Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP COGNITIVE THERAPY TRAINING ON SELF-ESTEEM AND THE TENDENCY TOWARDS USING NARCOTICS OF THOSE WHO ADDICTED TO IT English0516Shohreh GhorbanshiroudiEnglish Javad KhalatbariEnglish Mohammad Ebrahim MaddahiEnglish Mona MousaeiEnglish Nikta Bazleh1English Mohammad Mojtaba KeikhayfarzanehEnglishThe current experiment has been designed for determining the individual and group cognitive therapy training on enhancing the self-esteem and reducing and the tendency towards using narcotics of those who addicted to it. The experiment population included 400 individuals dependent on narcotics according to the TR-IV-DSM diagnosis criteria in Gilan province, in which 36 individuals were selected with random sampling and were replaced in two training groups and one control group. The present research is an experimental one and is designed in pre test – post test experiment with control group. Research tool includes Kuper Smith (1967) self –esteem questionnaire, and Pegrod‘s (2004) narcotics using tendency test. The research hypothesis were examined using covariance analysis and the results obtained showed that: - The individual and group cognition therapy effectiveness on enhancing self-esteem and reducing the tendency towards using narcotics is different in those who addicted to narcotics. Individual cognitive therapy has no effect on increasing self-esteem in opioiddependent individuals. Group cognitive therapy is effective in increasing the self-esteem in opioid-dependent individuals. - Individual cognition therapy is not effective in reducing the tendency towards narcotics in opioid-dependent individuals. Group cognition therapy is effective in reducing the tendency towards narcotics in opioid-dependent individuals. Englishself-esteem, the tendency towards using narcotics, individual cognition therapy, group cognition therapy, narcotics dependency.INTRODUCTION Getting addicted to narcotics is a health and social problem in many country including ours. Being conterminous with a country producing poppy, the relative low-cost of this material, increasing the incidence of narcotics dependence among all classes, unlike past ones, the special problems of the country after the war and economic, social and psychological consequences resulted from, failing to take effective ways to give it up, not regulating the maintenance approaches and not specified the performance field of counter-narcotics executive officials have been created a special circumstances in the country that has followed to growing phenomenon of drug abuse. Obviously, high dependency to narcotics makes it difficult the tendency to give it up and health recovery (Eftekhar and colleagues, 2004). When using drugs was considered as a moral or legal issue by a society, creating problems for consumers or being exit from voluntary state, the sources of concern overshadows all the donors. Some drugs can have an influence on both mental state of inner perception such as mood and outer evident activities such as behavior. Drugs can create mentalpsychological symptoms caused by specified and inseparable common mental disorders ( such as schizophrenia and mood disorders) (Kaplan, translated by Pourafkari, 2003). Drug dependency can have destructive impacts on mental, physical and safety health, family and social conditions from various perspectives and various mental and physical disorders can be attributed to this phenomenon (Branden, 1996, translated by Eghtami, 1997). One of the factors related to drug dependency is decreased self-esteem. Selfesteem is a concept much seen in psychology. This concept refers to a person‘s feeling concerning worth, the amount of credit or value, satisfaction, gratitude, interest or value a person attribute to himself (Sotudeh, 2000). Self-esteem is reduced followed by drug dependency and depression resulted from it. It refers to the value a person attributes to himself. Based on cognitive psychology, it is believed that what a person think and except about himself have an influence on his behavior in mental life. The mental incidences include expectations, beliefs and memories which are the causes of one‘s behavior. One who takes responsibility and do his best for getting succeed considers himself successful and obtains his merit, value and success by himself and others. Values, responsibilities, respect and success form related circuit. The self-value feeling is necessary in succeeding every issue and we must take responsibilities and have feeling of success after doing the right thing and respect others and ourselves (Afrooz, 1993). The deepest form of commitment and responsibility is occurred when self-esteem is at risk. That is, if those who have high self-esteem behave in a foolish and unmerciful way have more unpleasing and uncoordinated feelings (conscience distress). If an individual has low selfesteem, he has no much uncoordinated feelings by doing a foolish or immoral act, because this action is consistent with the understanding I have about myself (Armenon, translated by Shokrkon, 1994). It is thought that addiction to