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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON PLATELET AGGREGATION BETWEEN
HEALTHY PERSONS AND ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE PATIENTS
English0512Shrimali LalitEnglish Khan Mohd.IqbalEnglish Patil RajkumarEnglish Agarwal LokeshEnglishAim of The Study:To find out the effect of physical exercise on platelet aggregation on normal
and Ischaemic Heart Disease patients.
Methodology:The present study was conducted on 50 male volunteers between the age of 40
to 60 years who were categorized in two groups of 25 each. Group 1 (n=25) Healthy group.
Group II (n=25) IHD group. Venous blood sample (4 ml) was collected before and at the end of
completion of stage III of Bruce protocol on the TMT and subjected for estimation of platelet
aggregation on ELVI-840 aggregometer and Omniscintro chart recorder.
Results:The effect of stress by Tread Mill Test (TMT) on platelet aggregation in normal
individuals was a significant (PEnglishIHD, TMT, ADP, CollagenINTRODUCTION
The burden of atherothrombotic vascular disease in patients and community is enormous. One way of reducing the burden is to reduce the platelet aggregation in people predisposed to such high risk. Platelets have been implicated as being pathophysiologically important in hypertension and ischemic heart diseases1 . Rheological factors also affect the platelet functions in many ways. It has been discovered that rheological factors mediate the binding of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) to platelets in vivo2 It is mostly dependent on mechanical force i.e. shear stress, which is defined as the force per unit area between laminae of blood. When the time averaged mean shear stress level in the arterial circuit reaches pathological level, as in stenosed arteries, it A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON PLATELET AGGREGATION BETWEEN HEALTHY PERSONS AND ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE PATIENTS Shrimali Lalit1 , Khan Mohd.Iqbal1 , Patil Rajkumar2 , Agarwal Lokesh2 1Department of General Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan 2Department of Community Medicine,Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry E-mail of Corresponding Author: drlalitshrimali@yahoo.co.in 6 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 results in thrombus formation. Prostacyclin derived from endothelial cells, inhibits shear-stress induced platelet thrombus formation on subendothelium2 . Many vessel wall factors also influences the thrombus formation such as vascular endothelium, collagen, insoluble vWF, fibrinogen, thrombospodin, laminin, fibronectin etc. Endothelium produces vasorelaxing and antiplatelet factor2 which in healthy conditions are known to increase with exercise3 . Atherosclerosis and the attending endothelial dysfunction may reduce the capacity of endothelial cells to release these products during exercise, thereby enhancing the platelet activating effect of shear4 . Moderate and sternous exercise is known to increase the platelet aggregation5,6 but even low grade exercise, too transiently enhances the whole blood platelet aggregability in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease(CAD). In contrast, the same degree of exercise does not significantly affect the platelet function in subjects without apparent CAD7 . To see the effect of stress on platelet aggregation in IHD patients,the study was planned.
MATERIAL AND METHODS The present study was conducted at Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital,Udaipur,Rajasthan. Total 50 male volunteers in age group of 40 to 60 years were categorized in two groups of 25 each: Group 1 (n=25) Healthy group, with no evidence of any non-communicable disease. Group II (n=25) Coronary Artery Disease group, known patients with documented IHD. Both the groups were matched for the age. All the participants were subjected to stress test on computerized treadmill so as to complete stage III of Bruce protocol to be eligible for the study. Informed written consent was obtained from the participants before the study. Inclusion criteria For Group I Healthy Persons: Persons with no history and evidence of any non communicable disease. For Group II CAD : Persons having documentation of old healed myocardial infarction.In ECG ST depression of > 2mm in consecutive leads with or without symptoms. In ECHO- Regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA). Positive TMT: Horizontal or down ST segment depression of > 1mm from previous level during TMT with or without symptoms. Junctional depression with slowly rising ST slope that remains depressed 1.5 mm or more than 0.80 m seconds after the J point. Slowly upsloping ST segment being depressed in excess of 2.5 mm, 80 m seconds after the J point. Downsloping or flat, ST segment depression in excess of 2.5 mm. Horizontal or Downsloping ST segment depression appearing during the first stage of exercise and/or persisting beyond 8 minutes in the recovery phase. Complex ventricular ectopic activity, including multiform ventricular or occurrence of ventricular fibrillation. Exclusion criteria Patients with liver disease, thyroid disease, stroke and those who were on antiplatelet agents or NSAIDS were excluded by history and relevant investigations. Similarly those who used to consume tobacco in any form were also be excluded from the study. 7 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 Stress Test The stress test was done by asking the volunteer to complete stage III of the Bruce protocol. Bruce multistage maximal treadmill protocol has 3 minute periods to allow achievement of a steady state before work load in increased. The speed of the treadmill is as followsStage Speed Stage I 2.8 Kms/hr Stage II 4.2 Kms/hr Stage III 5.7 Kms/hr Stage I has an elevation grade of 10 Percent, increasing by 2 percent for every stage. Study Protocol After an overnight fast, venous blood sample (4 ml) was collected without undue pressure from the selected patient. The patient after brief history, physical examination & written consent was subjected to the stress test. Another sample (4 ml) was collected at the end of completion of stage III of Bruce protocol the TMT. Both the blood samples were subjected for estimation of platelet aggregation on ELVI-840 aggregometer and Omniscintro chart recorder. Statistical Analysis Data were entered in SPSS software and analysed. T test was used to observe any difference between healthy and IHD patients.
RESULTS Table 1 shows the effect of stress (TMT) on platelet aggregation in normal individuals. There was a significant (PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2042http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20421. Conti C.R., Mehta J.L.: Acute Myocardial ischemia: Role of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, platelet activation, coronary vasospasm and altered arachidonic acid metabolism. Circulation 75 (suppl.l): V-84, 1987.
2. Michael H.K., Helluins J.D., Larry V., Mcintre Andrew 1 et al. 61.Platelets and shear stress. Blood 88: 1525, 1996.
3. Chow T.W., Hellums J.D., Moake J.L., Kroll M.H., Shear stress induced, von Willebrand factor involving platelet glycoprotein lb. initiates calcium: flux associated with aggregation. Blood 1:113, 1992.
4. Blevel T., Hellurns ID., Soli R.T.: The kinetics of platelet aggregation induced by fluid shearing stress. Microvas. Res 28: 279, 1984.
5. Wallen N.H., Hold C, Rahnguist N., Hjendah P: Effects of mental and physical stress on platelet function in patients with stable angina pectoris and healthy controls. Eur. Heart J.l8: 807, 1997.
6. Takule J., Hayashi .1., Hata Y., Nakahara K. and Ikeda Y.: Enhanced platelet aggregability under high stress after treadmill exercise in patients with effort angina. Thromb Haemost 75: 833, 1996.
7. Andreotti F., Lanza G.A., Sciahbasi A., Fischetti D., Sestits A., Cristofaro R.D. and Maseri A: Low grade exercise enhances platelet aggregability in patients with obstructive coronary disease independently of myocardial ischemia. Am . J cardiol 87: 16, 2001.
8. G.Gleerup, K.Winther. The effect of ageing on platelet function and fibrinolytic activity. Angiology 46: 715, 1995.
9. Warlow C.P., Ogston D. Effect of exercise on platelet count, adhesion and aggregation. Acta Haemat 52: 47, 1974.
10. Knudsen J.B., Brodthagen U. Gamsen J., Jardal R., Narregaard-Hansen K., Paulev P.E. Platelet function and fibrinolytic activity followed distance running. Scand J. Haematol 29: 425, 1982.
11. Mant M.J., Kappagoda C.T., Quinlan J. Lack of effect of exercise on platelet activation and platelet reactivity. J Appl physiol 57: 1333, 1984.
12. Winther K., Trap-Jensen J. The effect of exercise on platelet betaadrenoceptor function and platelet aggregation in healthy human ? volunteers. Clin phyo 8; 147, 1988.
13. Kestin A.S., Ellis P.A., Barhard M.R., Errichetti A. Rosner B.A., Michelson A.D., Circulation 88(Pt.1): 1502, 1993.
14. FitzGerald D.J., Roy L., Catella F., FitzGerald G.A. Platelet activation in unstable coronary disease. New Engl J .Med 315: 983; 1986.
15. Watts E.J. Haemostatic changes in long distance runners and their, relevance to the prevention of ische1nic heart disease. Blood coagul Fibrinolysis 2:221, 1991.
16. Beisiegel B, Treese N, Hafner G., Meyey J., Darius H. Increase in endogenous fibrinolysis and platelet activity during exercise in young volunteers. Agents Actions Suppl. 37, 183:1992.
17. Green L.H., Seroppian E., Handin R.I., platelet activation during exercise induced myocardial ischemia. N.Engl .1.Med 302(4): 193, 1980.
18. Moncade S, Gryglewski R., Bunting S., Vabe J.R. An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation. Nature 263,: 663, 1976.
19. Andreotti F., Sciahbasi A., De Marco E., Maseri A. Preinfarction angina and improved reperfusion of the infarct related artery. Thromb Haemost 82:68, 1999.
20. Piret A, Niset G., Depiesse E., Wyns W., Boeynaems J.M., Poortmans J., Degre S. Increased platelet aggregability and prostacyclin biosynthesis induced by intense physical exercise. Thromb Res 57: 685, 1990.
21. Wennmalm A., Fitzgerald G.A., Excretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 metabolites during leg exercise in humans. Am J.Physiol 225: H 15, 1988.
22. Diodati J.G., N.Dakak, D.M. Gilligan, A.A. Quyyumi. "Effect of atherosclerosis on endothelium dependent inhibition of platelet activation in human. Circulation, 98; 17, 1998.
23. Kishi Y., Ashikagea T. Numano F., Inhibition of platelet aggregation by prostacyclin is attenuated after exercise in patients with angina pectoris. Am Heart J., 123 : 291, 1992.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareA COMPARISON BETWEEN PERCEIVED STRESS IN PATIENT WITH PEPTIC ULCER AND CONTROL GROUP AND DETERMINING THE EFFICACY OF STRESS INOCULATION TRAINING AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN AMOL CITY OF IRAN
English1322Shohreh GhorbanshiroudiJavad KhalatbariEnglish Mohammad Ebrahim MaddahiEnglish Mina Salimi English Mohammad Mojtaba KeikhayfarzanehEnglish Fariba AbolghasemiEnglishThe role of stress in gastrointestinal diseases including peptic ulcer has been known since long
time ago. Recently some (such as Lazuras) believe that person‘s assessment and coping skills
have more important role than stress itself .
This research was designed to make a comparison between rates of perceived stress in teachers
with peptic ulcer vs those without peptic ulcer and determination of effectiveness of « Stress
Inoculation Training » program, on perceived stress in patients with peptic ulcer.
This was a cross-sectional study. Among 724 primary school teachers of Amol city, a sample of
300 people through «Cluster Sampling »was selected and among 43 people that had peptic
ulcer, two groups each included 15 people was choose , one group as case and the other as
control . Case group went on the program of « Inoculation Training against Stress ».
All sampling stages were randomized and the research design was pretest- posttest with control
group type. Perceived Stress was scaled by Interview and «Perceived Stress Scale – PSS » in
case and control groups before and after the execution of the procedure on the case group. PSS
is normalized in Iran, By Sepahvand and Guilani and Zamani. The results were analyzed by
ANCOVA and Independent.
The outcome of the study showed that:
- Rate of stress in patients with peptic ulcer was more than control group.
- Training of inoculation against stress was effective in reduction of perceived stress in patients
with peptic ulcer.
- There were no statistical meaningful differences between male vs female in mean perceived
stress scales.
This study showed that inoculation training program against stress in patients with peptic ulcer
can reduce perceived stress.
Englishperceived stress, stress inoculation training, peptic ulcer, stress in teachersINTRODUCTION
Since long before, the importance and impact of stressful life events in the psychological description of disease and health, was on the focus of consideration [1]. The more stress may result the higher possibility of impairment [2]. However, the way and amplitude of this role is still on debate [3], [4], [5] recently, the objective A COMPARISON BETWEEN PERCEIVED STRESS IN PATIENT WITH PEPTIC ULCER AND CONTROL GROUP AND DETERMINING THE EFFICACY OF STRESS INOCULATION TRAINING AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN AMOL CITY OF IRAN Shohreh Ghorbanshiroudi1 , Javad Khalatbari1 , Mohammad Ebrahim Maddahi2 , Mina Salimi 1 , Mohammad Mojtaba Keikhayfarzaneh3 , Fariba Abolghasemi1 1Department of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran 2 Shahed University, Department of Psychology, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Psychology, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran E-mail of Corresponding Author: s.shiroudi@toniau.ac.ir 14 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 measures of this relation is more on the focus of attention. In the newer points of view [6] the role of threatening situations associated with lack of necessary resources to deal with the situation is more crucial. The severity of perceived stress is one of the core models of health belief that based on learning theory of psychology [7], [8], [9]. Severity of perceived stress refers to person‘s belief on the acuity of stress. How high the amount and severity of perceived stress is, the possibility of reaction is higher [7].
There are three approaches about psychogenic stress concept: In the first approach that focused on environment and stress described as an event or strains of specific situations .events and situations that are threatening or harmful and produce tension as result , are called stressor[10],[11],[12] . In the second approach stress is considered as response and focused on person‘s reaction to stressors. From this point of view the tension that people feels, are called stress. The psychogenic and physical response to a stressor is called strains. In the third approach stress is a process that included stressors and strains too [6], [13], [1], [12].
Stress is a condition that is a result of interaction between person and environment and may cause an incoordinance in the necessities of a situation and biological, psychological and social resources of the person[1], [14],[6] . Four component of this introduction includes:
1. Stress reduces bio psychosocial power of the person for coping with effects of events and problematic situations.
2. Necessities for a situation refer to resources that are needed to coping to a stressful situation. For example having a powerful volition to reduce weight.
3. Whenever lack of balance between a situation necessities and the person resources is exist, the conflict comes up. This conflict can be due to lack of resources or lack of utilization of those resources.
4. Necessities, resources and conflicts are assessed in confrontation of environment. In Selye [15] definition stress is human general reaction to maladaptive and nonselective external events or in simple words disturbance in adaptive system and human body coping with external environment. He emphasized three phases in « General Adaptation Syndrome – G.A.S » [15] that include:
1. Alarm reaction
2. Resistance stage
3. Exhaustion stage Stress through nervous mechanisms mediated by neurotransmetters , endocrine reaction that mediated by hormones and also immune response that mediated by cellular and humeral immunity affect on the body[16]. Psychological and behavioral pattern of body reaction to stress refers to person reaction to stressor factors by utilizing of defense and confrontation mechanisms that finally make adaptation or maladaptation. Izeng (1988) and Oman(1993) relates the differences in the people sensitivity to stress to structural and cognitive processing differences . On the Oman opinion emotional fear is the subject that is response by flight or conscious avoidance. Prevention of these responses may result in anxiety.
Asadi Noghabi and colleagues divided stress symptoms to 5 groups: Physiological: dry mouth, sweating, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, obesity, dermatologic impairment, body pain [17].
Psychological: anger, fear, anxiety, depression, dysphasia, emotional instability, hopelessness Behavioral: insomnia , addiction to alcohol and substance , sexual problem Social: lack of communication Cognitive: decision making problem, memory and perception disturbance, concentration and judgment impairment Noghabi and colleagues (2007) have divided stressors to 2 groups: Biological: physiologic, pathologic, endocrine, hereditary and genetic, chemical Psychosocial: daily stressor factors, significant events, chronic stress [17]. Stress may affect the health directly (changing in physiology) or indirectly (by behavior). In the stressful situations people might behave so that the probability of making illness or being injured increases. Psychological factors by increasing secretion of acid may result in mucosal injury and finally ulcer in the stomach or duodenum.
Stress ulcers, are mucosal ulcers in the stomach and duodenum that follows some stressful events for instance burning, shock, septicemia, head trauma [18]. Digestive system ulcers may occur in the stomach or duodenum that is called peptic ulcer. Duodenal ulcer is more common than ulcer in the stomach [18]. Acute stress may cause physiological responses in some gastrointestinal organs. Stress can change the efficacy of superior esophageal sphincter and/or may reduce motility of anthrum of stomach that may result in nausea and vomiting [18]. Stress also in the small intestine may reduce functional motility and in the colon bioelectrical activity might increase under acute stress [18]. Affect of stress on small intestine and colon might be the responsible of intestinal symptoms of Irritable Bowel SyndromeIBS [19], [20]. Anxiety disorders may include physiological changes in the esophagus that can result in functional esophageal symptoms [21].Michenbaum have been proposed that modification of cognitive behavioral process may include three interwoven features:
1. Self – observation: observation of behavior by case him/herself
2. Beginning of new internal conversation
3. Learning of new skills Michnbaum have designed a three phase‘s model to training inoculation against stress: 1-Conceptual Phase : main focus is on the making a working relationship with the case. Establishing a therapeutic alliance between the case and therapist and training of problem solving routes is essential. Case will become alert of his/her role in the producing of stress. 2-Acquisition and rehearsal phase : emphases are on delivery of variety of behavioral and cognitive ways to execution in the stressful situations . As well as behavioral manner training (Relaxation, Social Skills, Time Management, Self Training), cognitive confrontation routs (survey on the adaptive and maladaptive behaviors and communication with internal conversation – self talking) are utilized. 3-application and follow through phase: focuses on transferring the modifications from therapeutic situation to real world. Emphases on self – talking and utilization of trained skills in the real life situations [22].
Training, practicing and application of trained subjects are essential contents of Michenbaum model . In a study on the married employees of Azad university of Tonekabon , « Inoculation Training Against Stress » was effective on reduction of marrietal conflics
on both men and women. In a research in China, there was a close association between fresh fruits and prepared foods intake with depression. They concluded that intervention through diet can be mixed with psychological preventive program among normal students of university [23]. In a study in Greece among telecommunication company employees, have been showed that negative affective states significantly can describe the association between stress and body pains [24] . In a research in the Austria, perceived stress and adaptation with it in adolescent was assessed and showed that there was a negative correlation between overcoming on stress with behavioral and affective problems. However, there were positive correlation between perceived stress and overcoming on it while utilizing maladaptive ways with coping problems, that in girls were stronger than in boys [25]. The correlation of perceived stress and function of the students are assessed on separate studies in Yazd,Iran [26], Tehran University [27], Amol, Iran [28] . All of them evaluate that its role was significant. The subject of a study in Medical Science University of Yasooj , Iran, was ways to confront to stress in patients with stomach and duodenal ulcer with the aim of determination and comparison of routs to confront to stress in these two diseases and control group was performed and concluded that people with disease utilizes the noneffective confrontation routs . Therefor , trying to modifying noneffective routs can be on the focus of attention to control the disease Relationship between life[29].
Stresses and digestive illness (peptic ulcer) was assessed in a study in Tabriz, Iran. In this study researchers have suggested the reduction of life stresses as a way to prevent the illness [30]. The efficacy of« Stress inhibition training – SIT» on decreasing of psychogenic pressure rate in female cancerous patients was assessed in a study in Razi Hospital in Rasht , Iran[31].In a study in Tehran ,Iran, Training the ways of confrontation to stress to parents of mental retarded children resulted in more satisfaction and less stress in them [32]. Training the strategies of confrontation to stress was effective on life satisfaction of spouses of Addicts. Assessed in a research in Kermanshah,Iran [33]. In the similar study it was effective on PTSD [34]. In a study in the Noor Hospital of Isfahan, Iran, application of confrontation routs to stress in patients that was under dialysis and had hypertension, affect on stress rate more than blood pressure[35].Training of problem solving skills and communication skill was effective on self steam of second level of high school girls in Lahijan,Iran[36]. Training of inoculation against stress had positive effect on quality of life of infertile women in Rasht,Iran [28]. Cognitive – Behavioral Therapy was effective on reduction of their depression and Anxiety [37]. Muscular relaxation and problem solving skills were effective on anxiety rate of high school girls students [38]. Perceived stress was effective on health quality of life in pregnant women in Makao,China. Sims , Gordon,Garcia, Mani, Campbell [23] ,in a study have showen a correlation between perceived stress and overeating. Nosek , Kennedy, Beyene , Taylor , Gilliss and Lee[39]in a study in North California found that severe perceived stress affect on the negative attitude to elderly and positive attitude to menopause was effective on menopausal symptoms . In a study on teachers there was an correlation between perceived stress and heart rate and gender differences was meaningful.
Burns,Carroll,Drayson,Whitham, and Ring[16]in a research found that there was a positive correlation between perceived stress and influenza incidence . In Taiwan , Chou, Avant,Kou, and Fetzer[40] showed that there was a correlation between severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and perceived stress that can be reduced by social support . In a survey in Midwest University, Reilly, Fitzpatrick and Faan[41], showed that there was a negative correlation between perceived stress and the sensation of belonging . In a study, Alfven,Ostberg,andHjern[42]the existence of a correlation between perceived stress and pain incidence in Sweden students was Shawn. In a study in Babol , Iran , an increase in salivary amylase enzyme in the condition of examination stress compared with post exam , was shown, [43] In a study in three hospital in the Babol and Sari , Iran , showed that Stressor events in patients with myocardial infarction was more than control group, [44].
METHOD
Sampling was cluster and randomized. Among all primary school teachers, 300 people, were selected as cluster sampling, among these people 73 people had perceived stress test higher than mean (26/605). From these, 43 people had peptic ulcer with approval of physician. Among them 30 people selected as random and divided in two equal groups each include 15 people. In order to make a comparison between patients with peptic ulcer and control group , among 43 people with peptic ulcer , 20 people was selected as random and among 257 people without peptic ulcer, 120 was selected as random, too. To compare perceived stress in men and women, among 178 female teachers, 90 people, and among 122 men teachers, 60 people all in random were selected. As sampling tool , Interview and «Perceived Stress Scale – PSS » that assesses perceived general stress during the last month and risk factors in behavioral disturbances , was applicator . This inventory have been already approved by Sepahvand,Guilani,Zamani [27]. This inventory has a questionnaire with 14 questions that each can receive scales of 0- 1-2-3-4, therefore final score may vary in the range of 0 to 56.
The inoculation against stress course for reduction of stress in patients with peptic ulcer performed through two and half month, based on weekly interval, each session 45 minutes, total 9 sessions. Order and amount of sessions and training subjects were included: 1st session: Rapport and Alliance and introduction to the rules of work 2nd session: Interactive component of stress and Reconceptualization 3rd session: Stress outcomes and relaxation training 4th and 5th session: Cognitive reconstruction
6th session: Problem Solving Training
7th session: Self - Direction Skills Training
8th session: Lack of Distractibility Training
9th session: Summation and providing systematized exposure to reality In this research inoculation training was independent variable, perceived stress is dependent variable and education , gender and age were control variables.
Findings (Data analysis )
For testing of first hypothesis, the effectiveness of inoculation against perceived stress on reduction of perceived stress in patients with peptic ulcer, at the beginning data of analysis of co – variance (ANCOVA) was assessed.
As shown in table 5 the equality of perceived stress score of men and women was accepted (p=0.63 > 0.05). Data gathered from completed inventories before and after inoculation training procedures against perceived stress for reduction it, were used to analysis by SPSS [45] from many different features. The Accuracy of three designed hypothesis were tested.
DISCUSSION
This research performed with three hypotheses: First, inoculation against perceived stress training is effective on diagnostic symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. Survey and analysis of hypothesis showed that the mean crude scores in stress inventory in case group after execution of training inoculation against perceived stress (posttest results) , in comparison with pretest , were decreased . This finding had similarity to other researches in literature. Second, perceived stress in teachers with peptic ulcer is different from those without peptic ulcer. Findings showed that mean perceived stress in teachers with peptic ulcer was statistically meaningful higher than those without peptic ulcer. This finding had similarity to findings of other researchers in the most studies in the world. Third, perceived stress in men vs women teachers are different. Considering the equality of means in two independent groups in perceived stress test, was not approved. This finding was different from the findings of other researchers. Limitations: Absence of follow up of cases was among limitations. Considering that acceptance and application of new skills need time, probably data from follow up could approve the research findings [22]. Another limitation was cases falling down; however researcher had her best struggle to conserve them. RESEARCH SUGGESTIONS - In the future researches consider the time to follow up the findings. - Training of these skills on community is considered as a necessity. - The role of financial problems as a stressor in teachers, in the future researches, could be considered. - In the future researches pay more attention to behavioral assessments and by using the behavioral lists that measure correlation of negative and positive interactions evaluation during therapy performs.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesTIME TRUNCATED GROUP ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PLANS FOR LIFETIME PERCENTILES UNDER
GENERALIZED LOG-LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTIONS
English2335Muhammad AslamEnglish Muhammad ShoaibEnglish Chi-Hyuck JunEnglish Nadia SaeedEnglishA group acceptance sampling plan is considered for a truncated life test when a multiple
number of items as a group can be tested simultaneously in a tester. Group acceptance sampling
plans under the truncated life test are designed for lifetime percentiles when the lifetime of a
product follows the generalized log-logistic distribution or the Burr type XII distribution. The
design parameters such as the number of groups and the acceptance number required are
determined by satisfying the consumer‘s risk and producer‘s risk at the specified quality levels,
while the number of testers and the termination time are specified. The comparison between the
distributions is given using the percentiles life of the products. The results are discussed with
real life industrial examples. The extensive tables and graphs are given to explain the procedure
developed under the generalized log-logistic distribution or the Burr type XII distribution.
EnglishGeneralized log-logistic distribution, Burr type XII distribution, Percentile, Consumer‘s risk, producer‘s risk, truncated life test1. INTRODUCTION
In practice, it is difficult to test the complete life time of every item from a large lot due to the cost and the time required for the inspection. So, the decision about the acceptance or rejection of submitted lots should be based on sampled items selected from the lot. The single acceptance sampling plan is often adopted in laboratory for the life test purpose due to its simplicity. In this sampling scheme, the capacity to install items on a tester is limited to one. Therefore, the experimenter needs the number of testers equal to the number of items selected from the lot. Obviously, installing a single item to a single tester requires lots of efforts, time, and cost. Saving these resources including cost and time is an important issue in life testing. The cost and the time are the factor which is directly related to the number of items selected from a lot. The larger the sample size the larger the producer‘s loss. Therefore, researchers have been trying to propose or improve the sampling plan to require smaller sample size in a life testing. Nowadays testers accommodating a multiple number of items at a time are used in practice because testing time and cost can be saved by testing these items simultaneously. For more detail, reader can refer to Aslam and Jun (2009). Items in a tester can be regarded as a group and the number of items in a group is called the group size. The acceptance sampling planused to determine these groups of items will be called a group acceptance sampling plan (GASP). The sudden death testing scheme is always implemented in groups. Many authors including Pascual and Meeker (1998), Vlcek et al. (2003) and Jun et al. (2006) discussed the sudden death testing in groups. More recently, Aslam and Jun (2009) developed a group acceptance sampling plan based on truncated life test when the lifetime of a product is best fitted to the inverse Rayleigh or log-logistic distribution and Srinivasa Rao (2010) developed a group acceptance sampling plan based on truncated life test for the Marshall-Olkin extended Lomax distribution. The ordinary acceptance sampling plans and the group acceptance sampling plans based on time truncated life in the literature are proposed using the mean or median life of the product for assuring the quality and reliability of the product. As stated by Lio et al. (2010a) and Lio et al. (2010b), the existing acceptance sapling plans may not assure the engineering consideration on the specific percentile of item life time. When the quality of a major focus is a low percentile, the acceptance sampling plans based on the mean life could not pass a lot which has the low percentile below the required customer standard. Furthermore, a small decrease in the average lifetime with a simultaneous small increase in the variance can result in a significant downward shift in small percentile of interest. This means that a lot of products could be accepted due to a small decrease in the mean life after inspection. The accepted lot may not meet the consumer‘s expectation if the low percentile is used for the lifetime of products. The mean life may not be applicable to a skewed distribution but the percentile is more suitable to apply on the distribution for making the required results. The median lifetime is suitable when the distribution is skewed. See, for example, Marshall and Olkin (2007) and Aslam et al. (2010). It is important to note that the items produced under the same environment have some random variation in their lifetimes. This variation in failure time can be modeled by a probability distribution. The life time distribution also plays a vital rule to design an acceptance sampling plan. The ordinary acceptance sampling plans based on the truncated life test using various distributions have been discussed by many authors in the literature including Epstein (1954), Goode and Kao (1961), Kantam and Rosaiah (1998), Kantam et al. (2001), Baklizi (2003), Rosaiah et al. (2006), Rosaiah and Kantam (2005), Tsai and Wu (2006), Rosaiah et al. (2007), Aslam and Kantam (2008), and Balakrishnan et al. (2007).
Two risks are always associated with any type of sampling scheme. The probability of accepting a bad lot is called the consumer‘s risks and the chance of rejecting a good lot is called the producer‘s risk. The acceptance sampling schemes including the variable sampling, attribute sampling, skip-lot sampling and the normal to tightened sampling are used to reduce the producer‘s risk and the consumer‘s risk. So, the determination of the design parameters such as the sample size and the acceptance number satisfying both risks is preferable to the single-point approach. Further, as stated by Aslam and Jun (2009), a sampling plan obtained by satisfying only the consumer‘ risk may not always satisfy the producer‘s risk. The two-point approach on the OC curve for designing the variable acceptance sampling plan has been developed and implemented by Fertig and Mann (1998), Jun et al. (2006).
The main purpose of this paper is to propose a GASP based on truncated life tests when the lifetime of an item follows the generalized log-logistic distribution or the Burr type XII distribution. As the best of author‘s knowledge, no attention has been paid to use these distributions to develop the group plans for the lifetime percentiles of the product using the two points on OC curve approach.
