between weight status and biochemical parameters and to investigate
the association of SES with anthropometric parameters, nutritional indicators and CVD risk factors in
children. Methods: 63 subjects were selected from two urban schools in Cochin city by convenience
sampling. Interview schedule was used to elicit background information and 24 hour dietary recall
questionnaire was used to assess the dietary intake pattern. Anthropometric parameters, biochemical
profile and nutrient intake pattern were studied. Subjects were classified by their weight status and
socioeconomic status. Results: Height and weight of the subjects were observed to be at par with the
NCHS standards. The prevalence of underweight and overweight was observed to be 14 percent among
the study population with a higher prevalence of overweight among girls at 21 percent compared to boys
at 10.3 percent. All anthropometric parameters steadily increased with increase in BMI percentiles in the
subjects. Blood pressure gradually escalated from underweight to overweight subjects, the increase being
more evident for systolic blood pressure (increase of 20mm Hg) compared to diastolic blood pressure(
12mm Hg). Caloric intake was highest in the overweight subjects. Serum insulin, triglyceride and CRP
levels also increased with increase in weight among the subjects. In overweight subjects the CRP level is
seen to be 2.98 mg/L, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutrient intake
pattern of subjects by weight status showed a progressive increase in energy intake from underweight to
normal and overweight subjects, but no difference in CHO, protein and fat intake. SFA and MUFA intake
was observed to be high and PUFA intake low among underweight subjects. On analyzing subjects by
SES, upper class subjects showed higher anthropometric measures than lower SES subjects. Blood
pressure increased with SES, CRP showed decreasing trend. HDL levels were high in lower SES
category, rest of the parameters were higher in upper class subjects. The energy, carbohydrate and fat
intake increased progressively from low to high SES. Conclusion: Anthropometric parameters,
biochemical measurements and nutrient intake pattern increased with increase in weight and improvement
in SES.
EnglishINTRODUCTION
Nutritional status is an important determinant of growth. School age is a period of rapid growth with a growth spurt in pubertal years. 80 percent of adolescent growth is completed in early adolescence (10-15 years).During the last decade there have been numerous reports on the emerging problem of over-nutrition among affluent urban children and adolescents. Poor dietary habits combined with decreased physical activity have led to an increase in overweight and obesity among adults and children. Because of these changes in dietary and lifestyle pattern, chronic non communicable diseases are becoming increasingly significant causes of disability and premature death in both developing and newly developed countries( NNMB, 2001). Obesity has been noticed to be a powerful correlate of cardiovascular risk in comparison to hyperinsulinemia. And insulin resistance was strongly associated with obesity (Misra, 2009).Previous studies from US have shown that subclinical inflammation, elevated fasting insulin concentration and high systolic blood pressure are more common in overweight children (Dietz, 2001 and Pradhan et al., 2001).Hence indicating that early identification of these risk factors in children and adolescents can prevent the increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (type II) (Misra, 2009). Population based data on risk factors are still sparse in developing countries. In addition, the relationship of main modifiable cardiovascular risk factors with socioeconomic status (SES) is often unclear in these countries. Socioeconomic standard of people is conveniently expressed in terms of various social classes in which people are distributed which are referred to as social stratification. Social stratification is a horizontal division of society into several socio-economic layers: each layer or social class has a comparable standard of living, status and lifestyle .Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include quantification of family income, parental education and occupational status. Income determines the purchasing power of individuals and their socioeconomic status. Education determines the knowledge, attitude and value system of individuals and their socioeconomic growth potential. Occupation determines the income generating capacity of individuals and their status (Misra and Singh, 2003). In Kerala, the available data on the possible effect of socioeconomic status on the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among children are limited. Cochin City has experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization in the past few decades. Therefore to address such an issue (effect of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular risk factors) in the forefront is important. Hence the purpose of the present study is to examine the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors namely anthropometric, biochemical and nutrient indices among school children (9-12 years) and its association with socioeconomic status based on Kuppuswamy scale (2008).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study population comprised 63 children in the age group 9-12 years from two urban schools in Cochin City. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling. Information was collected regarding the socioeconomic background, anthropometric parameters, biochemical measurements and nutrient intake pattern. Socioeconomic details collected include parental occupation ,education of head of the family and family monthly income. Based on socioeconomic data collected, Kuppuswamy‘s socioeconomic status scale, urban (revised as on June 2008) was used to classify the study population to different social classes. A weightage is assigned to each variable according to a seven point predefined scale. The total score in Kuppuswamy‘s classification is calculated as the sum of the total of the three scores. Depending on the total score so computed, the five socioeconomic classes are formulated. Anthropometric measurements used were height, weight, Body Mass Index(BMI), Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC),waist and hip circumferences, Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) and Percent Body Fat(calculated using Deurenberg equation,1991). Biochemical measurements collected include Blood pressure, Insulin, Fasting blood sugar, Apolipoproteins A and B, Lipid profile and C-Reactive Protein. Blood pressure was measured using standardized sphygmomanometer and recorded by a trained nurse. Insulin assay was done by chemiluminescence method to reduce the chance of erroneous variables. Fasting blood sugar and lipid profile was measured using photometric method. The diagnostic procedure adopted to measure Apolipoproteins and CRP was immuno-turbidometric method as it is superior and more reliable. Biochemical measurements were done at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi. To assess the dietary intake and adequacy of the diet consumed, the 24-hour recall method of diet survey was adopted for three days including two working days and one holiday using the 24 hour recall questionnaire. In this method, the parents/caretakers reported the exact food intake of the subjects in precise quantities over the last 24 hours. Information was elicited regarding quantity, leftovers and method of preparation. Household cups and measures were used to define amounts in order to obtain accurate information as possible, regarding the type and amount of food and beverages consumed during the three days. These measures were later standardized in order to obtain precise nutrient intake among the subjects. Dietary data obtained from the three records were checked carefully and entered into the nutrition software system developed by Amritha Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Kochi. Nutrient intakes were calculated using the standard portion sizes and a composite food database available from National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. This database contains ICMR food composition tables for all foods. The fatty acid levels in foods were obtained from USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Institute Service, 2009) and Biochemical composition of Indian Fish (Central institute of Fisheries Technology, 1997). The same percentage of fats as recommended by USDA was applied to the ICMR fat reference values. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe continuous variables namely anthropometric, biochemical and nutrient intake parameters. Categorical variables are presented as frequency and percentage. Pearson‘s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between two variables namely anthropometric and lipid parameters with 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance were considered. Statistical package SPSS version 11.0 for Windows was used for all statistical analysis.
RESULTS
On comparison with NCHS standards (2004), overall the subjects were at par with the standards. The highest deficits for height and weight were observed in eleven year old subjects and an overall increase was seen in twelve year old subjects. [Table 1] On assessing the weight status of subjects, a vast majority (72 percent) of the subjects were normal, 14 percent each were found to be overweight and underweight. Gender based segregation of subjects revealed a higher prevalence of overweight among girls at 21 percent compared to boys at 10.3 percent. [Table 2] All anthropometric parameters namely height, weight, MUAC, waist, hip, WHR, sum of skin folds and body fat percent were found to steadily increase with increase in BMI percentiles in the subjects. [Table 3] On analyzing the biochemical profile of the subjects by weight status, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were seen to be gradually escalating from underweight to overweight subjects, the increase being more evident for systolic blood pressure( increase of 20 mm Hg). Serum insulin, triglyceride and CReactive Protein levels also increased progressively from underweight to normal and overweight subjects. The overweight subjects recorded a CRP level of 2.98 mg/L which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. [Table 4] Pearson‘s correlation analysis between anthropometric parameters and lipid profile showed that MUAC had a significantly high correlation with VLDL and triglyceride in underweight subjects. Weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences also showed positive significant correlation with VLDL and triglyceride (pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2123http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2123REFERENCES
1. Dietz WH (2001), `Overweight and precursors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents‘, Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 138, Pp 453-4
2. Deurenberg P., Weststrate JA., Seidell JC.,(1991), ? Body mass index as a measure of body fatness- age and sex specific prediction formulas‘, Br J Nutr, Vol 65, Pp 105-14
3. Gupta AK., Rastogi S., Panwa R., (2007), ?Growth parameters and prevalence of overweight and obesity in school going children‘, Pediatrics, Vol 97, Pp 257-261
4. Kapil U., Singh P., Pathak P., Dwivedi SN., Bhasin S.,(2002),?Prevalence of obesity amongst affluent adolescent school children in Delhi‘, Indian Pediatr, Vol 39, Pp 449-
5. Kuppuswamy B(2008), ?Manual of Socioeconomic Status (urban)‘, Manasayan, Delhi
6. Manios Y., Dimitriou M.I., Moschonis G., Kocaoglu B., Sur H., Keskin Y. and Hayran O. (2004), ?Cardiovascular disease risk factors among children of different socioeconomic status in Istanbul, Turkey: Directions for Public health and Nutrition policy‘, Lipids in Health and Disease, Vol 3, Pp 11-17
7. McDade TW., Leonard WR., Burhop J., Reyes-Garcia C., Vadez V., Huanca T., Godoy RA., (2009), ?Predictors of CReactive Protein in Tsimane‘ 2 to 15 YearOlds in Lowland Bolivia‘, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol 128, Pp 906- 913
8. Misra A (2009), ?Nutrition and Physical Performance in School Age Children‘, Nutrition Foundation of India
9. Misra A and Singh HP (2003), ?Kuppuswamy‘s socioeconomic status scale – A Revision‘, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 70(3), Pp 273-274
10. NNMB (2001), `Early School Years and Adolescence‘, Pp 228-240
11. Raj M., Sundaram KR., Paul M., Deepa AS., Kumar RK., (2007), ?Obesity in Indian Children: Time trends and relationships with hypertension‘ , Natl Med journal of India, Vol 20, Pp 288-293
12. Skinner CA., Steiner JM., Henderson WF., Perrin ME., (2010), ?Multiple markers of inflammation and weight status: Cross sectional Analyses throughout childhood‘,Pediatrics
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesSOCIAL INTERACTIONS AMONG MULTIPLE USERS OF "TANK IRRIGATION SYSTEM" AND ITS MANAGEMENT
English3241C. KarthikeyanEnglish K. PalanisamiEnglishAn irrigation tank is a small reservoir constructed across the slope of a valley to catch and store water
during the rainy season so it can be used for irrigation during the dry season. The survival of tank
irrigation systems in India is challenged by growing scarcity and competition among multiple users over
water resources. This paper examines the social interaction processes among the multiple users of tank
irrigation systems and draws implications for sustainable management of the tanks. A random sample of
31 tanks in tank intensive district of Tamil Nadu state which had maximum number of uses were selected
for the study.. About 15 key informants were purposively identified from each of these tanks for data
collection through participatory rural appraisal. The results reveal that, head and tail end farmers of the
tank command competed for irrigation water. Competing users include encroachers, fish and duck
farmers. Conflicts in sharing water occurred mostly between adjacent farmers due to overuse of water as
against their allotted share. Existence of weak property rights in tanks remained as the reason for the
competition and conflicts. Conflicts aroused during water scarcity conditions and were mostly settled by
the community leaders and water users association (WUA). Damaged of the tank structures, encroachers
of tank and presence of conflicting interests among the multiple users remained as the major causes for
the conflicts. WUA must play major role in promoting the collective actions among user groups to use the
tank resources sustainably. Strategic actions for sustainable management and conservation of the water
resource are highlighted.
EnglishIrrigation tanks, Multi-users, Competition, Conflicts, Collective action.INTRODUCTION
Irrigation systems are generally viewed in terms of their ability to provide water for crop production thus concentrating on the development of agriculture and farming communities. However irrigation systems also support a host of other non-agricultural and domestic activities to satisfy the needs of a number of user groups which are often overlooked. Meinzen-Dick and Bakker (2000) reported other uses of irrigation systems as supporting home gardens, livestock, fishing, aquatic products, brick-making, domestic uses such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, recreation, and environmental uses, including recharging groundwater, flushing contaminants, and supporting wildlife. In India, an irrigation tank is a small reservoir constructed across the slope of a valley to catch and store water. In rural areas of India, a 'tank' is typically used for multiple purposes such as irrigation, forestry, fodder, livestock drinking, fisheries, duck rearing, brick making, collection of silt, washing and bathing (Palanisami et al., 2001). For all practical purposes, tanks became Common Property Resource (CPR); all farmers who owned land in the command area of a tank had access to the tank water. From a legal perspective, common property refers to the distribution of property rights in a resource where a well-defined set of users has a set of well-defined but not necessarily equal-rights to use the resource, while all potential users not belonging to the group are excluded (Howe, 1979). Being a CPR, the water spread area and catchment area of the tanks were occupied by poor individuals illegally for cultivation/residential purpose and they were referred as encroachers who also compete for water from tank. Many of the demands for water are increasing, or at least are perceived as increasing with the result that there appears to be growing stress on the available water resources. The main driver in this process is the increasing population in the catchments, along with other socio-economic forces such as government liberalization policies, resulting in greater demand for water and other natural resources in the catchments (Franks et al., 2004). This indicates that whenever a resource base is shared by multiple user groups, naturally there will be social interactions among the user groups that may lead to expression of competition and conflicts. Many farmer- managed irrigation systems have been in operation for centuries and have been the subject of study for decades (Ostrom, 1992; Wade, 1994). However, the survival of such systems is challenged by changing property rights regimes, livelihood strategies, and growing scarcity and competition over water resources. Recognizing the multiple uses of water in tank irrigation systems and the social interactions among the users is critical for arriving at sustainable water management policy. Research is needed on how to move from a sense of competition to win-win cooperation among multiple users of water resource.. The objective of this paper is to examine the social interaction processes in terms of competition and conflicts among the multiple users of tank irrigation systems in India and draw implications for sustainable management of the tank system. The Context Tank irrigation contributes significantly to agricultural production in parts of South and Southeast Asia. Tank irrigation as a socioeconomic activity in India dates back to 5th century. In the semi-arid regions of India there are around 120,000 small-scale tanks, irrigating about 4.12 million ha. (Anbumozhi et al., 2001). Tanks account for approximately one-third of the total irrigated area in three states (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka) of South India (Palanisami et al., 2001). Tanks also have many positive attributes such as providing ecological benefits ranging from recharging ground water and moderating floods to serving as habitat to birds and wild life. In Tamil Nadu state of south India, there were 39,000 tanks with varying sizes and types. The non-system tanks (that depended on the rainfall in their own catchment area and are not connected to major streams or reservoirs) accounted for 85 percent of the total tanks in the state. The system tanks (which receive supplemental water from major streams or reservoirs in addition to the yield of their own catchment area) accounted for about 15 percent of the total. The recent decades have recorded the declining trend in the contribution of tanks to irrigation from about 40 percent in Tamil Nadu in 1955 to less than 25 percent in 2000 (Balasubramanian and Selvaraj, 2004). This indicates that there is an urgent need to sustain the contribution of tanks to irrigation and to provide better solution to the tank user communities which largely depended on the tank systems to earn their livelihood. Appropriate policies are needed to sustain the tank irrigation scenario in the state. One of the perspectives to work out the needed policy is to examine the existing competition and conflicts in sharing the tank resources equitably among the tank users leading to the sustainable management of the tank systems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Selection of tanks
?Tank-chain? approach was followed to select the tank samples since most of the tanks in the state falls in chains and not in isolation. Sample tanks were considered to be drawn from chains covering both head and tail end. Four tankchains were selected randomly from each of the two tank intensive districts of Tamil Nadu state, thus making a total of eight tank-chains. From each tank-chain, four tanks were selected which included two from head end and two located at tail end of the tank-chain. Considering the presence of maximum number of tank uses and maximum number of users who depended on tanks as the criteria, a sample of 31 non-system type of tanks was drawn randomly from the selected tank-chains.
Selection of respondents (tank users)
A group of 12-15 tank users (key informants) comprising agricultural, non-agricultural and domestic users were drawn purposively from each of the selected tank villages. In selecting the key informants, representation was given to include all user groups/category of users of a tank such as: older farmers/farm women, village head man, WUA office bearers, SHG women member, Village Panchayat leader, caste group representative, silt users, brick makers, domestic user, tree user, fish right holders, livestock farmer etc. so that adequate data about the research issue could be collected.. Data collection Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was conducted in each of the 31 selected tank villages with the group of selected key informants . Transect walk, rapport building, group discussion and triangulation were the techniques of PRA handled to gather data regarding the key research questions on social interaction processes among tank users. A semistructured interview schedule covering questions on the aspects namely, pattern of competition and conflicts among and between various user groups was developed and administered during the conduct of PRA in each of the selected tanks . Percentage analysis was done to understand the distribution regarding the pattern of social interactions observed in the sample tanks.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Social Interactions among users in tank system
As the tanks in the state supported agricultural, non-agricultural and domestic uses there existed various user groups exhibiting different patterns of social interaction processes. Two major types of social interactions namely, competition and conflict were documented and the results on this aspect is presented.
Pattern of competition among the farmers of
tank system
Competition existed among the multiple users of the tank system in utilizing the tank water.. The major competitor for tank water was the farmers; the pattern of competition that existed among them was analyzed. Table 1 reveals that seven types of competition that existed among and between farmers group. The most common pattern of competition recorded in nearly three-fourth of the sampled tanks was among and within the head or tail end farmers of the tank command area for the use of tank water to irrigate their paddy crop. The other two common types of competition noted were between head and tail end farmers (70.97 %) and between the encroachers who had occupied the common property resource for cultivating paddy crop with the command area farmers (67.74%). In about 55% tanks there existed competition between those farmers who depended on water from upper sluice and that of their counterparts namely the lower sluice farmers as well as competition between the farmers whose command area was spread over more than one village (48.39%). More than one-fourth of the tanks (29%) recorded competition between farmers who owned wells and those who depended solely on tanks for irrigation as well as between day v/s night irrigators. It is a common practice that not all the farmers of the tank command area completed transplanting of paddy in a day for want of labour and other resources . The stage of the crop in the field thus varied for some farmers and this difference created competition for water among the farmers. Such competition was observed among the farmers located at either within the head end or the tail end to acquire their share of water ahead of other farmers and this leads to competition among farmers . Likewise the farmers between the head and tail ends also compete for water as. tail end farmers are of the impression that the water available in the tank might not be adequate for both them and those at the head end.. Encroachers also claim the tank water to irrigate their fields and competed with the command area farmers for water. . Whenever the tank was full the order for opening the sluices would be upper first then lowest last However when the water in the tank was not found to be adequate to irrigate the entire command, then there existed competition between those farmers who depended on upper sluice and other sluices. In the case where the command area for one tank spread over more than one village it wasconventional that the village in which the tank was located got the preference to irrigate followed by other villages in an order. However there existed competition among the different villagers whenever the water in the tank was found to be inadequate. It can be inferred that competition among and between farmers aroused particularly during water scarcity period. Although there existed norms and rules to share water conventionally, these rules were not strictly followed by the farmers at the time of water scarcity. Stronger water rights will apply even during periods of scarcity—dry seasons and drought years, while weaker rights may be denied (MeinZen-Dick and Bakker, 2000). Hence it is inferred that the existence of weak water rights (rights not enforced strictly) in majority of the tanks remained as the reason for the competition that may even lead to conflict among users.
Pattern of competition existing between the multiple users of tank
system
Apart from farmers, competition for using the tank water was recorded between the various tank user groups. These patterns of competitions were studied and the results are given in Table 2. The results revealed three patterns of competition and the most predominant one was noted between agriculture and fishery use in 52% of the tanks. Agricultural use was also found to compete with duck rearing to an extent of 19% of the tanks. In about 13% of the tanks the uses namely fishery and duck rearing competed with each other. These patterns of competition were observed during water scarcity periods. The competition between agricultural and fishery uses aroused due to the reason that fishermen wanted to retain water in the tank at certain levels to rear fish successfully whereas the farmers in the command area wanted to use the water from the tank beyond the specified limit to irrigate. Hence there was conflicting interest between the two user groups in the use of the tank water . In the case of the well owned farmers (agricultural use) and duck farmers, the competition arose due to the desire of the well owners to retain the water below sluice level as reserve for recharge of wells present in the tank command, whereas the duck farmers needed the water to feed their ducks. Hence both user groups competed for the tank water. This case was observed to an extent of one-fifth of the tanks. It could be concluded that competition to share tank water arose during periods of scarcity only. Farmers were found to be the major competitors for tank water. Other competing user groups for tank water include fish and duck growers. Competition for tank water among domestic use(r) s was not observed in any of the tanks
Pattern of conflict among the multi-users of tank system
Conflicts exist in a relationship when tank users believe that their aspirations cannot be achieved simultaneously. Indeed, conflicts in tank resources management can be understood to entail strategic planning by one user as a means of out-competing other interested users. The fundamental cause of conflicts over tank resources founded on actual or perceived scarcity of the resource at issue seems to be the differing goals of the parties. The main factors which have fueled the various conflicts being experienced include increasing economic needs which impinge on resource conservation and management; non adoption of mutually agreed mechanisms for promoting equity and fairness in sharing benefits arising from the use of tank resources; and ineffective functioning of informal/formal institutional arrangements that would promote equitable distribution and use. These conflicts have been aggravated by rapidly changing climatic conditions. As the origin of such conflicts was predominantly at the local level, their escalation depends on the absence or presence of mechanisms for conflict resolution and management. Various measures have been taken to resolve or manage resource conflicts at different levels. Indeed the provisions for use rights ought to be understood in the context of resolving community based tank resource based conflicts. In the context of the multiple users of tank system, four major patterns of conflicts were observed. They were conflicts among farmers, conflicts between user groups, conflicts between controlling authority and user group and intervillage conflicts. The results are presented as follows
Conflicts among farmers
It was observed that competition that existed either among or between users for tank water remained as a major cause for the conflicts. Hence the pattern of conflicts among farmers was observed in the same proportion of tanks as it was analyzed for competition and the results are presented in Table 3. The results reveal that the conflicts among and/or between head end and tail end farmers for the use of water was found to be the most popular type of conflict that prevailed among farmers in more than half of the tanks studied. The main reason for the conflict being the priority to use water for agriculture between head and tail end farmers involved. Other types of conflicts observed among farmers at scarcity period, in about onethird of the tanks include encroachers Vs farmers (35.48%), upper sluice Vs lower sluice farmers to follow the simultaneous release of water in both upper and lower sluice of tank (32.25%), between the command area farmers of two villages (25.80%) to share water for irrigation. Other minor conflicts observed among farmers were between well owners and non-well owners (9.67%) and between day and night irrigators (9.67%) due to overuse of water without giving due respect to the customaryrules/rights of their tank command for sharing the water for agriculture. Conflicts among farmers occurred mostly between adjacent farmers due to overuse of water by few individuals as against their allotted share of water at the time of scarcity. Encroachment of tank was seen at different parts of a tank system namely supply channel, catchment‘s area, foreshore area, tank bed etc. Due to the encroachment of the common lands in these locations, water filling in the tank gets reduced which in turn affected the availability of water for the farmers in the command area. Apart from this the encroachers in the foreshore area break open the tank bund thus avoiding the water to get filled unto full tank level. These facts remained as the cause for the conflict between encroachers and farmers in the tank command. The reasons attributed for the different patterns of competition among and between farmers holds good for various types of conflicts also
Conflicts between user groups Seven types
of conflicts were observed between the multiple users of tank system. The results are presented in the Table 4. At the time of water scarcity the farmers and fish rearers competed for the water that was present just above the lower sluice level to satisfy their economic interest which resulted in conflict between them. Conflict aroused between agricultural use and fishery use in 32 per cent of the tanks. Fish rearer felt that the water just above the lower sluice level is needed for the successful growth of fish, whereas some farmers felt that even that amount of water should also be used to raise their crop. Hence the conflict between these two uses. In order to protect the crop from livestock that approached the tank either for drinking or grazing purpose, the encroachers in tank bed prevented the entry of livestock resulting in conflict with the live stock owners. This type of conflict was observed in 25.80 % of the tanks Among these, about one-fifth of the tanks recorded conflict between social forestry and live stock grazing (19.36%). In order to promote the initial growth of the tree seedlings for a period of three years from planting, the Department of social forestry prevented the entry of livestock for the purpose of grazing into the tree plantation area (created in the tank bed). Hence conflicts aroused between the forest guards appointed by the department of social forestry and the live stock owners if they made their illegal entry into tank bed area to graze their animals. About one-tenth of the tanks had recorded the conflict between farmers and duck owners due to various reasons. The major cause being, the ducks destroyed the standing crops of second season planted by well owners at the time of consuming the harvested remains of first season crop in the tank command. Other perceptions of farmers such as loss of beneficial insects due to consumption by the ducks leading to increased pest prevalence, the excreta of duck caused irritation to the walkers in the field during intercultural operation were the causes for such conflict between farmers and duck rearers. The villagers felt that the existence of tree plantation in the tank bed remained as a source for the presence of thorns in the silt which affected during the collection of silt by the farmers. Besides this the existence of tree plantation increased the harboring of silt in the tank bed which again affected the water storing capacity of the tank. As only few farmers collected silt, the collective action process by all users for desilting was negligible. Hence conflicts aroused between the social forestry and agricultural uses. Duck rearing in tank command area needed some amount of water to wet the harvested field to facilitate the easy consumption of paddy remains by the ducks. But in some tanks the fish rearers objected the release of water for duck feeding purpose in order to enhance the growthof fish in the tank. Hence conflicts aroused between fish and duck rearers in less than onetenth of the tanks studied. The collection of silt by some farmers to fertilize their lands or by the doll makers and others in random pockets from the tank left the tank bed with pits and undulated surface. This in fact facilitated enhanced water storage capacity in the tank. However the tail end farmers objected the actions of desilters stating that their share of water was not made easily available as most of the water gets stagnated (in the pits) below sluice level due to desilting. This situation had resulted in conflict between tail end farmers and desilters in less than one tenth of the tanks studied. It can be concluded that conflicts aroused among different users due to the vested interests of few users to overlook the rules and tried to grab their share of water early than their fellow users. Although different patterns of conflicts existed among multiple users of the tank system, such conflicts aroused only during water scarcity conditions and were mostly settled by the community leaders and water users association functioning in the area. However the effectiveness of these associations to enforce the rules for sharing the tank resources at the time of water scarce conditions was not found to be well pronounced.
In Tamil nadu the tanks were managed by two organizations depending on the size of the command area covered by the tanks for irrigation. Those tanks with a command area of less than 40Ha are owned and managed by the Panchayat Union (PU) officials and if the area is more than 40 Ha then it was managed by the Water Resources Organisation (WRO). The results reveal that there existed conflict between farmers and the management authority of the tanks namely either the officials of PU or the WRO in 50 per cent of the tanks. The major reason for such conflicts was due to the long pending demands of the farmers to attend the repair and maintenance works of the tanks. Another case of conflict of this type was observed between the Irrigation Functionary (IF) and farmers. The IF was locally called as 'neerkatti' or 'neerpaichi' or 'kambukatti'. IF were appointed by the Water Users Association (WUA) and one of their responsibilities was to distribute water in the tank command for irrigation proportionate to the ayacut farmers as per the norms fixed by the WUA. In few cases, these IF had done their job in biased manner to favour some farmers by violating the fixed norms for want of satisfying their personal gains. Hence conflicts between IF and farmers were observed in about one-fifth of the tanks. Inter-village conflicts Inter-village conflicts were observed in one-third of the tanks due to reasons such as encroachment of supply channel and main channel for crop cultivation by neighboring village farmers, overflow of water from tank due to lack of surplus weir or broken bunds, fish theft by neighboring villagers, arresting the water flow to neighboring tank by some individuals and diverting/grabbing of water directly from supply channel. Apart from competition and conflicts, there were also a few complementarities observed among some uses. Well owners and fisheries in the tank both benefit from the stored water left after the tank season is over. Similarly brick making and desilting have some complementarities, as the silt may be used for making bricks.
Resolution of conflicts
All patterns of conflicts among or between the multiple user groups of tank irrigation system were settled by the process of counseling or mediation lead by the officers of the WUA or jointly with the help of the elderly and respectable persons of the village.. In some villages the mediation was led by the villagehead man or the President of the village Panchayat, who is an elected member of the local self government. The issues were almost settled locally by the process of counseling ending up with win-win situation. In some deserving cases, the WUA fined the users who deviated from the water sharing norms that were laid down by the WUA. In the past say two decades back, the norms laid by the WUA for sharing water and other tank benefits like fish and fodder were strictly adhered by the user groups and the benefits were shared equitably among the user groups (Palanisami et al 2001). However in recent years these WUA have lost their importance and they were almost disappearing due to the various reasons such as growth of wells in the tank command, poor maintenance of tank structures, lack of cooperation by users, frequent monsoon failure etc (Karthikeyan et al., 2009).