narcotics is a non-conforming coping way in individuals who are not able to use adaptive coping methods in dealing with stress. Research has shown that drug use are initiated from adolescence and youth mainly characterized by stress and anxiety. The young people who are interviewed sometimes say that using drugs is a way for coping emotions, dealing with mental stress and anxiety, feelings of loneliness or living in chaotic environments. On the other hand, 90% recurrence of addiction after giving up shows that there should still be many efforts for identifying the causes and factors of tending to this problem and the effective ways to treat it (Farina and colleagues, 2006). Teens who live in a dependent on drugs society see that older ones use caffeine for waking in the morning, smoking to deal with everyday problems, drink alcohol to relax in night and take drugs for relieving stress, depression and physical illnesses. Having reduced the parent‘s concern to school authorities and the media to drugs risks justify the unprecedented increase of using drugs among adolescents. There are usually long-term consequences of drug abuse in Adolescents. When teens get addicted to alcohol and drugs to deal with daily stress cannot learn decision making skills and other coping techniques. These adolescents show antisocial behavior with serious adjustment problems, including depression. They often initiate marital life while they are inexperienced and they mostly will be failed within. (Seligman, translated by Sayedmuhammadi, 2006). - In an experiment performed by Adib (1995) aimed for considering the role of group counseling in enhancing selfesteem among adolescents, it is concluded that group counseling increases the selfesteem among adolescents. - The experiment performed by Fathi (2006) entitled as ? considering the effects of the two group training of social skills and cognition therapy on increasing the self-esteem among high school girl students under the Komite Emdad protection in Tehran, 16th District? have shown that social skills training and cognition therapy are effective in increasing the girl‘s self-esteem. - Rostami (2005) concluded, in a project entitled as ? the effect of group counseling program on the quality of life and self-esteem among girls before menstrual in secondary school students in Tabriz , that group counseling makes selfesteem and quality of life to be increased. - Ebadian (2007) had an study on the effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy on young people‘s self-esteem affected to physical-mobility disabilities. For measuring the higher impact of cognitive behavioral group therapy on individual‘s self-esteem, the higher selfesteem measuring test was used which consists of three separate components as ? the scale of measuring higher depression?, ? the scale of measuring higher anxiety ? and ? the scale of measuring satisfaction of higher relationships?. The data collected were analyzed and the results showed that group therapy is effective in reducing the depression and anxiety and increasing the relationship satisfaction. - In a research performed by Ghorbani (2004), the role of cognitive behavioral group therapy on adolescent‘s self-esteem inhabiting in hostel center in Tehran was examined, and mentioned the role of group therapy effect in increasing adolescent‘s self-esteem, and was also pointed out that group therapy has a great impact in teaching social skills, courage and problem solving skills in adolescents. - Shoae Kazemi (2007) examined the effects of heroin on the addict‘s body and soul and its relationship with the family function. The research design is an experimental one with control group. The sample consists of 15 heroin addicts referred to one of treatment centers (drug addicts) in Tehran within the years 85-86 and receiving 8 sessions of group counseling. The experiment method was conducted in view-interview group counseling which 15 addicts were concurrently chosen in this age limit homogeneously and have not receiving psychological interventions, but completed personality traits questionnaire. The variable studied were thrill-seeking, selfexpression, knowledge and insight, independence, social responsibility, flexibility and family function. But the results showed that there are no significant difference between the levels of awareness and insight among the groups. Regarding the results, it is inferred that drug therapy is not merely the suitable way for treating drugs addiction, but the progress and not recurring of the patience can be treated tough in a long amount of time with an integrated approach (holistic). - Mobter and colleagues (2007) made a comparative study between behavior therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of drug-dependent people. 