2. Generalized Log-Logistic and Burr Type XII Distributions
The generalized log-logistic distribution and the Burr type XII distribution are the life time distributions, which have been widely used in the area of reliability and the acceptance sampling plan for the testing purpose. These two distributions are not symmetric and different generalized forms of the log-logistic distribution. The generalized log-logistic distribution was applied to a breast cancer survival data by Singh et al. (1994). The application of the generalized log-logistic distribution in a double acceptance sampling plan is discussed by Aslam and Jun (2010). Kantam et al. (2001) used the log-logistic distribution in acceptance sampling plans. Recently, Lio et al. (2010a) and Lio et al. (2010b) used the Burr type XII distribution and the generalized Birnbaum-Saunders distribution to develop the ordinary acceptance sampling plan using the percentiles as life time. They showed that both distributions are well fitted to real data. To develop the group plan, we will assume that the lifetime of a product either follows the generalized log-logistic distribution or the Burr type XII distribution. The brief introduction of these two distributions is given as follows: The probability density function (pdf) and the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the generalized log-logistic distributions are respectively given as
5. CONCLUSION
]We develop the group acceptance sampling plan based on a truncated life test under the assumption that the lifetime of a product follows the generalized log-logistic distribution and burr type XII distribution with known and unknown shape parameter. The two point approach was used for determining the design parameters such as the number of groups and the acceptance number. Our proposed plan indicate that the generalized log-logistic distribution provide the larger number of groups as compared to burr type XII distribution by using the 10th percentile but in 50th percentile the two distribution groups are not quite different. The log-logistic distribution is better than the Weibull distribution. As in acceptance sampling schemes, there is still a capacity available to reduce sample size to save the time and the cost of the experiment. Therefore, there is need to modify the proposed plan using the percentiles of the distributions as a future research.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are deeply thankful to reviewers and the editor for several valuable comments.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2044http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2044 1. Aslam, M., and Jun, C.-H. (2009). A group acceptance sampling plans for truncated life tests based on the inverse Rayleigh and log-logistic distribution. Pakistan Journal of Statistics, 25, 1-13.
2. Aslam, M., and Jun, C.-H. (2010). A double acceptance sampling plan for generalized log-logistic distributions with known shape parameters. J. App. Statist., 37(3), 405-414.
3. Aslam, M., and Kantam, R.R.L. (2008). Economic reliability acceptance sampling based on truncated life tests in the BirnbaumSaunders distribution. Pakistan Journal of Statistics, 24, 269-276.
4. Baklizi, A. (2003). Acceptance sampling based on truncated life tests in the Pareto distribution of the second kind. Advances Appl. Statist., 3(1), 33- 48.
5. Balakrishnan, N., Leiva, V. and Lopez, J. (2007). Acceptance sampling plans from truncated life tests based on the generalized Birnbaum-Saunders distribution. Comm. Statist. - Simu. And Compu., 36, 643-656.
6. Epstein, B. (1954). Truncated life tests in the exponential case. Ann. Math. Statist. 25,555-564.
7. Fertig, F.W., and Mann, N.-R (1980). Life test sampling plans for two parameter Weibull distribution. Technometrics, 22(2), 160-167.
8. Goode, H.P. and Kao, J.H.K. (1961). Sampling plans based on the Weibull distribution. In Proceeding of the Seventh National Symposium on Reliability and Quality Control, (24- 40). Philadelphia.
9. Jun, C.-H., Balamurali, S. and Lee, S.- H. (2006). Variables sampling plans for Weibull distribution lifetimes under sudden death testing. IEEE Transactions on Reliability 55, 53-58. 32 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011
10. Kantam, R.R.L. and Rosaiah, K. (1998). Half logistic distribution in acceptance sampling based on life tests, IAPQR Transactions, 23(2), 117- 125.
11. Kantam, R.R.L., Rosaiah, K. and Rao, G.S. (2001). Acceptance sampling based on life tests: Log-logistic models. J. App. Statist., 28(1), 121- 128.
12. Lio, Y.L., Tsai, Tzong-Ru and Wu, Shuo-Jye. (2010a). Acceptance sampling plans from truncated life tests based on the Birnbaum-saunders distribution for Percentiles. . Comm. Statist. - Simu. And Compu., 39(1), 119-136.
13. Lio, Y.L., Tsai, Tzong-Ru and Wu, Shuo-Jye. (2010b). Acceptance sampling plans from truncated life tests based on Burr type XII percentiles. Journal of Chinese institute of Industrial Engineers., 27(4), 270-280.
14. Pascual, F.G. and Meeker, W.Q. (1998). The modified sudden death test: planning life tests with a limited number of test positions. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 26, 434-443.
15. Rosaiah, K. and Kantam, R.R.L. (2005). Acceptance sampling based on the inverse Rayleigh distribution. Eco. Quality Control, 20(2), 277-286.
16. Rosaiah, K., Kantam, R.R.L. and Santosh Kumar, Ch. (2006). Reliability of test plans for exponentiated loglogistic distribution, Eco.Quality Control, 21(2), 165-175.
17. Rosaiah, K., Kantam, R.R.L. and Santosh Kumar, Ch. (2007). Exponentiated log-logistic distributionAn economic reliability test plan. Pak. J. Statist., 23(2), 147-146.
18. Singh, K.P., Bartolucci, A.A., and Burgard, S.L. (1994). Two step procedure for survival data. Biometripraximetrie 34, 1-12.
19. Srinivasa Rao, G. (2010). A group acceptance sampling plans based on truncated life tests for Marshall-olkin Extended Lomax distribution Electron. J. App. Stat. Anal., 3(1), 18-27.
20. Tsai, Tzong-Ru and Wu, Shuo-Jye (2006). Acceptance sampling based on truncated life tests for generalized Rayleigh distribution. J. App. Statist., 33(6), 595-600.
21. Vleek, B.L., Hendricks, R.C. and Zaretsky, E.V. (2003). Monte Carlo simulation of sudden death bearing testing, NASA, Hanover, MD, USA.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesSOLAR CONSTANT, SUNSPOTS AND SOLAR ACTIVITY
English3640R.SumathiEnglish R. Samuel SelvarajEnglishThis paper deals with study of sunspot numbers and solar energy since 1755.
Number of sunspots and solar energy varies for each solar cycle. The duration of solar cycle is
from 9 to 11 years. It varies every time. Solar cycle is the time interval from a sunspot minimum
to the next sunspot minimum.
EnglishSolar Constant, Sunspot Number and Solar activity
INTRODUCTION
Solar constant is an average quantity of solar energy at normal incidence received by the earth‘s atmosphere from the sun. It is about2 calories per minute incident on each square centimeter of the upper atmosphere. The actual value of the energy varies with several factors. The most important factor is the earth‘s distance from the Sun which changes from surface to surface because of the earth‘s elliptical orbit. For computing the value of solar constant, astronomical unit or average earth-sun distance is used. In space, solar radiation is practically constant; on earth it varies with the time of day and year as well as with the latitude and weather. The maximum value on earth is between 0.8 and 1.0 kW / m². The average annual amount of isolation varies between 950 and 1100 kWh / m², depending on the region. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just the visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1,366 watts per square meter (W/m²).The actual direct solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year (from 1,412 W/m² in early January to 1,321 W/m² in early July). When solar irradiance is measured on the outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, the measurements can be adjusted using the inverse square law to infer the magnitude of solar irradiance at one AU and deduce the solar constant. varying distance from the Sun, and typically by much less than one part per thousand from day to day. Thus, for the whole Earth (which has a cross section of 127,400,000 km²), the power is 1.740×1017 W, plus or minus 3.5%. The solar constant does not remain constant over long periods of time but over a year varies much less than the variation of direct solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere arising from the ellipticity of the Earth's SOLAR CONSTANT, SUNSPOTS AND SOLAR ACTIVITY R.Sumathi¹, R. Samuel Selvaraj² ¹ Department of Physics, Quaid-E-Millath government college (W), Chennai Tamil Nadu. ²Department of Physics, Presidency College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu E-mail of Corresponding Author: sumathigopal64@yahoo.co.in 37 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 orbit. The approximate average value cited 1,366 W/m², is equivalent to 1.96 calories per minute per square centimeter, or 1.96 langleys (Ly) per minute. The sunspots vary in number, size, and duration . There may be¹ up to 20 or 30 spots at any one time .The sunspot may be in size between 1000 and 2000 km diameter with a life cycle from hours to months. Each sunspots consists of two regions a dark central portion of sun spot is umbra at a temperature of around 4000°c and a surrounding lighter portion of sun spot is penumbra at a temperature of about 5000°c .
The average number of spots and their mean area fluctuate over time with a mean period of about 11.3 years. As the sunspot cycle develops the older spots fade away and new more numerous spots appear at lower latitudes. Sunspots activity has been measured by using the wolf num ber for aboutn300 years. This index (also known as the Zurich number) uses both the number of sunspots and the number of groups of sunspots to compensate for variations in measurement. A 2003 study by IIya Usoskin found that sunspots had been more frequent since the 1940s than in the previous 1150 years.² Relationships between sunspots and solar luminosity are to know to exist since the historical sunspots area record began in the 17th century 7. The correlations are now known to exist with decreases on luminosity caused by sunspots (generally Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2045http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20451. Burrogh ?Extraterrestrial influences?, Cambridge,(121
2. Usoskin,Ilya G,solanki,SamiK, Schtissler,Manfred,Mursula,Kalevi,Alan ko,Katja(2003),?AMillennium Scale Sunspot Number Reconstruction.
3. Willson RC Gulkis s.Janssen M.Hudon H.S. Chapman GA (February 1981),Observations of solar irrandiance Variability, Science 211 (4483) 700-2 doi:10.1126/science 211448.700PMID 17776650
4. Burrogh, Weather cycles real or imaginary, Cambridge,141(1992).
5. Kanw, R.P. (2002), ?Some Implications using the Group sunspot number Reconstruction? Solar physics 205(2).384-401
6. ?Did you say the Sun has Spots??. Space Today Online. 7. Philips A. (2008),:Solar cycle 24 Begins?. Science @NASA
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesNON-DESTRUCTIVE GENETIC SAMPLING IN TWO CYPRINID FISH SPECIES OF SOUTHERN PART OF
WESTERN GHATS-INDIA
English4148Raja. MEnglish Nandagopal. S English Malaiammal. PEnglishNon- destructive genetic sampling for DNA isolation in two cyprinid endemic fishes of the
species Danio aequipinnatus and Puntius tambraparniei was attempted. The total genomic
DNA was isolated from fin clips, scales, liver and muscles by using Phenol: choloroform
method by different storage method like Ethanol/EDTA and air dry in the different cell lysis
buffer like TNES- urea and TNES. In Puntius tambraparniei showed higher quantity of
genomic DNA (402.36μg) in the liver tissues by using the TNES cell lysis buffer in the ethanol/
EDTA storage method. Danio aequipinnatus also showed the high quantity of genomic DNA
(415.26μg) in the muscle tissue by using TNES cell lysis buffer in the Ethanol/ EDTA storage
method.
EnglishNon-destructive, genetic sampling, DNA extraction, fin clips, scale, muscle, cyprinid fish.INTRODUCTION
In recent years many vertebrate species are at risk and their methods of conservation is possible without destruction and based on this DNA based studies gain importance to gain information on the diversity and population analysis (O‘Brien 1994). DNA analysis will help to study the phylogeny, determination of population size and level of genetic polymorphism within and between populations. Liver and muscle tissues are used for DNA analysis and this method implies the sacrifice of the animals and hence it called as destructive method. The non-destructive sources of DNA are hair, faeces, urine, shed feathers, snake skin, sloughed whale skin, eggshells and even skulls. However, this method usually results in a low quantity and poor quality of DNA. Non-destructive sampling also includes the use of blood, skin and scales (Hilsdorf et al. 1999). Muscle tissues and blood samples are used for DNA isolation without sacrifying the fish especially large population of threatened fishes. (Cummings et al. 1994) and (Estoup et al. 1996) Even this can be overcome by using fins and scales. Hence an attempt has been made to compare the destructive method of extracting DNA from muscle and liver tissues and a non-destructive method of extracting DNA from fins and scales of two freshwater fish species of India. One is an ornamental fish Danio aequipinnatus which has the natural distribution in clear water streams/rivers of India, and another species is Puntius tambraparniei an endemic species confined to its distribution range to Tamiraparani river basin alone. (Silas 1953, Arunachalam and Sankaranarayanan 2000).
MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Collection: Cyprinids species Danio aequipinnatus, Puntius tambraparniei were collected from river and cannels, middle reach of the rivers Gadana and Ramanadhi which are the two such basins of the Tamiraparani river system. Fish sampling was performed by using cast net and gill nets.
Extraction of DNA
The genomic DNA was isolated by phenolchloroform method based on Sam brook et al. (1989). DNA was achieved from fish caudal (or) anal fins and from fish scales by changing the protocol previously described for tissue preservation and DNA extraction from muscle (or) liver (Asahida et al. 1996, Sam brook and Russell 2001). Total DNA was obtained from individually belonging to two different fish species Puntius tambraparniei and Danio aequipinnatus.
Approximately 100-500 mg of fins (1-2cm2 ) or scales are initially stored in 95% ethanol- 100µl EDTA pH 8.0 (Dessauer et al. 1996). 100 mg freshly airdried samples Fins and scales are collected from Puntius tambraparniei and Danio aequipinnatus. The samples are cut into small pieces using sterile blade. The samples are placed in 4ml of a TNES, TNES- urea -digestion buffer inside of 15 ml tube. 30µl of RNase (10mg/ml) is added to the tube. The samples are incubated at 42°C for 1h. After this period, 30µl of Proteinase K (10mg/ml) is added and tissues are maintained at 42°C for at least 10 hours. The DNA is then isolated by adding 4 ml of phenol: choloroform: isoamylalcohol (25:24:1) to the tubes. After inverting the tubes
RESULTS
Fin samples (n=3) of Puntius tambraparniei showed higher quantity of genomic DNA using TNES/urea in Ethanol/EDTA and TNES/urea in air dried methods, 225.625µg/ml and 150.23µg/ml respectively; where as in TNES without urea solution shows the absence of DNA. Scale samples (n=3) of Puntius tambraparniei showed higher quantity of genomic DNA using TNES/urea in Ethanol/EDTA and airdried methods, 120.75µg/ml and 101.25µg/ml respectively; where as in TNES without urea solution shows the absence of DNA. Liver samples (n=2) of Puntius tambraparniei showed higher quantity of genomic DNA using TNES method than TNES/urea, 402.36µg/ml and 186.34µg/ml respectively. Muscle samples (n=2) of Puntius tambraparniei showed higher quantity of genomic DNA using TNES method than TNES/urea, 369.48µg/ml and 134.48µg/ml respectively (Table. 1-2). Fin samples (n=3) of Danio aequipinnatus showed higher quantity of genomic DNA using TNES/urea in Ethanol/EDTA and TNES/urea in air-dried methods, 260.42µg/ml and 175.25µg/ml respectively; where as in TNES without urea solution shows the absence of DNA. Scale samples (n=3) of Danio aequipinnatus showed higher quantity of genomic DNA using TNES/urea in Ethanol/EDTA and TNES/urea in air-dried methods, 135.00µg/ml and 125.36µg/ml respectively, where as in TNES without urea solution shows the absence of DNA. Liver samples (n=2) of Danio aequipinnatus showed higher quantity of genomic DNA using TNES and TNES/urea method, 369.45µg/ml and 210.25µg/ml respectively. Muscle samples (n=2) of Danio aequipinnatus showed higher quantity of genomic DNA using TNES and TNES/urea method, 415.26µg/ml and 154.52 µg/ml respectively (Table. 3-4). Most of the isolated DNA of the two species showed no sign of degradation and the spectrophotometer comparison of absorbance at 260 - 280nm provided a DNA/ RNA relationship of (1.6-1.9) indicating good DNA quality. The DNA concentration ranged from 25-500ng/µl, with on average concentration 200ng/µl and the obtained DNA volume (approximately 1ml) was high enough to be employed on several molecular experiments. Although the present methodology was applied on samples of two fish species, similarity in fin (or scales) anatomy suggests that the technique will work on samples of different taxa.
DISCUSSION
As stated by some authors (Chen et al. 1995; Strassmann et al. 1996; Pinto et al. 2000), tissue homogenization in liquid nitrogen can be an efficient method to isolate significant amounts of DNA, especially on hard consistent tissues. However, in our experiments the use of nitrogen maceration with fins and scales did not give any further improvement in the DNA isolation. Better results were achieved in the present study by mixing the scales or small pieces of the fins with a cell lysis solution containing urea. The initial 8M urea concentration of the buffer, suggested by Asahida et al. (1996), was gradually decreased to 4M, which allowed a better preservation of the material and a non-degraded isolated DNA. Urea treatment seems to be a necessary step to breakdown hard tissues such fins and scales, since it is quite denaturing for protein and at least it disrupts most likely any protein multicomplexes. Another improvement on the DNA isolation process was provided by a pretreatment with RNase, which allowed us to obtain DNA samples with lower quantities of RNA that could interfere in the accurate DNA quantification and on further amplification procedures. The concentration and time/temperature for Proteinase K incubation were also very important to obtain high-quality DNA. The use of lower concentrations of this enzyme resulted in poor quality-DNA, as it failed to completely digest the tissue. A better dissociation of the tissues was also obtained when the digestion was done at 42°C. Higher incubation temperatures (50°C or more) were inefficient and temperatures lower than 42°C resulted in a partially digested tissue. Experiments using a final concentration of 0.075 mg/ml of Proteinase K provided tissues that were totally digested after a 10 hours-incubation. Less-time incubation was not efficient. After tissue digestion, a phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol purification step was utilized, as suggested by Taggart et al. (1992) and Sambrook and Russell (2001). The use of phenolchloroform proved to be essential to obtaining pure DNA samples from fish fins and scales. Crude extractions could result in a DNA contaminated with proteins that may not be stable for long-term storage. However, repeated DNA extractions with phenol-chloroform were not necessary. Single and double washes gave same results, avoiding protein residues. The described technique was applied on air-dried and ethanol/ EDTA-fixed fin clips and scales and also on ethanol/ EDTApreserved liver and muscle tissues. In addition, DNA samples were also obtained from liver and muscle using nitrogen maceration and by the use of a digestion buffer without urea, as described in Sambrook and Russell (2001). The use of a lysis solution without urea showed to be not appropriate for fin clips and scales. It is evident that fins and scales, represent a DNA source as suitable as other tissues and also the DNA amount isolated from the fins was also high, when compared to the amount obtained from liver or muscle. Therefore, the extraction of DNA from fish fins or scales offers an extremely a positive alternative to conventional DNA isolation techniques, representing a minimally destructive sampling approach. An adequate preservation of tissue samples is a prerequisite in field locations and for long-period analyses. Despite the successful isolation of DNA from different tissues of Puntius tambraparniei and Danio aequipinnatus, some differences were observed in relation to the material storage. Samples of fins and scales preserved on ethanol/EDTA proved to be more suitable as a DNA source, when compared to airdried samples stored for 1 to several days. Preservation of nucleic acids depends primarily on the inhibition of tissue nucleases and denaturation, which can be achieved with EDTA and ethanol, respectively (Dessauer et al. 1996). The ethanol/EDTA storage solution also permits to maintain the softness of the tissue, facilitating its further dissociation in the digestion buffer. However, the long term storage of tissues on TNES- Urea buffer, as suggested by Asahida et al. (1996), was not appropriate for fins or scales due to a high DNA breakdown. The protocol outlined in this work offers a cost-efficient and suitable alternative to conventional DNA isolation techniques, representing a non-destructive sampling approach to isolate high-quality DNA from fish. The total amount of isolated DNA (25–500µg) is also sufficient for several other molecular procedures that often demand more DNA than the pictogram range. It can be considered that a genetic stock of several fish species could be easily achieved by using the described methodology.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2046http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20461. Arunachalam, M. and A. Sankaranarayanan (2000). Puntius arulius tambraparniei - An ornamental stream fish endemic to Tamiraparani River basin, South Tamil Nadu. p. 271- 273. In A.G. Ponniah and A. Gopalakrishnan (eds.) Endemic fish diversity of Western Ghats. NBFGRNATP Publication. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, U.P., India. 1,347 p.
2. Asahida, T., Kobayashi, T., Saitoh, K. and Nakayama, I. (1996). Tissue preservation and total DNA extraction from fish stored at ambient temperature using buffers containing high concentration of urea. Fish. Sci. 62: 727–730.
3. Chen, C. A., Odorico, D. M., Lohuis, M. T. et al. (1995). Systematic relationship within the Anthozoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) using the 5'-end of the 28S rDNA. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 4: 175–183.
4. Cummings, A. S. and Thorgaard, G. H. (1994). Extraction of DNA from fish blood and sperm. – Biotechniques 17: 426.
5. Dessauer, H. C., Cole, C. J. and Hafner, M. S. (1996). Collection and storage of tissues. – In: Hillis, D. M., Moritz, C. and Mable, B. K. (eds), Molecular systematics. Sinauer Ass. Inc, pp. 29–47.
6. Estoup, A., Largiader, C. R., Perrot, E. and Chourrout, D. (1996). Rapid onetube DNA extraction for reliable PCR detection of fish polymorphic markers and transgenes. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotec. 5: 295–298.
7. Hilsdorf, A., Caneppele, D. and Krieger, J. E. (1999). Muscle biopsy technique for electrophoresis analysis of fish from the genus Brycon. Genet. Mol. Biol. 22: 547–550.
8. O‘Brien, S. J. (1994). A role for molecular genetics in biological conservation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91: 5748–5755.
9. Pinto, S. M., Fernandes-Mtioli, F. M. C. and Schlenz, E. (2000). DNA extraction from sea anemone (Cnidaria:Actiniaria) tissues for molecular analyses. Genet. Mol. Biol. 23: 601–604.
10. Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W. (2001). Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
11. Silas, E.G. (1953). New fishes from the Western Ghats, with notes on Puntius arulius (Jerdon), Records of the Indian Museum, 51 (1953 [1954]): 27–37.
12. Strassmann, J. E., Solis, C. R., Peters, J. M. and Queller, D. C. (1996). Strategies for finding and using highly polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci for studies of genetic relatedness and pedigrees. In: Ferraris, J. D. and Palumbi, S. R. (eds), Molecular zoology. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 163–180.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesINDUSTRIAL SOURCE COMPLEX SHORT TERM MODEL OF ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION FOR AN
INDUSTRIAL STACK
English4952G. GeethaEnglish R. Samuel SelvarajEnglishAs an air pollutant is transported from a source to a potential receptor the pollutant disperses
into the surrounding air so that it arrives at a much lower concentration than it was on leaving
the source. Strict environmental regulations worldwide resulted in an ever growing concern
about the validity and reliability of air quality dispersion models. The present work is a try to
evaluate the applicability of Industrial source complex short term dispersion Gaussian model to
an industrial source. The object of the model is to relate mathematically the effects of source
emissions on ground level concentrations, and to calculate the concentration of the pollutants at
various receptor grid points. Computation of the model with the meteorological parameters
yields very good prediction of the pollutants emitted by the plume stacks.
EnglishModeling; dispersion; air pollutant; Gaussian model; meteorological parametersINTRODUCTION
The concentration of an air pollutant released from a stack is a function of a number of variables, including the emission rate, the distance of the receptor from the source, and the atmospheric conditions [1]. The most important atmospheric conditions are wind speed, wind direction, and the vertical temperature structure of the local atmosphere. If the temperature decreases with height at a rate higher than the adiabatic lapse rate, the atmosphere is in unstable equilibrium and vertical motions are enhanced [2]. This is to keep pollution concentrations moderate or weak at ground level. But, if the temperature decreases with height at a rate lower than the adiabatic lapse rate (stable atmosphere) or increases with height (inversion), vertical motions are reduced or damped. This will lead to potentially high pollution concentrations. This dispersion model uses the Gaussian plume idea, which also is a material balance model. In it, one considers a point source such as a factory [3] smokestack (which is not really a point but a small area that can be satisfactorily approximated as a point) and attempts to compute the downwind concentration resulting from this point source. The contaminated gas stream [4] (normally called a plume) is shown rising from the smokestack and then levelling off to travel in the x direction and spreading in the y and z directions as it travels. Such plumes normally rise a considerable distance above the smokestack because they are emitted at temperatures higher
THE INDUSTRIAL SOURCE COMPLEX (ISC) SHORT TERM MODEL
The ISC Short Term Model accepts hourly meteorological data records to define the conditions for plume rise, transport, diffusion, and deposition. The model estimates the concentration or deposition value for each source and receptor combination of input meteorology, and calculates user-selected short-term averages. The user also has the option of selecting averages for the entire period of input meteorology
Input data ISC short term version required two sets of data: source data and hourly averaged meteorological data:
Source data
(i) Dimensions of the source
(ii) Emission discharge rate
(iii)Release height of the emission source
Meteorological data
(i) Ambient temperature, K
(ii) Wind direction
(iii) Wind speed, m/s
(iv) Atmospheric stability classes (A through F)
(v) Urban and rural mixing height
MODELING SOFTWARE
The Visual Basic program calculates the sources and the conditions of the atmosphere. The system of simulation of processes of dispersion that has, offers to the beginner and the expert programmer, a quick and practical system to evaluate the dispersion of pollutants in the air. The program is based on the operating system VISUAL BASIC WINDOWS where one works intensively with the mouse and the graphic windows. We can say, with a certain security that the software Visual Basic is one of the best tools, to carry out numeric simulations of air pollution processes. After feeding meteorological values the above programme calculates the concentration of the pollutants at various grid levels.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Several receptors have been chosen to evaluate the concentration of the pollutants at various receptor grid points. Figure -1
shows the programme screen display of ISC3ST model. By feeding the various meteorological parameters such as wind velocity, wind direction, ambient temperature and the source data -stack height, stack diameter, stack gas temperature, stack gas velocity and emission rate the concentration of the pollutant at final grid point is calculated and stored in the ISC3ST result file.
CONCLUSION
The model introduced here is a Gaussian frame work, with simple algorithm, low demand for CPU and pre-processing time, no resolution or diffusion errors, the ability to calculate the concentration of values at different grid points are very accurate. Therefore, it shows a better performance better than the other Gaussian models. Hence, it is concluded that SC3ST model can be used for all industrial stacks to calculate the concentration of the pollutants at various grid points.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2047http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20471. Melli P., Runca E., ?Gaussian plume model parameters for ground-level and elevated sources derived from the atmospheric diffusion equation in a neutral case?, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol.18, No.9, 1979, pp.1216- 1221
2. Miller C. W., Hively L. M., ?A review of validation studies for the Gaussian plume atmospheric dispersion model?, Nuclear Safety, Vol.28, No.4, 1987, pp.522-531
3. Benarie M. M., ?The limits of air pollution modeling?, Atmospheric Environment, Vol.21, 1987, pp.1-5.
4. Beychok M. R., ?Fundamentals of stack gas dispersion?, Irvine, California, U.S.A., 1995
5. Liu H., Zhang B., Sang J., and Cheng A.Y., ?A laboratory simulation of plume dispersion in stratified atmospheres over complex terrain?,Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 89, Iss. 1, 2001, pp. 1-15
6. Sutton O. G., ?A theory of eddy diffusion in the atmosphere?, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A, 135, 1932, pp.143-165.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareLIPID PEROXIDATION IN PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION
English5359Padmasree DantuEnglishPre-eclampsia is due to reduced placental perfusion and a consequent maternal disorder
characterized by endothelial dysfunction caused by lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress
secondary to reduced placental perfusion. An oxidative stress is said to occur when the
peroxidant injury due to lipid peroxides such as Malondialdehyde and secondary degeneration
products of lipid peroxidation overwhelms the antioxidant defence. The study was undertaken
to find out the levels of Serum Malondialdehyde in Pregnancy induced Hypertension (PIH).
A study was carried out among a total of 60 cases of PIH, distributed among the gestational
periods of 27-40 weeks. Controls were 75 normal pregnants and 30 non-pregnants. Serum
Malondialdehyde (MDA), Serum Total Cholesterol (TC), Serum Triglycerides (TG), Serum
High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLC), Serum Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
(LDLC), Serum Very Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDLC) were estimated. Other
investigations done were Urine Protein, Serum Creatinine, Serum Uric acid, Serum Glutamate
Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and
Serum Bilirubin in support of diagnosis. Malondialdehyde showed a definite increase with
increasing period of gestation in normal pregnant controls along with Serum Total Cholesterol,
Serum Triglycerides, and Serum Very Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. In non-pregnant
controls, Malondialdehyde, Lipids and Lipid sub fractions were within the normal range. Serum
Malondialdehyde did not show any definite variation in relation to severity of disease like mild
without proteinuria, mild with proteinuria and severe PIH, but showed a definite increase with
increasing period of gestation 27-30 weeks, 31-35 weeks and 36-40 weeks. Serum Total
Cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides, Serum Very Low-density Lipoprotein cholesterol showed a
definite increase with increasing period of gestation in Pregnancy induced Hypertension.
EnglishEndothelial dysfunction, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative stress.INTRODUCTION
The major pathogenic mechanism in PIH is endothelial dysfunction related to reduced placental perfusion. Figure 1 Imbalance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor endothelial factors as well as between thrombotic, fibrinolytic mediators and growth promoting substances leads to endothelial dysfunction. The major mechanism that promotes release of vasodilatory factors such as Nitric Oxide (NO), Prostacyclin (PGI2) and Endothelium Derived Hyper polarising Factor (EDHF) is the sheer stress blood flow on the endothelial surface.[1] Endothelial vasoconstrictors are Endothelin-1 and others like arachidonic acid products generated with cyclooxygenase participation: Prostaglandin F2, Thromboxane A2, Superoxide anion and Angiotensin II.[2] Oxidative stress is the term used to describe any challenge in which pro-oxidants predominate over antioxidants.[3,4] Oxidative damage of polyunsaturated fatty acids is lipid peroxidation [5,6], which causes a reduction in membrane fluidity, permeability and lowered NO synthesis leading to hypertension.[7] Lipid peroxidation has been implicated in the pathological process of PIH.[8,9] It is a chain reaction providing a continuous supply of free radicals that initiate further peroxidation. The primary molecular products of lipid peroxidation are unstable and aldehydes that are secondary stable products like Malondialdehyde (MDA) are produced which act as cytotoxic messengers. Lipid peroxidation of placenta has been studied as a model for phenomenon of aging. In PIH, there is increased lipid peroxidation in the maternal circulation and in the placenta (mitochondrial lipid peroxidation). MDA was assessed as a marker of lipid peroxidation and an index of degree of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation. Increased placental VLDLC and LDLC could participate in endothelial dysfunction in PIH. A placental oxidant-antioxidant imbalance might cause the release of lipid peroxidation products into the circulation with subsequent damage of endothelium and increase of circulating lipid peroxide, which by themselves are able to induce smooth muscle constriction and increased pressor responsiveness to Angiotensin II. The increased susceptibility to oxidative stress of syncitiotrophoblast plasma membranes might be due either to reduced antioxidant system or to an abnormality of the lipid composition of the membranes.[10] Thus Serum MDA assay is useful to monitor the course of the disease.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2048http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20481. Born, M and Smith, T et al., Clinicians manual on endothelium and cardiovascular disease. London Science press, 1996.