CONCLUSION
The head and tail end farmers of the tank command competed for the use of tank water for irrigation. Other competing user groups include encroachers, fish and duck rearers. Conflicts in sharing water among farmers occurred mostly between adjacent farmers due to overuse of water as against their allotted share. Existence of weak property rights in majority of the tanks remained as the major reason for the competition among tank users that led to conflicts.. The extent of use clearly makes certain uses competitive. Conflicts aroused due to the conflicting interests of different user groups on tank resources and lack of maintenance of tank structures. Hence, it is needed that the use and control rights should be well structured, defined and enforced strictly in such a way that maximum benefits will be obtained by all user groups. For example, specification of the level and duration of water storage in the tank for specified months will help the fish as well as irrigation uses effectively. It could be stated thatone or other type of conflicts were observed in almost all the tanks. Damaged condition of the tank structures and presence of conflicting interests to satisfy their respective needs by the multiple users remained as the major cause for the conflicts among the multiple users. Therefore, tank rehabilitation and modernization programs need to be taken up in tank systems of the state in a phased manner to renovate the existing physical structures and restore the effective utilization of the tank by all users without competition and conflicts Encroachers of common property remained as a source of conflict in sharing the tank benfits. The encroachers reduced the water level in the tanks by illegally opening the sluices / damaging the surplus weirs to avoid submergence of their crops cultivated in the tank bed. Considering the negative consequences, the practice of encroachment in tanks needs to be pruned completely through enactment and enforcement of strict rules and it should be enforced within the framework of socioeconomic and environmental perspectives. Strengthening and empowering the WUA to manage the tanks and control the tank resources could be an innovation in the institutional arrangement to promote collective action of the tank users and facilitate sustainable management of tank irrigation system in South India.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the International Foundation for Science (IFS), Sweden for providing a research grant (No. S/4334-1 dated 15th August ‘07) to the first author during 2007-09 to carry out this study at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. The efforts taken to peer review the report of the IFS project by Prof. Allan Curtis, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia is sincerely acknowledged.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2124http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2124REFERENCES
1. Anbumozhi, V., Matsumoto, K. and Yamaji, E. 2001. Towards improved performance of irrigation tanks in semi-arid regions of India: Modernization opportunities and challenges. Irrig. and Drain. 15(4): 293-301.
2. Balasubramanian, R and Selvaraj, K.N. 2004. Tank degradation and poverty reduction-The importance of common property resources in sustaining rural poor. Policy Brief, SANDEE No. 2-04.
3. Franks, Tom, Bruce Lank Ford and Makarius Medimu. 2004. Managing water amongst competing uses: The Usangu wet land in Tanzania. Irrig. and Drain. 53: 277– 286.
4. Howe, Charles W. 1979. Natural Resource Economics, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Karthikeyan, C., Sureshkumar, D and Palanisami. K. 2009. Farmers‘ willingness to pay for irrigation water: A case of tank irrigation systems in south India. Water. 1:5- 18. DOI: 10.3390/w1010005.
6. Meinzen-Dick, Ruth and Margaretha Bakker. 2000. Water rights and multiple water uses: Framework and applications to Krindi Oya irrigation system in Sri Lanka. EPTD Discussion paper No.59, IFPRI, Washington DC, USA.
7. Ostrom, E. 1992. Crafting institutions for self-governing irrigation systems. Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, San Francisco, CA, US.
8. Palanisami, K., Paramasivam,P., Karthikeyan, C. and Rajagopal, A. 2001. Sustainable Management of Tanks in South India. Research Bulletin, Water Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Press, Coimbatore, India.
9. Palanisami, K., Balasubramanian, R. and Mohamed Ali, A. 1997. Present Status and Future Strategies of Tank Irrigation in Tamil Nadu, Research Bulletin, Water Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Press, Coimbatore, India.
10. Wade, Robert. 1994. Village republics: Economic conditions for collective action in South India. Institute of Contemporary Studies Press, San Francisco, CA, US.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcarePREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN SOME OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS OF BIJAPUR CITY
English4248M C YadavannavarEnglish Shailaja S PatilEnglish Veena AlgurEnglishObjective: To know the prevalence of Hypertension and the risk factors associated
with hypertension
Study Design: Cross Sectional study.
Study area: Medical Colleges, Nationalized Banks and Highschools of Bijapur city.
Participants: All Doctors working in two Medical Colleges, High school teachers
and employees of Nationalized Banks.
Statistical analysis: Chi-square test, Percentages.
Study Variables: Age, Sex, Occupation, BMI, Diet, Physical Exercise, etc.
Method: Interview technique using pre tested performa.
Study period: One year. From April 2008 to Mar 2009.
Results: Study reveals that the overall prevalence of Hypertension among three
occupational groups to be 25.95%. The relationship between hypertension
and occupation (25.95%),Sex( Males 29.5%), Higher socio economic
status (27.14%), Family history (32.78%), Mixed diet(28.76%), BMI, etc
was found to be statistically significant.
EnglishHypertension, Age, Occupation, Diet, BMI.INTRODUCTION
”You protect it, you promote it, you extend it” These are in fact the basic principles of preventive medicine. From the worldwide population perspective, the problem of excessive blood pressure level for optimal cardiovascular health is immense and growing. High blood pressure or Hypertension defined by WHO as systolic pressure equal to or greater than 140mmHg and / or diastolic pressure equal to or greater than 90mmHg, is an important world wide health disorder. An iceberg disease, it remains hidden during most of its clinical course, but doing immense harm to body silently. Despite intensive studies, its pathogenesis is unclear. Many factors are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension like –genetic factors, sodium intake, obesity, physical activity etc. The present study is aimed to find out the prevalence of hypertension in some occupational groups with sedentary life style and to know the influence of various risk factors on prevalence of hypertension in these groups.
Aims and objectives:
1. To study the prevalence of hypertension in persons of 20-60 years age among some occupational groups of Bijapur city. 2. To find out the socio-demographic, economic and other factors influencing hypertension.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present study is a cross sectional study carried out in Bijapur city covering doctors of two Medical Colleges, namely Al Ameen Medical College and B.L.D.E.A‘s Shri B M Patil Medical College, Bank employees and High school teachers. The study was undertaken for a period of one year from April 2008 to Mar 2009. The sample size was calculated to be 1162 by applying the formula n=4pq/L2 among the three occupational groups. At the time of study there were 425 doctors, 470 high school teachers and 400 bank employees, out of whom only 357 doctors, 402 high school teachers and 335 bank employees could be contacted even after repeated visits. A detailed proforma was used for data collection. The information regarding demographic data, history of Diabetes, Hypertension, Smoking or Tobacco intake and Alcohol intake, regular Physical activity was collected. Physical examination was performed to assess Height, Weight and Blood Pressure was recorded as per WHO Expert Committee guidelines. Parameters involved: Age: was assessed as stated by the subject and was recorded to the nearest completed year as on last birthday. Weight: was measured in Kilograms using standardized portable weighing machine. Height: was measured in centimeters with the standard position of the subject using a measuring tape after marking the height of the subject against a wall with the ruler. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by squared height (mt). Alcohol: Alcohol consumers who were in the habit of drinking at the time of survey. Tobacco consumers: were those who were consuming tobacco in any form. Physical exercise: Respondents who were undertaking regular physical exercise of sufficient intensity to cause at least mild breathlessness and sweating was recorded. Extra salt intake: This was undertaken by asking the respondents regarding the regular use of those items in the daily diet, which contain high salt content and are usually included in the Indian diet like pickle, papad, sauce, cheese, etc. and the subject was also asked regarding adding additional table salt to his dishes on the dining table. Extra Fat intake: Extra fat group included those subjects, who were regularly consuming the food items having high fat content like oil, ghee, butter, cheese, etc. Stress: was elicited using Presumptive Stress ful life events scale (PSLES), as due to aging, due to finances/economic security, due to occupation/career, due to marital status ,social status, health status and any other major stress in life. Hypertension was diagnosed when systolic blood pressure was ≥ 140 mm Hg and/ or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg or a person was a known Hypertensive. A pilot study was undertaken in 50 subjects of each group of sample population, later on these 150 subjects were also included in the study. Data was collected by the investigator using the standard pre tested questionnaire by interviewing and examining each respondent.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 1094 respondents were included in the study of which 357 (32.63%) were doctors, 402 (36.75%) and 335 (30.62%) were high school teachers and bank employees respectively. Maximum number of respondents in all three groups belonged to age group of 31 to 50 years (67.91%), Majority of the respondents were males in all the three occupational groups(74.95%). Overall , prevalence of Hypertension in all three groups was found to be 25.95% (284), the corresponding figures being 23.52% (84) in doctors, 26.11% (105) in teachers and 28.35% (95) among bank employees.(Table 1) Hypertension was found more after the fourth decade of age in all three groups, the overall prevalence being maximum 44.28% (62) between the age group of 51 to 60 years being 36% (9) in doctors, 49.05% (26) in teachers and 43.54% (27) in bank employees. Association of hypertension with age was found to be statistically significant among all the three groups. 284 hypertensive cases were further distributed on the basis of their blood pressure. Majority 94.72%(269) were found to have mild hypertension, 3.87%(11) had moderate to severe hypertension and 1.1% (4) had isolated systolic hypertension. The prevalence was found to be more with per capita income of Rs. 2000/- or more per month among all three groups. Similar observations were found by Gilbert et al*1 in a study in south India(1994).Among doctors and teachers hypertension was found to be more in those who were engaged in both administrative and technical work being 32.14% (36) and 56.52% (13) respectively. In majority of hypertensive cases among all the groups history of Stress was present, the corresponding percentages being 29.82%(34),34.48% (10),and 30.45% (67) among doctors, teachers and bank employees respectively.(Table 2) Higher prevalence of hypertension was found among those who had family history of hypertension in all the three groups being 31.53%(35),35% (21) and 32.85%(23) in doctors, teachers and bank employees respectively. However this association was found to be statistically significant among doctors only. The R.R of developing hypertension was 1.54 times more among those who had family history of hypertension than those who did not have. Scheuch. K. et al*2 in his study found higher prevalence of hypertension due to occupational strain. Higher percentage of hypertensive cases were seen in those who consumed mixed diet among doctors 27.14% (60) and bank employees 39.81% (43) which was found to be statistically significant, however among teachers hypertension was more prevalent among vegetarians being 27.98% (82). Sciarrone et al*3 (1993) noted that vegetarians tend to have low blood pressure as compared to non vegetarians. Higher prevalence of hypertension i.e, 54.29% (19) was seen among those who were consuming extra salt in their diet in the form of papad / pickles etc. The prevalence being 44.44% (4), 58.33% (7) and 57.14% (8) in doctors, teachers and bank employees respectively.(Table 3) This association was found to be statistically significant among teachers and bank employees only. A study done by Kawasaki T*4 shows that hypertension and salt intake had correlation only in salt sensitive individuals.(1978). As reported by majority of the hypertensive cases, the average daily consumption of salt exceeded 20 grams in all the three groups. Which is in contrast to the recommendation made by WHO expert committee*5 (1996) to restrict the intake of salt (less than 6 grams/day) from the point of view of prevention and control of hypertension. Consumption of extra fat in the form of Cheese, Butter, Ghee etc. was found to be more 30.68%(54) among bank employees as compared to other two groups, however this was not found to be statistically significant.(Table 4) A recent WHO Expert group*6 has also mentioned that though, the role of certain macronutrients has been suggested by many workers there is as yet no causal relationship with hypertension has been proved. Although there was no statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and hypertension, but higher percentage of hypertensive cases were seen among those who had history of alcohol consumption being 30% (30), 39.28% (11), 34.83%(31) in doctors, teachers and bank employees respectively. Dyer A R. et al*7, Paul K Whelton*8 also observed similar findings in their studies.(Table 5) Higher percentage of hypertensive cases were found in those who were consuming tobacco among doctors 33% (33), teachers 29.31% (17) and bank employees 30.23% (13).This association was found to be statistically significant among doctors only (PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2125http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2125REFERENCES
1. Gilberts E C.,Arnold M J.,Gorbee D E. 1994.?Hypertension and Determinants of blood pressure with special reference to socio economic status in rural south Indian Community?. J.Epidemiol. Community Health (Eng), 48:258-61.
2. Scheuch-K et al. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2000 Feb; 81(3);245- 51.
3. Sciarrone S.E.G.,Strahan M T.,Belin I J., et al. 1993.?Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate response to vegetarian meals?.J.Hypertension, 11;277-85.
4. Kawasaki T.,Delea C S.,et al., The effect of high sodium and low sodium intake on blood pressure and other related variables in human subjects with idiopathic hypertension. Am.Jou.Med.1978,64,93-198.
5. Page L B.,Epidemiological evidence on the etiology of human hypertension and its possible prevention. Am.Heart Jou. 1976,91-4.527-534.
6. WHO. Hypertension Control. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. TRS No.862 Geneva: WHO,1996. Pp83.
7. Dyer AR et al. Alcohol intake and Blood pressure in young adults – The CARDIA study. Jou,Cli.Epidemiol.,1990, 43/1, 1-13.
8. Whelton Paul K.1994. ?Epidemiology of Hypertension?. Lancet, 344: 101-6.
9. Gupta R., et al. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in the urban population of Jaipur in Western India, Jou. Hypertension.1995. Oct.13, 1193-1200
10. Deswal B S et al. 1991. ?An epidemiological study of hypertension among residents in Pune? Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol.16,1, Jan-Mar 1991.,pp21-28.
11. Chiang B N., Perlman L V., Epstein F H. ?Overweight and Hypertension?, Circulation. 1969, 39, 403-21.
12. Chandrashekharan N., Dutta M., Sankaran J.R. et al. 1995.?Association between Obesity and Hypertension in South Indian patients?, Indian Heart Journal.,46; 21-4.
13. Lt Col VK Agrawal, Col R Bhalwar, DR Basannar : ?Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension in a Rural Community? :MJAFI, Vol.64. No.1, 2008.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareEFFECT OF ACUTE LUMBAR MCKENZIE EXTENSION EXERCISE AND CORE STABILITY EXERCISE ON
CARDIOVASCULAR AND ORAL TEMPERATURE RESPONSE - A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL
English4954M. PremkumarEnglish K. ManivannanEnglish Sneha PatelEnglishObjective: To find the effect of acute lumber Mckenzie extension exercise and core stability exercise on
cardiovascular and temperature response Method: 30 undergraduate female students from various
institutions of Sumaneep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara were recruited through random sampling method.
Subjects were divided into control group, lumbar Mckenzie extension exercise group and core stability
exercise group. Subjects were tested for temperature and RPP before and after the intervention. Results:
There is statistically significant difference between pre and post values of variables of interest in both
groups with p value ? 0.03 except temperature in control group with p? 0.19. Post intervention value of
temperature shows no significant difference between groups with p? 0.218, 0.545 and 0.600 respectively.
Conclusion: Both core stability exercises and Mckenzie extension exercises are very effective to improve
cardiovascular fitness but regarding metabolic activity these exercises are not showing great changes
particularly the body temperature.
Englishcore stability exercise, lumbar Mckenzie extension exercise, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature.INTRODUCTION
Metabolic processes in the cell are temperature regulated and there is a 13% increase in the metabolic rate for each degree of temperature increase. Core temperature normally increases during exercise. The relative stress of exercise determines the magnitude of the increase.1 Simple non invasive measures of cardiovascular responses, however, can be obtained with HR, systolic BP and the rate-pressure product (RPP). 2, 3 The RPP is the product of HR and systolic BP multiplied by 10-2 . The RPP is considered an excellent index of myocardial oxygen demand and, therefore, work of the heart.4,5 You sweat more after you finish exercising than you do while you exercise. More than 70 percent of the energy that powers your muscles is lost as heat, causing your body temperature to rise during exercise. To keep your body temperature from raising too high, your heart pumps the heat in your blood from your muscles to your skin, you sweat and it evaporates to cools your body5 . For 2 decades, lumbar spine exercises advocated by McKenzie for low back pain have been used for the management of patients with spinal disorders6-9 . These exercises include repeated flexion and extension movements performed in different body positions as part of a routine lumbar spinal assessment and exercise program.10, 11 The McKenzie exercises involve muscle cocontraction to stabilize the trunk and arm exercise, both of which are associated with disproportionate cardiovascular demand to a given load compared with leg work.12,13 Patients with cardiac conditions or high BP are routinely cautioned about exercises requiring isometric muscle contractions and arm work, because these exercises are associated with increased cardiovascular stress as manifested by increased work of the heart, which is reflected by increased heart rate (HR) and BP.14 The role of the ?core? muscles is to protect the Spine from potentially injurious forces. For athletes, the core muscles serve the role of transferring forces to and from the extremities. Injuries to the spine may result when an athlete has insufficient endurance capacity to stabilize the spine or incorrectly uses the spine muscles to generate power. 15 Oral temperature responses to active and passive warm up were statically significant suggested that care should be taken when including active warm up in treatment programmed of patient with or without of having cardiovascular problem.16 There was less accumulation of blood and muscle lactate during intense dynamic exercises preceded by active warm up, which could not be accounted for by differences in muscle temperature between trials immediately before the onset of exercises.17 This study is designed to evaluate and compare the temperature and cardiovascular responses to core stability and Lumbar Mckenzie exercise in normal subjects.
METHODOLOGY
A randomized controlled trail was done with experimental group 1 receiving Core stability Exercise with back extension exercise and experimental group 2 receiving Lumbar McKenzie Extension Exercise with back extension exercise while control group receiving back extension exercise alone. 30 female subjects in the age group of 19-25 with BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 from different institutes of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara were assigned randomly by lottery method into experimental 1 and experimental 2 and control group 10 each after signing informed consent form. Study was approved by local institutional ethical committee.
PROCEDURE
The students of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University were included by using stratified random sampling method. Height and Weight of subject were checked. And BMI was calculated. For experimental group 1, first measured the Axillary temperature by Thermometer and also measured the Blood Pressure and Heart rate. Then in prone position, both the hands were placed at the level of the shoulders. Gradually the upper body was pushed off the ground by straightening the arms. The hip should be placed firmly on the ground during this exercise. Exercise was performed for 15 minutes, 10 repetitions per minute. After exercise temperature with Thermometer (PHOENIX), Blood Pressure and Heart rate with Sphygmomanometer (HARSONS, mercurial sphygmomanometer IS: 3390 CM/L - 8262373) were measured. For experimental group 2, first measured the Axillary temperature by Thermometer and also measured the Blood Pressure and Heart rate. Then Lie on back, hands resting on pelvis bones, finds the neutral position of pelvis. Tighten pelvic floor and lower abdominal muscles, tightened muscles up and are breathing normally, slide leg down along the bed or floor. Leg was out straight, have a short rest, then repeat the exercise drawing your leg back up towards you. Exercises were performed for 15 minutes, 10 repetitions per minute. After intervention temperature, Blood Pressure and Heart rate were measured. For control group, first measured the Axillary temperature by Thermometer and also measured the Blood Pressure and Heart rate. Then Back extension exercise alone was given for 15 minutes, after that post intervention values were measured. In all these three group temperature measurement was done immediately after exercise.
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Data were analyzed by paired?t‘ test for within group and independent?t‘ test for between group analyses with SPSS version 16.0 for windows and p≤0.05 was kept as highly significant.
DISCUSSION
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate and to compare the temperature and cardiovascular responses in apparently healthy Females between Core stability exercise and Lumbar Mckenzie exercise. While experimentation of this concept we got the results like this that follows, there is significant increment in RPP (Rate Pressure Product) and temperature in all the groups except temperature in control group after intervention ( see table 1). Statistical results suggest that there is definite improvement in RPP (Rate Pressure Product) in all the groups but for temperature there is no significant improvement in control group for the variables of interest with p≤ 0.197. This improvement in RPP (Rate Pressure Product) is mainly due to improvement in cardiovascular response by increased blood pressure and heart rate after exercise particularly low back exercises. But the temperature was not increased significantly in control group where subjects were given only back extension exercise rather core stability or Mckenzie extension exercise. It may suggest core stability and Mckenzie extension exercise exerts more metabolic burnout than simple extension exercise alone in control group. Then core stability and Mckenzie extension group exhibits significant improvement in RPP (Rate Pressure Product) against the control group. But between core stability and Mckenzie extension group there is no significant difference in statistical analysis with p≤ 0.906. For temperature there is no statistically significant difference between any of these three groups. This is suggesting that cardiovascular changes after exercises are evident but not metabolic changes. (See table 2, 3) This results also supporting the study of Susanc.Gray ,Giuseppe Devito, Myra a. Nimmo et al., in which they stated that there was less accumulation of blood and muscle lactate during intense dynamic exercises preceded by active warm up, which could not be accounted for by a differences in muscle temperature between trial immediately before the onset of exercises. 17 Regarding cardiovascular effect Core stability exercise as well as Lumbar Mckenzie extension exercise are generating considerable changes in blood pressure and heart rate ultimately RPP (Rate Pressure Product). Thus there is nothing to choose either core stability exercise or Mckenzie extension exercise but both can be use for burnout calories in domiciliary setup. This study can be elaborated by extending the duration and changing the variables in the form of maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) and METs (Metabolic equivalents). It can be carried out in different age groups and in males. This study concept can be applied in LBA (Low Back Ache) and obese individuals. But anyway this study is accomplishing to get cardiovascular fitness modern concepts of back extension exercises like core stability and Mckenzie extension exercises are very useful. These exercises are time consuming cost effective and also very effective to burnout calories.
CONCLUSION
Both core stability exercises and Mckenzie extension exercises are very effective to improve cardiovascular fitness but regarding metabolic activity these exercises are not showing great changes particularly the body temperature.
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was possible because of enthusiastic involvement of the subjects and the co-authors. Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Management provided all the needed facilities with the aim to improve research.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2126http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=21261. Astrand P, Rodahl K, Textbook of Work Physiology – Physiological Basic of International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 08 August 2011 54 Exercises. New York, McGraw – Hill Book Company, 1977: 562-563.
2. MacMasters WA, Harned DJ, Duncan PW, Effect of exercise speed on heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and rate-pressure product during upper extremity ergometry, Phys Therapy. 1987;67:1085–1088
3. Kodama Y, Yokota M, Miyahara T, et al, Effect of anti anginal agents on the relationship between rate-pressure product and myocardial oxygen uptake, Am Heart J, 1993; 126:587–593.
4. Gobel FL, Nordstrom LA, Nelson RR, et al, The rate-pressure product as an index of myocardial oxygen consumption during exercise in patients with angina pectoris, Circulation. 1978; 57:549 –556.
5. 26 Kispert CP, Clinical measurements to assess cardiopulmonary function, Phys Therapy, 1987 ; 67 :1886 –1890
6. I Jacobard G, McKenzie R, Spinal therapeutics based on responses to loading, In: Liebenson C, ed.1 Rehabilitation of the Spine: A Practitioner‘s Manual. Baltimore, Md: Williams and Wilkins; 1996:225–252.
7. Masten T, Donelson R, The McKenzie approach to patient classification: a physician perspective, Orthopedic Physical Therapy Clinics of North America. 1995; 4:193–208.
8. DiMaggio A, Mooney V, The McKenzie program: exercise effectiveness against back pain, Journal of culoskeletal Medicine. 1987; 4(12): 63–74.
. 9. McKenzie RA, The Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy, Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications; 1981:27–80.
10. McKenzie RA, The Cervical and Thoracic Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy, Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications; 1990:69–102, 151.
11. Astrand PO, Saltin B, Maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate in various types of muscle activity, J Appl Physiol. 1961; 16:977–983.
12. Franklin BA, Exercise testing, training and arm ergometry, Sports Med. 1985; 2:100 – 119.
13. Sawka MN, Physiology of upper body exercise, Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1986; 14:175–211.
14. Celli BR, The clinical use of upper extremity exercise, Clin Chest Med. 1994; 15:339 –349.
15. McGill SM, Sharratt MT, Seguin JP, Loads on spinal tissues during simultaneous lifting and ventilator challenge, Ergonomics. 1995; 38:1772-1792.
16. A,b.o.a.,Ogwumike ,o.o, Maruf, f.a et al, Oral temperature and cardiovascular responses of apparently healthy subjects to passive warm up and active warm up , African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2004,Vol. 7: 51 – 57.
17. Gray, S. C., G. Devito, and M. A. Nimmo, Effect of active warm-up on metabolism prior to and during intense dynamic exercise, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2002,Vol. 34, No. 12, 2091-2096,
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesSTUDY ON THE COLORATION OF CONDUCTIVE TEXTILE SUBSTRATES BY GREENER METHOD
English5564K. KalapriyaEnglish H.Gurumallesh PrabuEnglishDyeing on textile substrates such as cotton, silk and polyester was carried out by the conventional
method. Dyeing was carried out in open dye bath. Cotton fabric was dyed with reactive dyes
(Reactive Blue 4, Reactive Orange 4, Reactive Violet 5), direct dyes (Direct Red 7, Direct Black 22,
Direct Blue 1) and vat dyes (Vat Yellow 2, Vat Red 10, Vat Brown 1). Silk fabric was dyed with
acid dyes (Acid Yellow 17, Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 73). Polyester fabric was dyed with disperse
dyes (Disperse Orange 3, Disperse Orange 13, Disperse Red 11). In another method and in order to
produce color on conductive fabric by a greener route (non use of auxiliaries and heat), fresh textile
substrates were subjected to chemical polymerization with pyrrole in the presence of dye at room
temperature. The effects of surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulphate, Cetyl trimethylammonium
bromide) and dopants (n-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
tetrafluoroborate) in the polymerization were studied. The polymerized fabric containing the dye was
then measured using Computer Color Matching (CCM) analysis to assess the dye uptake. Crease
recovery angle of the fabrics was measured. Electrical conductivity of conductive fabrics was
measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Surface morphology was tested with
Scanning Electron Microscope.
EnglishCotton, Silk, Polyester, Dyeing, conducting polymer, Surfactant.INTRODUCTION
In order to obtain textile materials with a desired property, the fibre surface is often modified with polymer, inorganic or hybrid organic/inorganic layers before use.1 The demand for electrically conductive fibres and textiles has increased in recent years because of applications as antistatic materials,2 sensors,3 materials for electromagnetic shielding 4,5 and biomedical use.6 A great deal of work has been carried out on synthetic fibres, especially polyester, 7-9 which takes the leading position in the world fibre production and consumption. As far as natural fibres are concerned, cotton 8,10,11 and wool have attracted a great deal of attention.12-14 Deposition of conducting polymers on a textile surface is relatively simple and there are many publications dealing with this procedure.15–18 Researchers have indicated that modification by conductive polymers seems to be the interesting approach enabling nature fibres, new conductive functionality, 19,20 because of convenient polymerisation and good conductivity. Recent studies have showed that conductive polymers such as polypyrrole (Ppy), polyaniline (PANI) and poly-3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene (PEDOT) all have good biocompatibility 21-23 and have been proven to be a promising alternative for developing new biodegradable conduits used for restoring the function of injured peripheral nerves or the regeneration of a nerve gap by using electrical stimulation in-situ 24 . Electrically conducting textiles can be prepared by in-situ polymerisation of conducting polymers such as polypyrrole 25 and polyaniline,26 so-called ?intelligent materials?.27 Polypyrrole is comparatively more stable than other conductive polymers. Polypyrrole (PPy) is generally synthesized by chemical or electrochemical means. Chemical synthesis is used when large quantities of material are required and involves mixing a strong oxidizing agent (typically Ferric Chloride) with a monomer solution.28 Polypyrrole coated fabrics have good electrical conductivity, thermal properties 29,30 and flexibility, and they are suitable for numerous applications.31 In addition, the deposition of thin layers of conductive polymers on fabrics or yarns does not noticeably change and sometimes even improves the mechanical properties of the original material.32a,32b,33,34 Polymerisation of pyrrole in the presence of surfactants such as dodecylbenzyl sulphonic acid or sodium dodecyl sulphate, leads to an increase in mass yield due to incorporation of the surfactant into the polymer.35 Cationic surfactants were found to inhibit the polymerization of pyrrole. Doped π- conjugated polymers produced by oxidative polymerisation, contain positive charges on the backbone chain. It is supposed that the charged species are polarons and bipolarons, which are delocalized over portion of several monomer units. The mobility of charged species along the polymer chain is responsible for the electrical conduction. The charges are neutralized through the introduction in the polymer structure of negative charged counter-ions. The counter-ions (also called dopants) play an important role in the synthesis of conducting polymers, because they promote the stability of polarons and bipolarons producing complexes.36,37 Recent research has shown that ionic liquids have the potential to be used in place of water in some textile processes. An alternative to use of water as solvent in the dyeing process of textiles is to use ionic liquids. Because of their unique set of properties not exhibited in any other material, they have gained overwhelming interest in the past decade. The term ?room temperature ionic liquids? has been assigned to organic salts that are liquid at ambient conditions. A truly green ionic liquid would need to be sustainable, easy and clean to prepare, non-toxic and biodegradable.38 The objective of this study is to experiment and discuss the fixation (binding) of dye on cotton, silk and polyester by (i) conventional dyeing method and (ii) chemical polymerisation of pyrrole in the presence of dye method. The second method has been attempted by greener concept with an aim to avoid the use of dye auxiliaries and heat to impart coloration in polymerized (conductive) substrates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Desized, scoured and bleached cotton fabric, dilute hydrochloric acid treated silk and polyester fabrics were used in this study. All chemicals used were of AR grade from Merck. In the first conventional method, dyeing on textile substrates such as cotton, silk and synthetic polyester was carried. For this, cotton fabric was dyed with Reactive dyes such as Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4), Reactive Orange 4 (RO 4), Reactive Violet 5 (RV 5) and Direct dyes such as Direct Red 7 (DR 7), Direct Black 22 (DB 22), Direct Blue 1 (DB 1) and Vat dyes such as Vat Yellow 2 (VY 2), Vat Red 10 (VR 10), Vat Brown 1 (VB 1). Silk fabric was dyed with Acid dyes such as Acid Yellow 17 (AY 17), Acid Orange 7 (AO 7), Acid Red 73 (AR 73).