57 addicts were chosen and were randomly divided into three groups named therapeutic, cognitive-behavioral and control group and are treated individually within 4-12 sessions. The researchers used several tools for mood and background information. They concluded that the cognitive-behavioral treatment has a greater therapeutic effect on the two behavioral- therapeutic groups in which 3 people were deterred from treatment. In addition, there was not a significant difference within 6 months after treatment in the two groups. - In a research conducted by Shahraki (1995), the normal and handicapped young people‘s self-esteem were examined and the following results were achieved: 1. There is a significant relationship between self-esteem and one‘s physical viewpoint. In other words, the more a parson be happy about his appearance, the more his self-esteem in this regard. 2. The self-esteem mark is more in normal young people than the handicapped ones, which it could be because of the fact that there are some defects in handicapped ones. 3. Social self-esteem are more common in normal young people than the handicapped ones. - Back and colleagues (2000) did an study concerning the effect of focused cognitive therapy on self-esteem of those who affected to panic disorder. The results showed that the group which receiving focused cognitive therapy had a significantly reduced panic symptoms and general anxiety and increased self-esteem after 8 months than the short term cognitive therapy group. 71% of cognitive therapy group was free from fear at 8 weeks. - Elgaz (2007) studied the effect of cognitive therapy on reducing drug use. The results showed that cognitive therapy reduces using drugs in addicted ones. - The research results conducted by Halperin and Dromond (2000) showed, regarding the cognitive-behavioral group therapy capability on improving the examination anxiety and student‘s selfesteem in which 20 ones were randomly chosen for treatment, that group intervention had a positive effect on the cases mentioned above and no impacts or changes were shown control group symptoms. - Rosen Bloom(1999) investigated the effect of group cognitive-therapy on the treatment of cocaine-dependent individuals who are treated with metalon. The group therapy was hold in 20 sessions with 7-12 participants which lasted approximately 90 minutes in each session. There was a specific aim in each therapeutic session and the patients got accustomed with treatment design. - The stressful situations in life, social and family problems and the way to respond to them were described in these sessions and finally in the last meeting, the experiences of patients during treatment was reflected within. This research results showed that there was a significant change during the first 6 months in both groups for drug use, but there was a significant decrease in just using cocaine during the second 6 months participated for being treated, while there was a small change in using heroin and tirodiazpin. The following hypothesis were tested according to the research hypothesis and research background. Hypothesis 1: the cognitive-therapy training effectiveness and group cognitive therapy is different on self-esteem improvement and reducing the tendency towards using narcotics and in the individuals addicted to opium materials. Hypothesis 1-1: training on individual cognitive therapy is effective in increasing self-esteem of people dependent on narcotics. Hypothesis 1-2: group cognitive therapy training is effective in increasing the selfesteem on individuals dependent on narcotics. Hypothesis 1-3: individual cognitive therapy training is effective in reducing the tendency towards using opium in the individuals dependent on narcotics. Hypothesis 1-4: group cognitive therapy training is effective in reducing the tendency towards using opium in the individuals dependent on narcotics. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The current research is experimental and a pre test- post test with control group which was chosen in experimental and control group. A pre test was conducted in the two experiment and control group before initiating treatment. Then the ? Back? individual and group cognitive therapy was implemented in experiment groups and a post test was finally performed on the two experiment groups in order to the difference resulted from the independent variables be obtained on experiment groups. A post test was conducted on the control group for comparing it with the control group. The research statistical community included 40 people dependent on narcotics based on the TR-IV-DMS cognitive criteria in Gilan province referred to treatment center in Rasht and Bandar Anzali medical sciences and were involved in maintenance treatment with metadon, in which 12 people for individual cognitive therapy, 12 people for group cognitive therapy and 12 people for control group were chosen in random sampling. The following tools are used for measuring the group and individual cognitive therapy effectiveness on improving self-esteem and the tendency towards using drugs in individuals dependent on narcotics in this research. 