2. Gavras, H and Gavras, L., endothelial function in cardiovascular disease. The role of Bradykinin. London Science. Press, 1996.
3. Jones, D.P. and Delong, M.J. Detoxification and protective functions of nutrients. Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. Ed. Stipanuk, MHWB Saunders Company, Philadelphia. P. 901-916, 2000.
4. Sies, H. Oxidative stress: Introductory remarks. Oxidative stress. Ed. Sies, H. Orlando, Florida: Academic press, p. 1- 10, 1985.
5. Ashok Mulchandani et al., Anal Biochem. 225,277-282, 1995.
6. Eum. J. B Boyle, J.A and Hearnsberger, J.O. J. Food Sci 59, 251- 255, 1994.
7. Mutlu, T urkoglu, U. et al., Plasma nitric oxide metabolites and lipid peroxide levels in preeclamptic pregnant women before and after delivery. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest, 48(4), 247-50, 1999.
8. Hallwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. Free radicals in Biology and Medicine 2ndEd Clarendon/oxford Univ. Press Oxford/Newyork, 416-494, 1989.
9. Halliwell B., Haemostasis 1, 118-126, 1993.
10. Cester, N. et al., Pregnancy induced hypertension: a role of peroxidation in microvillus plasma membranes. Mol. Cell. Biochem, 23, 131 (2), 151-5, Feb 1994.
11. Keisatoh., Serum lipid peroxide in cerebro vascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim. Acta, 90, 37-43, 1978.
12. Minoru Ishihara, et al., Studies on lipid peroxide of normal pregnant women and of patients with toxemia of pregnancy. Clin. Chim. Acta, 84, 1-9, 1978.
13. Mohanty, et al., VIII Annual National Conference, Ambicon, 1999.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesEFFECT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON HOUSEHOLD CROP PRODUCTION IN SOME SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
English6065Zagi IdrisEnglish Makarau Shehu BakoEnglish Damina AyubaEnglishThis study analyzes the differences in crop production outputs between household with
migrants and households without migrants. Differences in reasons for migration and by age
range were also analyzed. A structured questionnaire was used to source information from 250
heads of households. Results revealed significant difference at P< 0.01 in all the four crops;
maize, sorghum, cowpea and groundnuts. While reasons for migration by age range revealed no
significant differences among migrants at P< 0.05. It was recommended that government
should empower rural areas economically so as to minimize out migration and enhance
agricultural production in the communities.
EnglishMigration, migrant, output and crop.INTRODUCTION
Migration has long been part of the livelihood portfolio of poor people across Nigeria. The influx to towns or urban centers of large number of people from other areas including those of the rural areas has produced a lot of problems in Nigeria. Despite the enviable human and material resources endowed by nature in Nigeria, the country and its citizens are still classified the very poor with no fewer than 54 percent of the population living below poverty level. This has resulted in people both old and young ones migrating into the cities to overcome poverty , not minding its implications on them , their families and the society at large1 . Although data on rural- urban migration in Nigeria are lacking, a growing number of micro-studies have established that seasonal migration for employment is growing both in terms of absolute numbers but also in relation to the size of the working population as a whole2 . Migration is the movement of people from one geographical region to another which may be either on temporary or permanent basis3 . Migration occurs as a response to economic development as well as social, cultural, environmental and political factors and effects on areas of origin as well as destination4 . The movement of people away from a place is mostly as result of the need to escape tribal or religious crisis, violence, political instability, draught, floods, congestion in various dimensions and many more. Migration can be ruralrural, rural-urban, urban-urban and urbanrural. Young people moved from rural to urban, while the older and uneducated people moved from rural to rural and stressed that the movement from rural to EFFECT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON HOUSEHOLD CROP PRODUCTION IN SOME SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA Zagi Idris1 , Makarau Shehu Bako1 , Damina Ayuba1 1 School of Agricultural Technology, Samaru Kataf Campus Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria, box 56, Zonkwa, Kaduna State, Nigeria. E-mail of Corresponding Author: daminaayuba@yahoo.com 61 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 urban areas creates a negative impact on the quality of rural life, especially when such migrants are the productive labour force and s well carry away their needed consumption into the city5 .
A number of empirical studies have been carried out which focused on the impact of migration on productive investment, and the potential trade-offs between the income effect of remittances and the productivity loss due to changes in labor supply. No clear pattern has emerged yet in terms of the circumstances under which migration leads to increased productive investment. As early as 1980 migrants‘ remittances may have a negative effect on farm productivity, as a result of a number of factors including the loss of the youngest and most productive household members and a possible substitution of labor for leisure by the less efficient household members left behind. Some recent empirical evidence seems to support that hypothesis6 . A number of other studies reported that remittances accumulated abroad partially compensate for lost labour and allow households to improve their agricultural productivity7 . However, the net impact is negative as the effect of migration on labor supply more than offset the remittance effect. Rural to urban migration makes a positive impact on urban growth and social development, which makes generation of employment opportunities , provision of educational facilities and transportation infrastructure for the migrants8 .
Studies on rural-urban migration have been quite resourceful but in exhaustive as most of them were concerned with remittance to migrants‘ households, with less paid attention on reasons for migration within specific age range and the likely effects of out migration on farm outputs within and between families. The study therefore, is an attempt to verify the likely effects of massive out migration on crop production outputs between households with migrants and households without migrants and the reasons for migration by age range in the selected local government areas. The effect of migration at the community level will depend, among other things, on the characteristics of the local labor market and the demographic make-up of the migration flow. In light of the likely trade-offs resulting from migration, it remains unclear whether massive migration out of rural areas has promoted or hindered agricultural production in the study communities. Therefore, the impact of massive out migration on agricultural production and their reasons for migration in the selected communities are not known, as such, this study raised these questions; do crop outputs differ between households with migrants and those without? and are there differences in reasons for migration by age range?. The selected communities are particularly good to study the impact of migration on agricultural production because of decline in agricultural production among them that were previously known for intensive crop production and likely differences in age range by reasons for migration. The study wishes to answer these questions through the following specific objectives:
a. To determine differences in crop output production between migrants‘ households and non migrants households in the selected communities.
b. To determine differences by reasons for migration and age range in the study communities.
Hypothesis
Ho:- There is no significant difference in reasons for migration by age range among migrant households. Ho:- There is no difference in crop production outputs between households with migrants and households without migrants.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
A descriptive survey was adopted to elicit information, as this method was necessary as it made easier the retrieval of information through questionnaire from the study population. The study was conducted in four local Government Areas ( LGAs) of Kaduna State namely: (Kachia, Kagarko, Jaba and Zango) but, in some selected communities, known with pronounced cases of out migration.
Population and Sample fraction
The study targets at migrants and non migrants households from some selected communities in four local government areas; Zangon Kataf, Kagarko, Kachia and Jaba . It was a purposeful survey being that the selected communities in the local government areas have known cases of massive out migration. The communities had a projected population of 5100 as at December, 2009 from which a total of 250 households were taken as a study sample, constituting 5 percent and equal samples were taken from both families. Except that, samples vary with community population.
Sampling
It was a purposeful study as mentioned earlier, two villages with known cases of rural-urban migration were picked in each local government area thus; Zango Kataf; (Madakiya and Ashafan Sarki), Kachia; (Kurmin Musa and Awong), Kagarko; (Shadalafiya and Kasabare) while in Jaba local government area we had Fai and Nock .
Data collection and Analysis
A structured questionnaire was used as a tool to illicit information. It had two subsections; ?A and B‘ . Subsection ?A‘ sourced information on respondents‘ background characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, ethnic group, annual income and religion while section ?B‘ sourced information on the number of migrants in a family, sex of migrant, remittance in cash form migrants, crop output at harvest on maize, sorghum, millet, groundnuts and cowpea, and reasons for migration. Household heads were used as respondents in all selected communities. ANOVA and Students‘ ?t‘ test were deployed in data analysis to test differences in crop outputs and reasons for migration by age range.
RESULTS
Differences in Age Range by Reasons of Migration According to results in table 1, all age cohorts revealed no significant difference by reasons of migration at P< 0.05, since ?F‘ calculated (1.1) was less than p. value (6.6). Therefore, Ho is retained, which suggests that migrants in selected communities had similar reasons for migration irrespective of age
Differences between Households with Migrants and Households without Migrants by Crop Production Outputs.
Results in table 2 reveled high significant differences ( PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2049http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2049.1. Okunmadewa, F. (2001). Socioeconomic characteristics of RuralUrban Migrants and Determinants of Migration in Imo State, Nigeria. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria; 2009 20-23rd Oct; National University Commission and Raw Materials Research and Development Council, FCT, Abuja: Nigeria.
2. McCarthy N, Gero C, Benjamin D, Irini M. Assessing the impact of massive outmigration on agriculture. ESA Working Pape 2006 ; (6-14):125-126
3. Adewale JG.Socio-economic factors Associated with Urban-Rural Migration in Nigeria: A Case study of Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology 2005; 17(1):13-16.
4. Sheldon R. Migration and Poverty‘, Asia-Pacific Population Journal 2002:67–82.
5. Echebiri RN, Ndukwu PC. Pattern and Causality of Rural-Urban Migration in Imo State, Nigeria: Implication for Rural Development. Journal of Rural Sociolog 2007; 7(1):16-24
6. Azam JP, F Gubert. Those in the Kayes; the Impact of Remittances on the Recipients in Africa. Mimeo, University of Toulous 2002.
7. Mendola M. Migration and technological change in rural households: complements or substitutes?, Development Studies Working Paper . Centro Studi Luca D‘Agliano, Milan 2004.
8. Ijere NJ. Socio-economic characteristics of Rural- Urban Migrants and Determinants of Migration in Imo State, Nigeria. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria; 2009 20-23rd Oct; National University Commission and Raw Materials Research and Development Council, FCT, Abuja: Nigeria.
9. McKenzie DH. Rapoport.Network effects and the dynamics of migration and inequality: theory and evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Economics 2007; (195): 221-224
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareEFFECT OF DIODE LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL POCKETS- A CLINICAL AND
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
English6679M.PriyankaEnglish T.RmakrishnanEnglish N.AmbalavananEnglish Pandi Suba K.English Prasanna C.C.EnglishAims and objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficiency of a Diode
laser as an adjunct to SRP with SRP alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis patients and
also to evaluate the changes in the clinical and microbiological parameters.
Materials and methods: Total number of 40 deepest sites in 10 chronic periodontitis patients
was selected in this split mouth designed study. In each patient upper and lower right quadrants
were assigned into one group and upper and lower left quadrants into the other. Treatment for
each group was decided using a coin toss method, where Group A (Control) received only
conventional SRP and Group B (Test) received conventional SRP and Laser assisted pocket
debridement. The clinical parameters (Plaque index, Bleeding on probing, Probing pocket
depth, Clinical attachment level) were recorded at baseline and 90th day and the microbiologic
assessment for Aa, Pg and Pi were done on 7th, 21st and 90th day for both the groups.
Results: Out of the 10 patients, 2 patients who were irregular for the treatment protocol were
excluded. When both groups were compared there was statistically significant reduction in
Plaque index, Bleeding on probing, Probing pocket depth and gain in Clinical attachment level
in Group B when compared to Group A. There was statistically significant reduction in
Porphyromonas gingivalis from baseline to 90th day in Group B when compared to Group A.
There was no statistically significant reduction in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and
Prevotella intermedia in both the groups.
Conclusion: From the results observed in this study it can be concluded that use of Diode laser
as an adjunct to SRP was found to be efficacious and safe.
EnglishINTRODUCTION
Chronic periodontitis is initiated by microbial plaque, which accumulates on the tooth surface at the gingival margin and induces an inflammatory reaction. The inflammatory response in patients with chronic periodontitis results in the destruction of the periodontal tissues. With a constant bacterial challenge the periodontal tissues are continuously exposed to the specific bacterial components that have the ability to alter many local cell functions.1 Basically the aim of the periodontal treatment is to restore the biological compatibility of the periodontally diseased root surfaces for subsequent attachment of periodontal tissues to the treated root surfaces.2 EFFECT OF DIODE LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL POCKETS- A CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION M.Priyanka1 , T.Rmakrishnan1 , N.Ambalavanan1 , Pandi Suba K.2 , Prasanna C.C.2 1Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College MAHER University, Chennai 2Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospitals, MAHER University, Maduravoyal, Chennai E-mail of Corresponding Author: Priyanka13_28@yahoo.com 67 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 Complete removal of the bacterial deposits and their toxins from root surface and within the periodontal pockets is not necessarily achieved with conventional mechanical therapy and access to areas such as furcations and grooves is limited owing to the complicated root anatomy.2 There has been growing interest in recent years to search for new machine driven therapeutic devices which are capable of improving and simplifying mechanical root surface management and displaying antibacterial properties in order to decrease the number of bacteria associated with periodontal pockets. In this respect laser radiation at different wavelengths has been investigated as a novel system and an adjunct to conventional therapy.2
Although dental plaque ;harbours a great number of bacterial species, only a limited group of organisms has truly pathogenic potential. Dzink3 and Takeuchi4 et al in their studies have shown that Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are responsible for destructive periodontal diseases. Yano-Higuchi5 et al stated that the proportion of Porphyromonas gingivalis is significantly correlated to the aggrevation of the clinical parameters. Lopez6 et al in their study have shown the elevated levels of Prevotella intermedia in progressing sites of chronic periodontitis. Tseng7et al stated that besides eliminating Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, subgingivally, it has been affirmed that laser can enhance SRP. This study was designed to compare the clinical efficiency of a Diode laser as an adjunct to SRP with SRP alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis patients and also to evaluate the changes in the clinical and microbiological parameters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ten Chronic periodontitis patients both males and females, aged 30 to 55 years, having a probing pocket depth of ≥5mm in 4 to 6 sites of all the quadrants were selected for the study. Patients were selected from the patient pool of the Department of Periodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Chennai. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the ethical committee of the MAHER University. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients. Patients with age group 30 to 55 years, Teeth with ≥5mm probing pocket depth, Patients who can maintain good oral hygiene were included and Patients with systemic disease, Use of tobacco, Use of antibiotics or any form of periodontal treatment in the previous 6 months were excluded from the study. Total number of 40 deepest sites in 10 chronic periodontitis patients was selected in this split mouth designed study. In each patient upper and lower right quadrants were assigned into one group and upper and lower left quadrants into the other. Treatment for each group was decided using a coin toss method. Where Group A received only conventional SRP and Group B received conventional SRP and Laser assisted pocket debridement. Table 1 illustrates the treatment schedule that determined the different examination and treatment steps.
Plaque index (Silness and Loe), Bleeding index (Ainamo and Bay), Probing Pocket depth and Clinical attachment level were evaluated on baseline and 90th day. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from both the groups. The total count of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were assessed at different time points using PCR.
Sub-gingival plaque sample collection: The tooth with deepest pocket of the quadrant was isolated with a cotton roll and air dried and an ISO Standardized absorbent paper points of 25 size were placed within the pocket using a sterile tweezer for a period of 30 sec and then immediately transferred into a sterile ependroff tube containing thioglycollate broth and transported immediately to the laboratory. At baseline, all periodontal parameters were assessed and full mouth scaling and root planing was done. (Fig 1a and 1b shows the pre operative measurements of Pocket depths in both groups)
On 7th day, sub gingival plaque samples were collected from both the groups before laser assisted pocket sterilization was done in group B. Diode laser (SIRO Laser, class IV Diode Laser, with an active semiconductor medium (Gallium,
Aluminium, Arsenide) with a wavelength of 970+/-15nm) is used for the pocket debridement with an optical fiber of 320µm diameter, with an output power of 1 watts in a continuous mode with all the other parameters in a preset mode. The calibration of the fiber was the depth of the treatment site minus 1mm. This measurement allows for the laser energy to penetrate the tissue and reduce the bacterial load without the fiber actually touching the epithelial attachment at the bottom of the pocket. The fiber is placed on the tissue at the top of the sulcus, directing the laser energy away from the tooth structure, and moved towards the bottom.(Fig 2.Laser therapy in Group B) The fiber is moved both horizontally and vertically, and contact is maintained with the soft tissue down to the calibrated depth of the fiber. The pocket is sterilized with the laser for around 30 sec per tooth. The fiber must be inspected frequently and any accumulated tissue and debris must be wiped off to avoid inefficiency. Bacterial reduction is complete when signs of fresh bleeding occur. Post operative instructions following laser soft tissue procedures may include: analgesics as needed, such as Ibuprofen, avoidance of foods that could cause 69 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 irritation to healing tissue, for three to five days. On 21st day sub-gingival plaque samples were collected from both the groups On 90th day all the periodontal parameters were assessed and sub-gingival plaque samples were collected from both groups for microbiological assessment. (Fig 3a and 3b shows the pre operative measurements of Pocket depths in both groups)
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2050http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20501. Flemmig TF, Rudiger S, Hofmann U, Schmidt H, Plaschke B, Stratz A, Klaiber B and Karch H. Identification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33(12): 3102-3105.
2. Aoki Akira, Katia Miyuki Sasaki, Hisashi Watanabe and Isao Ishikawa. Lasers in nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000 2004; 36: 59–97.
3. Dzink J.L, Tanner A.C.R, Haffajee A.D and Socransky S.S. Gram negative species associated with active destructive periodontal lesions. J Clin Periodontol 1985; 12: 648–659.
4. Takeuchi, Y., Makoto, U., Motoko, I., Huang, Y. and Ishikawa, I. Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in aggressive periodontitis patients in a Japanese population. J Periodontol 2003; 74: 1460–1469.
5. Yano-Higuchi, K., Takamatsu, N., He, T., Umeda, M. and Ishikawa, I. Prevalence of Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival microflora of Japanese patients with adult and rapidly progressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27: 597-602.
6. López Rodrigo, Gunnar Dahlén, Carolina Retamales, Vibeke Baelum. Clustering of subgingival microbial species in adolescents with periodontitis. European Journal of Oral Sciences 2011; 119(2): 141-150.
7. Tseng, P., Gilkeson, C. F., Pearlman, B. and Liew, V. J Dent Research 1991;70: 657 (abstract no. 62).
8. Ambrosini P, Miller N, Brianc¸on S, Gallina S, Penaud J. Clinical and microbiological evaluation of the effectiveness of the Nd:Yap laser for the initial treatment of adult periodontitis. A randomized controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32: 670–676.
9. Qadri T, Miranda L, Tune´r J, Gustafsson A. The short-term effects of low-level lasers as adjunct therapy in the treatment of periodontal inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32: 714–719.
10. Sakurai Y, Yamaguchi M, Abiko Y. Inhibitory effect of low level laser irradiation on LPS- stimulated prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase- 2 in human gingival fibroblast. Eur J Oral Sci 2000; 108: 29-34.
11. Karu, T. Low-power laser therapy. In: Biomedical Photonics Handbook. Tuan Vo-Dinh, Ed. CRC Press 2003; 48: 1– 24
12. RomanosHYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed ?term=%22Romanos%20GE%22%5B Author%5D" GE. Clinical applications of the Nd:YAG laser in oral soft tissue surgery and periodontology. J HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 10147186"ClinHYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 76 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 10147186" Laser Med HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 10147186"Surg 1994; 12(2): 103-8.
13. Eun-Jeong Choi, Ju-Young Yim, KiTae Koo, Yang-Jo Seol, Yong-Moo Lee, Young Ku, In-Chul Rhyu, ChongPyoung Chung, Tae-Il Kim. Biological effects of a semiconductor diode laser on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010; 40(3): 105–110.
14. Moritz A, Schoop U, Goharkhay K, et al. Treatment of periodontal pockets with a diode laser. Lasers Surg Med 1998; 22(5): 302–11.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareA STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE AND PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS OF BLDEA"S
SHRI B M PATIL NURSING COLLEGE
English8083M C YadavannavarEnglish Shailaja S PatilEnglish Veena AlgurEnglishObjective of study: 1. To study the Knowledge of Anemia among female Nursing students.
2.To find out the Prevalence of Anemia among female students of Nursing College.
Methodology:A cross sectional study was conducted among the female students of BLDEA‘s
Shri B M Patil Nursing College from 1st Oct to 31st Oct 2010 Results:Prevalence of anemia
was 38.53%, 44.33% of the anemic students belonged to the age group of 18 to 19 years,
Majority Students of S E Class II and III had mild to moderate anemia. Knowledge regarding
anemia was found to be higher among senior students of 3rd and 4th year (mean correct answer
133.4) Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in our study was 38.53%.Senior students had
significant knowledge regarding anemia than junior and freshly admitted students. Statistically
significant association was found between anemia and socio economic status.The present study
shows that irrespective of educational status, socioeconomic status and whether health
personnel or general population anemia is widely prevalent in adolescent age group.
EnglishAnaemia, Knowledge, female nursing students, Adolescents.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2051http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20511. K Park. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 19th edition. Jabalpur, Banarasidas Bhanot Publication, 2007.
2. De-Meyers EM: Preventing and Controlling Iron deficiency anemia through primary health care .WHO Geneva 1989, 8-26.
3. Kulkarni AP,Barde JP. Textbook of Community Medicine, 1st edition Mumbai: Vora Medical publication: 1998.
4. Nair MKC, Pejawar RK, Adolescent Care 2000 And Beyond: Prism Books Private Limited 2001: pg23.
5. Sanjeev M Chowdhary,Vasant R Dhage: A study of Anemia Among Adolescent females in the Urban Area of Nagpur.Indian Journal of Community Medicine,Vol.33,(4).Oct 2008.
6. Tiwari K, Seshadri S. The prevalence of anaemia and morbidity profile among school going adolescent girls of Urban Kathmandu, Nepal. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2000; 39: 319-325.
7. Rawat CMS, et al. Socio demographic correlates of anaemia among adolescent girls in rural area of Meerut district, U.P.. Indian Journal of Community Medicine,2003: Vol.28(1),26-29.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareEVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
PROGRAMME IN THE PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS
English8496Shivappa HatnoorEnglish Sangolli H NEnglish Hemagiri.KEnglish Mallapur M.DEnglish VinodKumar C.SEnglishTuberculosis continues to be one of the most important public health problem worldwide. It
infects one third of the world‘s population at any point of time. There are approximately 9
million new cases of all form of tuberculosis occurring annually and 3 million people die from
it each year. Out of these 95% tuberculosis cases and 98% tuberculosis deaths are contributed
by developing countries.
India accounts for nearly one third of the global burden of tuberculosis. Around 2.0 million
people are diagnosed to be suffering from tuberculosis every year.1 Tuberculosis kills more
adults in India than any other infectious diseases. More than 1000 people a day i.e one every
minutes die of tuberculosis. Evaluation of the implementation of Revised National Tuberculosis
Control Programme in the three Primary Health Centres of Belgaum District.
A Longitudinal study, data collected by personal interview in the field, all cases diagnosed for
tuberculosis by the Medical Officers of three Primary Health Centers from November 1st 2004
to April 30th 2005.
In the present study 48% were males, 52% were females, more than 50% of patients were in the
age group of 20-39 years and majority were Hindus(84%). majority of patients were
Housewives i.e.37.7% followed by farmers i.e. 23.2% and labours 16%. Out of these 69 cases
43.5% belonged to category I, 18.8% category II and 37.7% category III. The overall average
sputum referral in six months was 3.8% and positivity was 11.5%. At the end of Intensive
phase out of 31 sputum positive patients, 77% showed sputum conversion to negativity, 13%
remained positive and 18% were not available for sputum examination. At the end of
continuation phase whose sputum was positive initially 68% were sputum negative and 32%
were not available. Overall treatment outcome cured were 30.4%, completed the treatment
40.6%, defaulted 8.7%, died 16% and transferred out 4.3%.
EnglishTuberculosis, implementation of RNTCP, primary health careINTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis continues to be one of the most important public health problem worldwide. It infects one third of the world‘s population at any point of time. There are approximately 9 million new cases of all form of tuberculosis occurring annually and 3 million people die from it each year. Out of these 95% tuberculosis cases and 98% tuberculosis deaths are contributed by developing countries (1).
India accounts for nearly one third of the global burden of tuberculosis. Around 2.0 million people are diagnosed to be suffering from tuberculosis every year (1). Tuberculosis kills more adults in India than any other infectious diseases. More than 1000 people a day i.e one every minutes die of tuberculosis(2). Despite the National Tuberculosis Programme since 1992, the desired control of tuberculosis could not be achieved. More over, there has been an increase in the absolute number of tuberculosis patients because of the increase in population. The impending threat of Tuberculosis- HIV co- infection and the emergence of Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis have made the situation worse(3). In 1992, an expert committee reviewed the National Tuberculosis Programme and found that less than 30% treatment completion rate, undue emphasis on radiological diagnosis, poor quality of sputum microscopy, multiplicity of treatment regimens, emphasis on case detection rather than on treatment completion, inadequate budgets and shortages of drugs (3). The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme introduced in 1993 lays more emphasis on good quality diagnosis by direct sputum smear microscopy and quality drugs, through standardized short course chemotherapy regimens administered under direct observation along with systematic monitoring and evaluation (3). The goal of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme is to cure at least 85% of new sputum smear positive patients detected and to detect at least 70% of all such patients after the goal for cure rate has been met(2). Belgaum district started implementing Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme from 15th July 2003. K.L.E. Society‘s J.N. Medical College adopted three Primary Health Centres namely Kinaye, Vantmuri and Handignur on 7th April 2004 as such no studies have been done on evaluation of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in these areas. So, this study was taken to evaluate the implementation of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in these areas and also to know the reasons for default of the patients put under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme.
OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the implementation of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in the three Primary Health Centres of Belgaum District.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Design: This was a Longitudinal study undertaken to evaluate the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in three Primary Health Centers.
Source of Data: Total population of three Primary Health Centers i.e Kinaye 47,159, Vantamuri 30,756 and Handiganoor 23,452 population.
Inclusion Criteria: All cases diagnosed for tuberculosis by the Medical Officers of three Primary Health Centers from November 1st 2004 to April 30th 2005.
Study Period: From November 1st 2004 to 31st December 2005 (One year One month) Methods
of Data Collection: Using pre-designed and pre-tested proforma the data is collected. The first visit was done when the patient was registered in the Primary Health Center and started on the treatment. The following data
was collected in the first visit Name, Age, Sex, Religion, Occupation, Address, Educational Status, Marital Status, Type of Family, Socio-economic status, DOT provider, Category of Treatment, Disease Classification, Type of patient, result of 1st Sputum (at the start of the treatment) examination and if there are any reasons for initial default. Second visit i.e. First follow-up visit was done at the end of Intensive Phase and the following data was collected regarding the scheduled intake of drugs, result of 1st follow-up sputum examination and about defaulters if any.
Third visit i.e. second follow-up visit was done in the middle of Continuation Phase and the following data was collected regarding the scheduled intake of drugs, result of 2nd follow-up sputum examination and defaulters if any. Fourth visit i.e. third follow-up visit was done at the end of Continuation Phase and the data was collected regarding the scheduled intake of drugs, result of sputum examination at the end of the treatment, about defaulters if any and outcome of the treatment.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2052http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20521. Kishore J. National Health problem of India 6th edition Century publication New Delhi, 2006. P.No.109-134.
2. A training course Modules 1-4, Managing the Revised National Tuberculosis Programme in your area 4 th printing February 2002 Central Tuberculosis Division DGHS, MOHFW, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi.
3. Srivastava S.K., Ratan R.K. Srivastava P, and Prasad R: report on Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme: urban pilot project in Lucknow, Ind J. Tub, 2000,47,159- 162.
4. Chadha S.L. and Bhagi R.P: Treatment outcome in Tuberculosis patients plaud under directly observed treatment short course- A cohort study. Ind.J.Tub,2000,47,155-158.
5. Gupta K.B and Rajesh Gupta; Association between smoking and Tuberculosis Ind. J. Tub, 2003, 50, 5-7.
6. Arora V.K and Rjnish Gupta; Trends of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme: A study from South Delhi, Ind. J. Tub, 2006, 53, 77-83.
7. Rajasekaran.S, Gunasekaran, H, Jaya Kumar D.D, Jayaganesh.D and Bhanumathi.V; Tuberculosis cervical Lymphadenitis in HIV positive and negative patients Ind .J. Tub, 2001, 48, 201-204.
8. Thomas .A,Chandrasekaran .V, Santha.T,Gopi .P.G, Subramani .R and Narayanan .R.R; sputum examination at two months into continuation phaseHow much does it contribute to define treatment outcome? , Ind. J. Tub, 2006, 53, 37-39
9. Sanjay Rajpal, Dhingra V.K. and Agarwal J.K; Sputum Grading as predictor of treatment outcome in pulmonary tuberculosis; Ind .J. Tub, 2002, 49, 139
10. Sophia Vijay, Balasangameswara V.H, Jagannatha .P.S, Saroja .V.N and Kumar P.Treatment outcome and two half years followup status of new smear positive patients treated under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ind.J. Tub, 2004, 51,199- 208.
11. Marina Rajan Joseph, Sunny Orath P, Ea[em C.K; Integrating private Health care in national Tuberculosis Programme: Experience form Ernakulam Kerala, Ind.J. Tub, 2001,48,17-19.
12. Nirupa.C, Sudha.G, Shant.D, Ponnuraja.L, Fatima.R, Chandrasekharan.V, Jaggarajamma .K, Thomas A, Gopi .P.G and Narayanan .P.R; Evaluation of directly observed treatment providers in the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ind.J. Tub, 2005,52, 73- 77.
13. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme at Glance, central Tuberculosis division Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health and Family welfare Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesSCREENING OXYLIPINS FOR INHIBITORY ACTIVITY AGAINST BACTERIAL PATHOGENS OF PAPAYA
English97105B. SujathaEnglish P. Uma Maheswari DeviEnglishOxylipins are metabolites produced by the oxidative transformation of Poly unsaturated fatty
acids. In the present study, the plant oxylipins are screened for their antibacterial activity
against Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and xanthomonas
axonopodis, the bacterial plant pathogens interfering with papaya cultivation. In vitro growth
inhibition studies showed that 13-LOX metabolites are potential bactericidal agents compared
to 9-LOX metabolites.