Polyester fabric was dyed with Disperse dyes such as Disperse Orange 3 (DIO 3), Disperse Orange 13 (DIO 13) and Disperse Red 11 (DIR 11). The stock solutions of dyes were prepared at 1% concentration. In the second modified method to produce color on conductive fabric by a greener route (non use of auxiliaries and heat), fresh textile substrates were subjected to chemical polymerization with pyrrole in the presence of dye at room temperature. The effects of surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulphate, Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide) and dopants (n-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, 1- butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) in the polymerization were studied. The polymerized fabric containing the dye was then measured using Gretagmacbeth 2180 UV Computer Color Matching instrument to assess the dye uptake. Crease recovery angle of the fabrics was measured. Electrical conductivity of conductive fabrics was measured by using AUTOLAB electrochemical impedance bridge in the frequency range of 50 mHz to 100 KHz at an amplitude of 20 mV, by sandwiching the polymer coated conductive fabric (1 cm dia) between two stainless steel (SS304) electrodes contacts. Surface morphology was tested with Scanning Electron Microscope using Hitachi S3000H instrument. Conventional method of dyeing was carried out in an open dye bath at a material to liquor ratio (MLR) of 1:30. In the dyeing of cotton, the fabric was entered into the dyebath containing sodium hydroxide and hydrose. 2% sodium chloride was added and dyeing was continued for 45 minutes at a temperature of 90 C. Then the dyed fabric was taken out and washed well. In the dyeing of silk, the fabric was entered into the dyebath containing 0.2% acetic acid. After 10 minutes, dye was added. 2% sodium chloride was added and dyeing was continued for 45 minutes at 80 C. Then the dyed fabric was taken out and washed well. In the dyeing of polyester, the fabric was entered into the dyebath containing ammonium acetate and acetic acid. Dyeing was continued for 45 minutes at 130 C. Then the dyed fabric was taken out and washed well. In the proposed second method, chemical polymerization of pyrrole (Py) was carried out at room temperature. Pyrrole was dissolved in acetonitrile and suitable dilutions were made. Ferric Chloride was used as an oxidising agent to initiate the polymerization of pyrrole. The surfactants sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were used in the study. Dopants such as ntetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMimTFB) were used to study the effectiveness of polymerization. Variables such as dye, dopant and surfactant were varied. A material to liquor ratio of 1:30 was maintained. Required amount of dye was added to produce 0.5% shade. The fabric was subjected to stirring in the bath containing dye, monomer, surfactant and dopant for 1 h and Ferric Chloride was added and the polymerisation was continued for 1 h. Polymerized fabric containing the dye was then taken out, washed with water, dried and subjected to dye uptake and other tests.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Under the specified conditions employed in the conventional dyeing of cotton, Direct Black 22 has resulted better dyeability with K/S value of 5.23 (Table 1) and its wash fastness tested gave a K/S of 4.50. Thus, the dyeability and dye fixation were good. The minimum K/S value of 0.64 was obtained with Vat Brown 1 dye. In the dyeing of silk, the maximum K/S value of 9.38 was obtained with Acid Yellow 17 dye (figure 1). The wash fastness was also good. In the dyeing of polyester, the dyeability was moderatein the fabric dyed with Disperse Orange 13 and the K/S value of 1.79 was obtained. Polymerization of textile substrates with reactants in the bath containing 5x10-2 M Pyrrole, 3x10-2 M sodium dodecyl sulphate, 5x10-2 M Ferric Chloride with dye was employed. With cotton, the K/S value showed its maximum at 3.78 with Direct Blue 1 dye and the wash fastness result was acceptable. Direct Blue 1 dye has resulted the highest chroma value of 24.14. With silk, the maximum K/S value of 13.81 was obtained with Acid Orange 7 dye and the wash fastness was good. A chroma value of 54.89 was obtained with this Acid Orange 7 dye. The wash fastness result was very good. With polyester, the maximum K/S value of 3.40 was obtained with Disperse Orange 3 dye and the wash fastness was good. The highest chroma value of 26.53 was obtained with Disperse Orange 3 dye. Polymerization of textile substrates with reactants in the bath containing 5x10-2 M pyrrole, 3x10-2 M sodium dodecyl sulphate, 5x10-2 M n-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, 2x10-2 M Ferric Chloride with dye was employed. For cotton, the maximum K/S value of 5.43 was obtained with Direct Blue 1 dye. The wash fastness test showed dye fixation. The highest chroma value of 24.62 was obtained with Direct Blue 1 dye. With silk, the maximum K/S value of 11.37 was obtained with Acid Red 73 dye and the wash fastness was noticed as good. The highest chroma value of 56.47 was obtained with Acid Red 73 dye. For polyester, the maximum K/S value of 2.75 was obtained with Disperse Orange 13 dye and the wash fastness was observed as moderate. The highest chroma value of 16.06 was obtained with Disperse Orange 13 dye. Polymerization of textile substrates with reactants in the bath containing 5x10-2 M pyrrole, 3x10-2 M sodium dodecyl sulphate, 5x10-2 M 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 2x10-2 M Ferric Chloride with dye was employed. Maximum K/S value of 5.64 was obtained with Direct Red 7 dye and the wash fastness observed as good for cotton. The highest chroma value of 36.75 was also obtained with Direct Red 7 dye. Maximum K/S value of 13.72 was obtained with Acid Orange 7 dye and the wash fastness was noticed as good for silk. The highest chroma value of 51.02 was obtained with the same Acid Orange 7 dye. With polyester, the maximum K/S value of 2.02 was obtained with Disperse Red 11 dye and the wash fastness tested sample showed moderate results. The highest chroma value of 16.39 was obtained with Disperse Red 11 dye.
Polymerization of textile substrates with reactants in the bath containing 5x10-2 M pyrrole, 3x10-2 M cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, 5x10-2 M Ferric Chloride with dye was employed. With cotton, the maximum K/S value of 3.22 (figure 2) was obtained with Direct Red 7 dye and the wash fastness was good. The highest chroma value of 23.61 was obtained with the same Direct Red 7 dye. With silk, the maximum K/S value of 12.04 was obtained with Acid Orange 7 dye and the wash fastness was very good. The highest chroma value of 37.65 was obtained with Acid Orange 7. With polyester, the maximum K/S value of 2.30 was obtained with Disperse Red 11 dye and the wash fastness was moderate. The highest chroma value of 17.21 was obtained with Disperse Red 11 dye. Polymerization of textile substrates with reactants in the bath containing 5x10-2 M pyrrole, 3x10-2 M cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, 5x10-2 M n-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, 2x10-2 M Ferric Chloride with dye was employed. With cotton, the maximum K/S value of 7.16 was obtained with Direct Red 7 dye and the wash fastness was good. The highest chroma value of 37.52 was obtained with Direct Red 7 dye. With silk, the K/S value obtained its maximum at 16.02 with Acid Orange 7 dye and the wash fastness was very good. The highest chroma value of 69.56 was obtained with Acid Orange 7 dye. With polyester, the maximum K/S value of 1.94 was obtained with Disperse Red 11 dye and the wash fastness was moderate. The highest chroma value of 14.53 was obtained in Disperse Red 11 dye. Polymerization of textile substrates with reactants in the bath containing 5x10-2 M pyrrole, 3x10-2 M cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, 5x10-2 M 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 2x10-2 M Ferric Chloride with dye was employed. With cotton, the maximum K/S value of 6.02 was obtained with Direct Red 7 dye and the wash fastness was good. The highest chroma value of 34.46 was obtained with Direct Red 7. With silk, the maximum K/S value of 12.11 was obtained with Acid Orange 7 dye and the wash fastness was very good. The highest chroma value of 59.09 was obtained with Acid Orange 7 dye. With polyester, the maximum K/S value of 2.59 was obtained with Disperse Orange 13 dye and the wash fastness was good. The highest chroma value of 19.36 was obtained with Disperse Orange 13 dye. ?L?, ?a? and ?b? data represent the lightness or darkness, redness or greenness and yellowness or blueness respectively. It is inferred that higher the L value, lower the dyeability and lower the L value, higher the dyeability. ?H? is a measure of hue and is represented as an angle ranging from 0 to 360 . LabCH results were obtained for the samples. If ?a? and ?b? are both positive, then the hue angle should be between 0° and 90º. In our results, both a and b were positive for Acid Red 73 dye and Acid Orange 7 dye. In all these dyed samples, the hue angle falls between 18.58 and 56.60 for dyed fabric. If ?a? is negative and ?b? is positive, then the hue angle should be between 90° and 180º. It is found that with Acid Yellow 17, a is negative and b is positive and the hue angle was 96.95 for dyed fabric (Table 2). Effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate surfactant: Fabrics subjected to chemical method of polymerisation in the presence of dye have produced improved dyeability in majority of the systems studied than the unpolymerized fabrics dyed in the conventional dyeing method. In the chemical polymerization, the improved K/S values were noted when pyrrole / sodium dodecyl sulphate /1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate /dye system was used with acid and direct dyes. In the case of reactive and vat dyes, pyrrole / sodium dodecyl sulphate / ntetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate /dye system showed increased K/S values. The improved K/S values was noted when pyrrole / sodium dodecyl sulphate /dye was used for disperse dyes. Among the two dopants studied, dyeing in pyrrole / sodium dodecyl sulphate /1- butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate /dye system was more effective in the dyeability than pyrrole / sodium dodecyl sulphate / ntetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate /dye system. Considering the dye uptake and washing fastness, acid dyes produced better dyeability when compared to other dyes studied. Among the acid dyes, Acid Orange 7 has resulted better dyeability than other two. Effect of Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide surfactant: In the chemical polymerization in the presence of dye, improved K/S values were noted when pyrrole / cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide / n-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate /dye system was used for all classes of dyes studied except with disperse dyes. In the case of disperse dyes, pyrrole / cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide /1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate /dye system has showed improvement in the K/S values. Considering the dye uptake and washing fastness, acid dyes produced better dyeability when compared to other dyes studied. Among the acid dyes, Acid Orange 7 has resulted improved dyeability. The dyeability of cotton and silk fabrics was higher when dopant was used. This could be due to the improved bond formation between dopant and free hydroxyl groups in cotton and -NH2 group in silk, thus fixing the dyes in the fabrics accordingly. The conductivity results were obtained for cotton, silk and polyester fabrics. Significant conductivity was observed for cotton only; better conductivity of 1.72 x 10-6 S/cm was obtained with Direct Blue 1 dye in pyrrole / sodium dodecyl sulphate /1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate /dye system.
It is assumed that the pyrrole radical cations generated during the polymerisation reaction by the addition of Ferric Chloride are having a preferential affinity for the cotton fibres. Silk and polyester fabrics have shown poor conductivities, which could be due to poor doping during polymerization. Among the surfactants studied, Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide has resulted better dyeability than sodium dodecyl sulphate. Among the dopants studied, n-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate has shown better dyeability than 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, which is supported by the increase in crease recovery angle values. Scanning Electron Microscope images showed the nature of coating on the fabric, which reveal the deposition of polypyrrole on to the fibres. The surface morphology of the fabrics obtained by Scanning Electron Microscope analysis was found to be better with (i) pyrrole / sodium dodecyl sulphate / n-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate /Direct Blue 1 system (ii) pyrrole / cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide / ntetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate /Reactive Violet 5 system (iii) pyrrole / cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide /1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate /Vat Red 10 system and (iv) pyrrole / sodium dodecyl sulphate /Dispere Orange 13 system (Figure 3).
CONCLUSION
Colored conductive fabrics were prepared by incorporating polypyrrole. These polymerized fabrics showed better dye fixation than conventional dye fixation. The advantage in the proposed method is that conductive fabrics could be colored effectively without the use of dyeing auxiliaries and heating. Acid dyes produced better dye fixation when compared with other dyes studied. This approach is a novel and greener way of effective coloration on conductive textile substrates, which could be useful in the field of technical textiles.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareEFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISES ON CARDIO VASCULAR FITNESS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PEOPLE
WITH HIV/AIDS
English6570Vaiyapuri AnandhEnglish Ivor Peter D‘Sa English Vandana J. Rathod English Jagatheesan AlagesanEnglishBackground and Objective: HIV infection is one of the chronic illnesses with an uncertain natural
disease history. Exercise is well accepted as an adjunct therapy in the management of HIV. This study is
intended to ascertain to see the effects of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular fitness and quality of life.
Study Design: Pilot study
Setting: Sneha Sadan HIV Home, Kaikamba.
Outcome Measures: 3 Minute Step Test and MOS – HIV Health Survey
Method: Fifteen HIV infected individuals were given aerobic exercise for 45 minutes, three days per
week for three months after obtaining informed consent. Cardiovascular fitness and quality of life were
assessed at the beginning and after three months of exercises.
Result: The Mean ± SD before and after intervention for 3 minute step test is 3.60 ± 0.63 and 4.47 ± 0.74,
for MOS – HIV Health Survey is 54.53 ± 8.44 and 63.80 ± 7.63 with p value equal to 0.001 for both
outcome measures.
Conclusion: This study concludes that aerobic exercises are effective for improving cardiovascular
fitness and quality of life in HIV infected individuals.
EnglishHIV, Aerobic Exercise, Cardiovascular Fitness, Quality Of LifeINTRODUCTION
Metabolic processes in the cell are temperature regulated and there is a 13% increase in the metabolic rate for each degree of temperature increase. Core temperature normally increases during exercise. The relative stress of exercise determines the magnitude of the increase.1 Simple non invasive measures of cardiovascular responses, however, can be obtained with HR, systolic BP and the rate-pressure product (RPP). 2, 3 The RPP is the product of HR and systolic BP multiplied by 10-2 . The RPP is considered an excellent index of myocardial oxygen demand and, therefore, work of the heart.4,5 You sweat more after you finish exercising than you do while you exercise. More than 70 percent of the energy that powers your muscles is lost as heat, causing your body temperature to rise during exercise. To keep your body temperature from raising too high, your heart pumps the heat in your blood from your muscles to your skin, you sweat and it evaporates to cools your body5 . For 2 decades, lumbar spine exercises advocated by McKenzie for low back pain have been used for the management of patients with spinal disorders6-9 . These exercises include repeated flexion and extension movements performed in different body positions as part of a routine lumbar spinal assessment and exercise program.10, 11 The McKenzie exercises involve muscle cocontraction to stabilize the trunk and arm exercise, both of which are associated with disproportionate cardiovascular demand to a given load compared with leg work.12,13 Patients with cardiac conditions or high BP are routinely cautioned about exercises requiring isometric muscle contractions and arm work, because these exercises are associated with increased cardiovascular stress as manifested by increased work of the heart, which is reflected by increased heart rate (HR) and BP.14 The role of the ?core? muscles is to protect the Spine from potentially injurious forces. For athletes, the core muscles serve the role of transferring forces to and from the extremities. Injuries to the spine may result when an athlete has insufficient endurance capacity to stabilize the spine or incorrectly uses the spine muscles to generate power. 15 Oral temperature responses to active and passive warm up were statically significant suggested that care should be taken when including active warm up in treatment programmed of patient with or without of having cardiovascular problem.16 There was less accumulation of blood and muscle lactate during intense dynamic exercises preceded by active warm up, which could not be accounted for by differences in muscle temperature between trials immediately before the onset of exercises.17 This study is designed to evaluate and compare the temperature and cardiovascular responses to core stability and Lumbar Mckenzie exercise in normal subjects.
METHODOLOGY
A randomized controlled trail was done with experimental group 1 receiving Core stability Exercise with back extension exercise and experimental group 2 receiving Lumbar McKenzie Extension Exercise with back extension exercise while control group receiving back extension exercise alone. 30 female subjects in the age group of 19-25 with BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 from different institutes of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara were assigned randomly by lottery method into experimental 1 and experimental 2 and control group 10 each after signing informed consent form. Study was approved by local institutional ethical committee.
PROCEDURE
The students of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University were included by using stratified random sampling method. Height and Weight of subject were checked. And BMI was calculated. For experimental group 1, first measured the Axillary temperature by Thermometer and also measured the Blood Pressure and Heart rate. Then in prone position, both the hands were placed at the level of the shoulders. Gradually the upper body was pushed off the ground by straightening the arms. The hip should be placed firmly on the ground during this exercise. Exercise was performed for 15 minutes, 10 repetitions per minute. After exercise temperature with Thermometer (PHOENIX), Blood Pressure and Heart rate with Sphygmomanometer (HARSONS, mercurial sphygmomanometer IS: 3390 CM/L - 8262373) were measured. For experimental group 2, first measured the Axillary temperature by Thermometer and also measured the Blood Pressure and Heart rate. Then Lie on back, hands resting on pelvis bones, finds the neutral position of pelvis. Tighten pelvic floor and lower abdominal muscles, tightened muscles up and are breathing normally, slide leg down along the bed or floor. Leg was out straight, have a short rest, then repeat the exercise drawing your leg back up towards you. Exercises were performed for 15 minutes, 10 repetitions per minute. After intervention temperature, Blood Pressure and Heart rate were measured. For control group, first measured the Axillary temperature by Thermometer and also measured the Blood Pressure and Heart rate. Then Back extension exercise alone was given for 15 minutes, after that post intervention values were measured. In all these three group temperature measurement was done immediately after exercise.
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Data were analyzed by paired?t‘ test for within group and independent?t‘ test for between group analyses with SPSS version 16.0 for windows and p≤0.05 was kept as highly significant.
DISCUSSION
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate and to compare the temperature and cardiovascular responses in apparently healthy Females between Core stability exercise and Lumbar Mckenzie exercise. While experimentation of this concept we got the results like this that follows, there is significant increment in RPP (Rate Pressure Product) and temperature in all the groups except temperature in control group after intervention ( see table 1). Statistical results suggest that there is definite improvement in RPP (Rate Pressure Product) in all the groups but for temperature there is no significant improvement in control group for the variables of interest with p≤ 0.197. This improvement in RPP (Rate Pressure Product) is mainly due to improvement in cardiovascular response by increased blood pressure and heart rate after exercise particularly low back exercises. But the temperature was not increased significantly in control group where subjects were given only back extension exercise rather core stability or Mckenzie extension exercise. It may suggest core stability and Mckenzie extension exercise exerts more metabolic burnout than simple extension exercise alone in control group. Then core stability and Mckenzie extension group exhibits significant improvement in RPP (Rate Pressure Product) against the control group. But between core stability and Mckenzie extension group there is no significant difference in statistical analysis with p≤ 0.906. For temperature there is no statistically significant difference between any of these three groups. This is suggesting that cardiovascular changes after exercises are evident but not metabolic changes. (See table 2, 3) This results also supporting the study of Susanc.Gray ,Giuseppe Devito, Myra a. Nimmo et al., in which they stated that there was less accumulation of blood and muscle lactate during intense dynamic exercises preceded by active warm up, which could not be accounted for by a differences in muscle temperature between trial immediately before the onset of exercises. 17 Regarding cardiovascular effect Core stability exercise as well as Lumbar Mckenzie extension exercise are generating considerable changes in blood pressure and heart rate ultimately RPP (Rate Pressure Product). Thus there is nothing to choose either core stability exercise or Mckenzie extension exercise but both can be use for burnout calories in domiciliary setup. This study can be elaborated by extending the duration and changing the variables in the form of maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) and METs (Metabolic equivalents). It can be carried out in different age groups and in males. This study concept can be applied in LBA (Low Back Ache) and obese individuals. But anyway this study is accomplishing to get cardiovascular fitness modern concepts of back extension exercises like core stability and Mckenzie extension exercises are very useful. These exercises are time consuming cost effective and also very effective to burnout calories.
CONCLUSION
Both core stability exercises and Mckenzie extension exercises are very effective to improve cardiovascular fitness but regarding metabolic activity these exercises are not showing great changes particularly the body temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was possible because of enthusiastic involvement of the subjects and the co-authors. Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Management provided all the needed facilities with the aim to improve research.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2128http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2128REFERENCES
1. Astrand P, Rodahl K, Textbook of Work Physiology – Physiological Basic of Exercises. New York, McGraw – Hill Book Company, 1977: 562-563.
2. MacMasters WA, Harned DJ, Duncan PW, Effect of exercise speed on heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and rate-pressure product during upper extremity ergometry, Phys Therapy. 1987;67:1085–1088
3. Kodama Y, Yokota M, Miyahara T, et al, Effect of anti anginal agents on the relationship between rate-pressure product and myocardial oxygen uptake, Am Heart J, 1993; 126:587–593.
4. Gobel FL, Nordstrom LA, Nelson RR, et al, The rate-pressure product as an index of myocardial oxygen consumption during exercise in patients with angina pectoris, Circulation. 1978; 57:549 –556.
5. 26 Kispert CP, Clinical measurements to assess cardiopulmonary function, Phys Therapy, 1987 ; 67 :1886 –1890
6. I Jacobard G, McKenzie R, Spinal therapeutics based on responses to loading, In: Liebenson C, ed.1 Rehabilitation of the Spine: A Practitioner‘s Manual. Baltimore, Md: Williams and Wilkins; 1996:225–252.
7. Masten T, Donelson R, The McKenzie approach to patient classification: a physician perspective, Orthopedic Physical Therapy Clinics of North America. 1995; 4:193–208.
8. DiMaggio A, Mooney V, The McKenzie program: exercise effectiveness against back pain, Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 1987; 4(12): 63–74.
9. McKenzie RA, The Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy, Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications; 1981:27–80.
10. McKenzie RA, The Cervical and Thoracic Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy, Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications; 1990:69–102, 151.
11. Astrand PO, Saltin B, Maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate in various types of muscle activity, J Appl Physiol. 1961; 16:977–983.
12. Franklin BA, Exercise testing, training and arm ergometry, Sports Med. 1985; 2:100 – 119.
13. Sawka MN, Physiology of upper body exercise, Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1986; 14:175–211.
14. Celli BR, The clinical use of upper extremity exercise, Clin Chest Med. 1994; 15:339 –349.
15. McGill SM, Sharratt MT, Seguin JP, Loads on spinal tissues during simultaneous lifting and ventilator challenge, Ergonomics. 1995; 38:1772-1792.
16. A,b.o.a.,Ogwumike ,o.o, Maruf, f.a et al, Oral temperature and cardiovascular responses of apparently healthy subjects to passive warm up and active warm up , African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2004,Vol. 7: 51 – 57.
17. Gray, S. C., G. Devito, and M. A. Nimmo, Effect of active warm-up on metabolism prior to and during intense dynamic exercise, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2002,Vol. 34, No. 12, 2091-2096,
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareCOMPARING THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING (APOLOGIZING-ANNOYANCE AND OPPRESSION AVOIDING) ON SELF-ASSERTION AND MENTAL HEALTH IN RETARDED STUDENTS
English7178Shohreh GhorbanshiroudiEnglish Javad KhalatbariEnglish Khadijeh Rahbar TaromsariEnglish Khadijeh ShourmeijEnglish Mohammad Mojtaba KeikhayfarzanehEnglishThe aim of the present study has been already comparing the effect of social skills training (apologizing;
annoyance and oppression avoiding) on self-assertion and psycho health in retarded students. The method
of this experimental research is to design a pretest and posttest doing with an experimental group and a
control one. The statistical population consists of the students studying in atypical schools in east part of
GILAN province that they were 140 students studying in two different cities that of course just one of the
cities selected, then the students was given 70 questionnaires titling as SHRING self-assertion and
GOLDBERGE mental health. Then 60 students were screened who had got the lowest marks and finally
45 people were grouped in 3 classes each holding 15. Two of them received the trainings in apologizing
and annoyance and oppression avoiding in 6 sessions each lasted for 45 minutes in workshop procedures
then all the three groups were tested. The collected data were analyzed to test the research hypothesis
using covariance analysis- statistical test. The results showed that: some social training in apologizing
was effective on self-assertion and mental health and it was different from disliking annoyance and
oppression.
Englishsocial skills training (apologizing; away from annoyance and oppression); selfassertion; mental healthINTRODUCTION
Nutritional status is an important determinant of growth. School age is a period of rapid growth with a growth spurt in pubertal years. 80 percent of adolescent growth is completed in early adolescence (10-15 years).During the last decade there have been numerous reports on the emerging problem of over-nutrition among affluent urban children and adolescents. Poor dietary habits combined with decreased physical activity have led to an increase in overweight and obesity among adults and children. Because of these changes in dietary and lifestyle pattern, chronic non communicable diseases are becoming increasingly significant causes of disability and premature death in both developing and newly developed countries( NNMB, 2001). Obesity has been noticed to be a powerful correlate of cardiovascular risk in comparison to hyperinsulinemia. And insulin resistance was strongly associated with obesity (Misra, 2009).Previous studies from US have shown that subclinical inflammation, elevated fasting insulin concentration and high systolic blood pressure are more common in overweight children (Dietz, 2001 and Pradhan et al., 2001).Hence indicating that early identification of these risk factors in children and adolescents can prevent the increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (type II) (Misra, 2009). Population based data on risk factors are still sparse in developing countries. In addition, the relationship of main modifiable cardiovascular risk factors with socioeconomic status (SES) is often unclear in these countries. Socioeconomic standard of people is conveniently expressed in terms of various social classes in which people are distributed which are referred to as social stratification. Social stratification is a horizontal division of society into several socio-economic layers: each layer or social class has a comparable standard of living, status and lifestyle .Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include quantification of family income, parental education and occupational status. Income determines the purchasing power of individuals and their socioeconomic status. Education determines the knowledge, attitude and value system of individuals and their socioeconomic growth potential. Occupation determines the income generating capacity of individuals and their status (Misra and Singh, 2003). In Kerala, the available data on the possible effect of socioeconomic status on the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among children are limited. Cochin City has experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization in the past few decades. Therefore to address such an issue (effect of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular risk factors) in the forefront is important. Hence the purpose of the present study is to examine the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors namely anthropometric, biochemical and nutrient indices among school children (9-12 years) and its association with socioeconomic status based on Kuppuswamy scale (2008).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study population comprised 63 children in the age group 9-12 years from two urban schools in Cochin City. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling. Information was collected regarding the socioeconomic background, anthropometric parameters, biochemical measurements and nutrient intake pattern. Socioeconomic details collected include parental occupation ,education of head of the family and family monthly income. Based on socioeconomic data collected, Kuppuswamy‘s socioeconomic status scale, urban (revised as on June 2008) was used to classify the study population to different social classes. A weightage is assigned to each variable according to a seven point predefined scale. The total score in Kuppuswamy‘s classification is calculated as he sum of the total of the three scores. Depending on the total score so computed, the five socioeconomic classes are formulated. Anthropometric measurements used were height, weight, Body Mass Index(BMI), Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC),waist and hip circumferences, Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) and Percent Body Fat(calculated using Deurenberg equation,1991). Biochemical measurements collected include Blood pressure, Insulin, Fasting blood sugar, Apolipoproteins A and B, Lipid profile and C-Reactive Protein. Blood pressure was measured using standardized sphygmomanometer and recorded by a trained nurse. Insulin assay was done by chemiluminescence method to reduce the chance of erroneous variables. Fasting blood sugar and lipid profile was measured using photometric method. The diagnostic procedure adopted to measure Apolipoproteins and CRP was immuno-turbidometric method as it is superior and more reliable. Biochemical measurements were done at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi. To assess the dietary intake and adequacy of the diet consumed, the 24-hour recall method of diet survey was adopted for three days including two working days and one holiday using the 24 hour recall questionnaire. In this method, the parents/caretakers reported the exact food intake of the subjects in precise quantities over the last 24 hours. Information was elicited regarding quantity, leftovers and method of preparation. Household cups and measures were used to define amounts in order to obtain accurate information as possible, regarding the type and amount of food and beverages consumed during the three days. These measures were later standardized in order to obtain precise nutrient intake among the subjects. Dietary data obtained from the three records were checked carefully and entered into the nutrition software system developed by Amritha Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Kochi. Nutrient intakes were lculated using the standard portion sizes and a composite food database available from National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. This database contains ICMR food composition tables for all foods. The fatty acid levels in foods were obtained from USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Institute Service, 2009) and Biochemical composition of Indian Fish (Central institute of Fisheries Technology, 1997). The same percentage of fats as recommended by USDA was applied to the ICMR fat reference values. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe continuous variables namely anthropometric, biochemical and nutrient intake parameters. Categorical variables are presented as frequency and percentage. Pearson‘s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between two variables namely anthropometric and lipid parameters with 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance were considered. Statistical package SPSS version 11.0 for Windows was used for all statistical analysis.