1. Koper Smith‘s Self-esteem Test Koper Smith (1967) provided his selfesteem scale based on the revision he made on Roger‘s and Deymond‘s (1954). This scale includes 58 articles which 8 articles are pathometer. Totally, five articles are divided into four scales as general selfesteem, social self-esteem (peers), family self-esteem (parents) and educational selfesteem (schools). The grading method is 0 and 1, and the minimum mark is 0 and the maximum one is 50 for everyone. If the subjects achieves more than 4 marks of 80 pathometer articles, this would mean the test validity is low. The reliability of this questionnaire have been reported by Porshafeie (1370) as 82%. In addition, Shekarkan reported the reliability of this questionnaire for girl and boy students as 90% and 92%, respectively (Masoomi, 1999). The reliability of this questionnaire was reported by Azizi as 84% through Cronbach‘s alpha in his MA thesis. Golparvar‘s tendency towards using narcotics test This questionnaire was provided by Golparvar (2004) which is made up 54 questions including 30 positive questions and 24 negative ones. The questionnaire 10 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 was responded as YES and NO questions. One grade to YES alternative and 0 grade was given to positive questions and grading was done reversely in negative questions. The test validity estimated by Golparvatr and Cronbach‘s alpha as 76% and 89%. The data were analyzed after collecting data using multivariate covariance analysis and post hoc tests. Intervention Practices The individual cognitive therapy and group cognitive therapy periods were hold in 45- minute-8 sessions each for the two experiment group. Research Findings The descriptive statistics indicators including mean and standard deviation are presented in following table: It is tried, in cognitive therapy sessions in this study, at the notions be explicated through creating solidarity in groups, understanding self-esteem and the cost needed to reduce its payment and it is also tried in group therapy that false beliefs are replaced with rational beliefs about addiction, and it has been explained what a piece is paid for not having self-esteem. The individuals are trained that there must be no tendency towards using narcotics for escaping from stress and depression, because it must be inculcated that no one will be died for stress and depression and the person can be dealt with it such a little depression and stress, and it is tried to create this sense in persons that every change is possible. They should be aware that having insight to oneself and of others, identifying the specific situations, identifying the thoughts and their meanings, identifying the emerged behaviors, choices, choosing rewards are significant in this regard. It be explicated to individuals that those who have weak self-esteem are incapable to deal with their problems and are usually misused by others because of this incapability, and the most effective way for their changing is make them identified with their mistakes. The factors make positive feelings should be preserved and the ones that make negative feelings should be abandoned. The behaviors can be changed through changing false beliefs and hence selfesteem is improved step by step. The problem solving techniques are also used in these sessions, and the referents are requested to imagine the special circumstances in which the person is likely to return using narcotics ,then the therapist and patient exchange their ideas concerning these experiences and discuss ways to deal with these cases. Another significant issue is that the person should be taught to say NO and the members should use the perceptual changes in combating with using drugs. The philosophy behind the cognitive therapy is that our thinking and feelings have key and fundamental roles in our behaviors. One of the basic goals in this study was that the individuals who use narcotics were taught in that though they cannot control all the aspects round them, they are able to control in how to read and interpret things in their environments. Although cognitive therapy is a short-term period, it is proven that it can help patients overcome a wide variety of maladaptive behaviors and it can also help the drugdependent individuals in bringing the disciplinary skills, which can be useful aids over time and in the future. Since the cognitive techniques have been effective in increasing self-esteem and reducing the tendency towards using narcotics, this subject indicates that individual and group cognitive therapy can have effective use as a non-drug therapeutic method. Group cognitive therapy have especially more effective than individual cognitive therapy in this research. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2015http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20151. Adib, Nasrin (1995), ? studying the role of group counseling in enhancing adolescent‘s self-esteem?, MA thesis, Alame Tabatabai University of Tehran. 2. Arson, Eliot, social psychology, translated by Shekarkan, Hassani, 1994, 7th publication, Tehran, Roshd Press, P.105. 3. Eftekhar, Mehrdad; Taghva, Ersi: ? the rapid improvement of those who addicted to narcotics by Antagonit?, Andishe and Raftar magazine, 2004, Sura 10, Vol. 3, PP. 214-219. 4. Afruz, Gholamali, monthly journal of education, Peyvand. Vol 139. 