EnglishLipoxygenase, Oxylipins, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Antibacterial activity.INTRODUCTION:
Oxylipins are secondary metabolites derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and are central players in a variety of physiological processes in animals and plants Reinbothe et al [1]. In mammals, oxylipins are derived mainly from Arachidonic acid (20:4) and have pivotal function in the inflammatory process De wild et al [2]. In contrast, Phytooxylipins are formed from the oxygenation of linoleic (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3). Oxylipins are not preformed but are synthesized denovo in response to mechanical injury, herbivore or pathogen attack. The biosynthesis of most of plant oxylipins are initiated by the action of Lipoxygenases (LOX). LOX (EC1.13.11.12), a non heme iron containing dioxygenase that catalyzes the
addition of molecular oxygen at either the C9 or C13 position of the C18 fatty acids such as Linoleic (LA) and α-Linolenic acids (ALA) and leading to the formation of corresponding hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acid (13-HPOD/9-HPOD) and hydroperoxy octadecatrienoic acid (13- HPOT/9-HPOT) respectively Feussner et al [3] .
LOX generated 9- and 13-hydroperoxides have been shown to affect plant cell viability and regulate localized cell death during the hypersensitive response Rusterucci et al [4]. The products of the LOX reaction are then converted to different oxylipins in at least six biosynthetic branches Porta et al [5]. The 13-hedroperoxides of ALA serves as the substrates for hydroperoxide lyase leading to the formation of Cis-3-hexenol and Trans-2-hexenal Noordermee et al [6]. The formation of Jasmonic acid is initiated by an enzyme, hydroperoxide cyclase, which reacts with 13-hydroperoxide linolenic acid to give 12-oxophytodienoic acid the precursor of jasmonic acid Vick and Zimmerman et al [7] .
To get better insight into the biological activities of oxylipins, the present study is designed to asses the antimicrobial activities of oxylipins against papaya bacterial pathogens. Carica papaya has been infested with a number of bacterial diseases that cause serious damage to the papaya crop. Among them the most important bacterial pathogens are Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and xanthomonas axonopodis. Erwinia sp cause chlorosis of the foliage with necrotic lesions, especially long midveins. This was followed by infection of the petioles and stem, and a rapid rot of the apical shoot, leading to the death of the tree. Petiole and stem lesions initially appeared as irregular, water soaked spots typical of those caused by leaf and stem blighting of bacteria. Another symptom called Purple stain is caused by Erwinia herbicola. Enterobacter cloacae causes internal yellowing of ripening fruit without displaying external symptoms. The disease is characterized by soft, yellow, disclosed flesh which diffuses spreading margins and an offensive, rotting odor in ripening papaya fruit. Some of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa species cause water soaked lesions and angular spots on Papaya leaves. Xanthomonas axonopodis causes tiny raised blister like lesions which later tan to brown and often surrounded by chlorotic halo.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials: Cultures are obtained from Indian Institute of Microbial technology. HPLC solvents, n-hexane, Prop-2-ol, acetic acid, methanol were of high quality HPLC grade chemicals obtained from Merck, Sd-fine and SRL chemicals India. Cis-2-hexenol, Trans-2-hexenal, Jasmonic acid were obtained from Sigma chemical company, St.Louis, USA. Other chemicals used in this study were of high quality grade procured from Standard Indian Chemical companies.
METHODOLOGY
Preparation of hydroperoxides and hydroxides:
Partially purified papaya LOX was employed for the preparation of Hydroperoxides as per the method described by Reddanna et al [8]. Partially purified papaya LOX was incubated with 200µM linoleic or linolenic acid in 0.1M Tris HCl buffer pH 8.0 for 2 minutes at room temperature with constant shaking. The reaction was terminated by acidifying the reaction mixture to pH 2.5 with 6NHcl. The products were extracted with equal volumes of hexane:ether (1:1). The organic solvent was separated from the aqueous layer in a separating flask, was passed through the anhydrous granular sodium sulfate and subjected to evaporation in rotary evaporator to total dryness. The dried products were redissolved in methanol. The hydroperoxy compounds obtained in the reaction of papaya LOX with LA were reduced with sodium borohydrate and the products were extracted with equal volumes of hexane: ether (1:1). The organic solvent was separated from the aqueous layer in a separating flask, was passed through the anhydrous granular sodium sulfate and subjected to evaporation in rotary evaporator to total dryness. The dried product was re dissolved in methanol and was taken as 13-HOD (Hydroxy dienoic acid). Similarly the hydroperoxy compounds obtained in the reaction of papaya lipoxygenase with ALA were reduced with sodium borohydrate and the products were extracted with equal volumes of hexane: ether (1:1). The organic solvent was separated from the aqueous layer in a separating flask, was passed through the anhydrous granular sodium sulfate and subjected to evaporation in rotary evaporator to total dryness. The dried product was re dissolved in methanol grade and was taken as 13-HOT (Hydroxy trienoic acid)
Screening for antibacterial potential of oxylipins:
Antibacterial activity of oxylipins was determined by disc diffusion method as described by Langfeild et al [9]. One hundred microlitres of the diluted liquid cultures of Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas axonopodis were spread on sterile nutrient agar plates. The sterile filter paper discs (6mm diameter) impregnated with 6µg of different oxylipins were then placed on the surface of the medium and incubated at 370 c for 24hr. After the incubation period the diameter of inhibition zone around the oxylipin saturated discs were measured. Three replicates were maintained for each observation. 10% of ethanol was used as control for each observation.
Effect of Hydroperoxides and hydroxides on the growth of Bacteria:
To test the effect of oxylipins on the growth of Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis, sterile discs were placed centrally on the surface of previously seeded agar plates. Various concentrations of Hydroperoxides and hydroxides (1.5µg, 3µg, 4.5µg and 6µg) dissolved in 10% ethanol were added to each filter disc and three replicates were maintained for each observation. Plates were incubated at 370 c and examined for zones of inhibition around each disc after 24hr. The lowest concentration of hydroperoxides and hydroxide that produced a detectable zone of inhibition was considered as a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). 10% of ethanol was used as control.
Determination of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC):
To determine the minimum Bactericidal concentrations, the graded levels of cis-3- hexenol, trans-2-hexenal and jasmonic acid were added to the sterile 150ml conical flasks containing of 50ml nutrient broth. The flasks were inoculated with an overnight culture of Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Xanthomonas axonopodis and incubated at 370 c for 24hr.Growth was indicated by turbidity and measured at 660m in a colorimeter. Control was maintained by adding 10% ethanol. The experiment was repeated thrice. When growth was observed, the oxylipins under study was considered as bacteriostatic but when no growth appeared in the liquid culture the oxylipins was treated as bactericidal.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The oxylipins generated from LA and ALA were screened for their antibacterial activity against pathogens of Papaya (Table I). Results obtained in the present study revealed that the oxylipins possess potential antibacterial activity against Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas axonopodis. When tested with disc diffusion method, 13-LOX metabolites showed significant antibacterial activity on comparison with 9- LOX metabolites (Table II). Lox metabolites have been shown to play a role in plant response to biotic stress both as antimicrobial compounds Prost et al [10] and signal molecules that led to the activation specific defense genes Roshal et al [11]. All the bacterial pathogens of Papaya were found to be sensitive to the tested oxylipins.
Of all the compounds tested maximum inhibition of bacterial growth was observed with hydroxides compared to hydroperoxides. ALA hydroperoxides (13- HPOT & 9-HPOT) are potent bactericidal agents (fig.I) compared to LA hydroperoxides (13-HPOD & 9-HPOD). In Control filter discs however, there was no inhibition of the bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity of LOX metabolites was enhanced by increase in the concentration of oxylipins. The concentration of both 13- and 9- LOX products required to inhibit the invitro bacterial growth was calculated and indicated in figure II. The MIC of hydroperoxides of LA and ALA were found to be 3µg/disc (fig.III) and 1.5µg/disc for hydroxides (fig.IV). The growth inhibiting activity of Cis-3- Hexenol, Trans-2-Hexenal and Jasmonic acid was measured on Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas axonopodis in liquid medium. Trans-2-Hexenal, the high antibacterial oxylipin prevented the growth of all bacteria at low concentration. A direct relationship between amount of oxylipins (Cis- 3-Hexenol, Trans-2- Hexenal and Jasmonic acid) and retardation of bacterial growth was observed in liquid culture as shown in Table III. In vitro growth effects were measured at 660nm and compared to controls, grown in the presence of 10% ethanol (fig.V). Cis-2- hexenol and Trans-2-hexenal were able to strongly reduce growth of Pseudomonas invitro Croft et al [12]. Contribution of the oxylipin pathway to plant defense can proceed from production of signal molecule inducing defense gene expression or hypersensitive response Lacemera et al [13] .
CONCLUSION
The present study clearly emphasizes the role played by Lipoxygenase in plant defense mechanism. The plant oxylipin metabolome constitutes a large number of structurally diverse compounds formed by the oxygenation of fatty acids. The Present study demonstrates that the oxylipins are potential antimicrobial agents which help in eliminating different bacterial pathogens that cause serious damage to Carica papaya. The 13-LOX metabolites exerted pronounced antimicrobial activity, on comparison with 9-LOX metabolites, demonstrating the predominance of 13- LOX pathway in Carica papaya belongs to the family Caricaceae. Among all oxylipins tested, Trans-2-hexenal is the most efficient antimicrobial agent. In general it can be concluded that the screening provides a better insight in to the antibacterial activity of oxylipins and the role of oxylipins in combating the bacterial pathogens of Papaya.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India for financial support to carry out the Major Research Project (F.No.34-241/2008 (SR-).
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2053http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20531. Reinbothe S, Mollenhauer B, Reinbothe C. JIPs and RIPs: the regulation of plant gene expression by jasmonates in response to environmental cues and pathogens. The Plant Cell 6, 1994; 1197-1209 101 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011
2. De Wild HPJ, Otma EC, Peppelenbos HW. Carbon dioxide actionon ethylene biosynthesis of pre climacteric and climacteric pear fruit. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2003; 54: 1537– 1544.
3. Feussner I, Wasternack C. The lipoxygenase pathway. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol, 2002; 53: 275-297.
4. Rustérucci C, Montillet J.L, Angel J.P, Battesti C, Alonso B, Knoll A, Bessoule J.J, Etienne P, Suty L, Blein J.P.. Involvement of lipoxygenasedependent production of fatty acid hydroperoxides in the development of the hypersensitive cell death induced by cryptogenic of tobacco leaves. J. Biol. Chem., 1999; 274: 36446-36455.
5. Porta, H. and Rocha Sosa M. Plant Lipoxygenase, Physiological and Molecular Features, Plant Physiol. 2002, vol. 130, pp. 15–21.
6. Noordermeer MA, Veldink GA, Vilegenthart JFG. Fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase: a plant cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in wound healing and pest resistance. Chembiochemistry, 2001; 2, 495-504.
7. Vick B A and Zimmerman DC. Oxidative systems for modification of fatty acids: the lipoxygenase pathway. In the biochemistry of plants: a Comprehensive treatise. Edited bt stumpf, P.K.Vol9 PP: 53-90. Academic Press, Orlando FL.
8. Reddanna P, Whelan J, Maddipat K.R and Reddy C. C. Purification of arachidinate 5- lipoxygenase from potato tubers. Methods Enzymol, 1990; 187: 268-277.
9. Langfield R.D, Scarno F.J, Heitzman M.E, Kondo M, Hammond G.B, and Neto C.C. Use of modified microtitre plate bioassay method to investigate antibacterial activity in the Peruvian medicinal plant Pereromia galioides. J. Ethanopharmacol, 2004; 94:279-281
10. Prost I, Dhont S, Rothe G, Vicente J, Rodriguez MJ, Kift N, Carbonne F, Griffiths G, Esquerre-Tugaye MT, Rosahl S, et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of plant oxylipins supports their involvement in defense against pathogens. Plant Physiol, 2005; 139:1902-1913.
11. Rosahl S. Lipoxygenases in plants-their role in development and stress response. Verlag der zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, 1996; 51:123-138
12. Croft K.P.C, Juttner F, Slusarenko A. J. Volatile products of the Lipoxygenase pathway from Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. Plant physiology, 1993; 101: 1324.
13. Lacemera S, Balague C, Goble C, Geoffroy P, Legrand M, Feussner I, Roby D and Heitz T. The Arabidopsis Patatin-Like Protein 2 (PLP2) plays an essential role in cell death execution and differentially affects biosynthesis of oxylipins and resistance to pathogens. The American Phytopathological Society, 2009; MPM Vol.22, No.4, Pp.469- 481. doi: 101094/MPM1-22- 4-0469.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareEFFECT OF HOME-BASED AEROBIC AND COMBINED AEROBIC-RESISTED EXERCISE PROGRAM ON
GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN TYPE-2 DIABETES: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
English106115ShabariV PremEnglish Gopala Krishna AlaparthiEnglish VaishaliEnglish Vishak acharyaEnglishBackground & objectives: Diabetes is a strong risk factor for premature coronary heart
disease and cardiovascular disease mortality. Potential maintenance strategy could be homebased
resistance training, which may foster long-term adherence through greater convenience
and flexibility. Methods: A total of 37 subjects with type 2 diabetes were recruited, 19 in
experimental group (Home-based combined aerobic-resisted exercise) and 18 in control group
(aerobic exercise) by block randomization. The experimental group subjects were given brisk
walking gradually progressed to 150min/week at a moderate RPE of 12–14 for three months
where as in control group, 3 days/week brisk walking (for 30 minutes/day) and resisted exercise
with elastic bands (30min/day) for 2 days/week for 3 months. Glycosylated haemoglobin
(HbA1c) and Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory questionnaire was assessed
before training (i.e. 0 wk) and after 3months of training. Results: Glycosylated haemoglobin
levels decreased significantly (PEnglishINTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defective insulin secretion, insulin action or both.1 It is an epidemic, projected to affect 5.4% of world‘s adult population by 2025. 2 In India 19.4 million population is affected by diabetes and is likely to go up to 57.2million by 2025.3 This increase is alarming because diabetes is a strong risk factor for premature coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality.4 Hyperglycemia causes complications such as peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy.5 Usually glycemic control can be assessed with fasting plasma glucose, pre-meal glucose concentration, as well as by HbA1c.6 Hemoglobin A1c value reflects overall glycemic control.4 It is a good estimate of how well the diabetes is being managed over 2 to 3 months.7 The measurement of HbA1c is the most accepted indicator of glycemic control.6 Exercise has been found to significantly decrease HbA1c levels and hence improve glycemic control to a clinically significant degree.8 Types of exercise program used in diabetes include aerobic exercise, resisted exercise, and combined aerobic-resisted exercise. 1, 4, 7, 9-14 Most trials have used supervised exercise sessions in laboratories or exercise facilities to assess the effectiveness of training programs. Because maintenance of good glycemic control is a long-term consideration,strategies to facilitate regular long-term participation in training are needed One potential maintenance strategy could be home-based resistance training, because this may foster long-term adherence through greater convenience and flexibility.15 Limited literature is available for evaluating effect of home based exercise programs on glycemic control in type-2 diabetes in India. The aim of the study was to evaluate effect of home-based aerobic and combined aerobic-resisted exercise program in improving glycemic control in type-2 diabetes.
METHODOLOGY
The study was approved by the time bound ethical committee of Kasturba Medical College under Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka. Subjects were recruited from the patients diagnosed with diabetes type 2 and referred for physiotherapy during August and February 2010. The purpose of the study was explained to the volunteered and interested participants and an informed consent form was obtained. Subjects were screened for inclusion with full and pain-free active range of motion of upper extremity and lower extremity, subjects who were able to walk self-paced at least for 15 minutes without any symptoms and excluded if presence of cardiac or respiratory disease, severe musculoskeletal impairment,
uncontrolled HTN ( baseline BP > 165/95) and vascular diseases of lower extremities. A total of forty subjects with type 2 diabetes fulfilled the inclusion criteria, out of which 37 subjects were recruited for this study, there was 1 drop out in experimental group as patient withdrew from the study and 2 subjects were excluded out of the study in control group due to lack of follow up. Consequently 19 participants in experimental group and 18 participants in control group were included. For both the groups: at the beginning of each exercise session five minutes warm up (free movements of all joints) and at the end of each session five minutes cool down was given (stretching and slow walking). Subjects in both the groups were instructed to keep a daily record of the time and date of exercise in the diary.
Group A: Subjects in this group, brisk walking gradually was progressed to 150min/week for duration of three months. Subjects were encouraged to work up to a slight sweat and a faster respiratory rate, thus working at a moderate RPE of 12–14, or ?somewhat hard‘ according to the Borg scale of perceived exertion. Group B: Subjects in this group were given 3 days/week brisk walking (for 30 minutes/day) and resisted exercise with elastic bands (30min/day) for 2 days/week at least one day gap in between was been given for 3 months. Resisted exercise program: larger muscle groups-Shoulder-abductors, shoulderflexors and extensors, elbow flexors, knee extensors, hip abductors adductors-flexorsextensors, and pectorals. Proper instructions and technique for the exercise were taught to the subjects. Each exerciser started with the lightest band and changed bands when no longer felt difficult by the end of the exercise. To aid participants with their subjective
an up regulation of mitochondrial proteins involved in respiration (citrate synthase), increased glycogen synthase activity, and increase in GLUT4 protein content. Structural adaptations from resistance training include increase in contractile protein content (hypertrophy), resulting in a higher basal metabolic rate and, therefore, potentially greater absolute glucose uptake. Aerobic exercise results in increased mitochondrial proteins and improvements in the capillary to muscle fiber ratio, thereby increasing the distribution of substrates. Finally, regional adiposity, specifically visceral and intramuscular fat stores, is directly related to insulin insensitivity via fat-specific cytokine mediated pathways, as well as a direct influence of intramyocellular fat storage on insulin receptor function within muscle tissue. Therefore, reduction in fat mass via exercise reduces the adverse influence of these factors.21 This reduction in HbA1c may be due to the increase in muscle mass that may result from resistance training could contribute to blood glucose uptake without altering the muscle‘s intrinsic capacity to respond to insulin, whereas aerobic exercise enhances its uptake via a greater insulin action, independent of changes in muscle mass or aerobic capacity. It is likely that, due to different mechanisms of action, the addition of resistance exercise to aerobic training can help achieve the targets in shorter time than achievable by isolated aerobic exercise alone.16 In a Cochrane review by Thomas DE et al ascertained that the exercise intervention significantly improved glycemic control as indicated by a decrease in glycated haemoglobin levels of 0.6%. This result was both clinically and statistically significant.8
One of the possible reasons that our results were not clinically significant (0.6%) as compared to Cochrane review could be due to the use of elastic bands for resistance training wherein the progression of resistance was difficult and also the aerobic exercise session consisted of walking. In most of the studies the modes exercise compared to our study was different, in aerobic exercise program the usual mode of exercise used were treadmill, stationary bicycles, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, rowing machines, whereas for resistance exercise program the modes used were dumbbells, barbells, leg press, leg curls, hip extension, chest press, latissimus pull down using weight machines. Another major limitation was that the program was a home based and not a supervised training program which could lead to reduction in adherence to exercise training volume and intensity which seem to impede the effectiveness of home-based training on glycemic control. A study by Dunstan DW et al showed that the improvement in glycemic control associated with supervised resistance training was not maintained during the home-based training.10 Our study has also showed amendment in quality of life on the 15-item DQOL Brief Clinical Inventory, the quality of life was better in the combined training group compared to the aerobic only training group. Likewise ACSM and the ADA: joint position statement also stated improvements in health-related (SF-36 physical component scores) quality of life.16 Potential mechanisms of exercise include psychological factors, such as increased self-efficacy, a sense of mastery, distraction, and changes in self-concept, as well as physiological factors such as increased central norepinephrine transmission, changes in the hypothalamic adrenocortical system, serotonin synthesis and metabolism, and endorphins. Thus regular physical activity may improve psychological well-being, health-related QOL.16 The rationale behind better improvement in QOL in combined training group compare to aerobic only training group could be because of the satisfaction with diabetes control and the amount exercise done.
LIMITATIONS One of the predicaments that were encountered in the present study was the durability of the bands, the bands tore and did not last for long and had to be change regularly, the possible reason could be the bands might have been over stretched by the subject during the exercises leading to its damage. Adherence to the prescribed intensity and volume of exercise could not be evaluated.
FURTHER RESEARCH Studies with longer duration of six to twelve months follow up with home based exercise program should be done. Comparison of elastic band exercise program with other modes like free weights, or weight machines in diabetic population can be studied. Incorporate measures to evaluate adherence to the prescribed intensity and volume of exercise at home based training to be studied.
IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE Adding on resistance exercise over the regular aerobic exercise leads to considerable improvement blood glucose control. An integrated exercise program with 3 days/week of brisk walking (for 30 minutes/day) and resistance exercise with elastic bands (30min/day) for 2 days/week, at least one day gap in between can be performed. Based on the results found in our study, home-based combined aerobic-resisted exercise program leads to significant improvement in values of HbA1C and had effects that were greater than aerobic alone. There was also an improvement in quality of life in combined group compared to aerobic training group alone.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2054http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20541. Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type-2 Diabetic patients: A Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2518-27.
2. Smith TC, Wingard DL, Smith B, Silverstein KD, Connor BE. Walking provides strong protection from cardiovascular disease mortality in older adults with Diabetes. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:309-17.
3. Pradeepa R, Deepa R, Mohan V. Epidemiology of diabetes in India-- current perspective and future projections. J Indian Med Assoc 2002;100:144-8.
4. Marcus RL, Smith S, Morrell G, Addison O, Dibble LE, Wahoff SD et al. Comparison of combined aerobic and high force- eccentric resistance exercise with aerobic exercise only for people with type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Phys Ther 2008;88:1345-54.
5. Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 1997;14:1-85.
6. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Edward SH, Lebovitz H, Reaven G, Rizza RA et al. How to diagnose diabetes and measure blood glucose control? view 2: 112 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 consensus statement: post prandial glucose. Diabetes spectrum 2001;14:71-4
7. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boule NG, Wells GA, Prud‘homme D, Fortier M et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type-2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:357-69.
8. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA. Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006;3:1-16
9. Misra A, Alappan NK, Vikram NK, Goel K, Gupta N, Mittal K et al. Effect of supervised progressive resistance exercise training protocol on insulin sensitivity, glycemia, lipids and body composition in Asian Indians with type-2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1282-7.
10. Dunstan W, Courten M, Shaw J, Zimmet P. High- intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type-2 Diabetes. Diabetes care 2002;25:1729-36.
11. Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Arguelles I, Forga L, Larrion JL, Garcia UM et al. Twice-weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type-2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:662-7.
12. Lambers S, Laethem CV, Acker KV, Calders P. Influence of combined exercise training on indices of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in type-2 diabetes patients. Clin Rehabil 2008;22:483-92.
13. Cuff DJ, Ignaszewski A, Meneilly GS, Tildesley HD, Martin A, Frohlich JJ. Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type- 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:2977-82.
14. Maiorana A, O‘Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type-2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;56:115-23.
15. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, Vulikh E, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:3-9.
16. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR et al. American college of sports medicine; american diabetes association. Diabetes Care 2010;33:147-67.
17. Praet FE, van Rooij EJ, Wijtvliet A, Boonman LM, Enneking T, Kuipers H et al. Brisk walking compared with an individualized medical fitness programme for patients with type-2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Dibetologia 2008;51:736-46.
18. Rooijen AJ, Rheeder P, Eales CJ, Becker PJ. Effect of exercise versus relaxation on haemoglobin A1c in Black females with type 2 diabetes mellitus. QJM 2004;97:343-51.
19. Damush TM, Damush JG. The effects of strength training on strength and health –related quality of life in older adult women. Gerontologist 1999;39:705-10.
20. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boule NG. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:357–69.
21. Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, Johannsen N, Johnson W, Kramer K et al. effects of aerobic and resistan
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareEFFECT OF SUDARSHANA KRIYA YOGA ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
English116120Anupama NEnglish N.SrinivasaragavanEnglishVarun MalhotraEnglish BasavarajaiahEnglishBackground: Yoga is probably best lifestyle ever devised in the history of mankind. The word
YOGA comes from the Sanskrit root ?YUJ? which means to unite. (the union of body with the
soul.) Kriya in Sanskrit means action, most commonly refers to technique or practice with in a
yoga practice. Sudarshana kriya is a unique rhythmical breathing process to eliminate stress and
support the various organ systems with in the body, transform overpowering emotions and
restore peace of mind. Objective: To assess the effects of Sudarshana kriya on respiratory
function. Materials and methods: 36 subjects practicing Sudarshana kriya for more than 2
years, who were in the age group of 18-30 years nonsmokers (interviewed using standard
questionnaire), from Art of living ashram, Bengaluru were chosen as test group. 36 subjects
who were not practicing any type of yoga of same age group and non smokers were chosen as
controls. Pulmonary function tests like FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and PEFR results were analysed
using appropriate statistical method. Results: Study group showed significantly higher FVC,
FEV1, FEV1/FVC. Suggesting sympathovagal balance. Conclusion: Pulmonary functions
improve significantly with Sudarshana kriya due to respiratory muscle strengthening and good
lung expansion and by harmonizing the central nervous system and our breathing.
EnglishSudarshana Kriya yoga, respiratory rate and pulmonary function tests.INTRODUCTION
Patanjali, foremost exponent of Yoga, describes pranayama as the gradual unforced cessation of breathing. Pranayama is derived from two Sanskrit wordsprana(life) and yama means(control). 1,2,3 Pranayama or control of prana or life force yields heartbeat, pulse and mind control. Sudarshana kriya is a Sanskrit term meaning ?proper vision, purified action?. By ?controlling the breath? it normalizes breathing by concentrating on it systematically. Regular practice of Sudarshana Kriya reduces symptoms of mental depression, 4,5,7 decreases fasting blood glucose levels in type-2 Diabetes Mellites6 and for treating stress and anxiety in post traumatic stress disorder.10 Sudarshana Kriya leaves one more alert aware, attentive and focused.8 Our study is designed to observe the effect of Sudarshana Kriya on pulmonary function tests.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
36 (18 males, 18 females) subjects practicing Sudarshana kriya (SKY) for more than 2 years who were in the age group of 18-30 years, from art of living ashram, Bengaluru were chosen as test group. 36 subjects who were not practicing any type of yoga (nonSKY) of same age group were chosen as controls. The subjects had no history of allergic disorders, respiratory disorders, no history of systemic disease and no history of smoking. The breathing techniques that are part of Sudarshana Kriya are
a) Three-Stage Pranayama with Ujjayi or "Victory Breath"
, b) Three sets of Bhastrika or "Bellow's Breath", and
c) Sudarshana kriya or the "Healing Breath Technique" and they were practiced in that order. The breathing practices are done in a vajrasan posture, on the carpet spread over the floor. Eyes are kept closed throughout the sessions.
Normal breathing is at the rate of 14 to 16 breaths per minute. Ujjayi is a slow and deep breathing technique at 2 to 4 breaths per minute.
Three-Stage Pranayama with Ujjayi breath is an advanced form using a specific ratio of inhalation and exhalation, and breathholds. Participants practice this component where specific arm positions are held for approximately ten minutes in total. It involves taking a breath for a period of 4– 10 seconds, holding the inhaled breath for a further 4–10 seconds, exhaling over a period of 6–12 seconds, and holding one‘s breath in the exhaled The second breathing component of Sudarshana kriya is Bhastrika. Here the breathing is vigorous and faster, about twenty to thirty respiratory cycles per minute. Three approximately one-minute rounds of Bhastrika are followed by a few minutes of normal breathing. Arm movements are used to increase the force and depth of inhalation and exhalation. Practice of this component lasts for approximately five minutes.
The central component of Sudarshana kriya which is an advanced cyclical breathing exercise of slow, medium, and fast rates in succession. Slow breaths are about 20 respiratory cycles per minute, medium breaths are about 40–50 respiratory cycles per minute, and the fast breathing is about 60–80 cycles per minute. The participant rotates through these breathing patterns during Sudarshana kriya. Daily home practice of Sudarshana kriya takes approximately 10 minutes. During the instruction phase, several longer group sessions of Sudarshana kriya, lasting approximately thirty minutes, are practiced. Pulmonary Function Tests like FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and PEFR were measured using Medspiror. The results were analyzed using Z-test to test the statistical significance of difference in the two groups (Table 2)
RESULTS
Pulmonary Function Test values are significantly higher in SKY group indicating better control of breathing, stronger respiratory muscles and overall lower resistance to passage of air during expiration. (Table.1 and Table.2)
DISCUSSION
Sudarshana kriya appears to be specialized pranayamic breathing capable of inducing series of beneficial changes besides causing improvement in respiratory functions. Various respiratory parameters improve after Sudarshana Kriya. A significant increase in FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC , PEFR, increase in the vital capacity, tidal volume increase in expiratory and inspiratory pressures, breath holding time and decrease in the respiratory rate. Bhastrika strengthens the diaphragm (due to deep inspiration), expiratory muscles of abdomen transverse abdominus external oblique (due to forceful expiration). Probable explanation for this could be, regular inspiration and expiration of long medium and short durations during Sudarshana Kriya leads to strengthening of respiratory muscles. This helps the lungs to inflate and deflate maximally. This maximum inflation and deflation is an important physiological stimulus for the release of surfactant and prostaglandins increasing the alveolar spaces, thereby increasing lung compliance and decreasing bronchial smooth muscle tone activity.11 A decrease in breathing frequency have shown increase synchronization of brain waves eliciting delta wave activity indicating parasympathetic dominance. Although these mechanisms provide some clues to pranayama‘s mechanism, the neural mechanism that causes this bodywide autonomic shift is not reported. It has been proposed that certain voluntary breathing exercises can modulate the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system bringing their levels of activation into a normal range.5 Techniques involving focusing on a single thought resulted in regularity of respiration while in the thoughtless state there was reduction in the rate and regularity of respiration. Sudarshana kriya by long term manipulation of breathing by practicing slow deep breathing likely results in over stretching of pulmonary stretch receptors, increase the lung volumes and capacities. Long term practice results in manipulation of vagal tone, thereby reducing rate of respiration at rest. Voluntary, slow, deep breathing functionally resets the autonomic nervous system through stretch-induced inhibitory signals and hyperpolarization currents propagated through both neural and non-neural tissue which synchronizes neural elements in the heart, lungs, limbic system, and cortex.9 Inhibitory current regulates excitability of nervous tissues and is known to elicit synchronization of neural elements which typically is indicative of a state of relaxation. Synchronization within the hypothalamus and the brain stem is likely responsible for inducing the parasympathetic response during breathing exercises.5 Sudarshana Kriya is understood to use specific rhythms of breath to eliminate stress and support the various organ systems with in the body, transform overpowering emotions and restore peace of mind. 10
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2055http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20551. Sivananda. The Sivananda Yoga Centre. (1983). The book of Yoga. London: Ebury Press. pp14-15.