RESULTS
On comparison with NCHS standards (2004), overall the subjects were at par with the standards. The highest deficits for height and weight were observed in eleven year old subjects and an overall increase was seen in twelve year old subjects. [Table 1] On assessing the weight status of subjects, a vast majority (72 percent) of the subjects were normal, 14 percent each were found to be overweight and underweight. Gender based segregation of subjects revealed a higher prevalence of overweight among girls at 21 percent compared to boys at 10.3 percent. [Table 2] All anthropometric parameters namely height, weight, MUAC, waist, hip, WHR, sum of skin folds and body fat percent were found to steadily increase with increase in BMI percentiles in the subjects. [Table 3] On analyzing the biochemical profile of the subjects by weight status, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were seen to be gradually escalating from underweight to overweight subjects, the increase being more evident for systolic blood pressure( increase of 20 mm Hg). Serum insulin, triglyceride and CReactive Protein levels also increased progressively from underweight to normal and overweight subjects. The overweight subjects recorded a CRP level of 2.98 mg/L which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. [Table 4] Pearson‘s correlation analysis between anthropometric parameters and lipid profile showed that MUAC had a significantly high correlation with VLDL and triglyceride in underweight subjects. Weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences also showed positive significant correlation with VLDL and triglyceride (pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2129http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2129REFERENCES
1. Dietz WH (2001), `Overweight and precursors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents‘, Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 138, Pp 453-4
2. Deurenberg P., Weststrate JA., Seidell JC.,(1991), ? Body mass index as a measure of body fatness- age and sex specific prediction formulas‘, Br J Nutr, Vol 65, Pp 105-14
3. Gupta AK., Rastogi S., Panwa R., (2007), ?Growth parameters and prevalence of overweight and obesity in school going children‘, Pediatrics, Vol 97, Pp 257-261
4. Kapil U., Singh P., Pathak P., Dwivedi SN., Bhasin S.,(2002),?Prevalence of obesity amongst affluent adolescent school children in Delhi‘, Indian Pediatr, Vol 39, Pp 449- 452
5. Kuppuswamy B(2008), ?Manual of Socioeconomic Status (urban)‘, Manasayan, Delhi
6. Manios Y., Dimitriou M.I., Moschonis G., Kocaoglu B., Sur H., Keskin Y. and Hayran O. (2004), ?Cardiovascular disease risk factors among children of different socioeconomic status in Istanbul, Turkey: Directions for Public health and Nutrition policy‘, Lipids in Health and Disease, Vol 3, Pp 11-17
7. McDade TW., Leonard WR., Burhop J., Reyes-Garcia C., Vadez V., Huanca T., Godoy RA., (2009), ?Predictors of CReactive Protein in Tsimane‘ 2 to 15 YearOlds in Lowland Bolivia‘, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol 128, Pp 906- 913
8. Misra A (2009), ?Nutrition and Physical Performance in School Age Children‘, Nutrition Foundation of India
9. Misra A and Singh HP (2003), ?Kuppuswamy‘s socioeconomic status scale – A Revision‘, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 70(3), Pp 273-274
10. NNMB (2001), `Early School Years and Adolescence‘, Pp 228-240
11. Raj M., Sundaram KR., Paul M., Deepa AS., Kumar RK., (2007), ?Obesity in Indian Children: Time trends and relationships with hypertension‘ , Natl Med journal of India, Vol 20, Pp 288-293
12. Skinner CA., Steiner JM., Henderson WF., Perrin ME., (2010), ?Multiple markers of inflammation and weight status: Cross sectional Analyses throughout childhood‘,Pediatrics
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareFORWARD HEAD POSTURE ANGLE IN HEALTHY OLDER FEMALES- A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
English7985Manivannan M.KaandeepanEnglish Trupti K. ParikhEnglish Tapan SEnglishAIM: To investigate the influence of old age on forward head posture in healthy old age female subjects.
Methods: A total of 34 normal healthy old age female subjects age group 60 years and above were
selected from vadodara city and from the department of physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth
University, sampling method being convenient sampling. The subjects were photographed perpendicular
to the sagittal plane in order to capture a sagittal view of the head and neck during the standing activity. A
5.0 megapixel digital camera (3x optical zoom, and a built in flash,) was used for all photographic data
collection. The camera was positioned 3 feet from the subject. The forward head posture angle was
measured to the nearest degree with the help of protractor. The data were collected and analyzed by
Pearson correlation method.
Results: The pearson correlation test showed, mean of 46.41 with standard deviation of 5.32. It shows no
significant correlation.
Conclusion: In our sample study, there was no significant correlation found between forward head
posture angle in related to old age. Thus the null hypothesis is accepted ie.. there is no effect of age on
forward head posture angle.
EnglishPosture, Forward Head Posture Angle, Healthy Older FemalesINTRODUCTION
Aging can also be defined as a progressive functional decline, or a gradual deterioration of physiological function with age, including a decrease in fecundity (Partridge and Mangel, 1999), or the intrinsic, inevitable, and irreversible age-related process of loss of viability and increase in vulnerability.[1] Posture is a ?position or attitude of the body, the relative arrangement of body parts for a specific activity, or a characteristic manner of bearing one‘body.[2] Changes in postural response characteristic in the older adult are simply indications of deterioration in postural muscle response efficiency.[3] Age-associated changes in posture have been frequently described by a cluster of postural deviations that includes a forward head, rounded shoulders, changes in lumbar lordosis, and increased flexion in the hips and knees. These age-associated postural changes may be attributed to age-related biological and physiological changes, functional or pathological causes, or a combination of these changes.[ 4]. The position of each joint has an effect on the position of the other joints. Ideal static postural alignment is defined as a straight line that passes through the ear lobe, the bodies of the cervical vertebra, the tip of the shoulder, midway through the throax, through the bodies of the lumbar vertebra, slightly posterior to the hip joint, slightly anterior to the axis of the knee joint and just anterior to the lateral malleolus. Correct posture is the position in which minimum stree is applied to each joint. If the upright posture is correct, minimal muscle activity is needed to maintain the position. Any static position that increases the stress to the joints may be called faulty posture. Causes for poor posture are poor postural habit, muscle imbalance, pain and respiratory conditions[5] . Perfect head posture- A line dropped from the center of the external auditory meatus (EAM) would land directly in the center of the shoulder (the tip of the acromion process). [6]. The most common postural deviation affecting the cervical spine is forward head posture.[7]. A forward head involves increased flexion of lower cervical and the upper thoracic regions, increased extension of the upper cervical vertebrae and increased extension of occiput on the 1st cervical vertebrae. There may also be temporomandibular joint dysfunction with retrusion of mandible.[8] . Forward head posture is one in which the head is positioned anteriorly and the normal anterior cervical convexity is increased with the apex of the lordotic cervical curve at a considerable distance from the line of gravity in comparison with optimal posture.[9] Old age population, age more than 60 and above having the condition of anterior head translation either with or without symptoms. Forward head posture(FHP) leads to long-term muscle strain, disc herniation, arthritis and pinched nerves.[10] For every inch that the head moves forward in posture, it increases the weight of the head on the neck by 10 pounds.[11]. During normal quiet standing, the cervical region sustains an external flexion moment because the head‘s centre of mass is anterior to the joints of cervical spine. Active contractions of the cervical extensors maintains upright posture of the head and neck, but as in the trunk, EMG data reveal that only slight activity is required to hold the head erect. Abnormal posture increases the muscle work [12]. A particular problem with the anterior sagittal glide of the head having the effect on the cervical facet joints. The facets are forced to go into extension and become impacted. Impacted facet joints prevent the hyaline cartilage compression and decompression necessary for normal nutrition, resulting in increased facet degeneration. . Researchers have described normal head posture in asymptomatic adults using a range of measured values rather than a distinct point, suggesting that simply having the head anterior to the vertical ideal may not be a pathological condition but rather may be representative of the variation found in the normal population. Several studies have been conducted on the subject of the FHP with both age-associated and gender-associated findings reported. While some inconsistencies were evident within the results and conclusions of the studies, the literature suggests that age and gender differences tended to influence the forward head posture. Identification of the diversity of FHP positions within a healthy older population would afford clinicians normative ranges upon which to base postural assessment decisions, and would subsequently improve therapeutic intervention measures for older individuals exhibiting impaired posture.
METHODOLOGY
A total of 34 normal old age females with age above 60 years were selected through convenient sampling from the district of vadodara who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion Criteria Above 60 years of age International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 08 August 2011 81 Females Subjects Only. Living independently in the community Not requiring assistance with any ADL activities, not using assistive gait devices, experiencing no current balance difficulties, and Not currently under direct care of a physician for problems with balance or for a major medical problem [including cardiac respiratory problems.
Exclusion Criteria
Person with scoliosis, kyphosis and other postural deformities Rheumatologic disease Ankylosing Spondylitis Person with neck pain, shoulder pain related conditions Vertebral Osteomyelitis Cervical Degenerative arthritic conditions Tumors in cervical region Endocrinologic and metabolic disorders Previous history of spinal fractures Respiratory diseases eg.. Like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease etc. Temporomandibular joint disorders Person with any psychiatric illness, anxiety, stress
Instrumentation
Digital camera of 5 megapixel Adhesive tape Fluorescent marker Scale and Protracto
PROCEDURE
Subjects fulfilling inclusion criteria were selected by convenient sampling method. Then, participants were explained procedure of the study. All participants signed an informed consent form. Adhesive markers will be placed on the midpoint of tragus and the C7 spinous process. Markers will be marked with fluorescent marker pen. Participants were asked to stand comfortably and the subjects instructed to simply close their eyes, flex, extend the head twice, come to their most neutral relaxed position, hold this position still, and then open their eyes.[13] A 5.0 megapixel digital camera (3x optical zoom, and a built in flash,) was used for all photographic data collection .The camera was positioned 3 feet from the subject. The subjects were photographed perpendicular to the sagital plane in order to capture a sagital view of the head and neck during the standing activity. The photographs were be downloaded to a computer for cataloguing and subsequent printing.[14]
METHOD FOR MEASURING FORWARD HEAD POSTURE ANGLE
On the printed photograph of each subject, a horizontal line was drawn through C7, and a second line was drawn connecting the tragus of the ear to the C7 marker. The intersection of these lines will define the sagittal plane relationship between C7, the tragus of the ear, and the horizontal. The angle will be then measured to the nearest degree with the help of protractor. Then, data will be analyzed.
ATA ANALYSIS
Data was analyzed by Pearson Correlation method with the use of SPSS software version 16.0 for windows and pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2130http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2130REFERENCES
1. Joao Pedro de Magalhaes, Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group www.senescence.info/definitions.html
2. "Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques"-Carolyn Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby. 5th edition. Page no- 383, chapter- 14.
3. Motor control 3rd edition, Shum way-cook A, Margorie H. Woollacott. Aging and postural control, Chapter-9, page-221.
4. Theresa M. Nemmers, Janice Williams Miller, Merrillyn D. Hartman. "Variability of the forward head posture in healthy community-dwelling older women.? Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy Vol. 32; 1:09
5. Orthopaedic physical assessment 4 th edition. David J.Magee. chapter 15, page: 972-978.
6. Forward head posture- www. chiro.org/LINKS/Forward_Head_Posture
7. Dysfunction, Evaluation, and Treatment of the Cervical Spine and Thoracic Inlet, orthopaedic physical therapy—Robert donattelli, Michael wooden 4th edition, chapter-18, pagr-133.
8. "Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques"-Carolyn Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby.4th edition.Page no-395, chapter-14.
9. Joint structure and function.4th editionPamela K. Levangie, Cynthia C.Norkin. chapter-13, page-497
10. Dr. Steve. Available at www.2005necksolutions.com 11.
11. Forward head/forward shoulders by Warren Hammer. Dynamic Chiropractic Achieves -August 23, 1999, Vol. 17, Issue 18.
12. Dr. Erin. Fatigue and Forward Head Posture. Available at www.evvdc.com , Posted in February 22, 2010
13. Refshauge KM, Goodsell M and Lee M (1994) in their study, "Consistency of cervical and cervicothoracic posture in standing. Aust J Physiother 1994;40: 235- 40.
14. Sally Raine, Lance Twomey, ?Posture of the head , shoulders and thoracic spine in comfortable erect standing?, Australian Physiotherapy, Volume 4: no 1: 1994, 25- 32.
15. Ana Carolina et al. ?physical activity and postural in the elderly: coupling between visual information and body sway? . Gerontology 2005;51:145-148
16. Dr. Robert W. Griffith, 04/04/2007. Available at : www.healthandage.com
17. Gore DR, Sepic SB, Gardner GM, Roentgenographic findings of the cervical spine in asymptomatic people spine 1986;6:521-4
18. Harrison DD, Janik TJ, Troyanovich SJ, Holland B. Comparisons of lordotic cervical spine curvatures to a theoretical ideal model of the static sagittal cervical spine. Spine 1996;21:667-75.
19. The Forward Head Posture by David Seaman, DC, and Steve Troyanovich, DC. Dynamic Chiropractic – April 3, 2000, Vol. 18, Issue 08
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesCREATION AND APPLICATION OF WEB TOOLS FOR EFFECTIVE DISTANCE LEARNING
English8691C.ManoharanEnglish M. JeyakumaranEnglishThe proliferation of information and communication technology has brought profound changes in the
availability and accessibility of information. It enables the learners of flexible learning to stimulate a
virtual learning. The World Wide Web technology as a vehicle for disseminating course materials and
its arrival has triggered the beginning of some fundamental changes in teaching, training, and selfdirected
learning. In this paper the authors highlight the different categories of web-based learning,
software tools used in web-based learning, equipment and requirements for creating electronic portfolio
and the uses of web-tools in distance education.
EnglishINTRODUCTION
The rapid development in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) provides tools such as computers, interactive multimedia CD-ROMs, E-mail and Internet. The use of such well advanced technologies has now enabled the learners of flexible learning to stimulate a virtual learning and take the learners to virtual campus wherein teacher-learner interaction becomes possible in the cyberspace. The flexible teaching-learning strategies provide high quality education and ensuring equity in educational opportunities, particularly to the disadvantaged like physically challenged adult learners etc. The World Wide Web technology as a vehicle for disseminating course materials and for creating active learning experiences within a classroombased course.
WEB-BASED LEARNING
Web-based communication is seen by many as the key technological innovation of the last decade of the twentieth century. Web-based communication has attracted the attention of educators and trainers to the idea of distance education in a way that no earlier technology managed to do. The explosive growth of this technology, applied in designing and delivering instructional programs and in facilitating learner-instructor and learner-learner interactions in Web-based delivery of distance education. Web-based learning is a major sub-component of the term ?e-learning‘ with which instruction is delivered. It seeks to serve learners at some distance from their learning facilitator. It attempts to serve learners interacting with the learning source and thus it reduces the barriers of time and space to learning.
CATEGORIES OF WEB-BASED LEARNING
Web-based learning has the following formats within ?learning context? i.e. how and when a learner encounters and undertakes the content (Robert H. Jackson, 2004)
ASYNCHRONOUS FORMAT (DIRECTED STUDY FORMAT)
In Asynchronous format learners rely on some structured plan that directs the learner through learning experiences without real-time interaction from an instructor. Self Study may be supplemented by asynchronous interaction with the instructor, for instance through email, voice mail, comments from threaded discussions. The majority of today's ?on-line learning‘ is in the ?directed study‘ format. ?Self Study‘ requires the learner to have a highly developed internal selfmotivation characteristic. Failure to have such internal drive leads to higher dropout rate of correspondence learner compared to traditional residential learners on most campuses.
SYNCHRONOUS FORMAT („LIVE, REALTIME? LEARNING)
In Synchronous format learners rely on the instructor. Here, some commonly shared experience or event generally occurring in realtime with highly interactive and structurally dynamic is led by the instructor. Instructor-led events have the capability to dynamically react to real-time environments and change the plan of study or flow of learning to meet the needs of learners at that particular time. This engagement style helps sustain learner interest and probably contributes to reduction of dropout rate.
SMALL GROUP COLLABORATION
Small group collaboration is an informal context defined as that informal education that goes on learner-to-learner gathering in hallways and libraries between classes and informally digests and shares their learning experiences. This learning method depends on learner-learner interaction rather than learner-content interaction. Small Group Collaborative activity may utilize asynchronous tools such as email, threaded discussion groups, listserves as well as use of synchronous tools such as telephone, text chat etc. Research indicates that successful incorporation of small group collaborative learning activities both increase the learner's satisfaction with the learning process and can decrease the time required from an instructor in administering and structuring a course or programmes.
SOFTWARE TOOLS IN WEB-BASED LEARNING
There are several software tools used in webbased learning in the context of what general and administrative functions they address (Robert H. Jackson, 2004). They are;
AUTHORING TOOLS
These are multimedia creation tools. A multimedia professional uses these tools to create media that can either stand-alone or be added as a module into a management system. Examples range from simple tools like Microsoft PowerPoint to sophisticated, programmable tools like Macromedia's "Director" and "Author ware" software. These tools are used to develop content for all the content delivery systems.
ADVANCED COLLABORATION TOOLS
Advanced Collaboration tools (Real-time Virtual Classroom) is a software product that facilitates the synchronous, real-time delivery of content or interaction by the web, but is not necessarily intended to comprehensively measure performance over time or handle course administrative tasks. Place ware Auditorium andCentre‘s Conference products are examples of real-time virtual classrooms.
ASYNCHRONOUS DELIVERY TOOLS
These tools used to embrace a wide range of learning management. Within a Learning Management System (LMS), learners generally are provided an integrated view of all their active coursework and assignments in a "syllabus" spanning multiple courses and that provides comprehensive assessment and goals tracking. Bryan Chapman (2004) categorized the systems based on the capability to accommodate third party materials. These systems accommodate learning content from other sources than that they themselves deliver. Bryan Chapman (2004) distinguished the two vendors: Computermanaged instruction (CMI) and integratedinfrastructure system provide distinct sets of services.
(COMPUTER-MANAGED INSTRUCTIONSCMIS)
If third-party courseware is among one‘s priorities, choose a CMI system. CMIs are open system one can attach third-party courses and they tend to focus on self-paced courses. The drawback of CMIs is they focus little on the community aspect of learning. CMIs include Docent, Ingenium, Manager's Edge, Librarian, Phoenix and WBT Manager
INTEGRATED-INFRASTRUCTURE OR INTERNET-INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM
Integrated-infrastructure system does not accommodate third-party courses as well. On the other hand, it accommodates a mix of selfpaced, virtual and live-classroom training. Internet-infrastructure systems tend to be quick starters. They tend not to be self-paced, instead focusing on collaboration and involvement of an instructor. The drawback of Integratedinfrastructure systems is they may not recognize courses created elsewhere. Examples of integrated-infrastructure systems include Generation21, Mentor ware, Top Class, Virtual U, Web Course in a Box, WebCT, and WebMentor.
ELECTRONIC PORTFOLIO
An electronic portfolio is a web or otherwise electronically based compilation of documents, images, and projects that relate to a learner's professional development. It can contain items from simple to complicated visual art presentation. The traditional storage format for portfolios in education is paper-based, usually in folders, boxes, or three-ring binders hold papers, pictures, cassette tapes, larger containers and more. With an electronic portfolio, information can be stored digitally on a computer hard drive or some sort of removable media such as floppy disk, Zip disk, CD-ROM, etc. Documents can be stored in many digital formats such as text documents, pictures files, web pages, digital video and presentation files. This electronic information takes up very little physical space and is easily accessed. In an electronic portfolio one can easily add text, sound, pictures, graphics, and even video. A standards-based portfolio uses a database or hypertext links to clearly show the relationship between the standards or goals, artefacts and reflections. Electronic Portfolios are a creative means of organizing, summarizing, and sharing artefacts, information, and ideas about teaching and learning, along with personal and professional growth. A portfolio is a sampling of the breadth and depth of a person's work conveying the range of abilities, attitudes, experiences, and achievements. Learners can gain valuable computer skills while creating or editing parts of their own electronic portfolios. Often, the terms Electronic Portfolio and Digital Portfolio are used interchangeably; however there is a distinction: an Electronic Portfolio contains artefacts that may be in analog form, such as a video tape, or may be in computer- readable form; in a Digital Portfolio, all artefacts have been transformed into computer-readable form. An electronic portfolio is not a haphazard collection of artefacts (i.e., a digital scrapbook or a multimedia presentation) but rather a reflective tool that demonstrates growth over time. (Barrett, 2000). An ideal Electronic Portfolio should include the following: i. a brief biographical sketch ii. Include one‘s resume, copies of documents, licenses, tests, etc. iii. a description of the classes one has taught (in brief), include grade level iv. describe one‘s teaching philosophy, one‘s teaching style, and include why he or she teaches v. demonstrate one‘s continuing education and creativity vi. include copies of recent lesson or unit plans one has used with photos of class engaged in the activities; student papers, even a video clip in action, and photos of classroom vii. letters of commendation, evaluations, recognition or honours one has received
EQUIPMENTS FOR CREATING AN ELECTRONIC PORTFOLIO
To create an electronic portfolio the following equipments are required; i. A Computer works best with video input and output and with RAM. ii. A colour flat-bed scanner is the best choice. iii. A Digital Camera with close-focus adjustment (e.g. Cannon VizCam). It also allows one to capture video and take single frame pictures. iv. A Hand-held Digital Camera used at the time of a field trip, or out to recess. v. Multimedia Software Programme or Web Authoring Programme. Multimedia Software Programme used portfolios can be easily learnt and it allows the learner a great deal of flexibility. If one does not want or need a lot of multimedia features like sound and videos, may use a web authoring programme to create electronic portfolios. A web authoring programme changes the format of graphics so that they take up very little space, so portfolios would take up much less hard drive space. Once the portfolio is completed, it could be uploaded to the internet so that it could be shared with educators, friends, and relatives around the world.
REQUIREMENTS OF AN ELECTRONIC PORTFOLIO
An electronic portfolio should fulfil the following requirements; i. Each portfolio should be designed for electronic access on the web. ii. Each portfolio should include a table of contents and an opening narrative that highlights how one‘s portfolio meets the professional standards. iii. A personal statement of educational philosophy and a current resume are also the required elements for every portfolio. Seminar and class discussions, papers, and teaching experiences should assist the person in shaping the philosophy statement. iv. The portfolio should contain evidence of one‘s teaching and learning that represents one as a professional educator. Examples may include lesson and unit plans, digitized photos or video and audio clips, selfassessments or reflections, evaluations and assessments, professional development activities, class organization and management information, research, and the integration of interactive technologies into the classroom. v. Each piece of work or evidence should contain a caption, annotation, or shore narrative to explain how this piece connects to one‘s learning and the professional standards. The electronic portfolio is not an electronic scrapbook or a fancy multimedia presentation. One‘s portfolio should International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 08 August 2011 90 demonstrate that one has the knowledge, skills and perspectives to be an effective educator and that one is capable of translating pedagogical knowledge into practice. The portfolio should contain thoughtful responses about each item that connects with one‘s teaching philosophy in relation to professional standards.
MERITS OF WEB-BASED LEARNING
Web-Based Learning has the following advantages: i. Fosters meaning-making, discourse ii. Moves from knowledge transmission to learner-controlled systems iii. Provides for reciprocal teaching iv. Is learner-centered. Self-paced learning is possible in this method v. Encourages active participation, knowledge construction vi. Based on higher level thinking skills -- analysis, synthesis, and evaluation vii. Promotes active learning viii. Allows group collaboration and cooperative learning ix. Provides multiple levels of interaction x. Focuses on real-world, problem solving xi. More and recent information related to a topic can be accesses and delivered. xii. Updated information is available in the web sites. xiii. More information will be gathered in short duration of time. So energy and time will be saved. xiv. Abstract concept can be easily explained with the help of animation and graphics. xv. It can be used for increasing course delivery for a large number of clients at a particular point of time. xvi. Learners on- the- job are facilitated by it for own-time access and interaction. xvii. Instructional materials are already instructionally designed for wider use. xviii. Web-based instruction will be more effective at higher education and research level.
CONCLUSION
The World Wide Web has streamlined the communication process across the world. It is very useful for learners due to its ability to remove time and space barriers. It is more effective when combined with the synchronous media. This process is immensely useful for distant learners because it is highly interactive and cost effective. It is the easiest and the most popular way to access the internet. The web has also emerged as recent mode of instruction. Because of the E-mail, internet, World Wide Web (WWW) and easy access to remote database, the distance learner have new opportunities to find information at the press of a computer key. The web designers, educationists, cognitive psychologists and scientists are looking forward at how the instruction can be organized and presented effectively through web sits. Web courses are exciting and, if designed properly, can provide valuable and active learning experiences.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2131http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2131REFERENCES
1. ?Guiding Principles and Practices for the Design and Development of Effective Distance Education?, A Report of the Faculty Initiative Funded by a grant from the ATandT Foundation. Penn State University, 1997.
2. Barnard J. (1997), "The World Wide Web and higher education: The promise of virtual universities and online libraries," Educational Technology, volume 37, number 3, pp. 30-35,1997.
3. Barrett, Helen (2000, April). ?Create Your Own Electronic Portfolio?, Learning and Leading with Technology Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 14-21
4. Bromley, and M.W. Apple, (1998), Education/Technology/Power: Educational computing as a social practice. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1998.
5. Danielson, Charlotte; Abrutyn, Leslye (1997) ?An Introduction to Using Portfolios in the Classroom?, Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
6. Dede, D. (1996). ?The evolution of distance education: Emerging technologies and distributed learning?, The American Journal of Distance Education, 10(2), 4-36, 1996.
7. Edgerton, R., Hutchings, P. and Quinlan, K. (1991) The Teaching Portfolio: Capturing the Scholarship in Teaching. Washington, DC: The American Association for Higher Education.
8. Gandhe S.K. (1998), ?Distance Education: Role of New Technologies in the 21st Century?, University News, 36(33), pp.9-10, Aug.17, 1998.
9. Harasim L. M (1993), "Networked: Networks as social space," In: L.M. Harasim, (editor). Global networks: Computers and international communication. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 15-34, 1993.
10. Hartnell-Young, Elizabeth and Morriss, Maureen (1999). Digital Professional Portfolios for Change. Arlington Heights: Skylight Professional Development
11. Jaffee D. (1998), "Institutionalized resistance to asynchronous learning networks," Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, volume 2, number 2, 1998.
12. Johnstone and B. Krauth, 1996. "Balancing quality and access: Some principles of good practice for the virtual university," Change, volume 28, number 2, pp. 38-41, 1996.
13. Jonassen, D. Davidson, M. Collins, M. Campbell, J. and Hagg, B.B. (1995). ?Constructivism and computer-mediated communication?, The American Journal of Distance Education, 9(2), 7-26, 1995.
14. Kankaanranta, Marja, Barrett, Helen and Hartnell-Young, Elizabeth (2000), ?Exploring the use of electronic portfolios in international contexts?, Paper submitted to Ed-Media Conference.