5. Emamipour, Suzan (1997), ? studying and comparing self-esteem in normal and blind students of 10-12 ages? , MA thesis, the faculty of psychology and educational sciences, Tehran University. 6. Branden, Natatil, 1996, ? power and self-esteem?, translated by Ezami, Mina, 1997. 7. Ebrahimi, Hossein (1995), ? studying the effect of cognitive therapy training in reducing anxiety in nursing students 16 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 of Tehran University of Medical Sciences? MA thesis. 8. Hosseini, Muhammad Ali; Karimi, Hossein; Tadi, Taiwan; ? the study of the relationship between self-esteem and learning self-care skills in adolescent boys of 11-15 years affected to cerebral palsy. Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University Research Project. 9. Rostami, Fatemeh (2005), ? the effect of group counseling on quality of life and self-esteem of girls before experiencing menstrual in secondary school students, Tabriz pre-province, MA thesis, Teacher Training University of Tehran. 10. Sotudeh, Hedayat (1997), social psychology. 3th publication, Avaye Nour Press. 11. Seligman, Martin, E.P. Psychological Pathology, translated by Seyed Muhammadi, Yahya (2003), Arasbaran Press. 12. Sahrabi, Nazani (2002), ? the study of personality disorder and self-esteem in three groups of addicts, drug traffickers and the normal relationship between self-esteem and personality disorders in these three groups of Iran‘s social problems?, 13. Shoae Kazemi, Mehrangiz, ? the study of heroin effects on drug-dependent family functions, Zamestan Journal, 2008, No.6, PP. 41-42.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30HealthcarePHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF THE LEAF EXTRACTS OF BUCHOLZIA CORIACEAE English1722P. O. OsadebeEnglish G. A. AwemuEnglish K.M.EzealisijiEnglish M.O.AgboEnglishBucholzia coriaceae has been reported in folk medicine to have many medicinal properties including anthelmentic,antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous and methanol extracts of Bucholzia coriaceae leaves revealed the presence of tannins, reducing sugars, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol extract was between 0.5 – 7.0 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 2.0 – 9.0 mg/ml. The methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with zones of inhibition of 11.5 mm and 3.6 mm for Candida albicans ; 9.0 mm and 2.0 mm for Aspergillus niger. The aqueous extract exhibited less antimicrobial effect than the methanol extract. EnglishBucholzia coriaceae, antimicrobial,zone of inhibitionINTRODUCTION Microorganisms are increasingly developing resistance against commonly used antimicrobial agents and the use of plants in the treatment of diseases is becoming widely accepted (Peni et al, 2010). Phytochemicals from plants may serve as new sources of antimicrobial agents possibly with novel mechanisms of action (Jigna et al, 2005) and contrary to synthetic drugs, antimicrobial agents of plant origin are not associated with the myriad of side effects associated with synthetic drugs and have enormous potentials to heal many infectious diseases (Iwu et al, 1999; Umerie and Emelugo, 2007). Bucholzia coriaceae is a forest tree with large, glossy, leathery leaves and conspicuous cream white flowers in racemates at the end of the branches. The plant is easily recognized by the compound pinnate leaves and the long narrow angular fruits containing large, usually aligned seeds (Mbata et. al, 2009). The leaves and stem bark in various formulations exhibit antihelminthic, and cytotoxic effects (Ajaiyeoba et. al, 2001; Ajaiyeoba et. al, 2003; Nweze and Asuzu, 2006; Ezekiel and Onyeoziri, 2009). In Ghana, the fresh bark of the plant is used the treatment of for ear ache (Irvine, 1961). Despite the wide spread applications of extracts of the plant parts of Bucholzia coriacea in African traditional system of medicine, scientific investigations are concentrated mostly on the seed extract. The present study therefore evaluates the antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical profile of the methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaf of Bucholzia coriaceae. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material Fresh leaves of Bucholzia coriacea were harvested in the month of June 2010 from Elele, Rivers State Nigeria.The leaves were identified and authenticated by Pharm. Osuala of the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Elele. A voucher specimen of the sample was deposited in the herbarium of the department. The leaves were air dried for 14 days and pulverized. EXTRACTION OF THE PLANT MATERIAL Five hundred grams (500 g) of the powdered leaves were separately extracted with 2.0 L methanol and 2.0 L distilled water by cold maceration at room temperature for 24 h. The methanol extract was concentrated in vacuo using a rotary evaporator while the aqueous extract was lyophilized. QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS Phytochemical analyses of the extracts were carried out using the procedure outlined by Trease and Evans (1983). MICROORGANISMS Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhii, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were used in this study. These microorganisms were obtained from the Federal Medical Center (FMC), Owerri, and Imo State, Nigeria as clinical isolates and maintained in nutrient broth media at 37oC in the Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Madonna University, Elele. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY The antibacterial activities of the extracts were determined using with the agar well diffusion method (Irobi et al, 1994; Igbinosa et al, 2009). The bacterial isolates were first grown in nutrient broth for 18 h before use and standardized to 0.5 McFarland standards (106 cfu/ml). Two hundred microlitres of the standardized cell suspension was spread on a Mueller – Hinton agar (Oxoid). Wells were then bored into the agar using a sterile 6 mm diameter cork borer. Approximately 100 µL of the crude extract at 10 mg/ml were introduced into the wells, allowed to stand at room temperature for about 2 hours and then incubated at 37oC. The plates were observed for zones of inhibition after 24 hours. The effects were compared with those of Ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. ANTI FUNGAL ACTIVITY The fungal isolates were allowed to grow on a sabourand dextrose agar (SDA) (Oxoid) at 25oC until they sporulated. The fungal spores were harvested after sporulation by pouring a mixture of sterile glycerol and distilled water to the surface of the plate and later the spores were scraped with a sterile glass rod. MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) The MIC was determined for the microorganisms that were sensitivity to the test extracts. The broth dilution method was used for MIC determination according to the method of Vollekova et al (2001). The prepared broth was poured in ten test tubes and inoculated with 2 ml of the sensitive microorganisms. Several dilutions of the extract and standard were prepared and 0.1 ml of each was transferred in each test tube and labeled. The test tubes were inoculated for 24 hrs at 37oC and the least concentration in which no growth of the microorganisms (absence of turbidity) occurred was noted as the minimum inhibitory concentration. MINIMUM BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION (MBC) The method of Spencer and Spencer (2004) was used for the MBC determination. Samples were taken from the plates with no visible growth in the MIC assay and subcultured on freshly prepared nutrient agar plates and SDA plates, and later incubated at 37oC for 48 h for bacteria and 25oC for 72 h for fungi respectively. The MBC was taken as the concentration of the extract that did not show any growth on a new set of agar plates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Phytochemical screening of the aqueous and methanol extracts of Bucholzia coriaceae leaves revealed the presence of tannins, reducing sugar, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides (Table 1). These compounds protect the plants against infections caused by by microorganisms and predation by pests and animals (ElMahmood and Amey, 2007; ElMahmood and Doughari, 2008). A major contribution of higher plants to both traditional and biomedicine healthcare systems is the limitless capability of the plants to produce a large number of phytochemicals of high structural diversity (ElMahmood and Doughari, 2008) and there is a sence of urgency in studying medicinal plants to unveil their pharmaceutical secrets before deforestation takes its toll and reduce the chances of finding novel drugs (Lambert, 2001). Both extracts of Bucholzia coriaceae siginificantly inhibited the growth of :Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger (Table 2). The activity of the plant extracts against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria is an indication that the extracts have broad spectrum antibiotic effects (Pareekh and Chanda, 2007). Traditionally, the fresh leaves of Bucholzia coriaceae are boiled and the aqueous extract taken orally as anthelmintic, antimicrobial or antifungal agent (Ajaiyeoba et. al, 2003). The methanol extract showed greater antimicrobial activity than the aqueous extract probably due to the presence of soluble phenolic and polyphenolic compounds (Kowalski and Kedzia, 2007). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol extract for different organisms ranged between 0.5 mg/ml and 7.0 mg/ml. The MIC of ciprofloxacine ranged between 0.065 and 0.625 mg/ml. The minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) of the extracts for different bacteria ranged between 2.0 - 9.0 mg/ml (Table 3). The effects of the crude extracts correlate with the reports that microorganisms vary widely in their degree of susceptibility to agents (Emeruwa, 1982). High MIC and MBC values are indicative of low activity (ElMahmood and Doughari, 2008). In this study, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia had higher MIC values, thus suggesting lower susceptibility to the efficacy of the methanol extract and lower values for Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa suggest high susceptibility to the efficacy of the methanol extract. The results of the study have shown that the aqueous extract of Bucholzia coriacea leaves which is widely used in African traditional system has very weak antibacterial and antifungal activity. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Mr. A. O. Ozioko of Bioresources Conservation and Development Programme (BCDP), Nsukka for his numerous assistance in sourcing for the plant materials and authenticating them. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2016http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20161. Ajaiyeoba, E. O., Onocha, P. A., Olarenwaju, O. T. (2001). In vitro antihelminthic properties of Bucholzia coriaceae and Gynandropsis gynandra extracts. Pharm. Biol. 39(3): 217 – 222. 2. Ajaiyeoba, E. O., Onocha, P. A., Nweze, S. O., Sama, W. (2003). Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity evaluation of Bucholzia coriaceae stem bark. Fitoterapia. 74(7 – 8): 706 – 709. 3. Burkill, H. M. (1985). The useful plants of West Africa. Royal Gardens, Kew, P. 319. 4. ElMahmood, A. M., Amey, J. M. (2007). In vitro antibacterial activity of Parka biglobosa (Jacq) root bark extracts against some microorganisms associated with urinary infections. African Journal of Biotechnology .6(11): 1272 – 1275. 5. ElMahmood, A. M., Doughari, J. H. (2008). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial evaluation of the leaf and root extracts of Cassia alata Linn. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology .2(7): 124 – 129. 6. Emeruwa, K. C. (1982). Antimicrobial substances from Carica papaya fruit extracts. Journal of Natural Products .45(2): 123 – 127. 7. Ezekiel, O. O., onyeoziri, N. F. (2009). Preliminary studies on the antimicrobial properties of Bucholzia coriaceae (Wonderful kola). African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(3): 472 – 474. 8. Igbinosa O. O., Igbinosa E. O., Aiyegoro O. A. (2009). Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of stem bark extracts from Jatropha curcas (Linn). African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 3(2): 058 – 062. 9. Irobi O. N., Moo – Young M, Anderson, W. A., Daramola, S. O. (1994). Antimicrobial activity of the bark of Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae). International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 34: 87 – 90. 10. Irvine, F. R. (1961). Woody plants of Ghana with references to their uses. Oxford University Press, London. Pp. 233 – 237. 11. Iwu, M. M., Duncan, A. R., Okunji, C. O. (1999). New antimicrobials of plant origin. In: Janick, J. (Ed). Perspectives of new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, USA. Pp. 457 – 462. 12. Jigna, P., Rathish, N., Sumitra, C. (2005). Preliminary screening of some folklore medicinal plants from Western India for potential antimicrobial activity. Journal of Pharmacology. 39: 408 – 409. 13. Kowalski, R., Kedzia, B (2007). Antibacterial activity of Solanum aculeastrum (Solanaceae). Pharmacol. Biol. 44: 284 – 286. 14. Lambert, J. 92001). Ethiopian traditional medicine and the bridge to better health. Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Notes. 35: 114 – 118. 15. Mbata, T. I., Duru, C. M., Onwumelu, H. A. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of 21 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 crude seed extracts of Bucholzia coriaceae on some pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Developmental Biology and tissue Engineering. 1(1): 001 – 005. 16. Nweze, N. E., Asuzu, I. U. (2006). The antihelmintic effect of Bucholzia coriaceae seed. Nigerian Vet. Journal.27 (2): 60 – 65. 17. Parekh, J., Chanda, S. (2007). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Trapa natans Linn. fruit rind extracted in different solvents. African Journal of Biotechnology. 6(6): 766 – 770. 18. Peni, I. J., Elinge, C. M., Yusuf, H., Itodo, A. U., Agaie, B. M., Mbongo, A. N., Chogo, E. (2010). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Parineri curatellifolia stem extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 4(20): 2099 – 2102. 19. Trease, G. E., Evans, W. C. (1983). Text book of Pharmacognosy (12th Ed). Balliere Tindall, London. Pp. 343 – 384. 20. Umerie, S. C., Emelugo, B. N. (2007). Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Cyperus rotundus Linn. tubers (Nut sedge). Natural and Applied Sciences Journal. 8(2): 114 – 119. 21. Vollkova, A., Kostalova, D., Sochorova, R. (2001). Isoquinoline alkaloids from Mahonia aquifolium stem bark is active against Malassezia aquifolium spp. Folia Microbiol. 46: 107 – 111.