2. Yogananda, P. (1946). Autobiography of a yogi. Los Angeles: SelfRealization Fellowship. pp 1920-1921.
3. Yogananda, P. Undreamed of possibilities. The teachings of Sri Sri Paramahansa Yogananda. pp 5-6.
4. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ; Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: A randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. Journal 120 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 of Affective Disorders, 2000; 57(1): 255-259.
5. Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, SubbakrishnaDK; P300 amplitude and antidepressant response to Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY). J Affect Disord, 1998; 50: 45–48.
6. Agte VV, Tarwadi K; Potential of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga practice in treatment of type 2 diabetes. Altern Complement Ther, 2004; 10:220–222.
7. Anette Kjellgren, Sven Å Bood Kajsa Axelsson Torsten Norlanderhttp://www.biomedcentral.co m/logon/logon.asp?msg=ce, Fahri Saatcioglu; Wellness through a comprehensive Yogic breathing program – A controlled pilot trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007; 7: 43-51.
8. Dr. M. Bhatia EEG during sudarshana Kriya a quantitative analysis. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998; 50(1): 45-48.
9. Vedamurthachar, A (A); Janakiramaiah, Nimmagadda (N); Hegde, Jayaram M (JM); Shetty, Taranath K (TK); Subbakrishna, D K (DK); Sureshbabu, S V (SV); Gangadhar, B N (BN); Antidepressant efficacy and hormonal effects of Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) in alcohol dependent individuals. 2006Aug; 94 (1-3): 249-253.
10. Brown RP, Gerbarg L; Sudarshan Kriya Yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part II—Clinical applications and guidelines. J Altern Complement Med. 2005; 11: 711–717.
11. Belman MJ, Gaesser GA; Ventilatory muscle training in the elderly. J Appl physiol,1998; 64(3): 899 – 905.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareDEVELOPMENT OF FIBRE RICH SNACKS AND THEIR EFFECT ON WEIGHT REDUCTION AMONG OBESE
BOYS
English121127Kalpana.C.AEnglish Lakshmi .U.KEnglishChildhood obesity is an important public health rapidly increasing worldwide. Unhealthy eating
and over consumption of snacks high in fat, calories or added sugars are considered as major
contributors of childhood obesity. The present study aimed at developing fibre rich snacks and
evaluating their effect on selected obese boys. Forty obese boys in the age group of 10-12 years
were divided into 4 groups with 10 members in each group. Group I, II and III were treated as
experimental groups and group IV as control group. Three high fibre snacks were evaluated
through changes in height, weight and Body Mass Index after a period of 3 months. A
maximum increase in height was observed among Group I & II after the study period. Group II
supplemented with steamed snack 2 showed a highly significant reduction in weight
(1.6kg),Group I (0.9kg) & Group III (1.1kg) reduction in weight. The BMI of all the
experimental groups were found to decrease from 0.9 to 1.14 with a higher reduction seen
among group II. The findings revealed that consumption of high fibre snacks consisting of
varagu, horse gram and curry leaves was found to be very effective in weight reduction of
obese boys.
EnglishChildhood obesity, high fibre snacks, obese boys, weight reductionINTRODUCTION
Nutrition plays an important role in the growth and development of an individual throughout life. Infancy and childhood are important milestones for nutrition and growth since they strongly predict health outcomes later in life1 . Prevention of nutritional problems is important during childhood, in order to reduce risk during adulthood2 . During the last two decades, obesity has become the most prevalent nutritional problem in the world, eclipsing under nutrition and infectious diseases and emerging as the most significant contributor to ill health and mortality. About 15-20 per cent of all obese people were found to be obese in childhood and an additional 10-15 per cent during adolescence3 . The highest prevalence of childhood obesity has been observed in developed countries. However, its prevalence is increasing in developing countries also4 .Obesity is a consequence of energy imbalance, in its simplest terms and decreased physical activity or increased inactivity are probably the main factors accounted for the reduction of total energy expenditure leading to positive energy balance and increased prevalence of besity5 .Unhealthy eating patterns resulting in over consumption of snacks high in fat, calories or added sugars are considered a major contributor to childhood obesity6 .It is important to maintain healthy components of traditional diets such as micronutrient rich foods like fruits, vegetables and whole grain cereals and guard against heavily marketed energy dense fatty and salty foods and sugared cold drinks.
The strategy should be to recognize and eliminate risk factors of high calorie intake such as frequent snacking, frequent eating out and celebrating with food and drink7 .Dietary fiber has important health benefits in childhood and adolescence, especially in promoting regular bowel habits and reducing a child‘s risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes mellitus in adulthood8 . Fibre intake is inversely associated with body weight and body fat. The addition of dietary fibre generally decrease food intake and hence, body weight 9 . Hence this study was undertaken with the objectives of developing high fibre snacks and evaluate their effect on selected obese boys.
MATERIALS AND METHODS a. Development of High Fibre Snacks Diets particularly those low in carbohydrate reduce body weight and for a long term effect, a low carbohydrate, high protein, high fibre diet is recommended for weight loss. A beneficial physical property of dietary fibre is that it may bind intestinal material such as bile acids, cholesterol and toxic compounds10.Varagu, ragi flour, horse gram, curry leaves and onion were the main ingredients selected for the development of three high fibre snacks for the present study. Snack1 had three variations with varagu, ragi flour, horse gram and curry leaves powder. The significance of using varagu and horse gram as millet and a legume is related to their high fibre content of 9gm and 11g/100g respectively. Curry leaves powder is a good source of calcium (830mg/100g) and fibre. Horse gram and varagu were roasted and powdered. The flours were mixed with sliced onion, chillies, coriander leaves, and salt and made into a shape of kozukattai and steamed. Snack 2 contained varagu, horse gram and curry leaves and no ragi flour and was prepared in the same manner as snack 1. Snack 3 had varagu, roasted bengal gram flour, curry leaves powder and prepared in the same manner as for snack 1.This combination was rich in fibre and protein. Table I presents the composition of the developed snacks.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2056http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20561. Gibney,M.J., Macdonald,I.A. and Roche,H.M. (2003), ?Nutrition and Metabolism?, Blackwell Publishing Company, USA, P. 112.
2. Roberts,B.S.W. and Williams,S.R. (2000), ?Nutrition Throughout Life Cycle?, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill International, Boston, P. 43.
3. Zwiauer,K.F.M. (2000), ?Prevention and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents?, Eur.J.Pediatr, Vol.159, No.1, Pp. S56 - S68.
4. James,J., Thomas,P., Cavan,D. and Kerr,D. (2004), ?Preventing Childhood Obesity by Reducing consumption of Carbonated Drinks: Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial?, BMJ, Vol.34, Pp. 86 - 92.
5. Molnar,D. and Livingstone,B. (2000), ?Physical Activity in relation to Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents?, Eur.J.Pediatr, Vol.159, No.1, Pp.S45 - S55
. 6. Chagnon,Y.C., Rankinen,T. and Synder,E.E. (2003), ?The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2002 Update?, Obes.Res, Vol.11, Pp. 313 - 367.
7. Bhave,S., Bavdekar,A. and Otiv,M. (2004), ?IAP national Task Force for Childhood Prevention of Adult Diseases: Childhood Obesity?, Ind. Pediatr,Vol. 41,Pp. 559 - 575.
8. Williams,C.L.(2006),?DietaryFibe in Childhood?, Pediatr, Vol.149, No.5, Pp.121- 130.
9. Slavin,J.L. (2006), ?Dietary Fiber and Body Weight?, J.Am.Diet.Assoc, Vol.106, No.9, Pp. 1380 - 1388.
10. Gardner, C.D; Karzand, A; Alhassan, S; Krim, S; Stafford, R.S; Balise, R.R; Kraemer, H.C; King, A.C. (2007), ?Comparison of the Atkins, zone, ornish and lean diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women?, JAMA, Vol. 297, No. 9, Pp. 969-977.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesGENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN FIVE ACCESSIONS OF TRIGONELLA USING CYTOLOGICAL
STUDY, PROTEIN ESTIMATION AND SDS-PAGE
English128137Vaseem RajaEnglish Jahangir Ahmad DarEnglish Rajdeep KudesiaEnglish Manoj SrivastavaEnglishGenetic variation of cultivars is very interesting in reducing genetic vulnerability as well as
stabilizing production. In this regard, a study was undertaken to evaluate the genetic diversity
among five accessions of Trigonella viz., IC-143851 (A1), IC-144225 (A2), IC-332236 (A3),
IC-371755 (A4) and IC-433589 (A5). For the first assay, mitotic index and protein estimation
were evaluated. A1 accession had the highest mitotic index (15.40%), while A4 accession had
the lowest (6.83%). Highest and lowest protein contents were observed in case of A3
(31.0±1.16) and A5 (23.2±0.80) accessions, respectively. Total seed storage protein profiles
were examined using SDS-PAGE. The proteins were resolved in 27 bands with 24 polymorphic
peptides. The similarity coefficient calculated on the basis of presence and absence of bands
ranged from 0.23-0.55. Following the UPGMA algorithm of similarity coefficients, the
accessions could be clustered into two similarity groups. Cluster 1 consisted of two accessions
(A1 and A3) while the cluster 2 grouped rest of the accessions (A2, A4 and A5). Clustering
based on seed storage protein profiles provides information about the phylogenetic relationship
of accessions as all the accessions have at least one or more unique seed storage protein marker
that can separate them from one another.
EnglishGenetic Diversity ,SDS PAGE,Mitotic index,Trigonella Protein profile.PhylogeneticINTRODUCTION
The family Fabaceae, or bean family, is the second big family of flowering plants in the world with 650 genera and18, 000 species (Rakhee et al., 2004). It includes many crops useful for food, forage, fiber, wood and ornamental purposes. Few members of the family such as chickpea, soybean, fababean, fenugreek, lentil, pea etc. are consumed as grain legumes. The grain legumes are plants used as food in the form of unripe pods, mature seeds or immature dry seeds, directly or indirectly (Rachie and Roberts, 1974). The genus Trigonella is one of the largest genera of the tribe Trifoliatae in the family Fabaceae and sub-family Papilionaceae (Balodi and Rao, 1991), represented by about 110 species in the world (Sechmen et al., 1998). Among Trigonella species, Trigonella foenum graecum (commonly known as fenugreek) is a flowering annual, with autogamous white flowers occasionally visited by insects. Indigenous to countries on the eastern shores of Mediterranean, fenugreek is widely cultivated in India, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Morocco and occasionally in England (Polhil and Raven, 1981). Fenugreek is extensively grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of India during winter season for its seeds, tender shoots and fresh leaves. The current productivity of fenugreek is 1245 kg/ha. The value added products of fenugreek such as fenugreek seeds, fenugreek powder and oleoresins are exported to Europe, North America, South Africa and some Asian countries (Malhotra and Vahishtha, 2008). Traditionally it is consumed as fresh vegetable and as a spice to add flavor to the Indian cuisines. Fenugreek is gaining importance due to its rare medicinal properties (Sharma et al., 1990). According to Ayurveda, fenugreek is herbal drug that is bitter or pungent in taste. It is effective against anorexia and is a gastric stimulant (Rajagopalan, 2001). Diosgenin, a steroidal saponin present in its seeds has been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells (Shishodia and Aggarwal, 2006). Aggarwal and Shishodia (2006) cloned and characterized a small cystine -rich peptide which has antifungal properties in nature (Olli et al., 2007; Olli and Kirti, 2006). Fenugreek seed powder has been shown to demonstrate antidiabetic effect by stabilizing glucose homeostasis and carbohydrate metabolism in type-1 diabetes (Preet et al., 2006).
Across the world only known and welldefined cultivars are grown in specific areas. Gene banks also harbor scanty germplasm collection of Trigonella species (Hymowitz, 1990). The neglected and the underuse status of these locally important crops indicates a risk of disappearance of important plant material developed over thousands of years. One of the important factors restricting the development of better varieties and their large-scale production is that very little information is available about the genetic diversity, inter- and intraspecific variability and genetic relationship among these species. Therefore, attempts to analyze possible untapped genetic diversity becomes extremely essential for breeding and crop improvement.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) is used for its validity and simplicity to describe genetic structure of crop germplasm, but its implication has been limited mainly to cereals because of less polymorphism in most of the legumes (Ghafoor et al., 2002). Seed protein analysis by SDS-PAGE is a tool to understand the genetic diversity at protein level among the genotypes. It is less expensive, reproducible, reliable and efficient method. Seed protein markers are widely used for the identification of varieties (Cooke 1984) of agricultural and horticultural crops. The validity and simplicity of seed protein profiling has been well documented (Cooke 1988). High stable and reliable seed protein profiling make it a powerful tool in elucidating the taxonomic and evolutionary problems of cultivars (Ladizinsky et al., 1979; Das and Mukarjee, 1995). Researchers have used seed protein profiling by SDS-PAGE as genetic marker system since many years. The use of genetic and seed protein marker can be used to select elite accessions collected from different agro-climatic regions for crop improvement programs. Comparative studies on the proteomic data in leguminous species has been reported (Yasmin et al., 2010). The present study was initiated to study the genetic diversity based on seed protein profiling across the selected accessions.
level (Al-Wadi and Gamal, 2007; Bhat and Kudesia, 2011). Martin et al. (2011) found that some endemic species of Trigonella in Turkey have higher mitotic index by virtue of the fact that they are widespread while other endemic species are restricted to some localities only because of their lower mitotic index. Total protein content in the seeds of Trigonella varied from 23.2-31.0 mg/g with a mean value of (27.04 mg/g.). The lowest protein content was found in A5 accession and the highest protein content was recorded in case of A3. A narrow range of variation was observed in rest of the accessions (Table 1). Our results are in consistency with the findings of Makaii et al. (2004) who revealed 30-32% protein in case of Trigonella. Sammour et al. (2007) also revealed genetic diversity on the basis of protein estimation in Latharus sativa and found the same result. The difference observed in case of the protein content may be attributed to the environmental factors such as geographical area, season of collection, elevation and annual temperature, precipitation and soil fertility (Vargas et al., 2000) and thus expression of different genes. More studies are needed to determine the effects of the environment on the amount of the total seed proteins in seeds of plants.
Electrophoresis of proteins is a powerful tool for population genetics (Parker et al., 1998). The most commonly used proteins are seed storage proteins, which are known to be polymorphic with respect to size, charge, or both these parameters (Cooke, 1984; Martinez et al., 1997). Germplasm characterization based on morphological traits is not up to the mark and requires confirmation at molecular or at least at protein level. Electrophoresis of proteins is a powerful tool for detection of the genetic diversity and the SDS-PAGE of seed protein is particularly considered a reliable technology because seed storage proteins are highly independent of environmental fluctuations (Iqbal et al., 2005; Javid et al., 2004). Genetic diversity of Trigonella germplasm elucidated through SDS-PAGE of proteins from seeds revealed distinct electrophoretic patterns. Twenty seven bands ranging from 50.0 to 97.0 kDa were recognized among five accessions, three were monomorphic (Table 2, Figure 1). The genotypes showed considerable variation in protein band number ranging from 12 to 17. Out of 27 peptide bands 24 bands were polymorphic with 88.88% polymorphism. Our finding reveals that considerable intra-specific variation was available in the analyzed accessions. The variation in the major bands was present in case of A1 and A5, where as the accessions showed variations for the minor bands. Band number 5 (93kDa), 7 (89 kDa) and 27 (50 KDa) were common in all the accessions. Polypeptide band number 8 (87 kDa, A1), 12 (78 kDa, A1) 18 (69 kDa, A2), 21 (65 kDa, A4), 23 (59 kDa, A4), 24 (58 kDa, A3) and 26 (56 kDa, A5) were accession specific. Band number 20 (67 kDa) was absent only in case of A1. Species specific bands may be exploited for hybrid identification in breeding experiments (Maity et al., 2009).
The cluster analysis performed using UPGMA revealed two distinct clusters as evident from dendrogram (Figure 2) constructed from Jaccards similarity matrix. Cluster 1 consisted of two accessions (A3 and A1) while the cluster 2 grouped rest of the accessions (A2, A4 and A5). Clustering based on seed storage protein profiles provides information about the phylogenetic relationship of genotypes as all the genotypes have at least one or more unique seed storage protein marker that can separate them from one another and also from other Trigonella genotypes. The results are in consistence with Hameed et al. (2009).
The SDS-PAGE results revealed that the total amount of polymorphism accounted for principal component was 88.88% which revealed a considerable genetic diversity among the studied accessions. Our results are in consistence with that of Landizinsky (1979), who found genetic diversity among three species of fenugreek based on seed protein profiles. The variability within the investigated accessions agrees with previous biochemical studies (Chowdhury and Slinkard, 2000; Tadesse and Bekele, 2001, 2004). Various reports on the same line are present from the previous investigations. Sammour et al. (2007) used SDS-PAGE technique in Latharus sativa and found 72.72% polymorphism in case of seed proteins .The electrophoretic analysis of seed proteins in the Trigonella accessions revealed a considerable intraspecific variation. This observation is consistent with the electrophoretic data of Latharus sativa (Przybylska et al., 1998). Marked protein polymorphism may be explained by the presence of out crossing in this self-pollinated species as has been augmented by Chowdhury and Slinkard (1997) in case of Latharus sativa. Kaumar and Tata (2010) found 85.57 % polymorphism in case of chilli peppers. Present protein profiles of the selected experimental accessions of Trigonella revealed that accessions A4 and A2 are very close to each other at molecular level. These accessions almost possess same similarity index of about (0.50), (Table 3). Seed protein patterns can be used as a promising tool for distinguishing cultivars of particular crop species (Jha and Ohri, 1996; Mennella et al., 1999). However, only few studies indicated that cultivar identification was not possible with the 133 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 SDS-PAGE method (Ahmad and Slinkard, 1992; De Vries, 1996). The SDS-PAGE is considered to be a practical and reliable method for species identification (Gepts, 1989).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are very thankful to NBPGR, New Delhi for providing the germplasm of fenugreek. The authors acknowledge the help provided by Dr. Manoj Srivastava, Senior scientist at IGFRI, Jhansi.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareCOMPARISON OF ACAPELLA AND RC-CORNET FOR AIRWAY CLEARANCE IN BRONCHIECTASIS-A PILOT STUDY
English138148ShabariEnglish V PremEnglish Gopala Krishna AlaparthiEnglish VaishaliEnglish Vishak acharyaEnglishBackground: Rc-cornet is a hand held PEP device used in facilitating airway clearance.
Acapella is also a PEP device already known to be effective in airway clearance. Objective:
The objective of the study was to compare Acapella and Rc-cornet device as airway clearance
in bronchiectasis subjects and to determine patient preference between the two devices.
Method: Forty patients (20 male and 20female) mean age 52.20 ± 15.66 with history of
expectoration of more than 30ml sputum per day were recruited. The sequence of the therapy
was allocated by block randomization. Assessment and familiarization session was performed
on day 1. Treatment employing the Acapella and Rc-cornet were done on days 2 and 3 .
Treatment order and allocation was determined by block randomization. Sputum volume was
measured during and 2hours after the treatment and patient treatment preference was recorded.
Results: A statistically significant difference was found in the sputum volume expectorated
with Rc-cornet (36.58 ± 7.21) compared with Acapella (34.63±9.03). Patients preferred Rccornet
in terms of clearing secretions. Conclusion: The present study proved there was
increased sputum clearance following the use of Rc-cornet when compared to Acapella. In
addition Rc-cornet was preferred by patients who judged that it was more useful in clearing
secretions.
Englishchest physiotherapy, sputum volume, oscillation, positive expiratory pressure, Acapella, RC-cornet, secretion clearance, bronchiectasisINTRODUCTION
Bronchiectasis is a term used to describe as a permanent and irreversible abnormal dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles. It is usually acquired but results from underlying genetic or congenital defects of airway clearance 1 . Bronchiectasis in India it is known to be the 3rd commonest non – tubercular respiratory disease in adults 2 . In Bronchiectasis, irreversible dilatation of bronchi occurs and is associated with destruction of muscular and elastic components of the bronchi wall this result in permanent dilatation and inflammation of bronchial wall3 . The distended bronchi have the tendency of retaining secretion; these secretions become infected triggering an ongoing and persistent host inflammatory response leading to loss of respiratory cilia and progressive airway obstruction as a result of oedema and excessive mucus 4 .
Bronchiectasis most frequently involves both the lower lobes, when the involvement is unilateral it affects the terminal bronchi and bronchioles and is more frequently seen on the left lingula and right middle lobe. Clinical manifestation includes productive cough, fever, shortness of breath, purulent voluminous expectoration with a fetid odour and occasional hemoptysis 5 . Bronchiectasis is treated with medicines, hydrations, and chest physical therapy. Medicines include bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics. Physiotherapy is regarded as standard treatment when dealing with Bronchiectasis. This include traditional methods like chest physiotherapy which includes breathing techniques, manual percussion and vibration, postural drainage, forced expirations and coughing and mechanical devices includes high frequency chest wall oscillation, high frequency oral oscillation, oscillatory positive expiratory pressure devices like flutter, Acapella, RC- Cornet and PEP mask 6 .
RC-Cornet is a modern physiotherapeutic device for patients with bronchiectasis and disorders of lungs accompanied by sputum production. RC cornet is a hand held device with curved plastic tube containing a flexible latex-free valve-hose. During expiration through the Cornet, a positive expiratory pressure and oscillatory vibration of the air within the airways are generated. It can be used in any position as it is gravity independent 7 . A recent study comparing RC-Cornet at settings 3-4 i.e. at maximum pressure variation, compared with flutter on bronchiectasis sputum cohesiveness based on the same throughput rate in the two devices, the study concluded that RCCornet reduces cohesiveness more than flutter does 7.
Another study comparing RC-Cornet with and without physiotherapy concluded RCCornet is comfortable, effective small accepted tool and also had positive effects on pulmonary functions and treatment 8 . Acapella is a hand held device, incorporates two therapies, positive expiratory pressure and vibration, it enabling patients to clear their congested lung and airways. Acapella was widely used as it is easier to use and take less than half the time of conventional sessions and facilitates airway opening 9 A RCT done on comparing Acapella versus active cycle of breathing technique in bronchiectasis subjects concluded that Acapella is as effective as Active cycle of breathing technique and offers a user friendly alternative to Active cycle of breathing technique for patients and also greater portion of patients preferred Acapella 10 .
A recent study done on Acapella versus threshold inspiratory muscle trainer for sputum clearance in bronchiectasis subjects concluded that there was increased sputum clearance following the use of Acapella compared to threshold inspiratory muscle trainer and Acapella was preferred by patients as useful in clearing secretion 11 . We hypothesized that RC-cornet will be more effective than Acapella for airway clearance.
To our knowledge, no studies have been done on Acapella versus RC-Cornet in airway clearance in bronchiectasis subjects. In addition, no studies have compared the airway clearance of RC- cornet to the Acapella in patient with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis .therefore the purpose of the study was to compare the effects of the RCcornet and a Acapella as methods of airway clearance in bronchiectasis and to compare the patient preference between the devices/techniques
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was approved by local institutional ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients. Thirty patients with a history of sputum expectoration of more than 30 ml per day, diagnosed to have bronchiectasis, were recruited from hospital setting at kastruba medical college hospitals. Patients with uncontrolled hemoptysis, rib fractures, or history of recent myocardial infraction were excluded from the study
Study design
An approval was obtained from the scientific committee and time the sequence of the therapy (RC-cornet/Acapella) was allocated by block randomization. Patients attended the teaching and treatment sessions for 3 consecutive days. Assessment /familiarization session was done on the first day. Patient had no used either the RC- cornet or Acapella previously. Patients performed treatments using either the RC-cornet or Acapella at the same time over the next 2 consecutive days (days 2 and 3). Patient who performed RC-cornet on day 1 were crossed over to the Acapella on day 2 and vice versa. Patients were instructed to administer medications (bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics whenever applicable) at least one hour before the treatment and at the same time on both the treatment days. The same physiotherapist administered all the treatment sessions. The volume of sputum expectorated (during treatment and for up to 2 hours after treatment) was measured with a volumetric jar and patient preference scale was taken.
In Group A patients performed RCCornet
It produces a combined PEP when patient blows into it, i.e. it builds up a continuous positive pressure of about 20 cm head of water when blown into with additional pressure oscillations of about 5 cm head of water depending on how strongly the patient blows. The pressure and airflow oscillations generated by expiration through the RC- cornet are imparted to the bronchial tree by way of the mouthpiece, causing calibre fluctuations in the bronchi and thus helping to prevent respiratory tract collapse.
The patients could choose any preferable starting position as this device works independent of gravitational forces. The patient was instructed to tightly enclose lips to the mouthpiece and was advised to take a deep breath in through nose and blow through RC-Cornet. A high pitch harsh sound and vibration was felt in the chest. The patients were instructed to repeat the same 10-15 times which is followed by huff and coughs if needed. The cycle was repeated for 15-20 minutes or 3 sets of 10- 15 repetitions were given. The twisting of mouthpiece produced more positive expiratory pressure and vibration in the airway.
In group B, patients performed Acapella
It consists of counter weighted plug and metal strip attached to a lever, and a magnet. Airflow oscillations are created by the breaking and reforming of a magnetic attraction by the plug as it intermittently occludes air passing through the device during expiration .the device incorporates a frequency/resistance dial that adjusts the proximity of the magnet to the metal strip, thereby regulating expiratory pressure and the amplitude and frequency of oscillations.
During the initial teaching session, the patient was seated in a chair and was taught to exhale through the device for 3 to 4 seconds. If exhalation was too slow or too fast, patients were encouraged to exhale more or less forcefully. The patients was instructed to take a deep breath and hold it for 3-5 seconds and the patients were instructed to place the mouthpiece into mouth and were asked to exhale completely at a slightly faster rate than normal. The same procedure was recommended to be repeated at 10-15 times and the patients were advised to suppress the desire to cough during these cycles. The patient was then advised to remove the Acapella from mouth and exhale forcefully to aid airway clearance. If it does not trigger a productive cough, an attempt to huff/ cough to help force secretion was advised. Immediately after end of treatment session in either group the post assessment test including sputum collection (volumetric jar), was carried out for 2hrs, and then wash out period of 24 hours was taken so as to neutralize the effects of given intervention, then the subjects were crossovered to other group. End of the treatment session were determined when the subjects were treated with maximum of 15-20 min, or when the subjects were no longer expectorating sputum or when subjects fell too tired to continue the treatment
Patient preference scale
The patient preference scale (PPS) has previously been described and used in the assessment of treatment effect in patients with chronic bronchial sepsis. It has four components rated on a 5- point scale. The PPS components include (1) usefulness in clearing secretions ;(2) convenience; (3) comfort; and (4) overall performance. It was scored as much better(+2); better(+1); no difference(0); worse(-1); and much worse (-2)
compared with Acapella with a mean difference of 1.95ml. A recent study comparing Acapella and inspiratory muscle trainer concluded that Acapella usage produced more sputum than inspiratory muscle trainer with a mean difference of 0.70 ml11, another study on airway clearance in bronchiectasis comparing Acapella and ACBT, also proved that Acapella was effective in sputum clearance with mean difference of 4.23 ml. The present study showed that RC-Cornet is useful in clearing secretions. No patients in either group reported any Side effects from either airway clearance treatment. A great proportion of patients preferred RC-Cornet when compared to Acapella in sputum clearance, convenience, comfort and overall performance. Statistically RC-Cornet shows higher significance than Acapella in patient preference.
RC-Cornet is a modern physiotherapy device for patients in airway clearance. RC-Cornet works on the principal that at starting position the valve hose rests in a bent tube. At initial position a continuous positive pressure of about 20 cm head of water is formed. Three pressure oscillation frequencies are superimposed, a low frequency at about 20Hz, a middle frequency at 80Hz and high frequency pressure oscillation of 300Hz. On blowing the valve hose is forced into two compartments with a flexible valve at each compartment end. If on exhalation the critical pressure of the first valve is exceeded the air enters the second compartment which is still closed by its valve. Until the second valve opens, the first valve is shut again. This induces a constant PEP with superimposed pressure fluctuations.