15. Masie, E. (1997). ?Advice for designer of online learning -- think small? Technology for Learning, 1997.
16. Peter Seldin and Linda Annis, "The Teaching Portfolio." Teaching at UNL [Teaching and Learning Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln] Vol. 13, No. 2 (September 1991) 1-2,
17. Shulman, L. S. (1992) Portfolios for teacher education: A component of reflective teacher education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
18. Stone, B. (1998) Problems, Pitfalls and Benefits of Portfolios. Educator Education Quarterly25 (1),105-114.
19. Vavrus, L. G., and Collins, A. (1991) . Portfolios documentation and assessment center exercises: A marriage made for teacher assessment. Teacher Education Quarterly, 18 (3), 13-29
20. Wolfe, K. (1991). The school teachers‘ portfolio: Issues for design, implementation, and evaluation. Phi Delta Kappan, 73, 129- 136.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OPEN KINETIC AND CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN STRENGTHENING EXERCISE FOR LOWER LIMB EXTENSORS ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE IN ADOLESCENT MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
English92100B.SankarmaniEnglish V.SeetharamanEnglish J.MohanakrishnanEnglishBackground and Purpose: The purpose of this study was contribute towards the discrimination of the
effects of open kinetic and closed kinetic chain strengthening exercises. This study aims objectively to
evaluate the benefits of these training modalities and elucidate their effects.
Subjects and Methods: The participants were school basketball players with the average age of 16 years,
divided into two groups randomly to open kinetic and closed kinetic chain strengthening exercises.
Exercises were designed differently for each group and evaluated using vertical jump performance and
standing long jump.
Results: The results shows that closed kinetic chain exercise training were more effective than open
kinetic chain exercise training in improving the jumping performance for the basketball players. The
values of these subjects for closed kinetic chain exercises 3.46+0.956 and 3.66+1.19 when compare to
1.46+0.80 and 2.13+0.88 for open kinetic chain exercises in vertical jump and standing long jump
performance respectively measured in meters.
Conclusion: Closed kinetic chain exercises are more effective in training the individuals who require
jumping as a part of their sports activity and more useful in vertical jumping training which is important
for the basketball players.
EnglishClosed kinetic chain exercises, Open kinetic chain exercises, Vertical jump, and Standing long jump.INTRODUCTION
Open kinetic chain leg extension exercises have been the traditional means of strengthening of quadriceps muscle. Closed kinetic chain exercises appear to replicate functional task better, they promote function to a greater extent than Open kinetic chain exercises 1, 2. There is a considerable debate regarding the relative efficacy of open (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercise for increased strength and control of the knee muscles. In general, open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises are single joint movements that are performed in nonweight bearing with a free distal extremity. In contrast, CKC exercises are multi-joint movements performed in weight bearing or simulated weight bearing with a fixed distal extremity 3, 4. CKC has been argued to be more ?functional ?as it simulates he role of lower limb muscles in daily activities 5, 6. It has been argued that proprioceptive feedback differs between CKC and OKC tasks, perhaps due to compression from body mass in CKC8 and pressure under the foot7. Third, CKC exercise has been suggested to produce less shear force between the tibiofemoral joint surfaces as co-contraction of the hamstrings will counteract the anterior tibial shear force generated by the quadriceps9. Jumping is a form of locomotion familiar to man from childhood. It is used for various purposes ranging from a simple expression of joy or exuberance, for competition and of course as an integral part of sport. The significance of jumping in basketball players cannot be understated. The person is only as good as his jumping capacity as far as basketball is concerned. This necessitates the need of jumping training by the concerned coach. Jumping performance can be evaluated in two ways. 1. Vertical jump 2. Standing long jump Leaving the complex biomechanics behind, jumping can be stated as an activity, which primarily involves overcoming the inertia with co-ordination of various muscles contracting in unison to project oneself against the force of gravity. At the outset it should be emphasized that jumping is a wonderful example of closed kinetic chain performance. However individual muscle strength and flexibility are of primary importance when it comes for integrated performance that could be achieved better with open kinetic chain performance. Closed kinetic chain exercise produced significantly greater compression forces and increased muscular cocontraction at the same angles at which the open kinetic chain exercises producedmaximum shear forces and minimum muscular co-contraction10.
It should be noted that this study design doesn‘t have absolute control group as both groups have specific interventions. This goes with the objective of this study, which tries to compare the effects of Open Kinetic Chain and Closed Kinetic Chain exercise training. Study setting This study was conducted at Boys Sports Hostel, Coimbatore. The study was conducted with individual training lasting for six weeks. Sample The subjects were volunteers from the enrolled students of the Sports Hostel basketball team players. The 30 subjects were selected in a non-probability sampling basis and then assigned to 15 each for Group A and Group B in a randomized fashion after giving written consent for voluntary participation. Inclusion criteria: All basketball players of the boys‘ sports hostel who volunteered to participate in the study were included. The age group of the subjects is 15 – 17 male adolescents.
Exclusion criteria: Players who had recent injury or undergoing rehabilitation of previous injuries were excluded.
Outcome measures
The jumping performance was evaluated using two parameters. 1. Vertical jump performance 2. Standing long jump Vertical jump performance: The subjects were made to stand in sideways to the wall with the upper limb fully abducted, elbow, wrist and fingers are extended fully for maximum reach. The jumping performance is recorded by asking the subject to squat as much as possible with clear instruction that the degree of squatting should not exceed the point from which he can‘t optimally recoil. Dipping the middle finger in washable ink and opposing it with the wall on which the measurements are recorded. The subject is then asked to perform the best of his efforts. The performance is recorded as the best that is achieved in three jumps. Standing long jump: The subject is first explained to bend forward as much as possible from where he could jump forwards. The subject was emphasized that he doesn‘t take any step backward before jumping. The measurement is taken from the reference line to the tip of the first landed lower extremity hind foot. As like vertical jump, the best of three jumps are recorded. The subjects were allowed to perform the trial jump in order to understand the concept and to correct any errors. Both these parameters are considered as dependent variables which are highly influenced by the type of training. Training procedure GROUP I - Exercises for closed kinetic chain training [All with resistance accordance with DAPRE system of training (see appendix)] 1. Squat-up Exercises: Starting position: Stand with feet and shoulders wide apart. Movement: Lower the body to a full squatting position slowly and rise back slowly. The upper limb holds the weight as the resistance
2. Lunge Forwards:
Starting position: Subject stands in a walk standing position with one foot kept before the other one. Movement: The subject leans forward by flexing the knee and hip joints to about 90 degrees and bringing the body directly Above the leg that is kept forward. Resistance in the form of a barbell is given over the shoulder.
3. Step-up Exercises:
Starting position: Stand erect with the legs slightly apart in front of the three inches height block. Movement: The subject step-up in the block with one leg and bring the other leg up there by straighten both the legs. Repeat with the other leg to begin the step on and off the block. GROUP II - Exercises for open kinetic chain training [All with resistance accordance with DAPRE system of training]
1. Quadriceps table:
The subject sits on the quadriceps table with the leg stop is positioned at the appropriate position of the leg to provide resistance. The subjects are then asked to perform full range of extension with full control.
2. Calf strengthening Exercises:
The subject is positioned in prone lying, with knee in 90 degrees flexion and ankle in neutral. Weighted boots are then strapped to the person‘s and performs extension of ankle.
3. Hip strengthening Exercises:
The subject stands sideways to the multi-gym equipment such that the resistance string could be position so as to provide resistance to hip extension. Since the subject is standing erect and the block is positioned just above knee joint, it offers resistance to the hip extension in short lever.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on t-values calculated, the results are not consistent as shown by standard deviation of these subjects at 3.46 +0.956 and 3.66+1.19 of group I, when compared to the group II values of 1.46+0.80 and 2.13+0.88. The benefits of closed kinetic chain training versus open kinetic chain training concluded by the two pronged approach. Step-1: The first step is to find out the improvements between the groups which were established by using t-test. Based on tvalues calculated at 28 degrees of freedom the values shown that it is greater than the table values. This means that the closed kinetic chain training produces much greater improvements than the open kinetic chain training. Step-2: The second step is to ensure that even though, significant improvements are made by any particular modality of training, we make sure that there is not much of variations when their standard deviations are compared in a ratio. In short, we rule the possibility of inconsistent data by doing an F-test. The F-test values of V1 = 14 and V2 = 14 for PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2132http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2132REFERENCES
1. Palmitier RA, An K, Scott SG, ChaoEYS: Kinetic chain exercise in knee rehabilitation. Sports Med 11:402- 4 13, 1991.
2. Yack HJ, Collins CE, Whieldon TJ: Comparison of closed and open kinematic chain exercises in the ACL deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 21:49- 54, 1993.
3. Steindler A. Kinesiology of the Human Body under Normal and Pathological Conditions. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, p.63, 1977.
4. Ann-Katrina stensdotter, Paul w. Hodges, Rebecca Mellor: Quadriceps Activation in Closed and in Open Kinetic Chain Exercise: Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2043-2047, 2003
5. Augustsson, J., and R. Thomee. Ability of closed and open kinetic chain tests of muscular strength to assess functional performance. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 10:164–168, 2000.
6. Fitzgerald, G. K. Open versus closed kinetic chain exercise: issues in rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery. Phys. Ther. 77:1747–1754, 1997.
7. Kavounoudias, A., R. Roll, and J. P. Roll. The plantar sole is a dynamometric map for human balance control. Neuroreport9:3247–3252, 1998.
8. Kiefer, G., L. Forwell, J. Kramer, and T. L. Birmingham. Comparison of sitting and standing protocols for testing knee proprioception.Physiother. Can. 30–34. 1998.
9. Lutz, G. F., R. A. Palmitier, K. N. AN, and E. Y. S. Chao.Comparison of tibiofemoral joint forces during openkinetic-chain and closed-kinetic-chain exercises. J. Bone Joint Surg. Ser. A 75:732–739, 1993.
10. Escamilla, R. F., G. S. fleisig, N. zheng, S. W. Barrentine, K. E. Wilk and J. R. Andrews. Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises. Med. Sci. SportsExerc. 30:556–569, 1998.
11. Erik Witvrouw, Lieven Danneels, Damien Van Tiggelen, Tine Marieke Willems, Dirk Cambier, Open Versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises in Patellofemoral Pain A 5-Year Prospective Randomized Study Am. J. Sports Med. 32; 112, 2004.
12. Bakhtiary AH, Fatemi E. Open versus closed kinetic chain exercises for patellar chondromalacia. Br J Sports Med. 2008 Feb; 42(2):99-102.
13. Wen-Lan wui, Jia-Hroung wit, HwaiTing Lin, Gwo-Jaw wang. Biomechanical Analysis of the standing long jump. Biomed Eng Appl Basis Comm, 2003 (October): 15: 186-192.
14. Bennett JG, Stauber WT. Evaluation and treatment of anterior knee pain using eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 18:526-530, 1986.
15. Woodall W, Walsh J, A biomechanical basis for rehabilitation programs involving the patella femoral joint. J Orthop Sports Phys The: 11:535-542, 1990.
16. Prentice WE. Closed kinetic chain exercise. In: Prentice WE, ed.Rehabilitation Techniques in Sports Medicine. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1994:98-107.
17. Ashley CD, LW.Weiss.Vertical jump performance and selected physiological characteristics of women,J.Strength cond.res,1994:8:5-11
18. Kisner C, Lynn Allen C, Therapeutic Exercise, Foundations And Techniques, FA Davis Company, 2007, Page-125
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesSELECTIVE GENE SILENCING BY SMART DELIVERY OF NEWLY DESIGNED RNAI MATERIALS
English101109Yasuko KitagishiEnglish Hitomi YoshidaEnglish Naoko OkumuraEnglish Mutsumi MurakamiEnglish Yuri NishimuraEnglish Satoru MatsudaEnglishThe development of effective therapies for lethal diseases is highly desired. RNA interference (RNAi) is a
post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism preserved during evolution. Intriguing aspect of the RNAi
is its attractive potential therapeutic value, because of their ability to target any disease for which the
genetic basis is known. As the use of RNAi for gene manipulation-tool has been extensively studied,
RNAi technology has not only become a powerful tool for functional molecular biology, but also
represents a promising novel therapeutic option for treating deseases. In this review, we will describe
these studies that demonstrate the feasibility of using RNAi and discuss potential strategies for improving
gene silencing. We will also discuss the recent consideration and challenges of using RNAi based
technologies.
EnglishRNA interference, gene silencing, gene delivery, gene therapyINTRODUCTION RNA
interference (RNAi) has emerged as an effective method of silencing gene expression in a variety of organisms. This method become a powerful tool of studying the function of genes. The RNAi pathway is mediated through small non-coding double stranded RNA, termed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). An RNase III like enzyme known as Dicer processes double strand RNA into the siRNAs (1-3). The siRNA binds to homologous target mRNA, resulting in mRNA cleavage by RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). Due to the specificity of siRNAmediated mRNA cleavage, gene silencing via the RNAi pathway has also become an attractive method to target diseases (4). This is revolutionizing therapeutic target validation efforts. RNAi based therapy for cancer is one of the most progressing applications (5). Experimentally tested, effective targets are oncogenes or mutated anti-oncogenes, which are involved in cancer associated cellular pathways. Pathogenic viruses are also targets for RNAi, because they are unique in the host as exogenous sequences. Targeted gene silencing and virusspecific immunity against challenge with viruses have been obtained in shrimp by injection of long dsRNAs corresponding to sequences encoding viral structural proteins (6, 7). Successful use of an RNAi technique for gene knockdown in the symbiotic sea anemone has also been reported (8). Other therapeutically relevant fields are neurogenerative disease, metabolic disease, autoimmune diseases and dominant genetic disorders in a lot of species. The efficacy has highlighted a new therapeutic potential for various diseases. Actually, RNAi can be induced essentially by the following methods (Figure 1): i) cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA, which is chemically synthesized or in vitro transcribed; ii) nuclear delivery of gene expression vector that express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) driven by RNA polymerase III promoter, including U6, H1, 7SK, and tRNA promoters (9-11), or a pol II promoter such as cytomegalovirus; Viral delivery of the siRNA expression vector. However, widespread use of such beautiful approach is contingent on establishing appropriate systems to achieve clinically safe and efficiency. Now, there are many barriers to the ideal therapeutics.
What are obstacles along the way?
A major obstacle to applying RNAi in the clinic is the delivery. Administered siRNAs must get contact with the appropriate cells and following internalization, gain access to the cytosol where the RNAi machinery resides. This must be achieved so that silencing is effectively maximized, while minimizing any undesirable off-target effects (12, 13). Accordingly, siRNAs must be formulated so that they remain available for cellular uptake. In addition, they must be designed to resist degradation by nucleases. Naked siRNA is highly vulnerable to nucleases that render it ineffective. As an siRNA must circumvent such a large and diverse set of obstacles, the delivery system and siRNA formulation are very critical in the efficacy of RNAi based therapeutics. Effective in vivo delivery of siRNA has been therefore difficult. The transfer of DNA in gene therapy can also be achieved through viral systems, which show high efficacy, but have major limitations with regard to immunogenicity, risk of mutagenesis, large scale production and poor pharmacokinetics. However, systemic applications of virally delivered siRNA and related RNAi products are unlikely to be viable in the future, because of host immune responses on repeated delivery and ineffective targeting. Anyway, successful gene therapy requires safe and efficient delivery systems. Nonviral delivery systems are safe and easy to apply, but suffer from low transfection efficiency and transient gene expression (14). Although methods such as cationic polymers could enhance the gene transfection in vitro, the results of in vivo studies were still not so satisfactory. Targeting vectors have to overcome chemical and structural barriers to reach cells. Advanced targeted delivery as administration of antibody-based therapy results in hepatic sequestration of the antibody so that very little reaches the target tissues. Saturation of the RNAi machinery can also mediate unwanted effects. Overexpression of shRNA in mouse hepatocytes following intravenous infusion resulted in liver injury. High concentrations of siRNAs can disturb miRNA function (15). Furthermore, injection of multiple siRNAs can lead to competition for RISC resulting in less efficient silencing of one of the targeted genes (16). The duration of the response to treatment with siRNA will also have to be determined. In vitro, inactive nondividing cell siRNA treatment can have an effect that lasts up to 2 weeks, but in rapidly dividing cells, this effect may be as short as 24 to 48 h in duration. Nonviral vectors for delivering nucleic acid have improved dramatically in the last decade. Their activity is comparable with that of viral vectors in many cases. Their clinical development has also been accelerated recently. However, cationic lipids (Figure 2) and polymers induce a rapid increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (17, 18). Then, macrophages and other innate immune cells secrete inflammatory cytokines. In addition, siRNA often leads to off-target effects, a kind of unwanted toxicity (19).
Figuring out some way for improved gene delivery and RNAi materials Gene delivery
Gene silencing requires efficient uptake of siRNAs. Direct delivery of siRNAs critically relies on the protection of the instable siRNAs against degradation, efficient cellular internalization and correct subcellular localization and release of the siRNA from its formulation. Various systems for the delivery of unmodified or chemically modified siRNA molecules in vivo have been described. In a recent study, nanoparticles were synthesized to release siRNAs over several weeks (20, 21). These systems include the covalent conjugation to lipids, the covalent conjugation to peptides, aptamers or antibodies, the encapsulation in lipids, the complex formation with liposomes or the complex formation with cationic polymers. In addition to effective bioactivity, the absence of cytotoxicity is of major importance. Furthermore, siRNA formulations need to be highly biocompatible and must exhibit favourable profiles regarding pharmacokinetics. As the lipid reagent used in previous studies displayed some toxicity, an alternative method to deliver the siRNAs was needed. Naked siRNAs require chemical stabilization for in vivo use (22), have nonspecific biodistributions and require repeated dosages for more efficacy. It has been reported that siRNA uptake and gene-specific silencing at mucosal surface and lung occur by using unmodified siRNAs formulated in saline, delivered intranasally (23, 24). Modification of the siRNA sense strand by adding a cholesterol moiety results in siRNA uptake and silencing of the targeted gene. (25, 26) As injection of dsRNA is not possible in field conditions, oral delivery and uptake of dsRNA in the gut becomes critical. Oral delivery of siRNA knocking down the expression of target genes in whiteflies have been reported earlier. Several known barriers such as feeding physiology and behavioural factors determine the efficacy when given though the oral route (27). The stability might also differ as several digestive enzymes degrade part of siRNA and reduce its availability for gene silencing. An siRNA delivery vehicle that seems to overcome these limitations is a targeted cyclodextrin polymer system (28, 29). The three delivery components condense the siRNA within nanocomplexes and target them to receptors on target cells. One approach for the delivery of viral or nonviral DNA-based expression is plasmids encoding shRNAs which are processed to siRNAs (Figure 1). These plasmids have been developed with the aim of condensing DNA for protection against degradation and for good cellular uptake. In principle, the delivery of shRNA expression vectors can also be employed therapeutically in vivo. For analytical purposes, these plasmids can also be transfected by liposomal gene delivery agents, creating stable knockdown cell lines. Recently, in order to elevate the transfection efficiency of non-viral vector system, microbubble and the sonoporation inducted by ultrasound could be used to increase the uptake of plasmid DNA (30, 31). However,liposomal delivery agents have shown some successes in delivery to the liver but may carry with them unfavorable toxicity profiles. The cyclodextrin containing polycations (CDP) self-assemble to form colloidal particles, and their terminal imidazole groups assist in the intracellular trafficking and release of the nucleic acid. CDP protects the DNA/RNA from degradation so that chemical modification of the nucleic acid is unnecessary. The colloidal particles are stabilized by surface decoration with polyethylene glycol (PEG). (Figure 3) Some of the PEG chains contain targeting ligands for specific interactions with cell-surface receptors. To develop more novel, safe and more efficient systemic delivery systems, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), as a means of stimulating cell membrane permeabilisation for a purpose of transferring plasmid DNA or drug into cells, has been highlighted to offer advantage over viral technologies. When UTMD was combined with cationic polymers or liposome, the gene transfection efficiency had been markedly improved (32). RNAi meterials There are basically two strategies to induce RNAi. In the first, pre-synthesized siRNAs are introduced into target cells. The blunt end may activate signaling proteins and induce unwanted production of interferon by stress response pathways in this case, however, being more powerful, the 27nt siRNAs can be used in smaller doses, avoiding this effect. Various chemical modifications of siRNA also tend to limit this type of unwanted toxicity. Subsequently, plasmids expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) have been developed (Figure 1). Although siRNA and shRNA elicit comparable results in RNAi experiments, the use of shRNA expression vectors is more appealing with several advantages over chemically synthesized siRNA. For example, the use of plasmid to express shRNA is relatively inexpensive and has been shown to achieve long-term target gene suppression in cells. The efficient delivery and stable integration of these shRNA expression cassettes into the host genome can be efficiently achieved by using various systems. In addition, inducible or cellspecific gene silencing can be easily obtained in vivo by using a DNA-based shRNA vector (33, 34). Most constructs have used Pol III promoters, including U6, H1, which is small and simple, and easily inserted into viral vectors. The advantages of these promoters are that they direct high levels of shRNA expression, which in turn mediates highly efficacious silencing, however, exceedingly high levels of shRNA expression increases the probability of off-target silencing and elicit non-specific effects such as interferon response and cellular toxicity. Regarding the construction of shRNA vector, the most common strategy requires the synthesis, annealing, and ligation of two complementary oligonucleotides encoding a desired shRNA target sequence into an expression vector. Another strategy in constructing siRNA vector is PCR approach (35). But, the unreliability of this method is in part due to the errors in the synthesis of long oligonucleotides ( more than 50-mer). In mammalian cells, interferon-mediated antiviral response to long dsRNA (more than 30 bp) causes the shutdown of protein synthesis. Due to their short length, siRNAs are originally believed not to induce interferon-related responses. However, activation of immune responses via toll-like receptors and retinoic acid inducible gene-I by siRNAs has been reported (36). Some of these responses are sequence or structure dependent and can therefore be avoided. Chemical modification of siRNAs is routinely used to prevent induction of immune responses. 2′-O-methyl and 2′-fluoro substitutions effectively negate immune stimulation. Minimal alterations to the siRNA backbone are preferable to maintain silencing efficiency of the siRNA.
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE
RNAi has transitioned from a biological mechanism to a powerful technology and much progress has been made in developing RNAi based therapeutics. In general, the use of RNAi as a therapeutic tool is attractive and promising strategy for various diseases in many species. Although the effectiveness of RNAi is undoubted, there are limitations to exploiting the technology properly due to inefficient delivery. The therapeutic applicability and success of RNAi will largely depend on their efficient and safe in vivo delivery avoiding unwanted sideeffects. Still, the best strategy is to develop potent delivery formulation such that only a small dose is needed to silence the target gene for activity to be therapeutic. Toxicity would not be an issue at low doses. In addition, it will decrease the cost of application because both the materials and the formulation of delivery can be very expensive. To sufficiently address the issues, further studies in appropriate animal models are warranted. The RNAi might be useful to treat epidemics of viral disease, however, this seems to be unrealistic at present, as it would be impossibly expensive to make and deliver such a reagent to a large population of field species. Instead, making transgenic organism which express an anti-viral shRNA might be a feasible way to be resistant the virus, if possible. As promising novel technique for gene therapy, the future clinical application requires vigorous investigations of efficacy and discoveries in RNAi biology will continue to guide development of RNAi based therapies
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan and Nara Women's University Intramural Grant for Project Research. A part of the work had been implemented by having a grant provided by Yamada Bee Farm Grant for Honeybee Research.
Competing interests statement
The authors declared that no conflict of interest exists.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30TechnologyPERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARCTERISTICS OF C.I. ENGINE USING WASTE PLASTIC PYROLYSIS OIL- DIESEL BLENDS
English110118Rajesh Guntur English M.L.S. Deva Kumar English K. Vijaya Kumar ReddyEnglishOur country is facing the critical problem of fuel and energy deficiency. The fast depletion of
petroleum reserves in the world and frequent rise in prices of crude oil led to search for
alternative fuels. On the other hand, plastic waste has become a major element in garbage
which does not decompose naturally and causes very serious environmental problems. In this
context, pyrolysis of waste plastics is currently receiving renewed interest for getting the fuel.
The properties of the oil derived from pyrolysis of waste plastics were analyzed and
compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of
diesel. In the present work, waste plastic Pyrolysis oil was used as an alternate fuel in a C.I.
engine without any modification. The present investigation was to study the performance and
emission characteristics of a single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine run with
waste plastic pyrolysis oil-diesel blends. Brake thermal efficiency of the engine is less than
the diesel fuel operation at full load and higher at part loads. Unburned hydrocarbon and
Carbon dioxides were marginally higher than that of the diesel baseline. The toxic gas carbon
monoxide emission of waste plastic pyrolysis oil was higher than diesel.
EnglishDiesel engine, Waste plastic pyrolysis oil, Performance, Emissions1 INTRODUCTION
Waste plastics problem is an everincreasing menace for global environment. Because of durability, flexibility, and economy, a phenomenal rise is observed in the plastic consumer base. Throughout the world, research on waste plastics management is being carried out on warfooting. According to a nationwide survey, conducted in the year 2003, more than 15342.46 T of plastic waste is generated daily in our country, and only 40% by wt of the same is recycled, balance 60% by wt is not possible to dispose off [1,2]. Plastic waste contributes to the solid waste streams by about 8% - 15% by weight and twice that by Volume (GOI 1997). It is projected that annual postconsumer plastic waste will reach 5.6 million tons by the year 2008-2009. At these alarming levels of waste plastics generation, India needs to prepare a lot in recycling and disposing the waste. Several processes and means have been attempted to fight against these alarming levels of waste plastics generation. However each process has its drawbacks and economical, operational and financial limitations for practical implementation. A large proportion of sheeting materials and molded parts and stickers etc is left out by rag pickers. The small bags /molded parts are soiled and are difficult to identify. Also they have no value as feed stocks for recycle. These unutilized waste plastics remains uncollected and spread everywhere, littered in open drains or in garbage dumps, often resulting in choking of municipal sewers and storm water drains. Thus the balance 40 wt% gradually goes on accumulating, thereby leading to:
Serious environmental problems
Disposal problems
Wastage and non utilization of high energy material.
2 WASTE PLASTIC OIL IN MARINE DIESEL ENGINES The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its high compression ratio. Diesel engines are most preferred power plants due to their higher thermal efficiency, excellent and driveability. Despite their advantages, they emit high levels of NOx and smoke which will have an effect on human health. Hence, strict emission norms and the depletion of petroleum fuels have necessitated the search for alternate fuels for diesel engines. Application of Waste Plastic Disposals reduces the experimental heavy fuel oil viscosity. The results showed that waste plastic disposal oil when mixed with heavy oils reduces the viscosity significantly and improves the engine performance [3]. Although Oxides of Nitrogen(NOx) emission slightly increases, the emission of particulate matters (PM), dry soot (DS) and soluble organic fraction (SOF) decreases by half at the mixing ratio of 30 % by vol. The kind of plastic materials are HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, Nylon, Teflon, PS, ABS, and FRP.
3 PYROLYSIS
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating. The word is originally coined from the Greekderived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste
4 PROCESS TECHNOLOGY This process, involves Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at a temperature of 370ºC - 420ºC. The polymer is gently cracked by adding Catalyst and the gases are condensed in a series of condensers to give a low sulphur content distillate. All this happens continuously to convert the waste plastics into Fuel that can be used in Generators or as Furnace oil. The Catalyst used in this system will prevent formation of all the dioxins and Furans (Benzene ring) .All the gases are treated before it is let out in to atmosphere. The Flue Gas is treated through scrubbers and water/ chemical treatment is done for neutralization. The non- condensable gas goes through water before it is used for burning. Since the Plastics waste is processed about 370ºC - 420ºC and there is NO OXYGEN in the processing reactor, most of the Toxics are burnt. The flow chart of preparation of oil is shown in Figure 1
Products Obtained The main products of pyrolysis are oil, Hydrocarbon gas and carbon black. When waste plastic is used as raw material for pyrolysis plants, general input output ratio is shown in table 1and the properties of oil obtained are listed in Table 2
5 ENGINE TESTS
Engine Performance Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its assigned job, i.e., the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The degree of success is compared on the basis of the following
1. Specific fuel consumption
2. Break thermal efficiency
3. Exhaust emissions Specific fuel consumption is widely used to compare the performance of different engines. Brake thermal efficiency is the true indicator of the efficiency with which the thermodynamic input is converted into mechanical work. It also accounts for combustion efficiency. Exhaust emissions such as unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide oxygen etc, are nuisance for the environment.
6 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experimental setup of the test engine is shown in Figure 2. The specifications of the test engine are given in Table 3. Diesel engine is coupled to an alternator. The fuel consumption rate is measured on volumetric basis using a burette and a stopwatch. Chromel alumel thermocouple with a digital temperature indicator is used to measure the exhaust gas temperature. A four Gas Analyzer is used to measure the level of HC, CO2, CO, O2.