Turning the mouth piece into positions 1-4 diagonally twists the valve hose, this gradually reduces the effectively of second valve, this explains the reduction of the static positive pressure in favour of the amplitude of the pressure oscillation. This valve sequence technology also induces a stop and go of the airflow which supports the removal of bronchial secretions 12-13 . Besides the pressure oscillation, airflow oscillations are also generated by expiration. These pressure and airflow oscillation are imparted to the bronchial tree by way of the mouthpiece, causing calibre fluctuation in bronchi and resulting in increased collateral ventilation, through the canals of Martin and Lambert and pores of Kohn. This renews entry of air into region that are collapsed or filled with bronchial mucus, thus reducing residual volume; it also activates the surfactant with its oscillation resulting in a stabilization of the bronchioalveolar system 8 . Acapella is a mucous clearing device, consisting of counterweighted plug and metal strip attached to a lever, and a magnet. Airflow oscillations are created by the breaking and reforming of a magnetic attraction by the plug as it intermittently occludes air passing through the device during expiration. The device incorporates a frequency/resistance dial that adjusts the proximity of the magnet to the metal strip, thereby regulating expiratory pressure and the amplitude and frequency of oscillations enhance airway clearance thinning of mucus through mechanical oscillation and increased expiratory flow 10 . The Acapella treatment may have assisted secretion clearance by altering rheology of the mucus and increased ciliary beat through stimulation of the ciliated epithelial cells. The oscillation frequency of Acapella (13.5Hz) is close to the cited
optimal frequency for secretion clearance (13Hz). The natural frequency of the ciliary beat is 11 to 15Hz, and if airflow oscillates at a similar frequency, this resonance may increase the amplitude of the cephaladciliary beat, which could in turn increase mucus transport. The Acapella might have increased mucus transport due to the application of resonance mechanism 6, 11 . Other mechanism is that airflow oscillation might have caused unfolding of the physical entanglements between the primary network of mucous glycoprotein and other structural macromolecules, the rupture of cross-linking bonds such as disulfide bridges, or perhaps the fragmentation of larger molecules such as DNA or F-actin, leading to decreased viscoelasticity and thereby further enhancing the mucus transport 11 . Another possible mechanism may be the variable positive expiratory pressure during Acapella treatment within the airways during expiration. This increased pressure is proposed to stabilize collapsible airways, thus increasing expiratory flow in the airways, and to recruit the collateral ventilation, allowing gas behind the secretions, thus aiding the movement of these secretions towards the oropharynx 6 . In comparison to Acapella, RC-Cornet uses the entire expired air volume to produce pressure and fluctuation vibrations. The success of the therapy depends on these vibrations, especially for patients with a low expiratory volume (FEV1). RC-Cornet when compared to Acapella has ability to oscillate even at low flow at about 2 cm of H2O were as Acapella oscillation starts at 5cm of H2O. With the RC-Cornet the patient can determine the optimal personal pressure and flow characteristics by turning the mouthpiece. Positions 1 and 2 create PEP with added pressure oscillations successfully. Positions 3 and 4 create a slowly rising pressure with a sudden pressure drop. This pressure drop is useful in shedding mucous from bronchial walls. Acapella shows no such mechanism of pressure drop, which is present in RC-Cornet. In comparison with Acapella, RC-Cornet has performed better because of slow rising of pressure followed by sudden pressure drop. Sputum volume was recorded as the primary outcome measure rather than sputum weight, as the volume provides information that establishes a short-term clinical efficacy10.The present study showed that RC-Cornet helps in clearing secretions when compared to Acapella. Previous studies have suggested that sputum volume and weight are comparable and that each gram of sputum is considered to have a volume equivalent to 1ml 10, 16 . The patient preference scale (PPS) has previously been described and used in the assessment of treatment effect in patients with bronchiectasis. It has four components rated on a 5 point scale. The PPS components include (1) usefulness in clearing secretions; (2) convenience; (3) comfort; and (4) overall performance. It was scored as much better (+2); better (+1); no difference (0); worse (-1); and much worse (-2). A recent study done on Acapella and inspiratory muscle trainer also used patient preference scale which suggested that patients preferred Acapella, in clearing secretion, convenience, comfort and overall performance11,16 . Present study showed a great proportion of patients preferred RC-Cornet when compared to Acapella in sputum clearance, convenience, comfort and overall performance. RC-Cornet produces oscillations at low flow which helps in clearing secretions. Sound produced during oscillations may be one of the reasons as it provides a feedback to the subjects. It gives the subjects an idea 145 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 about the presence of secretions there by making the subjects involved in the decision making and better convenience, comfort and overall performance. RCCornet can be used by any age subjects. The present study showed that a great proportion of subjects preferred RC-Cornet when compared to Acapella in sputum clearance, convenience, comfort and overall performance.
Study limitations The limitation of the study is the possibility of bias, as the same physiotherapist delivered both interventions and collected sputum volumes, and the single treatment design, which may not truly reflect clinical practice where treatments are incorporated over a long period of time. The study was a short term study.
Future research
In the present study, our goal was to investigate the short term effect of RCCornet and Acapella treatment in airway clearance.
Further studies should address the effect of long term outcome, such as frequency of hospitalization and quality of life.
Further studies required to investigate the mechanism of mucous transport through radioactive aerosol tracer technique.
Clinical implication
Compared with other physiotherapy PEP devices used for the airway clearance, RCCornet is the most effective and comfortable device which can be used easily in the clinical setting for the patients with bronchiectasis.
CONCLUSION
this short-term study demonstrated increased sputum clearance following the use of the RC-cornet when compared to the Acapella.in addition, the RC-cornet was preferred by patients who judged that it was more useful in clearing secretions.
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6. McCool FD, Rosen MJ. Non pharmacologic airway clearance therapies: ACCP Evidence –based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006;129:250-9.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareCORRELATION OF PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE WITH ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS IN YOUNG ADULTS
English149152Varun MalhotraEnglish Srinivasaragavan N.English Rajkumar PatilEnglish Jaiganga REnglishPeak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is the maximum rate of airflow achieved during a forced
expiration after maximal inspiration. PEFR of healthy medical students were accessed. Body
mass index (BMI), which is an important parameter to assess whether subjects are obese were
significantly and positively correlated with PEFR. Physical activity reduces weight and
improves fat distribution in the body. Therefore, it can be predicted that physical activity
improves PEFR. The more the height and weight there will be more oxygen demand for the
tissues. The increased oxygen demand should be met by more ventilation thus, increasing
respiratory function and hence PFER.
EnglishINTRODUCTION
Disease of respiratory system is one of the common causes that lead to hospital visit of patient in most countries. In diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases, the assessment of pulmonary function is of considerable importance.1 Peak expiratory flow rate (PETR) is the maximum rate of air flow achieved during a forced expiration after maximal inspiration. Peak flow meter is an easy cost effective instrument by which PEFR can be measured and used to follow up the patients. No normal reference value for pulmonary function tests of healthy children and adults in Nepal exists. The present study was undertaken to measure the PEFR in healthy children studying in Nepal and to evaluate the effect of body size and obesity on PEFR.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present study has been carried out among 59 students of Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS), Pokhara, Nepal. Their height in centimeters was measured by standard method. Weight in kilograms was recorded by weighing machine.
PFER was measured with "standard range FERRARIS Pocket Peak flow meter" manufactured by Ferraris Medical Ltd. London holding it horizontally. 2, 3 Subjects were made relaxed before taking the reading. The test procedure was explained to the subjects and a demonstration of maneuver was given to each of the subjects. After proper rest the subjects was requested to take the deep breath and exhale as forcefully as possible in one single blow into the instrument. During the breathing out into the instrument subject‘s nose was closed. Three readings were taken and highest of the three was accepted. A CORRELATION OF PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE WITH ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS IN YOUNG ADULTS Varun Malhotra1 , Srinivasaragavan N.2 , Rajkumar Patil3 , Jaiganga R4 1Department of Physiology, Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College 2Department of Physiology, Annapoorana Medical College 3Department of Community Medicine, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal 4Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College E-mail of Corresponding Author: dr_varun@yahoo.com 150 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 close watch was made to ensure that a tight seal was maintained between lips and mouthpiece. The PFER was recorded to the nearest L/min. After data collection data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 10.0). Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to examine the relationship weight, height with PEFR.
DISSCUSSION
PEFR is determined by bronchial muscle tone of mid airways, and strength of respiratory muscles. Body mass index (BMI), was significantly and positively correlated with PEFR. Physical activity reduces weight and improves fat distribution in the body. Therefore, it can be predicted that physical activity improves PEFR. The more the height and weight the more oxygen demand for the tissues. The more oxygen demand will be met by more ventilation thus, variation in respiratory functions and hence PEFR. As ventilation improves in fit people, the body is charged with an increased supply of oxygen through the lungs, this oxygen "burns" or oxidizes the waste impurities, chiefly carbon, in the venous blood. This process of purification is enhanced by an accompanying large increase in expulsion of waste carbondioxide from the lungs during exhalation. As a consequence, very little of the tissue remains in the blood as waste material. There is less need for the breath, as the flow to the lungs of blood for purification slows down. The heart and lungs are given extraordinary rest. Singh and Peri reported that PEFR correlate best with height in subjects below 30 years and with age in older subject.4 In a study on Ethiopian population it has been shown that that FVC, FEV1 and PEFR have significant correlation with age and height in both males and females. In addition PFER alone was significantly correlated with weight and fat free mass (FFM) in women.5 Significant positive correlation between lung function tests such as vital capacity, maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), PEFR and anthropometric variables like height, weight body surface area (BSA) was also seen in Indian children.6
In one of the study on healthy Nigerian children (ages 5-20) and adloesents, a good correlation between anthrapometric measurements such as age, height, weight, chest circumference, and body surface area and the indices of pulmonary functions as FVC, FEV1 and PEFR was observed.7 Chia et al studied pulmonary function in healthy Chinese, Malay and Indian adults in Singapore and observed age, height and eight in the males (of all ethnic groups) were significantly correlated with those pulmonary functions.8 In another similar study on Nigerian children (6-19 years), it has been found that PEFR correlates positively and significantly with age, height, weight and BSA in both the sexes.9 Benjaponpitak et al reported that the relationship between PEFR and height was approximately linear in both male and female children. 10
Mohamed et al worked on the impact of body- weight components on forced spirometry in healthy Italians and showed that significant association of sex, age, height, and fat free mass with FVC, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow.11 In two similar
CONCLUSION
The more the height and weight there will be more oxygen demand for the tissues. The more oxygen demand should be met up by more ventilation thus, variation in respiratory functions and hence PEFR. Physical activity reduces weight and improves fat distribution in the body. Therefore, it can be predicted that physical activity improves PEFR.
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T We would like to acknowledge the help of the second semesters (aug 2005) batch with special help from Sneha Elizabeth Varghese, without which this project would not have been finished. We would also like to acknowledge Mr. Binu V S for help in statistical analysis.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2059http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20591. Subramanyam S, Madhavankuti K. Text book of human Physiology, 4th edition 1990. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.p.128.
2. Hussain S, Mohunniddin M, Rehman MS. PEFR in cement factory workers. Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol 1999; 43: 405-406.
3. Rasheed BMA, Hussain K, Hussain S. PEFR in relation to phases of pregnancy. Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol 2000; 44: 511-12.
4. Singh HD, Peri S. PEFR in south Indian adults. Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol 1979; 23: 315-20.
5. Mengesha YA, Meakonnen Y. Spirometric Lung Function Test in normal nonsmoking Ethiopian men and women. Thorax 1985; 40: 465-8.
6. Aundhakar CD, Kasliwal GJ, Yajurvedi VS, Rawat MS, Ganeriwal SK, Sangam RN. Pulmonary function test in school children . Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol 1985; 29: 14-20.
7. Olanrewaju DM. Spirometric standards for healthy Nigerian children and adolescent. East Afr Med J 1991; 68: 812-819.
8. Chia SE, Wang YT, Chan OY, Poh SC. Pulmonary Function in healthy Chinese, Malaysia and Indian adults in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1993; 22: 878-84.
9. Jaja SI, Fagberno AO. Peak expiratory flow rate in Nigerian School Children. Afr J Med Sci 1995; 24: 379-84.
10. Benjanpopitak S, Direkwattanchari C, Kraisarin C, Sasisakulporn C. Peak expiratory flow rate values of students in Bangkok. J Med Assoc Thai 1999; 82 (Suppl) 137-43
11. Mohammad EL, Maiolo C, Iacopino L, Pepe M, Di Daniele N, De Lorenzo A. the impact of body weight components on forced spiratory in healthy Italians. Lung 2002; 180: 149-159
12. Raju PS, Prasad KU, Ramana YV, Ahmed SK, Murthy KJ. Study on lung function tests and prediction equations in Indian male children. Indian Paediatr 2003; 40: 705-11 152 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011
13. Raju PS, Prasad KU, Ramana YV, Ahmed SK, Murthy KJ. Study on lung function tests in Indian girls- prediction equations. Indian Paediatr 2004; 71: 893-97
14. Trabeki. World Health Organization Expert Committee, Measuring ObesityClassification and description of an anthropometric data. Copenhegan, Reginol Office for Europe. World Health Organization 1999; EUR/ICP/NUT 25.
15. Sri Paramhansa Yogananda. God Talks With Arjuna. The Bhagavad Gita Royal Science of God-Realization. The immortal dialogue between soul and spirit. A new translation and commentary 2002, chapter IV Verse 29, pp 496-507.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcarePECTUS DEFORMITIES AMONG CHILDREN OF COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH
English153156Padmasree DantuEnglish Srinivas PusuluriEnglishPectus excavatum (PE) and Pectus carinatum (PC) are two common chest deformities. The
present study was conducted with an aim to document the prevalence of chest wall deformities
including PE and PC in Indian population. 22750 children and adolescents aged 7-14 years
consisting of 12628 (55.5%) males and 10122 (44.5%) females were studied who attended
Pediatric and Chest Clinics over a period of 8 years. Subjects with chest wall deformities (PE
and PC) were traced out. The prevalence of chest deformities in our population is 150 (0.6%).
The mean age of subjects was 11.2 years. Of these subjects 112 (0.49%) [64 (57%) males and
48 (43%) females)] had PE and 38 (0.16%) [28 (73.7%) males and 10 (26.3%) females)] had
PC. The prevalence of PE seems to be high compared to PC in coastal Andhra of India. Chest
deformities should not be considered only as a cosmetic derangement, one should also consider
its functional, social and psychological ramifications.
EnglishChest wall deformity, Pectus carinatum, Pectus excavatum.INTRODUCTION
Pectus deformities are common; about 1 in 400 people have a pectus disorder. Pectus carinatum, occurring in only about 20% of people with pectus deformities. About four out of five patients are males. [1] Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest), is a deformity of the chest characterized by a protrusion of the sternum and ribs. . People with Pectus carinatum usually develop normal heart and lungs, but the deformity may prevent these from functioning optimally. In moderate to severe cases of Pectus carinatum, the chest wall is rigidly held in an outward position. Thus, respirations are inefficient and the individual needs to use the diaphragm and accessory muscles for respiration, rather than normal chest muscles, during strenuous exercise. This negatively affects gas exchange and causes a decrease in stamina. Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest, in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally. This produces a caved-in or sunken appearance of the chest. It can either be present at birth or not develop until puberty. Pectus excavatum is sometimes considered to be cosmetic; however, depending on the severity, it can impair cardiac and respiratory function and cause pain in the chest and back. People with the abnormality may experience negative psychosocial effects. Pectus excavatum is sometimes referred to as cobbler's chest, sunken chest, funnel chest, chest hole or simply a dent in the chest.[2] Clinical PECTUS DEFORMITIES AMONG CHILDREN OF COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH Padmasree Dantu1 , Srinivas Pusuluri2 1Maharajah‘s Institute of Medical Sciences, Nellimarla Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh 2 Pediatric and Chest Clinics, R.K Mediworld, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh E-mail of Corresponding Author: docpadmaamc@yahoo.co.in 154 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 symptoms include mild to moderate exercise limitation, respiratory infections and asthmatic conditions. The hallmark of the condition is a sunken appearance of the sternum. The heart can be displaced and /or rotated. Mitral valve prolapse may also be present. Base lung capacity is decreased. Researchers are currently unsure as to the actual cause of Pectus excavatum but hypothesize genetic defect. Approximately 37% of individuals with Pectus excavatum have a first degree family member with the condition. . Pectus excavatum is also a relatively common symptom of Marfan syndrome. Many children with spinal muscular atrophy develop Pectus excavatum due to the diaphragmatic breathing that is common with the disease. Pectus excavatum also occurs in about 1% of persons diagnosed with Celiac disease for unknown reasons. Because the heart is located behind the sternum and individuals with Pectus excavatum have been shown to have visible deformities of the heart (seen both on radiological imaging and after autopsies), it has been hypothesized that there is impairment of function of the cardiovascular system in individuals with Pectus excavatum. While some studies have demonstrated decreased cardiovascular function in Pectus excavatum, there has been no consensus reached of the presence or degree of impairment in cardiovascular function in people with Pectus excavatum based on tests such as echocardiography. Similarly, there is no consensus on the degree of functional improvement after corrective surgery. Children with pectus deformities often tire sooner than their peers, due to shortness of breath and fatigue. Commonly there is a concurrent mild to moderate asthma. Some children with Pectus carinatum also have scoliosis. Some have mitral valve prolapse. Connective tissue disorders involving structural abnormalities of the major blood vessels and heart valves are also seen. Although rarely seen, some children have other connective tissue disorders, including arthritis, visual and healing impairment. Apart from the possible physiologic consequences, pectus deformities can have a significant psychological impact. Some people, especially those with milder cases, live happily with Pectus carinatum. For others, the shape of the chest can damage their self-image and confidence, possibly disrupting social connections and causing them to feel uncomfortable throughout adolescence and adulthood. Physiologically, increased pressure in utero, rickets and increased traction on the sterssnum due to abnormalities of the diaphragm have been postulated as specific mechanisms. Keeping in view if the aforementioned ailments, our study was undertaken to document the prevalence of chest wall deformities (PE and PC) among children of coastal Andhra Pradesh. In the present study the prevalence of PE and PC was identified in a population of about 22750 children.
CONCLUSION
In our study, we were able to show that PE is prevalent in coastal Andhra population. Pectus deformities usually become more severe during adolescent growth years and may worsen throughout adult life. The secondary effects, such as scoliosis and cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions, may worsen with advancing age. Body building exercises (often attempted to cover the defect with pectoral muscles) will not alter the ribs and cartilage of the chest wall, and are generally considered not harmful. Fortunately, most insurance companies no longer consider chest wall deformities like Pectus carinatum to be purely cosmetic conditions. While the psychological impact of any deformity is real and must be addressed, the physiological concerns must take precedence. The possibility of lifelong cardiopulmonary difficulties is serious enough to warrant a visit to a thoracic surgeon.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Management and the Dean, Maharajah‘s Institute Of Medical Sciences, Nellimarla, for their constant encouragement to do research work. The authors express their gratitude 156 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 to the EDP department, MIMS, for their timely help and thank the staff of Pediatric and Chest Clinics for their co-operation during the study over a prolonged period.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2060http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20601. "Pectus Carinatum, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center". Cincinnatichildrens.org. 2007-09-26. 3. chief lexicographer: Douglas M. Anderson (2003).
2. "Pectus Excavatum". Spence, Roy A. J.; Patrick J. Morrison (2005). Genetics for Surgeons. Remedica Publishing. ISBN 1-901346-69-2.
3. Westphal FL, Lima LC, Lima Neto JC, et al. Prevalence of pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum in students in the city of Manaus, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2009;35(3):221?6.
4. Haje DP, Haje SA, Simioni MA. Prevalence of pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum in students in the city of Manaus, Brazil. Brasília Med. 2002;39(1/4):10?5. (In Portuguese).
5. Goncalves A, Ferrari I. Characteristics of the occurrence of pectus excavatum in a study of thoracic malformation in preschool children in Sao Paulo. Rev Bras Ortop. 1987;22(1):19?22.
6. Goretsky MJ, Kelly Jr. RE, Croitoru D, Nuss D. Chest wall anomalies: Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum. Adolesc Med Clin. 2004; 15(3):455?71.
7. Fonkalsrud EW, Dunn JC, Atkinson JB. Repair of pectus excavatum deformities: 30 years of experience with 375 patients. Ann Surg. 2000; 231(3):443?8.
8. de Matos AC, Bernardo JE, Fernandes LE, Antunes MJ. Surgery of chest wall deformities. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;12(3):345?50.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcarePREVALENCE OF TRAUMATIC INJURIES TO THE PERMANENT INCISORS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
AGED 9-13 YEARS IN, MUGAPPAIR, CHENNAI.
English157163Joyson MosesEnglish Deepa GurunathanEnglishAim: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with permanent anterior teeth traumatic
injuries in 9-13 year old school children of Mugappair, Chennai. Materials and Methods :
Children aged 9 to 13 years from both the public and private schools in, Mugappair, Chennai
formed the study population. Oral examination was done and traumatic injuries were recorded
according to Holland‘s modification of Ellis and Davey classification. A total of 1515 children,
of which 855 (56.44%) were boys and 660 (43.56%) were girls were included for the study.
Results: The prevalence of children with anterior teeth traumatic injuries was found to be
19.41%. Age and gender were significantly associated with dental trauma. Male children were
more affected than female children and the prevalence increased with age in the ratio of 2:1.
Enamel fracture (64.97%) was the most common type of injury followed by enamel-dentine
fracture(22.79%). The cause of all type of fractures was mainly due to fall during playing
followed by bicycling.6.46% of children did not report the cause of trauma. Traffic accidents
and violent impacts which often cause dental trauma were also less uncommon.
Conclusion: The present study shows that there is a high prevalence of dental trauma among
school going children of Chennai. Education regarding the dental injuries and its prevention
through health promotion programs may play a major role in reducing the prevalence of dental
injury and avoiding the financial costs of treatment, especially in developing countries.
EnglishSchool Children, Dental Trauma, Permanent Anterior teeth, Age Group.INTRODUCTION
Traumatic dental injuries are a serious public health problem among children and this makes it an area of interest to dental educators, clinicians, and coordinators of emergency health care services. Epidemiological data provides a basis for evaluation of the concepts of effective treatment, resource allocation and planning within any health environment.1 Dental trauma is an important issue, since fracture of one or more teeth, especially the anterior, may result in pain, loss of function, poor aesthetics and psychological trauma.2 Dental injuries constitute a true dental emergency which requires immediate assessment and management. There are few reports available on the epidemiology of injuries of the teeth of children when compared to epidemiological data on dental caries and periodontal diseases.3 Over the last two PREVALENCE OF TRAUMATIC INJURIES TO THE PERMANENT INCISORS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN AGED 9-13 YEARS IN, MUGAPPAIR, CHENNAI. Joyson Moses1 , Deepa Gurunathan2 1Department of Pedodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 2Department of Pedodontics, College of Dental Surgery, Saveetha University, Chennai E-mail of Corresponding Author: drjoysonm@gmail.com 158 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 decades there has been a dramatic decline in caries prevalence in the developed countries. As a consequence of this, the problem of traumatized teeth has gained relative importance.4 The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries among school children in different parts of the world varies from 2.6% to 43.8 %.5,6 .With the advancement in civilization, children are more exposed to situations where trauma has become a mandatory consequence. During school age, children are actively involved in outdoor play which results in injuries. Though these activities are markers of growth and development of the child, loss of balance and impaired movement may result in traumatic injuries. In addition to this, participation of children in sports and increased incidence of road traffic accidents have led to occurrence of dental injuries. The face and teeth being the most exposed parts of the body have a higher tendency to fracture. Oral injury is the fourth most common type of bodily injuries in 7–30 years old population group . 7Trauma to children‘s teeth especially anterior permanent teeth occurs quite frequently than adults and the frequency of traumatized teeth increases with the increase of age till the age of 12 years. 8, 9 It appears that gender, age and type of occlusion are important predisposing factors for the occurence of dental trauma.10
The aims and objectives of this study are:
1. To estimate the prevalence and severity of traumatic dental injuries to the permanent anterior teeth in children
2. To identify the age and gender at risk to dental trauma.
3. To predict the most common factor for traumatic injuries.
4. To assess the most common anterior teeth affected by trauma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 1515 children were selected from both public and private schools in Mugappair ,Chennai .An informed consent letter was sent to the parents of the children aged between 9 to 13 years explaining , the importance of the study, and asking for permission for their child to participate in the proposed study. Children who agreed to participate in the study were examined at the schools during class hours, in a predetermined timetable, as arranged with the school principals. The instruments and material needed were packed and sterilized in sufficient quantities for examining the children. (WHO, Oral Health Surveys - Basic Methods, 1997).11 Mouth mirrors and explorers were used to examine participants under natural light within school premises. The examination of the tooth was done in an orderly manner from one quadrant to other. The dental examination included only upper and lower incisors. The presence of both treated and untreated injured teeth was taken into consideration so as to calculate the prevalence of dental trauma .They included the presence of fractures, discoloration, fistulous tract, missing teeth, restorations and denture provided. To record the tooth injury, the classification of Ellis (Ellis et al 1970)12, as modified by Holland (Holland et al 1998)13 was used:
Class 1: Fracture of enamel only.
Class 2: Fracture of enamel and dentine, without pulp involvement.
Class 3: Fracture of enamel and dentine with pulp involvement.
Class 4: Discolorations of the tooth, with or without a sinus.
Class 5: Displacement, extrusion, intrusion, and lateral displacement.
Class 6: Tooth loss as a result of trauma.
Class 7: Tooth restored by composite or crown following fracture.
Subjects who had clinical evidence of traumatic dental injury were interviewed for details of the injury event by using a structured questionnaire. Thus information concerning sex, age, type of fracture, cause of fracture, number and the type of injured tooth were recorded. Parents were not present during the examination. The data was collected and subjected to statistical analysis by means of SPSS (PC Version 10). The Chi-square test was used to compare qualitative data and determine statistical significance. The level of significance was set at 5%.
RESULTS
A total of 1515 children of which 855 (56.4%) were boys and 660 (43.56%) were girls were analyzed. The prevalence of traumatic injury was found to be 67.35% and 32.65% for boys and girls respectively (Table 1).The difference in occurence of injury in boys and girls was statistically significant .(p =0.039)The most common type of injury found in this study was enamel fracture alone, accounting to 64.97% of the total injury. Other types of dental injuries were less common. It is seen that both male and female children have a higher prevalence of Class I type of fracture followed by Class II and Class III (Table 2). The commonest cause of dental trauma in this study was due to falls (42.86%). Biting into hard objects was the least common cause of dental trauma (0.34%). Bicycling (22.1%), and road traffic accidents (9.18%) were the other causes resulting in the dental injuries (Table 3). The upper maxillary central incisors (63.95 %) showed a higher proportion of fracture than other teeth. The second most injured teeth in this study were the maxillary lateral incisors (Table 4)
DISCUSSION
The prevalence of dental trauma among children and adolescents has increased recently.14 The age group of 9-13 yrs was chosen for the study, as in this period the occurrence of trauma to children is more. An element of error could have been introduced in the study as a result of it being undertaken in urban schools only. However, the present study concentrated on dental injuries of children living in urban lifestyle. Holland‘s modification of Ellis classification was used in this study as it is a simplified classification and has been used in various studies for recording dental trauma. In this study, parents were not involved but the children were questioned if there was trauma and their answers were considered to be reliable. It is important to highlight that different methodologies have been used in various studies, so caution should be taken when comparing various studies.
A prevalence of 19.41% of trauma to anterior permanent teeth is seen in this study, but studies from North Jordan, Syria15have shown a lower prevalence of 11%. However, higher incidence of anterior teeth trauma was reported in European countries ranging from 25 to 35%.16which may be due to children involved in contact sports .In this study, male to female ratio who experienced dental traumatic injuries than female patients is 2:1. Most authors suggest an association between male gender and dental trauma, attributing this difference to their more intense participation in contact sports, behavioral differences, car accidents, teasing during everyday outdoor activities and fights.17,18 The relatively low prevalence of trauma among girls can be explained by the fact that girls are generally more mature in their behaviour than boys, who tend to be more energetic
and inclined towards vigorous outdoor activities.19However, Zadik(1976) 20 and Garcia-Godoy (1984) 21 did not find significant gender-based differences in their studies. The upper maxillary central incisors (63.95 %) showed a higher proportion of fracture than other teeth. Previous studies done in Australia22, Domnicus 23and Cophenagen 16 also contended that the teeth most commonly injured were the maxillary central incisors. The second most injured teeth in this study were the maxillary lateral incisors which is concurrent with all studies except that by Forsberg and Tedestam, 24 where mandibular central incisors were the second most frequently injured teeth.
The most commonly identified forms of injury in the present study was fractures of the enamel only (Class I) followed by enamel dentine fractures Class II. This is in agreement with observations of other studies.24, 25 In the present study, the reason for dental injury was falls followed by sports and accidents which is concurrent to previous reports.27,28,29The use of protective gear including mouth guards which help distribute forces of impact which thereby reduce the risk of severe injury have been encouraged. An earlier study by Marcenes et al 15 reported that violence (42.5%) was the most common cause of injury. 20% of children had undergone treatment whereas others were not treated. This may be due to lack of pain which could have initiated treatment or parents were not aware of the dental treatment. It should be kept in mind that it is extremely difficult to compare the results of the different investigations of dental injuries, partly because information is lacking or inaccurate .Further the studies are based on specific groups (age, class and location) or comprise trauma patients exclusively as well as the trauma classifications terminology and the data recorded differ substantially from study to study.1
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries Chennai is high and its impact on children‘s daily life is substantial .Hence injuries to the permanent dentition have great potential to be considered as an emerging public health concern. Therefore health promotion policies should aim at creating an appropriate and safe environment for children.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2061http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20611. Elisa B. Bastone, Terry J. Freer, John R. McNamara.Epidemiology of Dental Trauma: A Review of the Literature. Australian Dental Journal 2000;45:(1):2-9
2. Borssen E, Holm AK. Traumatic Dental Injuries in a Cohort of 16-yearolds in Northern Sweden. Endod Dent Traumatol 1997; 13(6): 276-80.
3. Othman M. Ajlouni DDS,Taghreed F. Jaradat, , Farouk B. Rihani. Traumatic Dental Injuries Present at the Pediatric Dental Clinic at Prince Rashid bin AlHassan Hospital. JRMS February 2010; 17(Supp 1): 10-15.
4. Esa R, Razak IA. Traumatised Anterior Teeth in a Sample of 12-13 Year Old Malaysia School Children. Annals Dent Univ Malaya 1996; 3: 5-9.
5. Macko DJ, Grasso JE, Powell EA, Doherty NJ. A Study of Fractured Teeth in a School Population. J Dent Child 1979;46:130-133.
6. Marcenes W, Murray S. Social Deprivation and Traumatic Dental Injuries among 14-year-old School 161 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 Children in Newham, London. Dent Traumatol 2001; 17(1):17-21.
7. Rajab LD. Traumatic Dental Injuries in Children Presenting for Treatment at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, 1997-2000. Dent Traumatol 2003; 19(1): 6-11.
8. Kenneth A, Housik MD. Emergency Treatment of Dentoalveolar Trauma. Phys Sports Med 2004; 32(9):10-15.
9. Guptha.K,Tandon .S,Prabhu D. Traumatic Injuries to the Incisors in Children of South Kanara District. A Prevalence Study. J Ind Soc Pedo Prev Dent Sept 2002;20(3)107-113.
10. Al–Safi M. A Comparative Radiographic Study for Traumatized Anterior Teeth in Abeed Al–Saher Village and Hay Al–Jehad City of School Children. J Coll Dent 2000; 6: 100-103.
11. World Health Organization. WHO Oral Health Survey- Basic Methods 4 th Edition. Geneva 1997.
12. Ellis, R and Davey, K; The Classification and Treatment of Injuries to the Teeth of Children, 4 th ed. R.G. Ellis, Ed. Chicago: Year Book Publishers, Inc, 1970.
13. Holland T. O‘Mullane D, Clarkson J, O‘Hickey S, Whelton H. Trauma to Permanent Teeth of Children Aged 8,12 and 15 Years in Ireland. Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 1988 4: 13-16.
14. Lihong GE,Jie Chen,Yuming Zhao,Bin Xia,Mistutaka Kimura. Analyis of Traumatic Injury. Hard Tissue Biology 14(Proceeding),2005.
15. Marcenes W, Beiruti N, Tayfour D, Issa, S. Epidemiology of Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent Incisors of School Children Aged 9 to 12 in Damascus, Syria. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999; 15:117-23.
16. Ravn. Dental Injuries in Copenhagen School children, Years 1967- 1972.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1974;2:231-45.
17. Mamdan MA, Rock WP. A Study Comparing the Prevalence and Distribution of Traumatic Dental Injuries Among 10-12-year old Children in an Urban and in a RuralArea of Jordan. Int J Pediatr Dent 1995;5:237–41.
18. Grimm S, Frazao P, Antunes JLF, Castellanos RA, Narvai PC. Dental Injury among Brazilian School Children in the State of Sao Paulo. Dent Traumatol 2004; 20:134-138.
19. Alireza Navabazam1, ShokoufehShahrabi Farahan. Prevalence of Traumatic Injuries to Maxillary Permanent Teeth in 9-14- year-old School Children in Yazd, Iran. Dent Traumatol 2010; 26: 154–157.
20. Zadik D. A Survey of Traumatized Primary Anterior Teeth in Jerusalem Preschool Children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1976; 4(4):149-51.
21. Garcia- Godoy FM. Prevalence and Distribution of Traumatic Injuries to the Permanent Teeth of Dominican Children from Private School. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1984; 12:136-9.
22. Stockwell AJ. Incidence of Dental Trauma in the Western Australian School Dental Service. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988;16:294-8.
23. Garcia-Godoy F, Sanchez R, Sanchez JR. Traumatic Dental Injuries in a Sample of Dominican School Children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1981;9:193-197.
24. Forsberg CM, Tedestam G. Traumatic Injuries to Teeth in Swedish Children Living in an Urban Area. Swed Dent J 1990;14:115–22. 162 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011
25. Petti S, Tarsitani G. Traumatic Injuries to Anterior teeth in Italian School Children: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Endod Dent Traumatol 1996;12:294– 297
. 26. Marcenes W, Alessi ON, Traebert J. Causes and Prevalence of Traumatic Injuries to the Permanent Incisors of School Children Aged 12 Years in Jaragua do Sul, Brazil, Int Den 2000; 50: 87-92.
27. Soriano EP, Caldas Jr AF, Goes PSA. Risk Factors Related toTraumatic Dental Injuries in Brazilian School Children. Dent Traumatol 2004; 20:246-250.
28. Rocha Mjdc, Cardoso M. Tramiatized Permanent Teeth in Brazillian Children Assisted at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Dent Traumatol 2001;17:245-49.
29. Tapias MA, Zimenenz-Garcia R, LamasF, Gil AA. Prevalence of Traumatic Crown Fracture to Permanent Incisors in a Childhood Population, Mostoles, Spain. Dent Traumatol 2003;19:119-122.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesACOUSTICAL STUDIES ON THE TERNARY MIXTURE OF BENZENE + CHLOROFORM + CYCLOHEXANE
LIQUID MIXTURES AT 303.15, 308.15 AND 313.15 K
English164169V. VanathiEnglish S. MullainathanEnglish S. NithiyananthamEnglishUltrasonic velocity, density and viscosity of the ternary mixture of Benzene + Chloroform +
Cyclohexane, were measured at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. The thermodynamical
parameters such as adiabatic compressibility ( ), intermolecular free length (Lf), free volume
(Vf), internal pressure ( i), acoustic impedance (Z), molar sound velocity (R) and molar
compressibility (W) have been obtained from the experimental experimental data for all the
mixtures, with a view to investigate the exact nature of molecular interaction. Adiabatic
compressibility and intermolecular free length decrease with increase in concentration and
temperature. The other parameters shows almost increasing concentration of solutes. These
parameters have been further used to interpret the molecular interaction part of the solute and
solven in the mixtures.
EnglishUltrasonic velocity; Organic liquids; Acoustical properties; Molecular interactions
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareCLINICAL EFFICACY OF A UNANI HERBAL FORMULATION OF HEMIDESMUS INDICUS AND
OINTMENT OF ASTRAGALUS HAMOSUS IN ENDOCERVICITIS-A RANDOMIZED SINGLE BLIND
STANDARD CONTROLLED TRIAL.
English170178Shahida HabibEnglish Wajeeha BegumEnglish Ismath ShameemEnglish Gh SofiEnglish Azad Hussain LoneEnglish Alia BilalEnglishObjectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of Hemidesmus indicus and ointment of
Astragalus hamosus with Tablet Doxycycline and vaginal pessary of Clindamycin and
Clotrimazole in endocervicitis. Material and Methods: A randomized standard controlled
single blind study was carried out in the Department of Gynecology at the National Institute of
Unani Medicine. Clinically diagnosed patients (n=45) were randomized to the test (n=30) and
control (n=15) Groups by computer generated random table No. The inclusion criteria were
married patients aged 18 to 40 years with symptoms of vaginal discharge, lower abdominal
pain, low backache, dysuria, dyspareunia, pruritus vulvae and post coital bleeding. The
exclusion criteria were unmarried, pregnant or lactating women, patients with pelvic pathology
or malignancy, using oral or intrauterine contraceptive devices, sexually transmitted diseases
and concomitant diseases. In the test Group, Majoon Ushba was given 10 gm BD orally and
intra-vaginally Marham Nakhuna was applied once daily at night for 15 days after menses for 3
consecutive cycles. In control group, Tablet Doxycycline 100 mg BD was given orally and
vaginal pessary of Clindamycin and Clotrimazole OD at night after menses for 7 days for 3
consecutive cycles. The results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn‘s multiple
comparison, Wilcoxan match pair, Mann Whitney test, Student?t‘ test, Fisher‘s exact test and
Chi-square test. Results: There was a significant improvement in the subjective and objective
parameters in both test and control group. The test drugs were found to show more response
than the control in the management of endocervicitis with p valueEnglishEndocervicitis; sexually transmitted disease; Hemidesmus indicus; Astragalus hamosus; Unani Herbal formulation.INTRODUCTION
Gynecological disorders can have a substantial impact on many aspects of quality of life, including reproductive ability, sexual functioning, mental health and the ability to work and perform routine physical activities.1-3 Endocervicitis is defined as inflammation of the columnar epithelium of the endocervix or inflammatory process in cervical epithelium and stroma or infection of the endocervix including stroma and glands.4-7 Clinically presence of yellow or green purulent exudates, more than 10 white blood cells per high power field (hpf) on cervical gram staining, ectopy of cervix with erythema, edema and friability.8, 9 Chronic inflammation of the endocervix is very common and is seen in about 35-85% of women. It is usually a histological diagnosis. It is found in nearly all multiparous and nulliparous, cervices.7, 10 Acute endocervicitis occurs after trauma due to parturition or abortion, inappropriate use of tampons or infection by pathogenic agents like streptococcus, staphylococcus, E. coli, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis. 10-12 Approximately, one-third of all women with vaginal discharge have endocervicitis. The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) and prevention estimates that over 19 million STIs occur annually, almost half of them among aged 15-24 years. The etiology of infective endocervicitis is variable and consists commonly of STIs.5, 9,13 In Unani system of medicine, the concept of humoral theory was first proposed by Hippocrates in 460 BC. He stated that if akhlat arba (morbid humours) are in a state of equilibrium, both qualitatively and quantitatively health is restored. Any derangement in these humours either qualitatively or quantitatively leads to disease.14 According to the Humoral theory, it is dam (blood), safra (bile) or occasionally sauda (black bile) or balgham (black bile) which are involved and dominant in warme ghishae unqur rehm (endocervicitis). Hence the abnormal accumulation of morbid humours causes sues Mizaj (deranged temperament) of uterus leading to endocervicitis. The therapeutic options for endocervicitis in conventional medicine include antiseptics, antibiotics, ablation by cryosurgery, electro diathermy, Co2 laser, cold coagulation and surgical interventions like trachelorrhapy,
cone biopsy, trachelectomy and hysterectomy.15 The surgical procedures cannot be availed by the poor sections of population. Looking at the side effects of conventional therapy and complications of surgical procedures, it is need of the hour to switch to an alternative system of medicine that is safe, cost effective, nonsurgical and can be easily availed by everyone with long lasting effects. Though the treatment of this disease dates back to ancient period, but validation and documentation are extremely deficient. Keeping the above facts in view, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Unani drugs in the management of Warme ghishae unqur rehm and to compare the results of Unani herbal drugs with standard drugs in controlled manner.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Design: A prospective, single center, randomized standard controlled, single blind, pre and post evaluation study was conducted in the Outpatient department of Amraze Niswan (Gynecology) at the National Institute of Unani Medicine, during the year 2010-2011. This study was started after the approval from institutional ethical committee. The intervention was given for 3 consecutive cycles.
Participants: A total number of 98 patients were screened for endocervicitis during the study period. Fifty five patients were subjected to preliminary investigations and out of them ten patients were excluded (4 PCOS, 2 Pregnant, 1 DM, 2 Ovarian cysts, 1 Fibroid). The written consent was obtained from the patients, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were evaluated through the complete history and physical examination. The inclusion criteria were married women aged 18 to 40 years with symptoms like white discharge, low backache, low abdominal discomfort, dyspareunia, postcoital bleeding, vulval itching, and dysmenorrhoea. The exclusion criteria were unmarried, pregnant or lactating women, patients with pelvic pathology and carcinoma, using oral or intrauterine contraceptive devices, with any concomitant diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and sexually transmitted diseases.
The pelvic examination was performed to evaluate the endocervicitis-related signs like vaginal discharge, bleed on touch, and to note the state of cervix, its position, direction, consistency, irregularity, or any other abnormalities. The subjective parameters like WDPV, LBA, LAP, pruritus vulvae and dysuria and the objective parameters like hypertrophy and congestion of cervix were assessed by grading system 15,16. Similarly, dyspareunia, post coital bleeding and foul smell, nabothian follicles and bleeds on touch were assessed by the presence or absence.15, 16 .
Investigations: The baseline clinical laboratory investigations such as haemoglobin percentage, total leucocytes count, differential leucocytes count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, VDRL and Random blood sugar were done to exclude general diseases. Ultrasonography, and Papinicoulaou smear were done to exclude the pelvic pathology and malignancy. Cervical swab and culture for culture and sensitivity was done to see the organism involved. To assess the safety of drugs, blood urea, serum creatinine, SGOT, SGPT, and Alkaline phosphatase were done before and after trial. At every follow up of 15 days during three months of study period, progression or regression of symptoms and signs were recorded in the case record form.
Intervention: The patients were randomly allocated to the test (n=30) and control Groups (n=15) by computer generated table No. In the test Group, 10 gm BD Majoon Ushba was given orally and intra-vaginally ointment of Nakhuna was applied once daily at night for 15 days after menses (3 consecutive cycles). The control Group received orally, Tab Doxycycline 100gm BD and locally, vaginal pessary of Clindamycin and Clotrimazole per vaginum for 7 days after menses (3 consecutive cycles).17
Outcome: The outcome measures were to assess effectiveness of trial drugs on subjective and objective parameters. The patients each in the test and the control Group were assessed on day one before starting the treatment and after administration of the test drugs or the standard control for 3 consecutive cycles. The endocervicitis was considered cured when there is complete resolution of signs and symptoms, improved when there was incomplete resolution of signs and symptoms where as not cured, when there was no apparent response or worsening of signs and symptoms after treatment.18
Statistical Analysis: The results were analyzed statistically using Graph Pad Instat version 3.00 for window (Graph Pad Software, San Diego, Calif, USA) at the completion of the study taking in account the relief of symptoms and healing of the erosion. Results on continuous measurements were presented on Mean (Median) and results on categorical measurements were presented in Number (%). Significance was assessed at 5 % with 95% confidence interval. Subjective parameters were analysed by implying Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn‘s multiple comparisons test (both intra and inter group comparison) while as objective parameters were assessed by Kruskal-
Wallis with Dunn‘s multiple comparisons and Fisher‘s exact (2-tailed) test (both inter and intra group comparison). The safety evaluation was done by Mann Whitney U (two-tailed, independant), Wilcoxan match pair test and Student‘t‘ test (2-tailed, paired and unpaired) for inter and intra group comparison. The overall efficacy of test drugs and control drugs were assessed by Chi-square test.
RESULTS The Socio-demographic (literacy status, socioeconomic status, parity, age at marriage) characteristics and investigations of the test and control groups are shown in Table 1. It was found that the parameters were statistically not significant. (P > 0.05) Thus, the groups were homogenous in terms of biochemical parameter and age before intervention. (Table 1)
Efficacy of the Test Drugs and Control on Objective parameters
The data was statistically analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn‘s Multiple comparison test and Fisher‘s Exact test. The median rating score after treatment in the test group when compared with median rating score before treatment in control and median rating score after treatment in control was found to be significantly reduced (P < 0.05). (Table 2)
Effect of Test Drugs and Control on Subjective Parameters The most common symptom in the present study was white discharge. The median rating score for white discharge and other symptoms are in the test group after treatment [0(0, 0)] was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) when compared to median rating score with range before treatment of the test and control group. The median rating score of other symptoms are summarized. (Table 3)
Therapeutic Outcome
In the test Group, out of 30 patients of endocervicitis, 16 (53.33%) patients were cured completely and in the control Group 4(26.66%) patients were cured. The data was analysed by Chi-square test and the comparison revealed that the difference in the cure was significant (P =0.2347). (Table 4)
DISCUSSION
This study demonstrates that the test drugs were effective in the management of endocervicitis. The laboratory investigations were within normal range before and after treatment showing that these drugs were safe. Till date, none of the studies in the Unani system of medicine had evaluated or documented the efficacy and safety of the test drugs in the management of endocervicitis. Thus, it is difficult to correlate the finding with other clinical studies but it validates the claim made by the Unani Scholars. According to the Unani Scholars, Warme ghishae unqur rehm is caused by Ufunat (infection) and it needs dafe tafun (antimicrobial) and mohallil (anti-inflammatory) drugs to relieve infections and associated symptoms like vulval itching, dysuria, postcoital bleeding. Moreover, these drugs are used for healing the wound and ulcers since they are having Musaffie Khoon (blood purifier), Musakkin (analgesic), Qabiz (astringent) and Mundamile qurooh (wound healing) properties. Hence, it is assumed that the properties of the test drugs have caused relief in the sign and symptoms of endocervicitis.
Effect of Test Drugs and Control on Subjective Parameters The most common symptom in the present study was white discharge. The mean and median for WDPV in test group before and after treatment was statistically significant 174 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 with P value Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2063http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20631. Kjerulff KH, Erickson BA, Langenberg PW. Chronic gynecological conditions reported by US women: findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 1984-1992. American journal of Public Health 1996; 86(2): 195-199.
2. Carlson KJ, Miller BA, Fowler FJ. The Maine women‘s health study: I. outcomes of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 556-565.
3. Carlson KJ, Miller BA, Fowler FJ. The Maine women‘s health study: II. Outcomes of nonsurgical management 176 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 of leiomyomas, abnormal bleeding, and chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 566-572.
4. Moore TR, Reiter RC, Rebar RW, Baker VV. Gynecology and ObstetricsA Longitudinal Approach. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc 1993: 689,832.
5. Brunham RC, et al. Mucopurulent Cervicitis: the ignored counterpart of urethritis in the male. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1.
6. Dutta DC. Text book of Gynaecology including contraception. 3rd ed. Calcutta: New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd; 2001: 156-157.
7. Khan RL. Five Teachers Gynaecology.3rd ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2003: 8-9, 89-91.
8. Mukherjee GG, Chakravarty S, Pal B, Mukherjee B. Current Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2007: 266-67, 272.
9. Patrick DM. Secret Cervicitis? Can Med Assoc J 1998; 158(1): 65-67.
10. Kumar P, Malhotra N. Jefffcoate‘s Principles of Gynaecolgy. 7th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2008: 31-32, 347- 349.
11. Brabin L, Gogate A, Gogate S, Karande A, Khanna R, Dollimore N, et al. Reproductive tract infections, gynaecological morbidity and HIV seroprevalence among women in Mumbai, India. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 1998; 76(3): 277- 287.
12. McIver CJ, Rismanto N, Smith C, Naing ZW, Rayner B, Lusk MJ, et al. Multiplex PCR testing detection of higher- than –Expected rates of cervical Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Trichomonas and viral agent infections in Sexually Active Australian women. Journal of Clinical Microbial Biology.2009; 47(5): 1358-1363.
13. Esan OG, Osasan SA, Ojo OS. Nonneoplastic diseases of the cervix in Nigerians: A histopathological study. African Health Sciences 2006; 6(2): 76-80.
14. Ahmed SI. Introduction to Al-Umur Al–Tabiyah. 1st ed. New Delhi: Saini Printers; 1980: 16, 42, 76,139,141.
15. Padubidri VG, Daftary SN. Howkins and Bourne Shaw‘s Textbook of Gynaecology. 14th ed. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2008: 7, 293-294.
16. Paavonen J, Critchlow CW, DeRouen T, Stevens CE, Kiviat N, Brunham RC, et-al. Etiology of cervical inflammation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154(3): 556-64.
17. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 4th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2001: 721-722.
18. Dimian C, Nayagam M, Bradbeer C. The association between sexually transmitted diseases and inflammatory cervical cytology. Genitourin Med 1992; 68:305-306.
19. Ibn Baitar. Al Jamul Mufradat al Advia al Aghzia. Vol I. CCRUM; YNM: 116- 117.
20. Kabiruddin M. Makhzanul Mufradat. New Delhi: Ajaz Publishing House; 2007: 74, 401,410.
21. Ghani MN. Khazainul Advia. New Delhi: Idarae Kitabul Shifa; YNM: 87, 255, 266, 945, 946, 1330, 1331, 1332
. 22. Roy, SK, Ali, M, Sharma, MP and Ramachandram, R. New pentacyclic triterpenes from the roots of Hemidesmus indicus. Pharmazie. 2001; 56(3): 244-246.
23. Gayathri M, Kannabiran K. Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Int J Diab Dev Ctries 2008; 28(1): 6-10.
24. Mahalingam G, Kannabiran K. Hemidesmus indicus root extract ameliorates diabetes-mediated metabolic changes in rats. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2009; 314- 318
25. Anonymous. The Wealth of India. Vol I. A dictionary of Indian raw material and industrial products. New Delhi: CSIR; 2003: 390-412.
26. Parsons WL, Godwin M, Robbins C, Butler R. Prevalence of cervical pathogens in women with and without inflammatory changes on smear testing. BMJ.1993; 306: 1173-1174
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareCOMPARISION OF LOCKING PLATE AND CONVENTIONAL PLATE IN TREATMENT OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURE
English179183Bindu RameshEnglish S M KotrashettiEnglish Umashankar G KEnglish Ramesh B HEnglishThe purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcome and complications between the
2.0mm locking titanium miniplate and 2.0mm conventional titanium miniplate in the treatment
of mandibular fractures. 20 cases were selected for the study. 10 cases were treated using
locking plates and 10 cases were treated using conventional plates. Clinically and radio
graphically both the groups were followed up for healing and complications. There were a few
complications in both the groups. There was a case of infection in group treated with 2.0mm
locking titanium miniplates and a case of malocclusion and a case of mobility in group treated
with conventional titanium miniplates. Our results show no significant difference in the
treatment outcome between locking plates and conventional plates.
Englishmandible fracture, locking plate, infection, malocclusion, mobilityINTRODUCTION
Treatment of mandibular fractures has evolved over the past decades from supportive bandages, splints, circummandibular wiring, extra oral pins, and semi rigid fixation with transosseous wiring to rigid fixation with compression plates and more lately, semi rigid fixation with non compression miniplates1-8 . Raveh et al developed locking plate and screw system in the mid 1980s where he incorporated the principles of external fixation device into a bone plate to fix fractures. These plates achieve stability by locking the screw to the plate and have shown to enhance the fixation stability9 . The disadvantage of the conventional plate and screw systems is that the plate must be perfectly adapted to the underlying bone to prevent alterations in the alignment of the segments and changes in the occlusal relationship. The locking system was used earlier in reconstruction plates and is now incorporated into the miniplates. A unique advantage to locking screw/plate system is that it becomes unnecessary for the plate to have intimate contact with the underlying bone, making plate adaptation easier. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcome and complications of the two plating systems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study was conducted at KLE‘s Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Belgaum, Karnataka, India from March 2004 to April 2005. Twenty cases reporting to the hospital with mandible fractures were selected. 10 cases were treated using the COMPARISION OF LOCKING PLATE AND CONVENTIONAL PLATE IN TREATMENT OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURE Bindu Ramesh1 , S M Kotrashetti2 , Umashankar G K3 , Ramesh B H4 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, M R Ambedkar Dental College Bangalore 2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, KLE‘s Institute of Dental Sciences Belgaum 3Department of Community Dentistry R Ambedkar Dental College, Bangalore 4Department of Pathology, Raichur Medical College, Raichur E-mail of Corresponding Author: binduramesh80@yahoo.com 180 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 conventional titanium miniplates and 10 cases were treated using 2.0mm conventional titanium miniplates.The diameter of the screws used was 2mm in diameter and 8mm in length. The quality of titanium used was DSTM-B grade 1. The composition of which as per the guidelines of Non Ferrous Metal Technology Development Corporation (N.F.T.D.C) Kanchanbhag, Hyderabad.
Criteria for patient selection was
Patients who were available for follow up
Fractures requiring or indicative of open reduction
Fractures of mandible except condyle
No other facial fractures
Patients without medical illness All patients were evaluated for adverse habits, location and type of fracture, number of fracture, time from injury to presentation, operating time immediate and late post operative complications. All the patients were followed up for a period of 3 months to evaluate healing or to check for complications. Surgical technique used to place the plate was same for both the plates except that the locking plates required a drill guide to place the screw perpendicular to the plate.
All the patients were placed on IMF preoperatively with arch bars. In all cases intraoral approach was used except the angle fractures where extra oral approach was used to place the locking plates. All fractures were treated according to Champy‘s line of osteosynthesis. Two plates were placed in fractures involving parasymphysis and symphysis region and single plates were placed in body, angle and the ramus region. All patients were operated under general anaesthesia. Time taken to complete the surgical procedure was recorded in each case. Immediate post operative radiograph was taken to evaluate reduction. None of the patients were placed on IMF post operatively and all the patients were instructed to be on soft diet for the first fifteen post operative days. Patients were recalled for follow up weekly for first one month and then recalled monthly for next two months. At the end of three months radiograph was taken to evaluate the healing and complications. The descriptive measures were used to analyse the data, quantitative values were expressed in percentages and quantitative values were expressed using mean and standard deviation.
RESULTS
20 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. There were 18 males and 2 females in the study. A total of 27 fractures were present in 20 cases .14 fractures were present in 10 cases treated using locking titanium miniplate and 13 fractures were present in 10 cases treated using conventional titanium miniplate. The average age was 35±11.07 with a range of 20 to 55 years. The aetiology of trauma was RTA in 16 patients and fall in 4 patients (Table I). The average number of days following trauma was 1 to 8 days (mean 1.8±1.7). Of all the mandible fractures treated with conventional plates and locking plates three developed complications with an overall complication rate of 11.11 %.( Table 2) In the group treated with locking titanium miniplates one fracture developed infection which was treated with plate removal and antibiotics. In group treated with conventional titanium miniplates, one case of mobility and one case of malocclusion was seen. Mobility occurred due to non compliance of patient to post operative 181 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 instruction of being on soft diet for the first 15 post operative days. Mobility was managed using IMF for two weeks and malocclusion was treated by placing the patient on elastics for a week. On comparing the data of results of patients with complications and patients without complications, the average number of days from injury to treatment was more in patients with complications (4.5 days) than in those without complications (3 days). The average age in the group with complications (35.6) and those without complications (35.3) is similar. The average operating time in group with complications is 82.5 min and group without complications is 82.5min. The above mentioned results show no significant difference between the two plating systems and the group with complications and group without complications.
DISCUSSION
The stability of conventional plating system is achieved when the head of the screw compresses the fixation plate to the bone as the screw is tightened. Invariably, overtime, the cortex of the bone adjacent to the plate will resorb. Under ideal conditions the system will remain stable till the fracture has healed, if the plate is not contoured precisely and is not in intimate contact with the bone or if the host is compromised (medically or nutritionally), the ?race? between fracture healing and cortex resorption will be lost and will result in unstable fixation . The locking system will circumvent the need for precise plate adaptation and compensate for host compromise during healing 10, 11. 2.0mm locking plate were first used by Edward Ellis and John Graham in 2002 for treatment of mandible fractures; they found the use of locking plates to be simple and stable 12. On testing the locking plates biomechanically for stability it was shown that these plates are more stable compared to the standard plates13. An in vitro study compared the failure strength of locking plates over conventional plates which showed that the degree of failure are more likely related to bone quality and surgical technique when using 2.0mm plates 14 . Two studies comparing the locking plate and conventional plates have showed that both the plates present similar short term complications 15 . The disadvantage of these plates is that it requires centring the drill hole with the plate hole for locking the screw head into the plate and cost of these plates is more compared to the conventional plate.
Overall complication rate in group using locking plates is 7.14% and the group using conventional plates is 15.38%. Application of statistical analysis for these results is not feasible because of small sample size. On comparing the data of both groups it is found that there is no advantage of one group over the other, hence the choice of plate depends on the ease of placement and the cost of one plate over the other.
CONCLUSION
Mandible fractures have different treatment modalities, the one which is most commonly used clinically are the miniplates. Locking plate is a modification of the conventional miniplates which offers certain advantages over the conventional plates. This study shows that practically conventional plates and the locking plates have similar complications and there is no advantage of one plate over the other
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2064http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20641. Fonseca Raymond J ?Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma? Pennsylvania, 182 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 WB Saunders Company,2nd Edition, vol 1, 359-414, 1991.
2. Edward Ellis III: Rigid skeletal fixation of a fracture. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg 51: 163 -173, 1993.
3. Gyorgy Szabo, Adam Kovacs, Gyorgy Pulay: Champy Plates in Mandibular surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 13: 290 – 293, 1984.
4. David Frost, Amir El – Attar, Khursheed F Moos: Evaluation of metacarpal bone plates in the mandibular Fracture. Br J Oral Surg 21: 214 – 221, 1983.
5. Edward Ellis and G E Ghalli : Lag Screw fixation of Mandibular Angle fractures:J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49: 234 – 243, 1991
6. Anna- Lisa Soderholm, Christian Lindquist, Kai Skutnabb, and Berton Rohan: Bridging of mandibular defects with two different reconstruction systems: An experimental study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49:1098 – 1105, 1991.
7. Timothy Edwards, David J David: A comparative study of miniplates used in the treatment of mandible fractures. Plast Reconst Surg 97, 1150 – 1157, 1996.
8. Raveh J, Sutter F, and Hellem: Surgical Procedures for reconstruction of lower jaw using the titanium coated hollow screw reconstruction plate system: Bridging of defects. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 20 : 535, 1987
9. Brian Alpert, Ralf Gutwald and R Schmelzeisen: New innovations in craniofacial fixation the 2.0 lock system. Keio J Med 52(2): 120 – 127, June 2003.
10. Richard H Haug, Chad C Street, Michele Goltz: Does plate adaptation affect stability? A biomechanical comparison of locking and non locking plates. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60: 1319 – 1326, 2002.
11. Edward Ellis III and John Graham: Use of 2.0mm locking plate /screw system for mandibular fracture surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60: 642-645, 2002.
12. Ralf Gutwald, Brian Alpert and Rainer Schmelzeisen: Principle and stability of locking plates.Keio J Med 1: 21 – 24, March 2003.
13. Collins C P, Pirinjian- Leonard G, Tolas A and Alcalde R: a prospective randomized clinical trial comparing 2.0mm locking plates to 2.0mm standard plates in the treatment of mandible fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 62: 1392 – 1395, 2004.
14. Chiodo T, Ziccardi V, Janal M and Sabatini C: Failure strength of 2.0 locking versus 2.0 Conventional Synthes mandibular plates: a laboratory Model. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Oct 64(10) 1475 – 1479, 2006.
15. Singh V, Kumar I and Bhagol A: Comparitive evaluation of 2.0mm locking plate system Vs 2.0mm non locking plate system for mandibular fracture, a prospective randomized study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010 Dec 29 [ Epub ahead of print
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareSTUDYING IN-VITRO APPLICABILITY OF HOSTINDEPENDENT STRAIN OF BDELLOVIBRIO
BACTERIOVORUS AS A BIOFILM REDUCING AGENT
English184189Jadhav Manjiri B.English Nair Rohan N.English Purkar Anjali B.English Kininge Pallavi T.EnglishKulkarni Chitrarekha G.EnglishBiofilms are surface-attached microbial communities with phenotypic and biochemical properties distinct from free swimming planktonic cells. The capability of the gram-negative predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus to control and reduce an existing Serratia marcescens biofilm was evaluated by colony biofilm assay. A reduction in biofilm biomass was observed as early as 2 h after exposure to the predator, and as much as 75% reduction after 6hrs of exposure. The ability of B. bacteriovorus to reduce an existing biofilm was confirmed by reduction in CFUs after exposure of predator.
EnglishBiofilm, Biofilm reduction, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorusINTRODUTION
Biofilms are surface-attached microbial communities with phenotypic and biochemical properties distinct from free swimming planktonic cells. Biofilm formation is thought to begin when bacteria sense environmental conditions that trigger the transition to life on a surface, followed by a multi step process leading to the formation of a mature biofilm [1] . Biofilms are implicated in a significant amount of human bacterial infections. Bacterial biofilms also cause fouling, product contamination, equipment failure, and decreased productivity due to downtime for system cleaning and replacement. Antibiotic doses which kill suspended cells, for example, need to be increased as much as 1,000 x to kill biofilm cells (and these amounts would kill the patient first!).