7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Three test fuels were used during experiments including neat 100 % diesel fuel and a blend of 10% and 30% with waste plastic pyrolysis oil by volume in the diesel. The tests were carried out for the above proportions of waste plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel. The engine was not modified in any way for use with waste plastic pyrolysis oil blends. The performance tests were conducted at 1500 rpm with loading of 0, 20,40,60,80 and 100 percent of rated power. The engine was operated for data collection with 5 minutes at each interval. The Performance was compared with pure diesel operation. The basic performance parameters such as specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were calculated and presented against load for all cases as shown in Figure 3 to Figure 5.exhaust emissions such as unburned hydro carbons, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide and oxygen were measured and plotted against load as shown in Figure 6 to Figure 10.
7.1Brake Specific Fuel Consumption The rate of fuel consumption divided by the rate of power production is termed as Brake specific fuel consumption. Brake specific fuel consumptions descend from lower to higher load conditions. It is related with brake thermal efficiency. At higher load conditions the brake thermal efficiency is decreased and brake specific fuel consumption increased. Figure 3 shows the variation of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) with load for WPPO 10, WPPO 30 and diesel oil. As the load increases, BSFC decreases for all fuel blends up to part load i.e.80 %, higher consumption at full load. The engine will consume more fuel with diesel waste plastic pyrolysis blended fuels than with neat diesel fuel to gain the same power output due to the lower calorific value of blended fuel.
7.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for WPPO-Diesel blends is shown in Figure 4. The brake thermal efficiency is lower for the WPPO-Diesel blends than diesel at full load. WPPO is a mixture of hydrocarbons varying from C10 to C30 having both low and heavy fractions with aromatics. Because of the changes in composition, viscosity, density and calorific value of WPPO-Diesel blends the brake thermal efficiencies of WPPO-Diesel blends are high at part loads.
7.3 Mechanical efficiency From Figure 5, it is clear that the mechanical efficiency of the engine increases with an increase in load under all operating conditions. On pure diesel mode at full load, the mechanical efficiency is found to be 67.5%. When operated with WPPO 10 the corresponding value is 69.3%, a rise of about 2.6 % is observed. At full load, the mechanical efficiency is 70.34 % with WPPO 30 and there is a raise of about 4.21%, which indicates that the engine produces more power as blend of the waste plastic pyrolysis oil is increased.
7.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature Figure 6 shows the variation of exhaust gas temperature with load for waste plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel blends. The results show that the exhaust gas temperature increased with load in all cases. Higher exhaust gas temperature in the case of WPPO compared to diesel is due to higher heat release rate. It may also be due to the oxygen content of the WPPO, which improves combustion. In the case of WPPO, the fuel spray becomes finer and effective combustion takes place.
7.5 Hydrocarbon emission The variation of hydrocarbons with load for tested fuels is shown in Figure 7. Hydrocarbon ranges from 25 ppm at low load to 33 ppm at full load for diesel fuel operation. For WPPO 10, it varies from 27 ppm to 32 ppm at full load. It can be observed that HC varies from 28 ppm at low load to 32 ppm at full load for WPPO 30. From the results, it can be noticed that the concentration of hydrocarbon of WPPO- Diesel blends is marginally higher than Diesel. When the WPPO- Diesel blends is injected and mixes with air, because of non-homogeneity of fuel air mixture some local spot in the combustion chamber will have mixture that will be too lean for proper combustion. In a combustion chamber some fuel spots may be too rich with insufficient oxygen to burn all the fuel. Hence, some local spots with rich and lean mixture would be available in the combustion chamber [5]. In fuel rich zones some fuel droplets do not react due to lack of oxygen and the combustion may be incomplete [6,7]. This is the reason for higher HC emission in the case of WPPO-Diesel blends compared to Diesel. At lower loads due to lean mixture, the hydrocarbon ranges of WPPO and Diesel is less while at higher loads due to higher quantity of fuel admission hydrocarbon.
7.6 Carbon monoxide The variation of carbon monoxide with brake power is depicted in Figure 8. Since, CI engines are operating with lean mixtures; the CO emission would be low when compared with SI engine. CO emission is toxic so it must be controlled. CO is an intermediate product in the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, so its emission results from incomplete combustion. Therefore, emission of CO is greatly dependent on the air fuel ratio relative to the stoichiometric proportions. Rich combustion invariably produces CO. The reason behind this increase of CO emission is incomplete combustion. The increase in CO emission at higher loads is due to higher fuel consumption.
7.7 Carbon dioxide As shown in Figure 9, it can be observed that the variation of carbon dioxide emission with load for Diesel and WPPODiesel operation. From the results, it is observed that the amount of CO2 produced while using WPO- Diesel blends is higher than Diesel at all load conditions. Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is a desirable byproduct that is produced when the carbon from the fuel is fully oxidized during the combustion process. As a general rule, the higher the carbon dioxide reading, the more efficient the engine is operating.
7.8 Oxygen The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for WPPO- Diesel blends is shown in Figure 10. It is clear that oxygen present in the exhaust gas decreases as the load increases. It is Obvious that due to improved combustion, the temperature in the combustion chamber can be expected to be higher and higher amount of oxygen is also present, leading to formation of higher quantity of NOx, in WPPO-Diesel blends. Oxygen (O2) readings provide a good indication of a lean running engine. Misfires typically cause high O2 output from the engine.
CONCLUSIONS From the tests conducted with waste plastic oil and diesel on a diesel engine, the following conclusions are arrived:
Part Load Thermal efficiency is higher than the diesel fuel operation
CO emission increased with waste plastic pyrolysis oil compared to diesel operation.
Unburnt hydrocarbon emission is higher than the diesel
Oxidation of fuel is good at part loads which results higher CO2 Waste plastic pyrolysis oil can be used alternate fuel to the diesel
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors sincerely thank Dr. Sadanand Dixit, sanjivani pytopharma Ltd for having supplied the fuel needed to conduct the experimental study. Dr. Smt. G. Prasanthi, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering for the support and promoting research activities during this project work.
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7. Jerzy Walendziewski. Engine fuel derived from waste plastics by thermal treatment. Journal of Fuel 2002;81:473-481.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THREE MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF CRANIOFACIAL DIVERGENCE. - AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY
English119128Aravind kumar .SEnglish Arun A.VEnglish RajaGopal .REnglishObjectives: To compare the Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter, anterior temporal
muscles and mentalis in different vertical facial types.
Materials and Methods:Clinical examination, cephalometric analysis, and Electromyographic
examination were performed in 60 volunteers ranging from 16 to 26 years old. The volunteers were
classified on the basis of their vertical facial characteristics into three groups— hyperdivergent,
normodivergent and hypodivergent—by the grouping analysis. The EMG records were obtained with four
different positions Postural rest position of the mandible ,Maximal voluntary clenching ,Maximal mouth
opening ,Swallowing The equipment used for EMG reading was grass polygraph and amplifier (Nicolet
Viking Vt, ) and amplified signals were simultaneously recorded on the paper (Hewlett Packard, CA).
Each direct EMG trace was converted to a mean voltage trace by an electronic averaging circuit
connected to the polygraph. The speed used for recording was 500 mm/s. At the beginning and the end of
each trace recording, Calibrating test and baseline recordings were performed.
Results:It was found that the highest mean amplitude was in Group I (416.6 + 97.1) followed by Group II
(389.5 + 61.3) and the lowest mean value was in Group III (374.6 + 38.4). Statistical analysis by one-way
ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between Group I, II and III for position ?P1‘ in
Muscle ?M1‘ (P=0.41). The statistical package SPSS (Statistical package for social science, version
4.0.1) was used for statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviation were estimated from the sample. The
tests that were used for the statistical analysis were One Way Anova, Multiple Range Test by Tukey-
HSD, Students ?T‘ Test.
Conclusion: In our study, the EMG revealed increased activity of masseter during clenching and
increased activity of mentalis during swallowing in hypodivergent group when compared with normo
divergentand hyperdivergent group. There was not much difference in muscle activity in the
hyperdivergent group.
EnglishElectromyographic (EMG) Activity, masseter, Anterior temporal Muscles ,mentalis,Cephalometric analysis.INTRODUCTION
Moss and Salentizin, hypothesized that human facial growth occurs as a response to functional needs and is mediated by soft tissue 1 . It is generally accepted that the shape of the face is RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THREE MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF CRANIOFACIAL DIVERGENCE. - AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY Aravind kumar .S1 , Arun A.V1 , RajaGopal .R1 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics , Saveetha Dental college and Hospitals,Velappanchavady, Chennai E-mail of corresponding author: dr.aravind.s@gmail.com International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 08 August 2011 120 determined by both genetic influences and local environmental factors. One of the most important environmental factors is masticatory muscle function. The function of oral and facial muscles is a multi disciplinary act of complex nature. Several studies have been conducted in the past to learn the characteristic nature of these muscles and their relationship to facial types. Electro myography [EMG] assessment of masticatory muscles have shown divergent results when individuals with different vertical facial growth are compared. Some authors have observed that the amplitude of EMG values in temporal2 3 4 and masseter2 4 6 muscles is always greater in short-faced individuals. While other authors have reported that, longer the face of an individual, the greater the EMG activity of the temporal muscle5 6. Still others report that this muscle activity does not present any correlation with vertical face morphology6 . On the other hand, there are studies that do not show differences in the EMG activity of the masseter muscle when comparing short-faced individuals to balanced or long faced individuals and when comparing normal individuals to hyperdivergent individuals.5 According to Farella et al7 and Cha et al, 5 the habitual activity of the masseter muscle does not seem to be influenced by the vertical craniofacial morphology. The studies done by Hans Pancherz proved a higher positive correlation in the EMG activity in maximum biting and chewing actions. Charles.H.Gibbs proved increased muscle activity when the teeth are in centric occlusion. Chong shan sai proved in habitual clench the mean and amplitude EMG value increases9 Keisuke Mujamoto, Yasuo Isizuka, Kazuo Tanne-Changes in Masseter muscle activity during orthodontic treatment evaluated by a 24-hour EMG system and proved there is a increase in EMG value during a meal10 . C.R.S gobbi et al 12reported a difference in EMG values of the temporal and masseter muscles in rest and relaxation of the jaws 11 Among the various functions that these muscles perform, clenching, opening and swallowing are the most frequent. Therefore most of the studies were done on these muscles. The masseter and temporalis muscles have an active role in accomplishing the above mentioned movements; however the action of mentalis muscle is of equal importance in the orthodontic point of view. It is mandatory for the orthodontist to have a thorough knowledge of the effect of these muscles in the two extreme facial types, which has an upper hand in the diagnosis, treatment planning and the success of treatment. With this in mind, this study was conducted to measure the intensity of muscle activity in the extreme facial types in comparison with patients of the normal facial type. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the three facial types i.e. hyperdivergent, hypodivergent and normodivergent by studying the muscle activities of Masseter, Temporalis and mentalis and correlating to the facial types.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty subjects were selected for this study. Of these, twenty were hyper divergent, twenty were hypo divergent and twenty were of the normodivergent growth pattern. The normodivergent group was considered as the control group. The subjects were selected from the age of 16 to 26 years. The cases were selected from the patients registered for treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. The examinations were conducted in accordance with the protocol approved by the Ethical Committee Research. The criteria used for selection were the Frankfort – horizontal plane and mandibular plane angle. If this angle was less than or equal to 20o , it was considered as low angle. Between 20-300 , it was considered as normal and above 30o was considered to be high International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 08 August 2011 121 angle. Twenty subjects were studied under each category. The subjects had not undergone any orthodontic treatment earlier and they had no history of any temperomandibular joint problems. Full complement of permanent dentition was present. These subjects were explained in detail of the procedure and a written informed consent was obtained. A detailed clinical examination of these patients was carried out and the history was obtained. For all the patients, models, Photographs, Lateral cephalogram and orthopantomogram were taken. The lateral Cephalogram was traced and depending on the measurements, the subjects were classified as hyper divergent, hypo divergent or normal. The patient was asked to relax and was explained about the procedure in detail to avoid wrong values due to anxiety. Prior to recording Electromyography (EMG) of the muscle, the patient is made to sit in an upright position. The patient was asked to shave if he is a male, as the presence of hair will inhibit the myoelectric stimulus to the muscle. Electrodes were placed on the motor centers using the key guidelines for anterior Temporalis, Masseter (AJO, 1999, O.P Kharbanda) and for Mentalis. The EMG readings were taken in the following positions of the mandible.
1. Postural rest position of the mandible
2. Maximal voluntary clenching
3. Maximal mouth opening
4. Swallowing
The equipment used for EMG reading was grass polygraph and amplifier (Nicolet Viking Vt, specify name of company of manufacture of EMG machine, place and country of manufacture) and amplified signals were simultaneously recorded on the paper (Hewlett Packard, CA). Each direct EMG trace was converted to a mean voltage trace by an electronic averaging circuit connected to the polygraph. The speed used for recording was 500 mm/s. At the beginning and the end of each trace recording, Calibrating test and baseline recordings were performed. The numerical values were obtained from the polygraph were tabulated for individual patients. The amplitude for every muscle (anterior Temporalis, Masseter and Mentalis) were measured by maximum peak calculated from the baseline and was represented by mill volts and the total number of peaks were calculated as the duration (ms). These parameters were taken into consideration for every muscle (M1, M2 and M3) and for all patients.
for Group I (P= 0.60) and Group III (P=0.039). In table 22 the mean amplitude in M1 (471.4+51.9) is significantly higher than the mean amplitude in M2 (397.3+ 52.9) and M3 (392.9+49.4) the P value is 0.05) for position P2 in Group II. Student‘s independent ttest (table24) showed the mean amplitude in Group II (471.4 + 51.9) is significantly higher than Group I (378.1+ 28.2) (P0.05).
DISCUSSION
Electromyography has been used for the past 50 years although recently it has become more prominent in the dental literature. The musculature participating in the movements of the jaw have been studied in normal individuals by use of electromyography. Deviations from this normal have been found in individuals resulting in malocclusion, methologic condition of the muscles themselves, chewing habits or malposition of individual teeth. Although most clinicians believe that clinical observation and cephalometry provide sufficient evidence for diagnosis and treatment planning, diagnosis will be incomplete without a reference to EMG data because the clinician has inadequate knowledge of the dynamic activity of the muscles portrayed on the cephalometric radiograph or clinical observation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the various patterns of EMG activity in subjects with different skeletal facial types. A strong correlation exists between craniofacial morphology and masticatory muscles activity during chewing, swallowing and clenching. To elucidate the relationship between masticatory muscle activity and facial morphology, it is necessary to analyze muscle activity over a period of time. Most investigators have used surface EMG primarily to describe the superficial muscle activity of temporalis and masseter muscles as these are the most important muscles of mastication and its perceived role in the control on mandibular movements. In this study temporalis, masseter and mentalis muscle activity was recorded with the help of surface electrodes using Nicolet Viking VT machine. The activity was recorded during postural, isometric clenching, swallowing and opening position12 . In our study, the EMG activity of masseter was active during clenching and mentalis was active during swallowing in hypodivergent group. There was not much difference in muscle activity in the hyperdivergent group. The Masseter muscle in hyperdivergent group showed no difference in comparision to the normodivergent group but there was a increased activity of this muscle in hypodivergent group during the clenching position. There was no difference in the activity of the muscle in other position in the same group. Radol Mirrals et al 13concluded that during the postural activity of the mandible, the masseter and temporalis showed very well expressed EMG activity Eiko Mushimoto14, Haruyasu Mitani.11(1982) Concluded that the chewing side Masseter muscle was predominantly active. J.C.Hickey, R.W. Stacy15 (1957)The authors have proved with the Electromyographic studies of Masseter and anterior Temporalis that there is a increased activity of these muscles in the closing action. Charles.H.Gibbs16 (1975)He proved that the Electromyographic activity of the Masseter muscles occurs when the jaws are closed with the teeth in centric occlusion during normal clenching and is longer in activity and less variability on the working side than on the non-working side. The temporalis muscle showed no difference in activity in the different facial types. The same can be confirmed from studies by Serrao et al 4 and Ueda et al6 , who reported significantly lower EMG values for temporal muscles for long faced individuals when compared to those with short faces. T.Mark Peterson et al did not reveal significant activity of EMG in both high and low angle cases. J.Mark Peterson, et al 17 (1983) Studied the relationship between the mandibular rest position in subjects with high and low mandibular plane. Electromyographic studies were done and no significant differences were observed for high and low angle groups. Hiroshi .M. Ueda et al7 (2000) Temporalis muscles activity presented no significant relationship with the craniofacial morphology. The mentalis muscle showed increased activity in swallowing in hypodivergent group. There was no obvious activity in the other facial types. In comparison to Ingervall and Thilander2 studies, it was found that that in hypodivergent individuals, the masseter and mentalis activity was highly significant whereas the temporalis did not reveal any significant changes. Hence, individuals with brachyfacial pattern can be expected to have a well expressed masseter and mentalis muscle activity. Hans Pancherz18 in his landmark study as well as Cha et al5 concluded that there was very minimal EMG activity of masseter and Temporalis muscle during clenching and swallowing, and there was no difference in the temporalis during clenching. In our study, the EMG activity of masseter was active during clenching and mentalis was active during swallowing in hypodivergent group. There was not much difference in muscle activity in the hyperdivergent group. During swallowing, only masseter revealed significant activity. There was no difference in the temporalis activity during maximal voluntary clenching. In our study, in postural activity for masseter and temporalis, No significant EMG activity was seen, but in clenching and swallowing in hypodivergent groups, masseter and mentalis were active. Temporalis muscle did not have any significant activity in any of the groups. Our study revealed that in low angle cases, the masseter is significant in clenching and mentalis is significant in swallowing. Temporalis was not significantly active in any mandibular movements. In the high angle cases, none of the muscle activity was significant compared to low angle and normal group.
CONCLUSION
Face is the index of mind and the oral cavity is the index of health and sound balance between the two is the key to success for any orthodontic treatment modality.Human facial growth and maintenance is a response to functional needs mediated by the soft tissue and maximum by the muscles of mastication, which holds the stomatognatic apparatus in fact. This study can be summarized stating that there is a strong correlation between craniofacial morphology and masticatory muscle during chewing, swallowing, maximal clenching and postural rest position. The maximum increase in the muscle activity was found for the hypodivergent group during swallowing and clenching for the masseter and mentalis muscle. Hence we can conclude that the bite opening modalities in any mode of appliance is always tough in brachyfacial patterns. As revealed in our study the masseter and the mentalis shows significant muscle activity during clenching and swallowing. It is always advisable to use special modalities for correcting and retaining skeletal deep bite in brachyfacial individuals. Further studies are advocated to demonstrate the muscle activity throughout the day i.e. over a 24hours period and also in abnormal craniofacial condition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Heartfully Thank Ms.Lakshmi.T ,Senior Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College for her valuable assistance in preparation of the Manuscript.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2135http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=21351. Moss, M.L., and SALENTIJN, L.: The Primary Role of Functional Matrices in Facial Growth, Amer J Orthodont 55:566- 577, 1969.
2. Ingervall B, Thilander B. Relation between facial morphology and activity of the masticatory muscles. J Oral Rehabil. 1974;1:131–147.
3. Ingervall B. Facial morphology and activity of temporal and lip muscles during swallowing and chewing. Angle Orthod.1976;46:372–380.
4. Serrao G, Sforza C, Dellavia C, Antinori M, Ferrario VF.Relation between vertical facial morphology and jaw muscle activity in healthy young men. Prog Orthod. 2003;4:45– 51.
5. Cha BK, Kim CH, Baek SH. Skeletal sagittal and vertical facial types and Electromyographic activity of masticatory muscle. Angle Orthod. 2007; 77:463–470. 6.
6.Ueda HM, Ishizuka Y, Miyamoto K, Morimoto N, Tanne K. Relationship between masticatory muscle activity and vertical craniofacial morphology. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:233–238.
7. Ueda HM, Miyamoto K, Saifuddin MD, Ishizuka Y, Tanne K. Masticatory muscle activity in children and adults with different facial types. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118:63–68.
8. Farella M, Bakke M, Michelotti A, Rapuano A, Martina R. Masseter thickness, endurance and exercise-induced pain in subjects with different vertical craniofacial morphology.Eur J Oral Sci. 2003;111:183– 188.
9. Farella M, Michelotti A, Carbone G, Gallo LM, Palla S, Martina R. Habitual daily masseter activity of subjects with different vertical craniofacial morphology. Eur J Oral Sci. 2005; 113:380–385.
10. Chong-Shan Shi, Guan Ouyang and Tian-wen Guo-Power spectral analysis of Electromyographic signal of masticatory muscles at rest position and habitual clench. - J.Proesthet.dent 1991;65:553-6.
11. Keisuke Mujamoto, Kenjiro Yamada, Yasuo Ishizuka, Noriaki Morimoto and Kazuo Tanne.- Masseter muscle activity during the whole day in young adults.- Am.J.Orthod.1996;110:394-8.
12. C.R.Sgobbi De Faria and F.BerzinElectromyographic study of the Temporalis, Masseter and suprahyoid muscles in the mandibular rest position. - J.of oral rehabilation 1998 25; 776-780.
13. Radolf Miralles, Toberto Hevia, Luis Contreras, Raul Carvajal, Ricardo Bull and Arturo Manns. - Patterns of Electromyographic activity in subjects with different skeletal facial types.-Angle orth 1991; 61 (4) 277-284.
14. Eiko Mushimoto, Haruyasu Mitani-Bilateral coordination pattern of masticatory muscle activities during chewing in normal subjectsJ.Proesthet.dent 1982; 48(2): 191-97
15. J.C.Hickey, R.W. Stacy and L.L.Rinear. - Electromyographic studies of mandibular muscles in basic jaw movements. - J.Proesthet.dent.1957; 7(4) 565-570
16. Charles.H.Gibbs-Electromyographic activity during the motionless period in chewingJ.Prosthet.dent 1975; 35-39.
17. J.Mark Peterson, J.D.Rugh, J.E.MclverMandibular rest position in subjects with high and low mandibular plane angles. - Am.J.Orthod. 1983; 318-320
18. Hans Pancherz-Activity of Temporalis and Masseter muscles in class II division I malocclusions. An EMG investigation. - Am.J.Orthod.1980; 679-688
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareGINGIVAL MMP and TIMP LEVELS IN CYCLOSPORINE AND TACROLIMUS TREATED RATS - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
English129143Sheeja S. VargheseEnglish Rajesh AEnglish Jayakumar NDEnglish Sankari MEnglish Padmalatha OEnglish Dare BJEnglishObjectives:Gingival overgrowth is an infrequent side effect with tacrolimus when compared to
cyclosporine. The exact mechanism underlying this is not fully understood. The study was aimed to
compare the collagen content, levels of MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in cyclosporine and tacrolimus
induced gingival overgrowth in rats.
Methods:A total of eighteen, 21 days old male wistar rats were assigned to three group of six each.
Group-1 (control) – Administration of olive oil daily, Group-2 – Administration of cyclosporine 30 mg /
kg body weight in olive oil, Group-3 – administration of tacrolimus 1.5 mg / kg body weight in olive oil.
Gingival tissues were collected after 30 days from incisor region and total collagen content was calculated
from hydroxyproline estimation. SDS-PAGE zymography was used to obtain zymogram profiles of
MMP-1 and MMP-2. Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the expression MMPs and TIMP-1.
ELISA was used to quantify the expression of MMPs and TIMP-1. Mean values were compared by oneway
ANOVA followed by Tukey-HSD procedure.
Results:Collagen content was significantly higher in Group-2 with no significant difference between
Groups-1 and 3. MMP-1, MMP-2 were significantly reduced in Group-2 but was significantly higher in
Group-3 compared to Group-1. TIMP-1 was highest in Group-2 but Group-3 also showed higher level
compared to Group-1.
Conclusion:Cyclosporine increases the collagen content and reduces MMP-1 and MMP-2 whereas
tacrolimus doesn‘t alter collagen content but increases MMP-1 and MMP-2 and cyclosporine increases
TIMP-1 more than in rats.
EnglishCyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Gingival overgrowth, MMP, TIMP, Collagen.INTRODUCTION
Drug- induced gingival overgrowth is an adverse effect associated principally with 3 types of drugs such as immunosuppressive agents, antiepileptics, and calcium channel blockers. Cyclosporine is a cyclic hydrophobic polypeptide widely used as an immunosuppressive drug that is especially effective in cell – mediated immune response. The side effects associated with cyclosporine A (CsA) therapy includes nephropathy, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, thromboembolic GINGIVAL MMP and TIMP LEVELS IN CYCLOSPORINE AND TACROLIMUS TREATED RATS - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Sheeja S. Varghese1 , Rajesh A1 , Jayakumar ND1 , Sankari M1 , Padmalatha O 1 , Dare BJ2 1Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai 2Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC) Saveetha University, Chennai E-mail of corresponding author: drsheeja@rediffmail.com International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 08 August 2011 130 complications, neurotoxicity, hypertrichosis, and gingival overgrowth (1-5). Gingival overgrowth is observed in 25% to 81% of patients undertaking CsA (6). Tacrolimus (formerly known as FK-506) was introduced as an immunosuppressive agent for use in organ transplantation in 1987. It has immunosuppressive capacity 100 times that of other immunosuppressive agents (7). Studies have reported that tacrolimus causes infrequently or lesser degree of gingival overgrowth when compared to cyclosporine (8- 12). CsA induced gingival overgrowth is caused by accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen in the gingival connective tissue compartment. Experimental investigations indicate interstitial collagen as the main target of CsA, and altered collagen degradation pathway seems to be responsible for this pathology (13-15). Collagen turnover is, in fact, very tightly regulated. Under physiological conditions there is dynamic balance between collagen synthesis and degradation, fine tuned by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) a family of proteolytic enzymes responsible for the remodeling of extracellular matrix (16-17). MMP activity is closely controlled by tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP). Any derangement of this mechanism will lead to gingival overgrowth. It has been reported that MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP -3 were significantly reduced in CsA induced gingival overgrowth in rats (13). The levels of TIMP-1 were significantly lower in cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth than in periodontaly healthy gingiva and there was no significant difference in the level of MMP-1 between the healthy gingiva and CsA induced gingival overgrowth (18). On the contrary another study reported that MMP-1 and MMP-2 were significantly reduced and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were increased but not at significant level in cultured fibroblast, when incubated with CsA (19). Gagliano et al. (20) analyzed the effect of tacrolimus (FK-506) on cultured human gingival fibroblasts and found that MMP-1 and MMP-2 mRNA levels rose significantly in tacrolimus treated fibroblasts compared to control and TIMP-1 levels were not significantly affected. The same author later reported that tacrolimus did not induce interstitial collagen over expression by cultured gingival fibroblast and induced upregulation of MMP protein levels (21). Only very few studies have compared the in vivo levels of MMPs between cyclosporine and tacrolimus induced gingival overgrowth. This experimental study was aimed to estimate and compare the levels of MMP-1, MMP-2 TIMP-1 and total collagen content between cyclosporine and tacrolimus induced gingival overgrowth in rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in the department of periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC), Saveetha University, and Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai. Ethical clearance was obtained from IAEC (Institutional Animal Ethical Committee) New Delhi, India. (IAEC no: Perio.001/07)
Experimental animals and their diet The experiment was performed using eighteen, 21 days old male wistar rats weighing 55 – 60 gm. The rats were housed in plastic bottomed cages using husk as bedding. The animals were subjected to normal atmospheric conditions at 21° c and subjected to the same regimen of lighting feeding and handling. Rodent diet in the form of pellets and drinking water was provided.
Experimental protocol Experiment was carried out with the assistance of person trained to handle experimental animals. The rats were randomly assigned to experimental groups of 6 rats each prior to the commencement of the experiment. Group 1- Administration of olive oil daily (CONTROLS) Group 2- Administration of CYCLOSPORINE 30 mg/kg of body weight in olive oil daily Group 3- Administration of TACROLIMUS 1.5 mg/ kg of body weight in olive oil.
Drug dosage and administration At the beginning and during the course of the study the rats were weighed and drug dosages were adjusted accordingly. The drug solutions were freshly prepared each day and administered by means of infant feeding tube (gastric feeding). The amount of drug was calculated according to the measured body weight of the rat. The drugs were administered for 30 days.
Collection of Gingival tissues Gingival tissues were collected after 30 days from upper and lower central incisor regions after sedation with ketamine. Immediately following excision the tissue specimens were stored at - 70° C until use. From the sample tissues collagen content was estimated from hydroxyproline content. MMPs and TIMP were extracted and SDS-PAGE zymography was used to obtain zymogram profiles of MMP-1 and MMP-2. Western blot analysis was performed to specifically confirm the expression of MMPs and TIMP-1. Further ELISA was used to quantify the levels of MMPs and TIMP-1.
Collagen Estimation: Total collagen content was calculated from hydroproxyproline content (Neuman RE and Logan MA) (22) as given below; Total Collagen = Total Hydroxyproline x 7.46
Hydroxyproline Estimation
Sample Preparation
Samples were taken in a test tube, Acetone was added and kept in refrigerator for 1 hr, and then acetone was allowed to evaporate and the dried tissue was weighed accurately. 2mg of dried tissue was then transferred to hydrolysis tubes containing 6N HCI, sealed and kept for hydrolysis at 110°C, for 24 hrs. The contents were then transferred to a petridish and kept in water bath for acid evaporation. This was repeated twice after addition of water and evaporated to dryness. To this water was added to about 4 ml and rinsed thoroughly and transferred to 5ml standard flask and made up to 5 ml. The reagents used were,
1. 0.01 M CuSO4 – 0.29 gms in 100 ml (Fresh)
2. 2.5 N NaOH – 20 gms in 200 ml
3. 6 % H2O2 – 15 ml in 75 ml (Fresh)
4. 3 N H2SO4 – 82 ml in 984 ml d. H2O 5. 5% PDAB –
5 g/100 ml of n-propanol (Fresh)
6. Stock Standard - 10mg – L hydroxyproline in 10 ml of 0.01 N HCI (mg/ml)
7. Standard – 1 ml of stock in 10 ml d. H20 (1 mg/10 ml) (use 2 µg – 50 µg
for standard curve)
Extraction of MMPs Frozen gingival tissues were allowed to thaw at room temperature. 30 mg (wet weight) of gingival tissues from each group were homogenized with Tris buffer (Saline – 0.9%, Tris – 0.05M, Triton X-100 – 0.25 % and CaCl2 - 0.02M) and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4° C. The resultant supernatant was separated and used for analysis.
Gelatine zymography The presence of MMP-1 and MMP-2 and TIMP- 1 in the tissue extracts were studied by gelatine Zymography using 10% SDS – PAGE containing 1 mg / ml gelatine under nonreducing conditions without prior boiling. After electrophoresis, gels were washed in 2.5% Triton X-100 for 1 h to remove SDS and allow the protein to denture, and subsequently immersed in a mixture containing Tris-HCI 50 mM/L (pH 7.5) and CaCl2 20 mM/L for 16 h at 37° C. The gels were then stained with 0.25% Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250/40% ethanol/10%acetic acid, and destained in 25% ethanol/8% acetic acid. Enzymatic activities were detected as clear bands of gelatine lysis against blue background. To measure the relative levels of MMPs, clear zones were scanned and analyzed by Multi – Image Gel Documentation system.
SDS – PAGE and Immunoblotting MMPS in the tissue extracts were separated in parallel with appropriate molecular weight markers using SDS-PAGE in 10% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel with 5% (w/v) stacking gel, and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250. For immunoblotting the proteins were separated by SDS – PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The membranes were incubated with anti MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP- 1 antibody (1:1000 dilution) raised in rabbit in 0.05M Tris-HCI, 0.2M NaCI, 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 7.4, followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphate conjugate (1:500 dilution in the same buffer) and stained with nitro blue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate reagent, according to the manufacturer‘s instruction.
ELISA
Procedure 50μ1 of each (MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1) antibody solution (20 μg/ml in phosphate buffer saline – PBS, pH 7.4) was loaded in the wells and incubated overnight at 4° C. After incubation the wells were washed twice with PBS. The wells were filled with blocking solution (3% BSA/ PBS) and incubated for 2 hours in humid atmosphere at room temperature. After incubation the wells were washed withPBS and 50μ1 of antigen solution was added to the wells. After 2 hours of incubation at humid atmosphere at room temperature, the wells were washed with PBS. 50μ1 of secondary antibody (1:1000) was added and incubated for 2 hours. After incubation the wells were washed with PBS and 200μ1of substrate solution was added and incubated overnight at 4° C. After incubation the plate was read at 492 nm.
Statistical Analysis Quantitative levels of collagen, MMP- 1 and 2 and TIMP-1 were statistically analyzed. Mean values were analyzed statistically by one way ANOVA to determine the existence of difference among the group and further pair wise comparisons of all the three groups were done by Tukey HSD procedure. PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2136http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=21361. Calne RY, Rolles K, White DJ, et al. Cyclosporine A initially as the only immunosuppressant in 34 recipients of Cadaveric organs: 32 kidneys, 2 pancreases and 2 livers. Lancet 1979;2:1033-1036.
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7. Jacobson P, Uberti J, Davis W, and Ratanatharathorn V. Tacrolimus: a new agent for prevention of graft versus host disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1998;22:217-225.
8. Adams CK, Famili P. A study of the effects of the drug FK 506 on gingival tissues. Transplant Proc 1991;23:3193-3194
9. Hernandez G, Arriba L, Lucas M, de Andres A. Reduction of severe gingival overgrowth in a kidney transplant patient by replacing cyclosporine A with tacrolimus. J Periodontol 2000;71:1630-1636.
10. James JA, Jamal S, Hull PS, et al. Tacrolimus is not associated with gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:848-852.
11. Ellis JS, Seymour RA, Taylor JJ, Thomason JM. Prevalence of gingival growth in transplantation patients immunosuppressed with tacrolimus. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:126-131.
12. Ashwin Prabhu and D.S. Mehta. A morphologic comparison of gingival changes influenced by cyclosporine and tacrolimus in rats: An experimental study. J Periodontol 2006;77:265-270.
13. Bolzani G, Della Coletta R, Junior HM. De Almeida, OP and Graner E. Cyclosporine A inhibits production and activity of matrix metalloproteinases by gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res. 2000;35:51-58
14. Kataoka M, Shimiza Y, Kunikivo K, Asahara Y, Yamashita K, Ninomiya M. Morisaki I, Ohsaki Y, Kido JI, and Nag T. Cyclosporin A decrees degradation of type I collagen in rat gingival overgrowth. Journal of cell physiology 2000;182:351-358.
15. Hyland PL, Traynor PS, Myrillas TT, Marley JJ, Linden GJ, Winter P. Leadbetter N, Cawston TE, and Irvia. The effects of cyclosporine on the collagenolytic activity of gingival fibroblast. J Periodontol 2003;74:437-445.
16. Woessner FJ. Matrix mettalloproteinases and their inhibitors in connective tissue remodeling. FASEB Journal 1991;5:2415- 2154.
17. Birkedal – Hansen H, Role of matrix metalloprotenaises in human periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1993;64:474-484.
18. Tuter, Serdar M, Yalim M, Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase -1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases – levels in gingival fibroblasts of cyclosporine A – treated patients. J Periodontol 2002;73:1273-1278.
19. Cotrim CR, De Andrate H, Martelli – Junior E. Graner JJ, Sauk, and RD Coletta. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in cyclosporine treated gingival fibroblast is regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF) – β 1 autocrine stimulation. J Periodontol 2002;73:1313-1322.
20. Gagliano N, Moscheni C, Dellavia C. Immunosuppression and gingival overgrowth: gene and protein expression profiles of collagen turnover in FK-506 – treated human gingival fibroblasts. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:167-173.
21. Gagliano N, Moscheni C, Tartaglia GM, Selleri S, Chiriva – internati M, Cobos E, Torri C, Costa F, Pettinari L, Gioi M. A therapeutic dose of FK-506 does not affect collagen turnover pathways in human gingival fibroblast. Transplant Proc 2008; Jun 40(5):1419-1424.
22. Neuman RE, Logan MA, The determination of collagen and elastin in tissues. J Biol Chem 1950;186:549-556
23. Nishikawa S, Nagata T, Oka T, Morisaki I, Ishida H. Pathogenesis of drug induced gingival overgrowth. A review of studies in the Rat model. J Periodontol 1996;67:463- 471.
]24. Fu E, Nieh S, Chang HL, and Wang SL. Dose-Dependant gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporine in Rats. J Periodontol 1995;66:594-598.
25. Shishido S, Asanuma H, Tajima E, et al, Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1066-8.
26. Spolidorio LC, Spolidorio DM, Holzhausen M, Nassar PO, Nassar CA. Effect of long term cyclosporine therapy on gingival of rats- analysis by stereological and biochemical estimation. Braz oral Res. 2005 Apr-Jun;19(2);112-118.
27. Schincaglia GP, Fornitif, Cavallini R, Piva R, Calura G, del senno L. Cyclosporine A increases type 1 pro collagen production and mRNA level in human gingival fibroblast in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med. 1992 Apr;21(4):181-185.
28. Gagliano N, Moscheni C, Dellavia C, Torri C, Stabellini G, Ferrario VF, Gioia M. Effect of cyclosporine A on human gingival fibroblast collagen turnover in relation to the development of gingival overgrowth: an in vitro study. Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 May;58(4):231-238.
29. Asan Y, Ihn H, Yamana K, Jinnin M, Mimura Y, Tamaki K. Differential effect of the immune suppressant FK 506 on human alpha 2(1) collagen gene expression and transforming growth factor signaling in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Apr;52(4); 1237- 1247.
30. Brew K, Dinakarpandian D, Nagase H. Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinases: evolution, structure, and function. Biochem Biophys Acta; 2000; 1477: 267-283.
31. Chiu HC, Lu YT, Tu HP, Chianq CY, Gau CH, Neih S, Fu E. Cyclosporine A inhibits the expression of membrane type I matrix metalloproteinases in gingiva. J Periodontal Res. 2009 Jun; 44(3):338-347.
32. Shibata Y, Takiguchi H, Abiko Y. Antisense oligonucleotide of TIMP-1 induces the plasminogen activator activity in periodontal cells. J Periodontol 1999;70:1158-1165.
33. Yamada H, Nishimura F, Naruishi K, et.al. Phenytoin and cyclosporine A suppress the expression of MMP-1, TIMP-1, and Cathepsin L, but not Cathepsin B in cultured gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2000;71:955-960. 34. Brown RS, Beaver WT, Bottomley WK. On the mechanism of drug induced gingival hyperplasia J Oral Pathol Med 1991;20:201-209.
35. Spencer CM, Goa KL, and Gillis JC. Tacrolimus. An update of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of organ transplantation. Drugs; 1997;54:925- 975.
36. Nassar CA, Nassar PO Andia DC, Guimaraes MR, Spolidorio LC. The effect of upto 240 days of tacrolimus therapy on gingival tissues of rats – a morphological evaluation. Oral Dis. 2008 Jan 14(1): 67 - 72.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareTHE ROLE OF HOME BASED VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PERIPHERAL VESTIBULAR DISORDER -A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRAIL
English144148Vaishali KEnglish Kishore Chandra PrasadEnglish JeganathanEnglish Sampth Chandra PrasadEnglishVertigo is defined as the illusory sensation of motion, either of the body or of the surrounding
environment, occurring while an individual is stationary. It is often associated with a feeling of spinning,
nausea, emesis and diaphoresis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the long term home based effect of
vestibular rehabilitation on activity of daily living in peripheral vestibular disorder. Method twenty
patients with chronic peripheral vestibular disorder were randomly assingned into two groups. Control
group(only medication) and experimental group (vestibular habituation). The patients were assessed
using VADL intially at the commencement of the study, at end of three months, six months and end of
twelve months for both the groups. Vestibular disorder Activity of Daily Living Scale (VADL) is is a 28
item, 10 point self administered scale of self perceived indepented in ADL. The scale has 3 subscales:
functional, ambulation, and instrumental Result: The mean age of 43.40 ± 16.84 were included in the
study. The total VADL and all the sub scores of VADL, functional, ambulatory and instrumental
showed a very highly significant change in the intervention group following treatment. Conclusion: The
activity of daily living improved following home based vestibular rehabilitation as compared to the
control group with only medication.
EnglishVestibular Rehabilitaton, Chronic vertigo, Dizziness, Vestibular disorder Activity of daily living, peripheral vestibular disease.INTRODUCTION
Vertigo is defined as the illusory sensation of motion, either of the body or of the surrounding environment, occurring while an individual is stationary. It is often associated with a feeling of spinning, nausea, emesis and diaphoresis.1 Vertigo can result from lesions in the inner ear; the deep paravertebral stretch receptors of the neck, the visual/vestibular interaction centres in the brainstem and cerebellum, and in the subjective sensation pathways of the thalamus or cortex.2 Lesions of the vestibular system may result in peripheral vertigo which includes vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere‘s disease, labyrinthitis.1The treatment is symptomatic with antivertiginous medication. The main intervention for chronic peripheral vertigo is vestibular rehabilitation.3 It involves various movement-based regimes. Components of vestibular rehabilitation involve learning to bring on the symptoms to ?desensitise‘ the vestibular system, learning to coordinate eye and head movements, improving balance and walking skills, learning about the
condition
and how to cope or become more active.4 There is very limited data to claim the home based, long term effect of vestibular rehabilitation in chronic peripheral vestibular disorders. The aim of the study is to evaluate the long term home based effect of vestibular rehabilitation on activity of daily living in peripheral vestibular disorder.
METHOD
The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee.This was a prospective study conducted in patients with uncompensated vestibular dysfunction as diagnosed by an Otolaryngologist, in a vertigo out patient clinic.The patients were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria – Patients with chronic peripheral vestibular vertigo of at least one year duration not cured by medications were included in the study with diagnosis of Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo, Labyrinthitis, Vestibular Neuronitis, Meniere‘s disease, local trauma. Exclusion criteria – Patients with vertigo due to middle ear causes like effusions, perilymphatic fistula, Otosclerosis and Mastoiditis were excluded from the study. Written informed consent was taken and were randomly assingned into two groups- control group(only medication) and experimental group (vestibular habituation). Pre treatment Vestibular disorder Activity of Daily Living scale(VADL) were taken.The control group patients took vestibular supressent medication.The intervention group were treated with vestibular habituation exercise. The intervention group attended during the first week, a series of vestibular habituation program for 30-45 minute sessions. Subsequesntly the patients were instructed to continue the same vestibular habituation for an year, once a day, at home independentaly. A audio cassette and written home exercise program was given.The patients were assessed intially at the commencement of the study, at end of three months, six months and end of twelve months for both the groups. The vestibular habituation exercises were Encourage vestibular adaptation by inducing retinal slip which includes X1 viewing paradigm (horizontal and vertical, Eye Head Exercise horizontal and vertical, Remembered target exercise) and X2 Viewing Paradigm. Exercise to encourage resetting of VOR gain at various head speeds were given given to improve the vestibulo-ocular system, Improve ability to utilize somatosensory & vestibular input for postural control were given. The control group were on vestibular labryrinthin sedative medication as prescribed by the otolaryngologist. At the end of one year, Vestibular disorder Activity of Daily Living Scale (VADL) was assessed.Vestibular disorder Activity of Daily Living scale (VADL) – This is a 28 item, 10 point self administered scale of self perceived indepented in ADL. It adressess 3 domains of occupation: basic self maintainance task, mobility skills and higher level or more socially complex tasks within and outside home. The VADL scale assesses the impact of vestibular impairment on everyday activities. The 28 items are grouped into three dimensions: functional (self-care andintimate activities), ambulation (walking and stair climbing), and instrumental (home management and leisure activities) The final scale has 3 subscales: functional, ambulation, and instrumental. It has good face validity, high internal consistency ( .90), and high test-retest reliability (rc 0.87). Scale ratings ranged from 1 (independent) to 10 (ceasing to participate in the activity).5 Data analysis were done using SPSS 13 version software. Vestibular disorder Activity of Daily Living scale (VADL) scales were analyzed using nonparametric test. Multiple comparisons with in the groups and between groups were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann-Whitney test respectively.
RESULTS
Twenty patients (7 males and 13 females) with a mean age of 43.40 ± 16.84 were included in the study. Through block randomisation they were divided into control and intervention group. The total VADL and the sub scores functional (p Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2137http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=21371. Raman Abrol, Vikas I Nehru, Y Venkataramana Prevalence and etiology of vertigo in adult rural population. Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery 2001; 53: 32-36.
2. Robert W Baloh. Vertigo. Lancet 1998;352:1841–46.
3. Oya Topuz et al. Efficacy of vestibular rehabilitation on chronic unilateral vestibular dysfunction. Clinical rehabilitation 2004; 18: 76-83.
4. Hillier SL, Hollohan V. Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction (Review) the Cochrane library 2008, issue 4:1-38.
5. Cohen HS, Kimball KT. Development of the vestibular disorders activities of daily living scale. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000; 126: 881-887.
6. Mira E. Improving the quality of life in patients with vestibular disorders: the role of medical treatments and physical rehabilitation. Int J Clin Pract, 2008; 62(1): 109-114.
7. Topuz O, Topuz B, Necdet NA. Efficacy of vestibular rehabilitation on chronic unilateral vestibular dysfunction. Clin Rehab 2004; 18: 76–83.
8. M.Igarashi Vestibular Compensation, an overview. Acta Otolaryngol (stockh) 1984; suppl. 406: 78-82.
9. Helen S Cohen, Kay T Kimball increased independence and decreased vertigo after vestibular rehabilitation Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 128: 60-70.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesENHANCED WORKPLACE CULTURE AND JOB SATISFACTION BY EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT -A STUDY
IN A MANUFACTURING UNIT
English149157C.Vijaya BanuEnglish V.Vijay AnandEnglish SalakshiEnglishHR practitioners believe that the engagement challenge has a lot to do with how employee feels about the
about work experience and how he or she is treated in the organization. Employee engagement is the thus
the level of commitment and involvement an employee has towards their organization and its values. An
engaged employee is aware of business Context, and works with colleagues to improve performance
within the job for the benefit of the organization. The organization must work to develop and nurture
engagement, which requires a two-way relationship between employer and employee. The Employee
engagement is a barometer that determines the association of a person with the organization. This article
emphasize the factors that determine the level of employee engagement and job satisfaction .
EnglishEmployee engagement, Involvement, Performance, Job satisfactionINTRODUCTION ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT
The Gallup Research group coined the term employee engagement, which means ?harnessing of Organizational members‘ selves to their work roles. In engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performances. The second related matter to engagement is the ?notion of Flow? advanced by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, "Flow" fits the notion of engagement better and defines flow as the ?state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience is so enjoyable that people will do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it.? Employee engagement is the thus the level of commitment and involvement an employee has towards their organization and its values. HR practitioners believe that the engagement challenge has a lot to do with how employee feels about the about work experience and how he or she is treated in the organization. Employee engagement is the thus the level of commitment and involvement an employee has towards their organization and its values An engaged employee is aware of business Context, and works with colleagues to improve performance within the job for the benefit of the organization. The organization must work to develop and nurture engagement, which requires a two-way relationship between employer and employee.‘ Thus Employee engagement is a barometer that determines the association of a person with the organization Finding and keeping the right people with the right skills presents a major challenge for organizations. Engaging those people to voluntarily deliver maximum effort in key strategic areas adds another dimension to the challenge. In engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performances. Employee engagement is a barometer that determines the association of a person with the organization. Three basic aspects of employee engagement according to the global studies are:
The employees and their own unique psychological make up and experience
The employers and their ability to create the conditions that promote employee Engagement.
Interaction between employees at all levels.
Thus it is the responsibility of the organization to create a favorable environment and culture to have a win-win equation. This article emphasizes the factors that determine the level of employee engagement from the perspective of - Job and role, Reward, Management and culture. It also study the impact of employee engagement factors towards four dimensions.
1. Understanding business context and focused to customers
2. Retention and great place to work
3. Corporate goal attainment and belief towards organization
4. Drive to work and overall performance Human resources challenges are great and toughest for any organization but ?employee engagement? helps the organization to retain the best talent and make them committed and loyal employees, which in turn create employer branding. Analysis of employee engagement has become vital in the current day industrial scenario. Measuring the employee engagement should be an integral part of the human resource department. The organization must work to develop and nurture engagement because, employee engagement is the thus the level of commitment and involvement an employee has towards their organization and its values. Thus Employee engagement is a barometer that determines the association of a person with the organization. This study highlight the level of employee engagement and also identified the factors that manifest employee engagement. The study has the following objective: To study the level of employee engagement and its impact on organization work culture. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 employees of Murugappa group of companies and it include of number of parameter relate to employee engagement
About Murugappa Group The Murugappa Group, headquartered at Chennai, India, is a USD 2.4 billion (Rs. 96 billion) conglomerate with interests in engineering, abrasives, fertilizers, finance, bio-products and plantations. It has 29 companies under its umbrella, of which six are listed and actively traded on the National Stock Exchange and the Bombay Stock Exchange. Together, they have over 32,000 employees. The Group's tie-ups with leading international companies, and has consolidated its status as one of the fastest growing diversified business houses in India. The business has its origins in 1900, when Dewan Bahadur a M Murugappa Chettiar established a money-lending and banking business in Burma (now Myanmar), which then spread to Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Vietnam. In these 100-plus years, it has withstood enormous vicissitudes, including strategically moving its assets back to India and restarting from scratch in the '30s, before the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II. Starting with a sandpaper plant, the Group forayed into making steel safes, and then into manufacturing. It set up an insurance company, and bought a rubber plantation; making a small but significant beginning. Today, it is one of the country's biggest industrial houses. Group turnover crossed the USD 1 billion mark in 2003-04; with an impressive growth of 25 per cent Carborundum Universal Ltd (CUMI) pioneered the manufacture of coated and bonded abrasives in India, besides super refractories, electro minerals, industrial ceramics and ceramic fibres. After half a century and more of undisputed market leadership in each of its businesses, CUMI is getting ready for its role as a global corporation.. The company was founded in 1954 as a tripartite collaboration between the Murugappa Group, Carborundum Inc, USA, and the Universal Grinding Wheel Co Ltd, UK.
With the global vision, CUMI is expanding its product spread. The company makes over 20,000 different varieties of abrasives, refractory products and electro minerals, manufactured at 14 locations. CUMI has the distinction of having all its manufacturing units ISO 9001: 2000 certified. State-of-theart facilities and strategic alliances with global partners have earned CUMI a reputation for quality and innovation. To increase productivity, it has introduced the concept of 'lean manufacturing' and implemented Six Sigma work practices. CUMI's global expansion has enlarged its customer base. CUMI today has a presence in 43 countries and also has 200,000 retail outlets.
study is pertaining to the level of employee engagement in the Corborundum Universal Limited, Thiruvottiyur. The level of involvement and commitment employees has towards their work has been viewed and the reason for employee engagement and the impact of employee engagement has been analyzed. Simple random sampling method was adopted to choose the sample. The number of employees in the organization is 300.The simple random sampling method was followed and 100 employees has been selected at random. Primary Data has been collected by means of questionnaire. The questionnaire comprises of 16 variables and that has been included for analyzing the level of employee engagement in Corborundum Universal Limited .It is given below and a model was developed (Figure: 1)
Job and role
1. Job satisfaction
2. Clarity of values
3. Level of stress
4. Performance based training
5. Communication
6. Cooperation
Reward
1. Fair treatment 2.
Pay and benefit
3. Opportunity to learn
4. Recognition
Management and culture
1. Equal opportunities
2. Health and safety
3. Workers participation
4. Mission of company
5. Conducive work environment
6. Fair and consistent.
RESULT AND ANALYSIS Employee engagement is a key driving force for organizational performance and work culture. It needs to be developed in every day along with business process. In 1994 service value chain model developed by Harvard Business School endorsed the importance employee engagement as ? Employee engagement create delighted customer? and that develop profit and growth oriented organization. The main concern for organization is employees who work for organization and they are supposed to be suitably engaged. Thackray, J. (2001) 13 The Gallup Organization, an international organizational research and consultancy firm with over 70 years‘ experience, conducts the most influential business survey of EE and brought EE to the notice of industry. The Gallup Organisation had rolled out its engagement survey to over 1.5 million employees, and more than 87,000 work units. The employee engagement survey was done with the above 16 variables and the reliability and internal consistency of the scales used in questionnaire have been tested using Cronbach Alpha and it is shown in Table: 1
The mean scores for the factor recognition (4.8077) has been ranked one, cooperation (4.7692) has been ranked as second, clarity of values (4.5192) as third. The pivotal job and role (i.e.) the possibility in the organization for improvement of performance and results will increase the employee engagement. The employee engagement level is the level of Job satisfaction, Clarity of values, Level of stress; Performance based training, Communication, Cooperation and the average mean scores are (Mean=3.2596.). The organizations that fail to improve the job and role are having a risk of losing the employees. Harter and et al (2002) 7 Employee engagement is a combination of individual involvement and satisfaction as well as enthusiasm for work. Mc Cashland (1999) 11 defined employee engagement or commitment as an emotional outcome to employee resulting from the critical components of the workplace Employees are contented with diverse things. Some have economic goal, some others have professional goal or personal goals. So the compensation plan should be designed in such way that it promotesengagement levels. The system should be fair and it should recognize employee contributions. The pay should also be in other forms like formal recognition, benefits etc. The components that determine the employee engagement level from the perspective of rewards includes fair treatment, pay and benefit, opportunity to learn, recognition and their mean score is (M =3.90865) The organization culture is the basic values and if employees have similar values the engagement level also increases. The level of employee engagement is determines by the variables equal opportunities, health and safety, workers participation, conducive Work environment, mission of company, fair and consistent and the mean score is (M=3.477583).The over all Cronbach Alpha coefficient for the 16 key factors determining the level of employee engagement is (0.757) stating that the items have relatively internal consistency. The reliability coefficient of 70 or higher is considered as ?acceptable‘ in most of social science research.
From the above table it is concluded that the F crit = 1.70 and it is greater than the Fobs= 0.942, Fobs= 0.524, Fobs= 0.669, Fobs= 1.209 respectively, and the "Sig." level is also greater than alpha and so the null hypothesis is accepted. It is clear that employee engagement factors has to be improved and it does not create any impact on the performance. William Khan (1990) 16 that employee engagement factors such as job involvement, commitment or intrinsic motivation, asserting focus the psychological expertise and shape the process of people presenting and absenting themselves during task performances. Harter, Schmidt & Hayes (2002) 7 described it as the individual‘s involvement and satisfaction with as well as enthusiasm for work. So the factors that increase the employee engagement with less mean scores job satisfaction (2.9615), Level of stress (1.3846) , Communication (2.3077 ) , Equal opportunities (2.5385) , Fair and consistent ( 2.9231) need to be improved to improve the employee engagement index.
CONCLUSION In world-class organizations, the ratio of engaged to actively disengaged employees is 9.57:1.In average organizations, the ratio of engaged to actively disengaged employees is 1.83:1.Employee engagement has emerged as a measure of employee commitment and in turn it will create a highly effective work environment. This paper highlights the employee engagement and its impact on organizational performance and work culture
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2138http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2138. Alan M. Saks, (2006) "Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement", Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 21 Iss: 7, pp.600 - 619
2. Davidson, Anthony W., (2010) Engagement and workgroup ,productivity,Ph.D., Capella University
3. Dugger, Darry B.,(2010) Investigation and evaluation of line leaders' perception and application of performance management interventions used to influence employee engagement, Ph.D., Capella University, 2010
4. Fred Luthans, Suzanne J. Peterson, (2002) "Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 21 Iss:
5, pp.376 – 387 5. Greengrove, Karyn (2008) Creating sustainable employee engagement strategies,, M.A., Royal Roads University (Canada),
6. Henryhand, Carla J., Ph.D., (2009)The effect of employee recognition and employee engagement on job satisfaction and intent to leave in the public sector, Capella University
7. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F.L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business- unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279.
8. Louison, Claura P., Ph.D.,( 2007) Convergent and discriminant validity of employee engagement, Alliant International University, San Diego,
9. Lanphear, S. (2004). Are Your Employees Highly Engaged? Credit Union Executive Newsletter, 19, 1-2. Credit Union National Association, US.
10. Maber, Trevor Barry, M.A.,(2006) Creating a great workplace: Exploring shared values and employee engagement through appreciative inquiry, Royal Roads University (Canada),
11. McCashland, C. R. (1999). Core Components of the service climate: Linkages to customer satisfaction and profitability. Dissertation Abstracts International US: Univ Microfilms International. 60(12-A), 89
12. Nanderam, Dave R., (2010) ,Corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: An exploratory case study,Ph.D., Capella University
13. Thackray, J. (2001). Feedback for Real. Gallup Management Journal 1, 1-5. The Gallup Organization
14. Winton, Steven L. , (2010)A model of employee engagement:Examining the mediational role of job attitudes and vigor, Saint Louis University, 2010 ,
15. Walton, Akil J.(2009) An examination of the relationship between employee engagement and organization profitability within European manufacturing unit, Ph.D., Capella University, 2009
16. William Khan (1990) The Academy of Management Journal ,1990 vol: 33,William Khan ,Bostan University,No:4 692-724 ,Academy of Management
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30TechnologyPERFORMANCE OF DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USSING R-404A TO REPLACE R-134A
English158163Abhishek TiwariEnglish R.C.GuptaEnglishIn this work, an experimental work was investigated on the R-404A which is eco friendly
refrigerant and has zero ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential than R-134a
used in a domestic refrigerator without any system reconstruction. The refrigerator performance
was then investigated using energy consumption test and freeze capacity test. The results indicate
that R-404A work normally and safely in the refrigerator. The refrigerator performance was better
than the pure R134a, thus R-404A refrigerant in domestic refrigerators is feasible and can replace
the R-134a.