Disinfection rates for biofilm cells are also far below planktonic kills by antimicrobials. Biofilms are a concern in the food industry, in that they can arise from raw materials, surfaces, people, animals, and the air. Once food or a surface in a food processing plant is contaminated, the bacteria can form colonies, and eventually biofilms. Other microorganisms may attach to the initially adhered microorganism, and a biofilm could form. Cleansers used to wipe the counter will kill planktonic or single cells of bacteria, but they may not be able to penetrate biofilms. Foods that come into contact with the counter are then susceptible to contamination. Various techniques have been evaluated for their capability to manage and control biofilms, among them are the use of different materials and coatings to reduce initial cell adhesion to surfaces and a variety of treatments aimed at decreasing or destroying already existing biofilms, such as heat, cleaning regimens, low-power laser, sonication, chemical treatments, antibiotics, quorum-sensing analogs, and lectins. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the use of biological control agents against biofilms. These agents include the use of invertebrates and protozoa to reduce biofilms by means of grazing and the use of bacteriophages. Bdellovibrio can be used potentially against the biofilm formation as it is predatory in nature. [2]
Bdellovibrio spp. is Gram negative, 0.20– 0.4 to 0.5–1.4 motile by means of single, polar, sheathed flagellum. [3] What characterises this bacterial genus as unique is its predatory behaviour. Bdellovibrios attack other Gram negative cells, penetrate their periplasm, multiply in their cytoplasm, and finally burst their cell envelopes to start once again. [4] Bdellovibrios are largely found in wet, aerobic environments and were first isolated from soil, where they are commonly encountered [5]. However, they can also be found in fresh and brackish water, sewage, water reservoirs, and seawater. Another environmental niche with which bdellovibrios have been associated are biofilms. It is believed that biofilms might offer good conditions for bdellovibrios‘ survival since these organisms have been found in natural marine biofilms but are not always recovered from the surrounding water. It is suggested that in a biofilm bdellovibrios can benefit from higher prey density, which has been shown to be necessary for Bdellovibrio survival [6] .
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2065http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20651. ?Biofilm?, From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm
2. Kadouri, D. and O‘Toole, G. A. (July 2005), ?Susceptibility of Biofilms to Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Attack?, Applied And Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 7, pg. 4044–4051.
3. Brenner, D. J. , Krieg, N. R. , Staley, J. T. “Bergey’s manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second Edition, The Proteobacteria, Volume Two, Part C, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilon Proteobacteria? pg. 1041-1054.
4. Dworkin, M., Falkow, S. ?The Prokaryotes: Proteobacteria: delta and epsilon subclasses‘, pg. 15-23.
5. Stolp, H., and M. P. Starr. 1963. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Gen. Et Sp. N., a predatory, ectoparasitic, and bacteriolytic microorganism. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 29:217–248.
6. Bdellovibrio, From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibr io
7. Merritt, J. H., Kadouri, D. E., O‘Toole, G. A. (2005), ?Growing and Analyzing Static Biofilms?, Current Protocols in Microbiology, pg. 1B.1.1- 1B.1.17.
8. J. Lindquist, (June 2005), ?More Dilution Plating?, John L's Bacteriology Pages, 188 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 http://www.jlindquist.net/generalmicro/ 102dil2
9. Williams, Neal H., and Silvia, P. (November 2006), ?Use of Bdellovibrionaceae as an antimicrobial agent?, US Patent Application 20060257374.
10. Iyer, J. (July 1, 2009), ?A Living Antibiotic, Anyone?, This Bacterium Might Just Be Man's New Best Friend?
11. “Serratia marcescens”, From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia_m arcescens
12. Fry, J. C. and Staples, D. G. (Apr. 1976), ?Distribution of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in Sewage Works, River Water, and Sediments?, Applied And Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 31, No. 4, pg. 469-474.
13. Varon, M. and Shilo, M. (Mar. 1968), ?Interaction of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Host Bacteria?, Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 95, No. 3, pg. 744-753
14. Shilo, M. and Bruff, B. (1965), ?Lysis of Gram-Negative Bacteria by Host Independent Ectoparasitic Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Isolates?, J. gen. Mimobiol. 40, pg. 317-328.
15. Widdel, F. (May 2007), ?Theory and Measurement of Bacterial Growth?, Version 3 04.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareEFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND WITH END RANGE MOBILIZATION VS CRYOTHERAPY WITH
STRETCHING IN IMPROVING ACTIVE RANGE OF MOTION IN PATIENTS WITH ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS OF SHOULDER - A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
English190195Shahbaz Nawaz AnsariEnglish I. Lourdhuraj English Nafeez Syed English Shikhsha ShahEnglishBackground: Effectiveness of any individualized therapeutic modality in improving the range
of motion of shoulder in adhesive capsulitis is questionable and the combination of therapies
has contradictory results.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to check the effectiveness
between the treatment modalities of Ultrasound and End range mobilization over Cryotherapy
and Stretching as a treatment program in improvement of active range of motion in patients
with adhesive capsulitis of shoulder.
Methods: Forty subjects diagnosed to have adhesive
capsulitis were randomly assigned to two groups. Subjects in Group I received Ultrasound and
End range mobilization of shoulder while subjects in Group II got Cryotherapy and Stretching
of shoulder. Both the groups were treated for 6 days a week for 4 weeks. ROM‘s of shoulder in
abduction and external rotation were the outcome measures considered. Results: Statistical
analysis was done considering pEnglishAdhesive capsulitis, ultrasound, end range mobilization, cryotherapy, stretching, abduction, external rotation.INTRODUCTION
Adhesive capsulitis has been described as a condition of ?unknown etiology characterized by gradually progressive, painful restriction of all joint motion with spontaneous restoration of partial or complete motion over months to years?1 . Its clinical course is divided into stages of freezing, lasting from onset to between 10 and 36 weeks, characterized by severe pain and a gradual diminution of articular volume, frozen stage lasting between 4 and 12 months when pain decreases gradually but without appreciable improvement in motion and thawing stage which is marked by gradual return of motion and may last between 12 months to few years 2 . Ultrasound therapy (UST), one of the modalities used to treat adhesive capsulitis elevates tissue temperature to depths of more than 5 cm causing increased collagen tissue extensibility, pain threshold, and enzymatic activity. It also changes nerve conduction velocity, contractile activity of the skeletal muscle.3 Cryotherapy is another important modality which controls pain by directly and rapidly modifying the sensation of pain and controlling the pain transmission with the activity of cutaneous thermal reception 4Mobilization techniques applied close to the articular surface in ventral, dorsal and inferior directions of the gleno-humeral joint are frequently used by physical therapists as an intervention for limited joint range of motion.5 Passive stretching is a therapeutic maneuver designed to lengthen pathologically shortened soft tissue by using an external force, applied either manually or mechanically for about 30 seconds and thereby facilitate increase in range of motion.6 There are various studies supporting the individual effects of ultrasound, mobilization, cryotherapy and capsular stretching in patients with adhesive capsulitis. However, combination of modalities has been less explored. This study attempts to find out the combined effect of Ultrasound therapy (UST) and End range mobilization (ERM) over cryotherapy and capsular stretching in improvement of active range of motion in patients with adhesive capsulitis of shoulder.
CONCLUSION
Study concludes that the subjects treated with Ultrasound therapy (UST) along with End range mobilization (ERM) showed better improvement in the abduction and external rotation ROM of shoulder compared to those who received cryotherapy and stretching. The alteration in the extensibility parameters of the soft tissues around the joint due to cryotherapy could have contributed to the lower improvements in ROM both in SAB and SER of group II. This study was limited in its scope due to small sample size, lack of control group, shorter duration of treatment and only abduction and external rotation movements being estimated which the authors believe were less to comment on the prognosis of the patient. Future studies with longer treatment duration and subjects of stage III also included and the ROM measured using electro goniometer are recommended. However, this is just authors‘ hypothesis and could be investigated in detail by doing future trials involving larger sample.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2066http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20661. Lori B Siegal, Norman J Cohen, Eric P Gall; Adhesive capsulitis: A Sticky Issue; American Family Physician; 1999 April: 59 (7).
2. Reeves B; The natural history of the frozen shoulder syndrome; Scand J Rheumatol 1975; 4(4): 193-196.
3. Robert A Donatelli, Micheal J and Wooden; Orthopedic Physical Therapy; 3rd ed, Churchill Livingstone publication; YEAR; 153-158.
4. Foster Angela, Nigel padastanga; Clayton‘s Electrotherapy; 9th edi, 1999; 199-208.
5. Rizk TE, Christopher RP, Pinals RS, Higgins AC, Frix R; Adhesive capsulitis: a new approach to its management; Arch Physical Medicine Rehabilitation; 1983 Jan; 64 (1): 29 –33.
6. Available from http://www.physioroom.com/prevention /stretching3.php on 23rd Feb, 2006.
7. Vermeulen HM, Obermann WR, Burger BJ, Gea J Kok, Piet M Rozing, and Cornelia HM van den Ende; End-range mobilization techniques in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder joint: a multiple-subject case report; Phys Ther; 2000; 80:1240-1213.
8. Grey RG. The natural history of ?idiopathic? frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60:564.
9. Rowe CR, Leffert RD. Idiopathic chronic adhesive capsulitis (?frozen shoulder?). In: Rowe CR, ed. The Shoulder. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1988:155–163.
10.Kay NR. The clinical diagnosis and management of frozen shoulders. Practitioner. 1981;225:164 –172.
11.Lewit K. Manuelle Medizin. Leipzig, Germany: Johann Ambrosius Barth; 1977.
12.Bulgen DY, Binder AI, Hazleman BL, et al. Frozen shoulder: prospective clinical study with an evaluation of three treatment regimens. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984;43:353–360.
13.Mens JM, de Wolf AN. Wat is de meest adequate behandeling van een zogenaamde frozen shoulder? Respons. 1991;2(10):1–3.
14.van der Korst JK. Periarthritis scapulohumeralis beschouwd vanuit de reumatologie. Nederlands Tijdschrift vor Fysiotherapie. 1980;9:260 –263.
15.Robertson VJ, Baker KG; A review of therapeutic ultrasound - effectiveness studies, Physical Therapy; 2001 July; 81(7): 1339-50.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareIMMEDIATE EFFECT OF YOGA, TAI CHI AND AEROBIC EXERCISES ON BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS
AND MOOD CHANGES OF AIR SQUADRON NCC
English196201Jagatheesan AlagesanEnglish Upasna N. TrivediEnglish Vaiyapuri AnandhEnglishBackground & Objective: The very essence of yoga lies in attaining mental peace, improved concentration and relaxed state of living. Tai Chi in general reduces stress levels and emotional problems while improving concentration, attention and self confidence. Psychological benefits of aerobic exercises adds person to feel happy and remain in a positive mood. National Cadet Corps (NCC) is large pool of trained youth available for employment into the Armed Forces. The cadets are prepared to face different difficulties in their field of work except for how to handle the stress and depression that comes along with it. So this study aimed to investigate the influence of Yoga, Tai Chi and Aerobic Exercises on individual behavioral patterns and the mood changes of No.1 Gujarat Air Squadron NCC in Vadodara, India. Method: Air squadron NCC within the age range of 18- 25 years were randomly assigned in to yoga group, tai chi group and aerobic exercise group with 28 volunteers in each. All three groups received intervention for 20 minutes as per the protocol of the group along with warm up and cool down for 5 minutes under supervision. The behavioral patterns and mood changes were evaluated by a questionnaire adopted from the Profile of Mood States Score and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale before and after intervention. Result: The Mean ± SD for behavioral pattern & mood changes in yoga group before intervention is 36.07±5.11 & 18.39±5.64, after 39.57 ±3.93 & 11.85±1.60 with pEnglishYoga, Tai Chi, Aerobic Exercise, Behavioral Pattern, Mood ChangesINTRODUCTION
Yoga is the ancient Indian science of integration of human personality at the physical, mental, moral and intellectual levels. The very essence of yoga lies in attaining mental peace, improved IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF YOGA, TAI CHI AND AEROBIC EXERCISES ON BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS AND MOOD CHANGES OF AIR SQUADRON NCC Jagatheesan Alagesan1 , Upasna N. Trivedi1 , Vaiyapuri Anandh2 1College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara 2 Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha University, Chennai E-mail of Corresponding Author: jagatheesanmpt@yahoo.com 197 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 concentration powers, a relaxed state of living and harmony in relationships. Regular yoga practice creates mental clarity and calmness, increases body awareness, relieves chronic stress patterns, relaxes the mind, centers attention and sharpens concentration.1 Tai Chi is an exercise form of tai chi chuan developed in ancient China. Tai Chi generally provides health benefits. In all the forms of Tai Chi there are movements that involve briefly standing on one leg, which may improve balance; circular movements of the shoulders and wrists which improve suppleness and circulation; learning the sequence of the set movements may improve cognitive function such as concentration. It increases strength, coordination, endurance, and grace, while improving the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the body, these systems seem to slow the effects of our stress-filled inactive way of life the most.2 Aerobic exercise is physical exercise that intends to improve the oxygen system. Aerobic means with oxygen, and refers to the use of oxygen in the body's metabolic or energy-generating process. One of the important psychological benefits of aerobic exercise is that it releases a number of feel good hormones such as endorphins in the body which elevate the mood of a person. Thus, a person who exercises everyday feels happy and remains in a positive mood. People suffering from stress, anxiety and depression are especially known to benefit a lot from aerobic exercising.3
Factors leading to stress in military personnel are varied in nature. It has to be remembered that welfare, motivation and stress-intensity in a soldier's service to nation are closely interlinked and mutually inter-dependent. The cumulative effect of the professional and domestic pressures induces varying levels of stress in the army personnel. National Cadet Corps (NCC) is a large pool of trained youth available for employment into the Armed Forces. The cadets are prepared to face different difficulties in their field of work except for how to handle the stress and depression that comes along with it. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the immediate effect of Yoga, Tai Chi and Aerobic Exercises on individual behavioral patterns and the mood changes of No.1 Gujarat Air Squadron NCC, Vadodara, India.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was conducted in No. 1 Gujarat Air Squadron NCC, Vadodara after obtaining necessary permission from competent authorities. Eighty four NCC of both genders in the age range of 18 - 25 years were included in the study after signing informed consent form and were randomly divided in to 3 groups by closed envelopes method with 28 in each group. All three groups have undergone exercises for 20 minutes as per the protocol of the group along with warm up for 5 minutes and cool down for 5 minutes counts to total of 30 minutes intervention. Warm up and Cool down includes deep breathing exercises and stretching exercises which are common for all three groups. Yoga group was practicing parvatasana, swastikasana, shashakasana, vajrasana and vakrasana for 3 minutes each with one minute rest. Tai chi group was practicing solo forms of exercises after alignment preparation. The exercises were opening the door, embracing the moon, parting the wild horse‘s mane, white crane spreads wings and brush knee and push for 3 minutes each with one minute rest. Aerobic exercises group was practicing walking, running, skipping, jogging and aerobic dance routine for 3 minutes each with one minute rest. The behavioral patterns and mood changes were evaluated by a questionnaire adopted from the Profile of Mood States (POMS)4 score and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES).5 The questionnaire was filled by all participants before the commencement of the session and after the end of session.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2067http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20671. Vignesvaran NDV. Alternative Therapies for Medical Professionals. 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2008. p. 1- 14.
2. Vignesvaran NDV. Alternative Therapies for Medical Professionals. 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2008. p. 339-40. 200 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011
3. http://www.asianetindia.com/lifestyle/mental-benefitsexercise_246497.html. Accessed on 28th April 2011
. 4. Curran SL, Andrykowski MA, Studts JL. Short form of the Profile of Mood States (POMS-SF): Psychometric information. Psychological Assessment. 1995;7(1): 80-3.
5. McAuley E, Kerry SC. The subjective exercise experiences scale (SEES), Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 1994;16:163-77.
6. Shapiro D, Cook IA, Davydov DM, Ottaviani C, Leuchter AF, Abrams M. Yoga as a Complementary Treatment of Depression: Effects of Traits and Moods on Treatment Outcome. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2007 Dec;4(4):493-502.
7. Oken BS, Zajdel D, Kishiyama S, Flegal K, Dehen C, Haas M, Kraemer DF, Lawrence J, Leyva J. Randomized, controlled, six-month trial of yoga in healthy seniors: effects on cognition and quality of life. Altern Ther Health Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;12(1):40-7.
8. Schell FJ, Allolio B, Schonecke OW. Physiological and psychological effects of Hatha-Yoga exercise in healthy women. Int J Psychosom. 1994;41(1- 4):46-52.
9. Baltsezak S, Dilliway G. The effects of tai chi class on subjective exercise experiences: a preliminary study in community sports centre settings. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Apr;45(4):336.
10. Toda M, Den R, Hasegawa-Ohira M, Morimoto K. Influence of personal patterns of behavior on the effects of Tai Chi: a pilot study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2011 Jan;16(1):61-3.
11. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Tai chi/yoga effects on anxiety, heart rate, EEG and math computations. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010 Nov;16(4):235-8.
12. Larun L, Nordheim LV, Ekeland E, Hagen KB, Heian F. Exercise in prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression among children and young people. J Adv Nurs. 2007 Feb; 57(4):432-41.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareSPA IN INDIA: AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
English202205Virendra LigadeEnglish D. SreedharEnglish Manthan JEnglish Ajay PiseEnglish N. UdupaEnglishThe term Spa is derived from the name of the town of Spa, Belgium. Spa is a treatment, where
there is use of drinking waters, hot baths and natural vapor baths, as well as various kinds of
mud and sand are applied for body treatment. The belief in the curative powers of mineral
waters goes back to prehistoric times. Such exercise has been popular worldwide, but is
especially well-known in Europe and Japan. This review highlights application and usefulness
of spa as alternative therapy. Review on this topic reveals that India may become a premier spa
destination for multinational and National spa giants in coming years, as India is known for
land of alternative therapies for fighting some diseases and stress.
EnglishSpa, India, MarketINTRODUCTION
Spa is a treatment, where there is use of drinking waters, hot baths and natural vapor baths, as well as various kinds of mud and sand are applied for body treatment. The term Spa is derived from the name of the town of Spa, Belgium, whose name is known back to Roman times, when the location was called Aquae Spadanae, perhaps related to the Latin word "spargere" meaning to scatter, sprinkle or moisten. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric times. Such exercise has been popular worldwide, but is especially well-known in Europe and Japan. Taking bath in hot and cold springs so as to cure some ailment is not new to human beings. Many people around the world believed that bathing in a particular spring, well, or river resulted in physical and spiritual purification. Forms of ritual purification existed among the native Americans, Persians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Today, ritual purification through water can be found in the religious ceremonies of Jews, Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, and Hindus. 1
Spa Types and Treatments: 2 In today‘s modern era there are various types of spa with range of treatments as per customers need. Few of them are listed below.
Day Spa: In a day spa a cosmetic treatment is given for the hands and nails that usually involve shaping and polishing the fingernails, pushing back the cuticles, and treating a rough skin, and they also provide a cosmetic or medical care for the feet.
Medical Spa: These are centers where Aurvedic massage therapy, aesthetic medical skin care, aesthetic surgery, use of cosmeceuticals, cosmetic dentistry, purification and holistic treatments are blended together seamlessly with the help of physician-directed team of licensed professionals combine years of expertise and training to help consumers look and feel best.3
Resort and Destination Spa: Today all major hotels and resorts across the country have a special section dedicated to spa treatments. These are centers were body massage is done by applying various aromatic oils. Spa treatments relax and rejuvenate with natural therapies and oils in a soothing environment.4
Global Spa market Scenario: Spa practices have been popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan and USA. The estimated size of the global spa market is US$ 60 billion, which has seen a 20 to 30 percent surge in the last few months.
Asian Spas: Favorite destination
Asia has a rich cultural history. Asian spas have become increasingly popular in recent years. The popularity of Asian spas in the international market is causing greater demand for trained Asian spa personnel in the international market. Asian spas have proven to be a good source of income and a way of increasing GDP throughout Asia due to their unique characteristics in the global industry. The culture and local wisdom in Asia varies greatly from country to country. Spa culture also varies by its origin. For example, Shiatsu and Onzen spa culture from Japan; Chinese acupuncture, Reflexology, Tui-Na and Tai Chi from China, Ayurveda from India, and Traditional Thai Massage from Thailand.5
Indian Spa Market: Enormous potential ahead
The spa industry in India has huge potential and has some unique development in recent years. Kerala, with its ayurvedic roots, has emerged as a sizzling destination for spa tourism. Other than Kerala, Maharashtra and North India had major growth witnessed In recent years. India is a powerhouse in the industry with its confluence of high-tech medicine, traditional healing and an abundance of tourist attractions.
Other than skin treatment and massages spas provides different therapies, such as reflexology, hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, and meditation which is very well-known among Indian consumers. By looking at the potential ahead some groups of companies are even planning to setup a chain of spas across country. Further to make industry more professional the concerned associations are trying to bring all spa community together to create an organized message of the significance of spa. According to RNCOS business research, the market is poised to grow at an estimated CAGR of around 30% (which is one of the highest among the beauty service market segments) during 2009- 2012.
The estimated market size of spas in India is US$ 384 million, with an estimated annual growth rate of 20 to 40 percent. The total numbers of spas in the country are about 2,300. The number of therapists required in the Indian spa industry is about 3, 00,000 by 2012. 6 According to Assocham each foreigner visiting India during the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the estimated profits is expected around Rs 8 billion, mainly through spas. International visitors during games would spend Rs 10,000 to Rs 35,000 in spa treatments. It also estimates that the Indian spa industry will receive investment of $35 billion in the next 3-4 years.
Major Drivers and Challenges in Spa industry: 1. Large young consumer‘s base: People under the age of 15-64 years constitute the consumer base for the spa market since this category react to the latest trends and fashions scenarios. The number of people under this particular age group is growing at a rapid pace and is forecasted to climb to about 790 million by 2015.
2. Life style of consumers: with increase in power of purchasing the consumers are more of aware of health and beauty. The reason for the demand for spa in India is greater access to television, which has created a growing awareness of the western world, greater product choice, availability and contribution of International beauty pageants. The demographic profile of spa industry is widening and extending to the males too. 3. Medical tourism: India will keep on to be a hot spot for medical tourists that seek travel services that incorporate diverse wellness packages, including those that couple medical procedures with spa indulgences, ayurvedic treatments or cultural immersion experiences. India occupies a unique and enviable position with a globally recognized and wellrespected medical establishment generating English-speaking, highly qualified doctors.7 4. Entry of foreign players: More international investments are expected in day spas, as well as resort spas. International players are planning to open its specialty and day spas across the country—beginning with Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore. The companies are targeting major metropolitan areas as well as tourist destinations, in order to cater to both local consumers and international travelers. Additionally, domestic companies have recently taken over a chain of day spas demonstrating that international players are seeking entry into the Indian spa market.8
Challenges:
1. Lack of trained personnel: Some of the issues related to spa are Who should perform medical spa services? What services should be offered and how should they be regulated? In what environment should these services be provided?
2. Lack of regulations and standards:
The Ministry of Health has decided to regulate the wellness industry. The government has invited suggestions from industry, consumer bodies and civil society. According experts with the spa industry growing at about 70% annually, regulatory guidelines will help spas distinguish themselves from day spas, medi-spas and salons which are mushrooming everywhere.9 Before deciding which Medi spa is right for you, it's important to verify all accreditation and licenses to be sure it's a legitimate operation and to be sure you're in good hands. And even it's critical that you know what type of insurance is in place to protect against financial loss should the unthinkable occur. Once you've checked the Med spa out for safety, you are all set to begin enjoying the wonderful range of medical services in the calming, recharging environment of a spa for rejuvenated and refreshed you.10
CONCLUSION
India may become a premier spa destination for multinational and National spa giants in coming years, as India is known for land of alternative therapies for fighting some diseases and stress. India has advantage over other countries because of its huge geographical area, diverse culture , rich knowledge Ayurveda, growing hospitality industry, increased tourism industry, younger population and awareness of well-begin among the society all these factors may contribute to this sector which may become a quite unique in future.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2068http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20681. ?Introductin on Spa? cited at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa
2. Market Research Report on ?ResearchSpa Industry in - India? available at http://www.reportbuyer.com/samples/5 d7a1ab1f2d102c9b0d9dc525af38a92.p df
3. Editorial ?India's first Medical Spa Launched? available at http://www.expresshealthcare.in/20080 3/market23.shtml
4. Anand K Singh, ?Spa Treatment in India? cited at http://ezinearticles.com/?SpaTreatments-in-India&id=478479
5. Sarah Kajonborrirak, ?The Importance of Professional Health Care and Spa Therapist Training in The Tourism Industry? cited at http://www.sarahorg.com/thaispa/Pata_Pattaya.pdf
6. ?Essentials For the Spa Industry? cited at http://www.dare.co.in/opportunities/he alth-wellness/essentials-for-the-spaindustry.htm
7. Editorial- ?Global Spa and Wellness? cited at http://globalspaandwellness.blogspot.c om/2009/02/2009-trends-for-spas-inindia.html
8. Priyanka Bhattacharya ?Indian Spas? cited at http://www.gcimagazine.com/marketstr ends/regions/bric/7842882.html?page= 2
9. Kounteya Sinha, ?Ministry plans to regulate spas, invites guidelines from industry? cited at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indi a/Ministry-plans-to-regulate-spasinvites-guidelines-fromindustry/articleshow/2931353.cms
10. ?What Is A Med Spa? What Services They Offer? cited at http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/ What-Is-A-Med-Spa--What-ServicesThey-Offer/1143575#ixzz0sPUZ7Ein
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241311EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareCONCURRENT VALIDITY OF PEDIATRIC BALANCE SCALE WITH COMPUTERIZED POSTUROGRAPHY
English206213Snehal LendeEnglish VijaymunirajEnglish John Solomon. MEnglishPurpose: To establish the concurrent validity of Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) with the
measures of Computerized Posturography Methods: Typically developing children between the
age group of 3 to 8 years and children with balance impairment were tested Results: The total
numbers of subjects included in study were 47, mean score on PBS was 50.21+ 4.07. Out of
seven items performed on Computerized Posturography six items correlated significantly and
only reaching forward with outstretched hand did not correlate significantly. Also Velocity
Moment of Computerized Posturography correlated significantly with Centre of Sway in
Anterior-Posterior and in Medial-Lateral direction. Maximum correlation was present for
standing with feet together (0.902) in A-P direction and for standing unsupported (0.936) in ML
direction. Conclusion: Concurrent validity sub items of Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) with
measures of Computerized Posturography is fair to good
Englishpediatric balance scale (PBS), berg balance scale (BBS), computerized posturography, balance, childrenINTRODUCTION
Balance is an essential part of movement and skill. It is the ability to maintain the centre of body mass over the base of support with minimal sway or maximum steadiness.1 Static balance is defined as the ability to maintain the centre of gravity within the base of support in a quiet upright position during sitting or standing. Dynamic balance involves maintaining an upright position while the centre of gravity and base of support is moving or the centre of gravity is moving outside the base of support. Both static and dynamic balance is thought to be important and necessary for maintaining posture and for doing activities.2 Maintenance of balance requires active efferent information from the proprioceptive, visual and vestibular systems, as well as from the cognitive system, which is integrated and evaluated to generate motor responses that keep the body inside its limits of stability.3 This integration of system occurs by responding quickly and accurately to all internal and external environmental changes. During functional activities, these changes may occur independently or in any combination.4 Development of balance occurs in sequential order. Studies have shown that the greatest development of balance occurs between the age group of 4 to 6 years. And CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF PEDIATRIC BALANCE SCALE WITH COMPUTERIZED POSTUROGRAPHY Snehal Lende1 , Vijaymuniraj2 , John Solomon. M2 1 Sigma Institute of Physiotherapy, Vadodara, Gujarat 2Department of Physiotherapy, MCOHAS, Manipal University, Manipal E-mail of Corresponding Author: snehalrathi2003@gmail.com 207 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 becoming similar to that exhibited by adult when the child is 7 to 10 years of age.5 Balance skills are an integral part of gross motor abilities and poor balance causes difficulties with functional tasks involved in activities of daily living. Balance deficits in a functional context become an important issue in rehabilitation, and are often the focus of intervention. Therefore, an outcome measure addressing the construct of functional balance is required. A reliable, valid and simple tool to measure balance in children should be valuable to clinicians that are involved in the rehabilitation of the children with balance impairment.2 Traditional balance assessments include timed measures of static sitting and standing balance including single limb stance. Standardized examination tools currently utilized by pediatric physical therapists for children with mild to moderate motor impairment include the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale and Gross Motor Function Measure. These scales provide clinicians with valuable information, but may not fully meet their needs to assess a child's functional balance abilities.5 Computerized posturography provides the gold standard of measurement of balance, and in literature it is the most widely used reported method to quantify balance measurement.6 It offers a technology for objective assessment and comprehensive documentation of postural control.7 The general census is that computerized measures have a greater precision and potential to detect sub clinical balance impairments.6 But clinical functional tests have a more direct functional relevance and are usually less costly and easier to administer.7 One of the clinical functional tests used in Pediatric clinic is Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) which is a modified version of Berg Balance Scale. It is a 14 item scale and is used to assess the functional balance of children with mild to moderate motor impairments. It identifies need for physical therapy intervention and to monitor progress within a therapeutic program.8 By nine years of age a child is able to score fully on PBS.9 And it has a good test-retest reliability (0.99), also clinical observation supports the content validity of PBS.8 PBS is being correlated with BOTMP (0.73).10 But PBS is not yet correlated with the standardized Computerized Posturography. Thus attainment of balance in children occurs sequentially. And various clinical tests have being incorporated to assess the balance. The standardized balance assessment is done by Computerized posturography which gives quantitative balance measures. Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) involves fourteen items tested for balance in children and requires less time to complete test. And by nine years of age child is able to score fully on PBS. PBS has been validated with BOTMP. But PBS concurrent validation is not yet established with Computerized posturography measures. Thus the main objective of the study was to establish the concurrent validity of sub items of PBS with the measures of gold standard assessment of balance that is Computerized posturography.
METHODOLOGY
Typically developing children in the age group of 3 to 8 years and children with balance impairment admitted at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal (India) were taken. The balance testing of children was done in Balance and Vestibular Rehabilitation unit, Physiotherapy department, Manipal, India.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2069http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20691. Marylou R Barnes, Carolyn A Crutchfield, Carolyn B Heriza, Susan J Herdman. Reflex and Vestibular Aspects of Motor Control, Motor Development and Motor learning. Stokeville 1960:303-321
2. Sarah W Atwater, Terry K Crowe, Jean C Deitz, Pamela K Richardson. Interrater and test retest reliability of two Pediatric Balance Test. Phys Ther, 1990;70(2):78-87 211 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011
3. R Steindl, K Kunz, A Schrott-Fischer, A W Scholtz. Effects of age and sex on maturation of sensory system and balance control. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2006;48:477-482
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