EnglishDomestic refrigerator, Performance characteristics; R-404A, R134a, Energy savingINTRODUCTION
Refrigeration may be defined as the process to achieve and keep an enclosed space at a temperature lower than its surrounding temperature. This is done by continuous extraction of heat from the enclosed space whereas the temperature is below than that of the surrounding temperature. Most of the domestic refrigerators today are running based on the vapor compression refrigeration system. It is somewhat analogous to a reverse Rankine cycle. The vapor compression refrigeration system contains four main components which are compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator.
In response to the international protocol agreements many experimental and theoretical studies is been carried out to replace R-12 and R-134a from a domestic refrigeration system.Exergey analysis of R- 413A as a replacement of R-12 in domestic refrigeration system is done by MigyalPadillaet.al.[2010],12 tests is taken out [six for each refrigerant] evaporator temperature range is kept constant from [15 to -10o c].The performance of R-413A was better than the R-12.B.O.bolaji et.al[2010] reported the experimental study of R-152a and R-32 to replace R-134a in a domesticrefrigeration system, the pull down time by R-152a and R-134a achieved earlier than R-32,cop of R-152a was 4.7% higher than than the R-134a and cop of R-32 was 8.5% lower than the R-134a.Shengshan Bi et.al[2010] analysed the performance of domestic refrigerator by using nano refrigerants Tio2 with R-600a,the results showed that less power is consumed when nano refrigerant is mixed with R-600a and system performance was better when nano refrigerant is used miscibility of oil and compressor life is also increasedrefrigerants [R-290 and R-600a] with 50% component ratio to.ChingSong Jwo et.al[2008] reported the experimental investigation of hydrocarbon replace R-134a,they analysed that cop ofhydrocarbon refrigerant was higher than the R-134a,pwer is saved up to 4.4% and mass of refrigerant is reduced up to 40%.M Mohan Raj et.al[2008] reported the experimental study of R290/R- 600a mixture as an alternative to R-134a in domestic refrigeration system, refrigerant composed of R-290 and R-600a in a ratio of 45.2:54.8 by weight, overall performance was increasedmiscibility of oil is also increased with R290/R600a.M Fatouh et.al.[2006] assement of propane and commercial butane mixture as possible alternatives to replace R-134a from domestic refrigerator the performance characteristics of system predicted over a wide range of evaporator temperature[-35 to -10oc] and condensation temperature [40 to 60oc].finally the results confirmed that the propane/iso-butane/n-butane mixture with 60% propane is the best drop in replacement for R-134a in domestic refrigerator. MaoGang He et.al.[2004] reported the performance of mixing of the HFC152a/HFC125 in domestic refrigeration system. The theoretical performance showed that HFC 152a/HFC 125 mixtures in the composition of 0.85 mass fraction of HFC152a has same performance as with R- 12. Experimental system: The experimental domestic refrigerator was GL-195RL4 type manufactured by L G Electronics India Pvt.Ltd.,which was a single door multicontrolled refrigerator. 13 digital sensors and 2 pressure gauges were placed on the freezer compartment, fresh food storage compartment, and refrigeration system pipeline and detailed arrangement can be shown in fig.1,the power consumption was measured by a digital watt meter.
METHODOLOGY
Before starting the experiment leaks were checked with the help of soap solution. The refrigerator was first charged with 60 g of R134a and tested at the intended various conditions. The experiment was repeated for 80 g, 100 g and 120 g of R134a. Tests were carried out the same way with R404A refrigerants by following the same procedures. The tests with R134a were carried out so that they can be used for comparison purposes.
CONCLUSION
A. The average COP obtained using R404A is higher than that of R134a.
B. Discharge pressure of R404A is about the same with that of R134a,which means it has almost same miscibility of oil and compressor life.
C. R134a offers lowest energy consumption. The compressor consumes 4.0% and 3.2% less energy when R- 134a was used than when R-404A in the system, respectively.
D. The performance of R134a in the experimental refrigerator closely follows that of R404A. Generally, the system performed better with R404Aa than R134a . This shows that R-404A can be used as replacement refrigerant for R134a in domestic refrigerator.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2139http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=21391. Akash, B.A., Said, S.A., 2003. Assessment of LPG as a possible alternative to R-12 in domestic refrigerator. Energy Conversion Management 44, 381–388.
2. Arora, C.P., 2000. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd edition. Tata McGraw Hill publishing company limited, New Delhi.
3. B.O.Bolaji, University of agriculture, Nigeria,
.4. Calm, J.M., 2006. Comparative efficiencies and implications for greenhouse gas emissions.
5. Calm, J.M., Hourahan, G.C., 2001. Refrigerant data summery.
6. Choi, D.K., Domanski, P.A., Didion, D.A., 1996. Evaluation of flammable refrigerants for use in water-to-water residential heat pump.
7. Devotta, S., Asthana, S., Joshi, R., 2004. Challenges in recovery and recycling of refrigerants.
8. He, M.-G., Li, T.C., Liu, Z.-G., Zhang, Y., 2005. Testing of the mixing refrigerant HFC152a/HFC125 in domestic refrigerator.
9. M.Mohanraj et al., mahallingam college of engineering and technology, pollachi,india
10. Mohanraj, M., Jayaraj, S., Muraleedharan, C., 2007. Improved energy efficiency of a domestic refrigerator retrofitted with hydrocarbon refrigerant mixture HC290/HC600a) as drop in substitute. Energy for Sustainable Development 11, 29–33.
11. Yang, Z., Liu, B., Zhao, H., 2004. Experimental study of the inert effect of R134a and R227ea on explosion limits of the flammable refrigerants. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28, 557–563.
12. Calm, J.M., Hourahan, G.C., 2001. Refrigerant data summery. Engineering Systems 18, 74–88.
13. Sekhar, S.J., Lal, D.M., 2005. HFC134a/HC600a/HC290 mixture a retrofit for CFC12 systems. International Journal of Refrigeration 28, 735–743
14. Sekhar, S.J., Mohanlal, D., Renganarayanan, S., 2004. Improved energy efficiency for CFC domestic refrigerators retrofitted with ozone friendly HFC134a/HC refrigerant mixture.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30TechnologyREFRIGERANTS PROGRESSION IN ANALYSIS OF TWO STAGE CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM -A REVIEW
English164170Devanshu PyasiEnglish R.C. GuptaEnglishThe objective of this paper is to provide a literature review on analysis of Cascade Refrigeration
Systems using various working fluids (refrigerants) and to give useful guidelines regarding
background and operating principles of Cascade System. The recent interest and development of
two-circuit cascade systems are highlighted and principal aspects of the environmental pollution
by working fluids in Cascade refrigeration systems are reported. Thus, paper discussed one of
the crucial point of refrigerants selection which makes these systems more efficient from both
economical and environmental point of view.
Englishrefrigeration; cascade system; working fluids;1.INTRODUCTION
Cascade refrigeration system is a low temperature refrigeration system and is used for very low temperature range about (-40C to - 130C).At such low temperature simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRS) is not efficient due to very high compression ratio that further leads to high discharge problem and low volumetric efficiencies. Whereas cascade refrigeration is much efficient for such conditions. Cascade refrigeration cycle is nothing but simply a combination of two (VCRS) cycles named as low and high temperature circuit that are combined together by a cascade condenser. This cascade condenser unit act as evaporator for low temperature circuit and condenser for high temperature circuit, the low temperature circuit uses low boiling refrigerants such as R23, R744 etc and high temperature uses high boiling point refrigerants such as R717, R290, R404A, R1270, R410A etc. Various refrigerants have been analyzed in cascade refrigeration system among which few are CO2/Ammonia, Propane/CO2, 507A/R23, 404a/CO2 etc. Generally, two-circuit and rarely three-circuit cascade systems are used for low temperature refrigeration In the present study a critical review is discussed about analysis of two stage cascade refrigeration system with refrigerants progression in low and high temperature circuit.
2. Background and Operation Principles Of Cascade System. Two stage cascade refrigeration system is a combination of two vapor compression cycles which utilizes two different refrigerants. These systems employ two circuits namely a high temperature circuit (HTC) and a low temperature circuit (LTC). The primary refrigerant flows from low temperature circuit evaporator to compressor and condensed in cascade condenser which also acts as evaporator for high temperature circuit. The heat rejected from condenser of low temperature circuit is extracted by evaporator of high temperature circuit containing secondary refrigerant then this refrigerant get compressed in high stage compressor and finally condensed to atmosphere. The desired refrigerating effect is occurred from evaporator of low temperature circuit. The heat absorbed by the evaporator of the (LTC) plus the work input to the (LTC) compressor equals the heat absorbed by the evaporator of the (HTC). The temperature difference in cascade condenser is an important design parameter that decides the COP of the entire system.
3. Working fluids: In this section, the criteria for working fluid (refrigerant) selection for the Cascade refrigeration systems are provided. The choice of the appropriate working fluid (refrigerant) is one of the most important parts in the design of the Cascade refrigeration system. A commonly used refrigerant pair in the past has been R12 and R13 for the high pressure and low-pressure stages respectively in cascade system. But these refrigerants are now banned due to presence of chlorine in it which is ozone depleting. So ecofriendly refrigerants are most suitable for industrial applications related to food preservation, such as in supermarkets, cold storages, blast freezing etc. According to he rules and regulations developed by Kyoto protocol only those refrigerants are now permitted in refrigeration industry which are environmental friendly and have low global warming potential and ozone depleting potential. Natural refrigerants such as two-stage ammonia, carbon dioxide and various Hfc blends are mostly used to cater these rules and regulations. (Fig 3) lists some commonly used working fluids for analyzing in cascade refrigeration system. The following requirements should be met by the fluid: 1) The fluid should have a large latent heat of vaporization in order to minimize circulation rate per unit of cooling capacity. 2) The fluid pressure at the generator temperature should not be too high in order to minimize the power required by compressor. 3) The fluid should be chemically stable, nontoxic, non-explosive, non-corrosive, environmental friendly and low cost.
4. Environmental Effect: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), Global Warming Potential(GWP): The effects of refrigerants on the environment are well documented. Industrial refrigeration contributes both directly and indirectly to global warming. leakage of HFC refrigerants causes green house gas emission that destructs environmental stability These refrigerants have very high global warming potential with GWP‘s in excess of 1000. Many working fluids suggested in previous work for cascade refrigeration systems are now forbidden due to their environmental effect, such as R12, R13, or R23. New refrigerants are now studied, for example, R404a, R744, R290, R1270 and R717 etc. [Table 1] shows properties of few refrigerants that are being used in cascade system currently.
Another advantage of the cascade refrigeration system is the possibility of using a wide range of refrigerants with the system. In experimental and theoretical studies on an cascade refrigeration system, various refrigerants such as CO2, ammonia, R12, R23,R13, R290 etc were selected as working fluid . High-temperature circuit of a cascade refrigeration system can normally be charged with ammonia (R717), propane (R290), propylene (R1270), ethanol or R404A, whereas carbon dioxide (R744) may be used in the low-temperature circuit of the refrigeration system. Ammonia is a naturally available refrigerant with few application constraints such as toxicity and flammability the disadvantage of propylene, propane and ethanol is their high flammability. Refrigerants in cascade cycles such as R12, R13, R404a, R134a, is a low-pressure refrigerant having high molecular weight; producing a high mass ratio, good cascade efficiency and high compressibility factor which is relatively close to an ideal gas.
5. Literature Review: A large number of experimental and analytical studies regarding development of Cascade refrigeration systems occurred with the two stage system type. Several test rigs have been built and tested. Initially CFC refrigerants were used but due to environmental consideration these refrigerants were banned, then HCFC refrigerants were used for few more time and were also restricted. Subsequently, more environmentally friendly refrigerants were suggested, e.g. natural refrigerants, hydrocarbon refrigerant as well as HFC refrigerants.
Bhattacharya et al [1]. Analyzed the theoretical performance of cascade refrigeration system. Further the system has also been numerically optimized to obtain the maximum coefficient of performance of the system. Two refrigerants (R744 and R290) were taken in two circuits of system. For the theoretical analysis Temperature approached (AT),Overlap Temperature, isentropic efficiency of compressor were taken as parameters and it was found that R744 in (HT) side and R290 in (LT) side can offer a much larger temperature lift. The overall performance of the cascaded system remains invariant with the effectiveness of the propane cycle and increases when effectiveness of the HT cycle is increased. These refrigerants R744 in high temperature circuit and R290 in low temperature circuit used for simultaneous heating and cooling applications. Shing Lee et al [2] analyzed a cascade refrigeration system using R717/R744 as refrigerants to determine the optimal condensing temperature of cascade condenser, to maximize the COP and minimize the Exergy destruction of the system. The parameters considered in this study are evaporator temperature, condensing temperature and temperature difference in cascade condenser. Analysis shows that optimal condensing temperature of cascade condenser increases with condenser temperature (TC), evaporator temperature (TE) & temperature difference in cascade condenser (DT). Also the maximum COP increases with (Te) ,but decreases as (Tc) & (DT) increases.
Getu and Bansal [3] Analyzed a carbon dioxide–ammonia (R744–R717) cascade system thermodynamically to determine the optimum condensing temperature of R744 in the lowtemperature circuit and mass flow ratio, to find out the system maximum COP in terms of sub cooling, superheating, evaporating temperature, condensing temperature and temperature difference in the system‘s cascade condenser. Result conclude an increase of superheat increased mass flow rate but reduces COP of system also an increase in sub cooling increased both COP and mass flow ratio.
A. D. Parekh et al [4] I reported the analysis of cascade refrigeration system has been carried out using ozone friendly refrigerants pair R507A and R23. Here R507a is a blend of HFC refrigerant composing different refrigerant mixtures. A thermodynamic analysis of cascade system has been carried to optimize the design and operating parameters of the system. Results concluded that COP of the system increased from 0.7851 to 1.232 as low temperature circuit evaporator temperature (TE, LT) is varied from - 80 C to -50 C.
A. D. Parekh et al [5] In this work the thermal design of condenser (HTS), cascade condenser and evaporator (LTS) of cascade refrigeration system has been carried out using two HFC refrigerant pairs R404A-R508B and R410AR23. Results shows that the required heattransfer area of condenser and cascade condenser for R410A-R23 cascade system is lower than the R404A-R508B cascade system but heat transfer area of evaporator is similar for both the system.
Russmann and Kruse [6] (2006) have performed analysis of cascade refrigerating systems using N2O as refrigerant for the low temperature cascade stage and various natural refrigerants like ammonia, propane, propylene, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide itself for the high temperature stage the basis of the comparison was a conventional R23/R134acascade refrigerating system. This N2O system has nearly equal COP as a conventional R23/R134a-cascade refrigerating system
Dopazo et al [7]. They theoretically employed both exergy analysis and energy optimization, to determine the optimum condensing temperature of (R744) in the low-temperature circuit The analysis show that the COP increases 70% when the evaporator temperature (Tevap ) CO2 varies from (55 C to 30 C). As Tevap CO2 increases, the effect of other parameters on the COP also increases. COP diminishes 45% when the T Cond NH3 increases from (25C to 50 C) the exergetic efficiency decreases around 45% and 9% with the increases in condenser temperature (Tcond ) of NH3 and DT, respectively. Thus the CO2 evaporating temperature has to be as high as possible in order to obtain the highest COP and the NH3 condensing temperature has to be as low as possible to increase the COP to the maximum also for temperature differences in the cascade exchanger, and (DT) always show that for a lower (DT) a higher COP is obtained.
Dopazo et al [8] An Experimental evaluation of prototype of a cascade refrigeration system with CO2 and NH3 is done. Tests were performed fixing four CO2 evaporating temperatures (50, 45, 40 and 35 C). At each evaporating temperatures,(CO2) condensing temperature was varied from 17.5 to 7.5 C and an experimental optimum value of CO2 condensing temperature was determined. (Table 2) shows the validation results of experimental data with various theoretical analyses done by researchers.
A. D. Parekh et al [9] In present work the thermal design of condenser, cascade condenser and evaporator of R404A-R508B and R410A-R23 cascade refrigeration system is carried out. The comparison is made for heat transfer area of condenser (HTS), cascade condenser and evaporator (LTS) for both the systems. The effect of condenser and evaporator temperature on heat transfer area of condenser (HTS), cascade condenser and evaporator (LTS) are studied for both the systems
G.Nicola et al [10] A comparison analysis was done between results obtained in different temperature and pressure conditions, firstly the system was operated using R23 in the low-temperature circuit, then replacing this fluid with the refrigerant binary system R744-R744A. Results conclude that, it is possible to use the binary system R744-R744A to solve problems of the pure R744. Cascade cycle stability with blends of R744 would seem an attractive option for future tests.
Souvik Bhattacharyya, S. Bose, et al. [11] In this analysis two-stage cascade cycle has been performed and optimum intermediate temperature for maximum exergy have been found analytically. Results showed that at low values of Th simulation follows the theoretical plots, but at higher temperatures large deviation occurs and unexpectedly high exergy rate is obtained due to drastic variation in supercritical CO2 properties.
Alhamid et al [12] The thermodynamic energy and exergy analysis was conducted by taking propane as high circuit refrigerant and a mixture of CO2+N2O also known as ethane mixture were taken as low circuit refrigerant. a multi liner regression analysis was conducted to optimize various performance parameters such as COP, Optimum evaporating and condensing temperatures.
6. CONCLUSION
This paper describes a basic background and development on analysis of cascade refrigeration system with various refrigerants and optimizations conducted for such refrigerants. Large number of refrigerants has been analyzed in cascade system for determining the appropriate combination of refrigerants in both circuits of refrigerants however the trends shows natural refrigerants are gaining more importance due to environmental conditions few natural refrigerants such as ammonia, co2 are analyzed but there is still shortcomings in analysis of eco friendly refrigerants. Refrigerants including blends of natural refrigerants, Hfc refrigerants can be more widely adopted to fill this gap also the analysis process can involve more design and operating parameters such as effect of sub cooling and superheating should also be taken in account.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2140http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=21401. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. United Nations Environment programme (UNEP), (1987).
2. Stegmann, R. (2000), ?Low temperature refrigeration?. ASHRAE Journal 42(1), pp. 42–50.
3. Taylor, R. (2001), ?Carbon dioxidebased refrigerant systems?, ASHRAE Journal, pp. 22–27.
4. Taylor, R. (2001), ?Carbon dioxidebased refrigerant systems?, ASHRAE Journal, pp. 22–27.
5. Arora, C.P. (2002), ?Refrigeration and Air conditioning?, 2nd edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
6. Bhattacharyya, S., Mukhopadhyay. et al. (2005).Optimization of a CO2–C3H8 cascade system for refrigeration and heating. Int. J. Refrigeration 28, 1284– 1292.]
7. Wilson, I., Maier, D. (2006), ?Carbon dioxide for use as a refrigerant?, The University of Auckland.
8. T. Lee, C. Liu, T. Chen, Thermodynamic analysis of optimal condensing temperature of cascade– condenser in CO2/NH3 cascade refrigeration systems, International Journal of Refrigeration 29 (2006) 1100–1108
9. Bansal, P.K., Jain, S, (2007) Cascade systems: past, present, and future. ASHRAE Trans. 113 (1), 245–252
10. G. D .Nicola et al (2007) Cascade cycles operating with co2+n2o binary system as low temperature fluid ICR07-B2- 1293
11. Getu,H., Bansal, P., (2008). Thermodynamic analysis of an R744- R717 cascade refrigeration system. Int. J. Refrigeration.
12. Dopazo, J.A., Fernandez-Seara, et al. (2008). Theoretical analysis of a CO2eNH3 cascade refrigeration system for cooling applications at low temperatures. Appl. Thermal. Eng.
13. J. Alberto Dopazo et al (2010).Experimental evaluation of a cascade refrigeration system prototype with CO2 and NH3 for freezing process applications
14. A. D. Parekh and P. R. Tailor Thermodynamic Analysis of R507AR23 Cascade Refrigeration System. International Journal of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 6:1 2012
15. A. D. Parekh and P. R. Tailor Numerical Simulation of Heat Exchanger Area of R410A-R23 and R404A-R508B Cascade Refrigeration System at Various Evaporating and Condensing Temperature
16. A. D. Parekh and P. R. Tailor et al. Numerical Simulation of R410a-R23 and R404A-R508B Cascade Refrigeration System World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 70 2010
17. Souvik Bhattacharyya, S. Bose et al. Exergy maximization of cascade refrigeration cycles and its numerical verification for a transcritical CO2- C3H8 system
18. Getu, H.M., Bansal, P.K. Modeling and performance analysis of evaporators in frozen food supermarket display cabinets at low temperatures.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-524138EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareSPA IN INDIA: AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
English171174Virendra S LigadeEnglish D.SreedharEnglish Manthan.JEnglish Prashant .MEnglish Ajay.PEnglish N.UdupaEnglishThe objective of this paper is to provide a literature review on analysis of Cascade Refrigeration Systems using various working fluids (refrigerants) and to give useful guidelines regarding background and operating principles of Cascade System. The recent interest and development of two-circuit cascade systems are highlighted and principal aspects of the environmental pollution by working fluids in Cascade refrigeration systems are reported. Thus, paper discussed one of the crucial point of refrigerants selection which makes these systems more efficient from both economical and environmental point of view.
EnglishSpa, India, MarketINTRODUCTION
Spa is a treatment, where there is use of drinking waters, hot baths and natural vapor baths, as well as various kinds of mud and sand are applied for body treatment. The term Spa is derived from the name of the town of Spa, Belgium, whose name is known back to Roman times, when the location was called Aquae Spadanae, perhaps related to the Latin word "spargere" meaning to scatter, sprinkle or moisten. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric times. Such exercise has been popular worldwide, but is especially well-known in Europe and Japan. Taking bath in hot and cold springs so as to cure some ailment is not new to human beings. Many people around the world believed that bathing in a particular spring, well, or river resulted in physical and spiritual purification.
Forms of ritual purification existed among the native Americans, Persians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Today, ritual purification through water can be found in the religious ceremonies of Jews, Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, and Hindus. 1 Spa Types and Treatments: 2 In today’s modern era there are various types of spa with range of treatments as per customers need. Few of them are listed below.
Day Spa: In a day spa a cosmetic treatment is given for the hands and nails that usually involve shaping and polishing the fingernails, pushing back the cuticles, and treating a rough skin, and they also provide a cosmetic or medical care for the feet. Medical Spa: These are centers where Aurvedic massage therapy, aesthetic medical skin care, aesthetic surgery, use of cosmeceuticals, cosmetic dentistry, purification and holistic treatments are blended together seamlessly with the help of physician-directed team of licensed professionals combine years of expertise and training to help consumers look and feel best.3 Resort and Destination Spa: Today all major hotels and resorts across the country have a special section dedicated to spa treatments. These are centers were body massage is done by applying various aromatic oils. Spa treatments relax and rejuvenate with natural therapies and oils in a soothing environment.4
Global Spa market Scenario: Spa practices have been popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan and USA. The estimated size of the global spa market is US$ 60 billion, which has seen a 20 to 30 percent surge in the last few months.
Asian Spas: Favorite destination Asia has a rich cultural history. Asian spas have become increasingly popular in recent years. The popularity of Asian spas in the international market is causing greater demand for trained Asian spa personnel in the international market. Asian spas have proven to be a good source of income and a way of increasing GDP throughout Asia due to their unique characteristics in the global industry. The culture and local wisdom in Asia varies greatly from country to country. Spa culture also varies by its origin. For example, Shiatsu and Onzen spa culture from Japan; Chinese acupuncture, Reflexology, Tui-Na and Tai Chi from China, Ayurveda from India, and Traditional Thai Massage from Thailand.5
Indian Spa Market: Enormous potential ahead The spa industry in India has huge potential and has some unique development in recent years. Kerala, with its ayurvedic roots, has emerged as a sizzling destination for spa tourism. Other than Kerala, Maharashtra and North India had major growth witnessed In recent years. India is a powerhouse in the industry with its confluence of hightech medicine, traditional healing and an abundance of tourist attractions. Other than skin treatment and massages spas provides different therapies, such as reflexology, hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, and meditation which is very well-known among Indian consumers. By looking at the potential ahead some groups of companies are even planning to setup a chain of spas across country. Further to make industry more professional the concerned associations are trying to bring all spa community together to create an organized message of the significance of spa. According to RNCOS business research, the market is poised to grow at an estimated CAGR of around 30% (which is one of the highest among the beauty service market segments) during 2009-2012. The estimated market size of spas in India is US$ 384 million, with an estimated annual growth rate of 20 to 40 percent. The total numbers of spas in the country are about 2,300. The number of therapists required in the Indian spa industry is about 3, 00,000 by 2012.6 According to Assocham each foreigner visiting India during the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the estimated profits is expected around Rs 8 billion, mainly through spas. International visitors during games would spend Rs 10,000 to Rs 35,000 in spa treatments. It also estimates that the Indian spa industry will receive investment of $35 billion in the next 3-4 years.
Major Drivers and Challenges in Spa industry: 1. Large young consumer’s base: People under the age of 15-64 years constitute the consumer base for the spa market since this category react to the latest trends and fashions scenarios. The number of people under this particular age group is growing at a rapid pace and is forecasted to climb to about 790 million by 2015.
2. Life style of consumers: with increase in power of purchasing the consumers are more of aware of health and beauty. The reason for the demand for spa in India is greater access to television, which has created a growing awareness of the western world, greater product choice, availability and contribution of International beauty pageants. The demographic profile of spa industry is widening and extending to the males too.
3. Medical tourism: India will keep on to be a hot spot for medical tourists that seek travel services that incorporate diverse wellness packages, including those that couple medical procedures with spa indulgences, ayurvedic treatments or cultural immersion experiences. India occupies a unique and enviable position with a globally recognized and well-respected medical establishment generating Englishspeaking, highly qualified doctors.7
4. Entry of foreign players: More international investments are expected in day spas, as well as resort spas. International players are planning to open its specialty and day spas across the country—beginning with Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore. The companies are targeting major metropolitan areas as well as tourist destinations, in order to cater to both local consumers and international travelers. Additionally, domestic companies have recently taken over a chain of day spas demonstrating that international players are seeking entry into the Indian spa market.8
Challenges:
1. Lack of trained personnel: Some of the issues related to spa are Who should perform medical spa services? What services should be offered and how should they be regulated? In what environment should these services be provided?
2. Lack of regulations and standards: The Ministry of Health has decided to regulate the wellness industry. The government has invited suggestions from industry, consumer bodies and civil society. According experts with the spa industry growing at about 70% annually, regulatory guidelines will help spas distinguish themselves from day spas, medi-spas and salons which are mushrooming everywhere.9 Before deciding which Medi spa is right for you, it's important to verify all accreditation and licenses to be sure it's a legitimate operation and to be sure you're in good hands. And even it's critical that you know what type of insurance is in place to protect against financial loss should the unthinkable occur. Once you've checked the Med spa out for safety, you are all set to begin enjoying the wonderful range of medical services in the calming, recharging environment of a spa for rejuvenated and refreshed you.10
CONCLUSION
India may become a premier spa destination for multinational and National spa giants in coming years, as India is known for land of alternative therapies for fighting some diseases and stress. India has advantage over other countries because of its huge geographical area, diverse culture , rich knowledge Ayurveda, growing hospitality industry, increased tourism industry, younger population and awareness of well-begin among the society all these factors may contribute to this sector which may become a quite unique in future.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2141http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=21411. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa
2. http://www.reportbuyer.com/sam ples/5d7a1ab1f2d102c9b0d9dc52 5af38a92.pdf
3. http://www.expresshealthcare.in/ 200803/market23.shtml
4. http://ezinearticles.com/?SpaTreatments-in-India&id=478479
5. http://www.sarahorg.com/thaispa/Pata_Pattaya.pdf
6. http://www.dare.co.in/opportuniti es/health-wellness/essentials-forthe-spa-industry.htm
7. http://globalspaandwellness.blog spot.com/2009/02/2009-trendsfor-spas-in-india.html
8. http://www.gcimagazine.com/ma rketstrends/regions/bric/7842882. html?page=2
9. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.co m/india/Ministry-plans-toregulate-spas-invites-guidelinesfromindustry/articleshow/2931353.cm s
10. http://www.articlesnatch.com/Art icle/What-Is-A-Med-Spa--WhatServices-TheyOffer/1143575#ixzz0sPUZ7Ein