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesETHYL ACETATE: PROPERTIES, PRODUCTION PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS - A REVIEW English2340Bijay N. PattanaikEnglish Hiren C. MandaliaEnglishEthyl acetate is an important organic solvent widely used in the chemical industry. This review article attempts to provide an updated compilation of research studies reported on ethyl acetate production by using various methods/techniques/ processes and it‘s parameters, which affect their productivity. The perspectives potential applications of ethyl acetate are also presented. EnglishEthyl acetate, Esterification, Ethanol, Acetic acid.1. INTRODUCTION Ethyl acetate is the organic compound (an oxygenated solvent) with the formula CH3COOC2H5 and having a molecular weight of 88.10. This colourless liquid has a characteristic, pungent smell like certain glues or nail polish removers, in which it is used. Ethyl acetate is the ester from ethanol and acetic acid; it is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent. Ethyl acetate is a moderately polar solvent that has the advantages of being volatile, relatively non-toxic, and non-hygroscopic. It is a weak hydrogen bond acceptor, and is not a donor due to the lack of an acidic proton. Ethyl acetate can dissolve up to 3% water and has a solubility of 8% in water at room temperature. It is unstable in the presence of strong aqueous bases and acids. It is soluble in most organic solvents, such as alcohol, acetone, ether and chloroform. It has been also used as solvent in many chemical processes for replacing aromatic compounds which generated serious damage to the environment and human beings. With the increasing number of research groups worldwide thereby regularly increasing number of publications, covering many areas such as properties, production process and applications of ethyl acetate, we thought it worth to present comprehensive review article which covers the important work of all the research group across the world. 1. PRODUCTION OF ETHYL ACETATE Industrial production of ethyl acetate is mainly classified into three processes, The first one is a classical Fischer esterification process1 of ethanol with acetic acid in presence of acid catalyst. This process needs acid catalyst2 such as sulphuric acid, hydrochloride acid, ptoluene sulfonic acid etc. This mixture converts to the ester in about 65% yield at room temperature. CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH ↔ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O The reaction can be accelerated by acid catalysis and the equilibrium can be shifted to the right by removal of water. Mechanism of esterification reaction has been discussed by P. Sykes.3 The system is strongly non-ideal due to the presence of ethanol, acetic acid and water. The separation of pure components is very difficult due to the existence of five normal azeotropes, namely, ethanol–water; water– acetic acid, ethyl acetate–ethanol, ethyl acetate–water, and ethanol–ethyl acetate– water. I. Sujuki et al.4 also determined the phase equilibrium for the system taking the reaction into account (they fitted 16 coefficients in modified Margules equations, for calculating the VLE-model of this mixture). The normal boiling point of ethyl acetate, ethanol, water and acetic acid is 77.1, 78.4, 100 and 118.1 in °C respectively. The order of volatility is ethyl acetate, ethanol, water and acetic acid. Ethanol and water do not differ greatly in volatility, making it difficult to move ethanol up the column. The minimum-boiling binary homogeneous azeotropes are formed by ethanol–water at 78.2°C With 10.57mol% water and by ethyl acetate–ethanol at 71.8°C with 46 mol% ethanol. A minimum-boiling binary heterogeneous azeotrope5 is formed by ethyl acetate–water at 70.4°C with 24mol% water, and a ternary, minimum-boiling azeotrope is formed by ethanol–ethyl acetate–water at 70.3°C with 12.4mol% ethanol and 60.1 mol% ethyl acetate. The second one is Tishchenko Reaction6 of acetaldehyde using aluminium triethoxide as a catalyst. In Germany and Japan, most ethyl acetate is produced via the Tishchenko process. 2 CH3CHO → CH3COOC2H5 This method has been proposed by two different routes; (i) dehydrogenative process, which uses copper or palladium based catalyst and (ii) the oxidative one, which employs, PdO supported catalysts. The former one produces, besides ethyl acetate, hydrogen and also, other byproducts which make the acetate purification expensive. In the case of oxidation process, the purification is straightforward and the catalysts are very stable. The third one, which has been recently commercialized, is addition of acetic acid to ethylene using clay and heteroploy acid7 as a catalyst. CH2= CH2 + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 The processes, however, have some disadvantages; both the conventional esterification and addition of acetic acid to ethylene need stock tanks and apparatus for several feed stocks. Moreover, they use acetic acid that causes apparatus corrosion. Although Teshchenko Reaction uses only one feed and it is a non-corrosive material, it is difficult to handle acetaldehyde because is not available outside of petrochemical industrial area. In such circumstances, an improved process of ethyl acetate production is strongly desired. Several new technologies have been commercialised. BP‘s new Avada process8 employed in a new plant at Hull, UK, uses ethylene and acetic acid with solid acid catalyst. Davy Process Technology (formerly Kvaerner) has licensed its ethanolbased process to Sasol; in this process ethanol is dehydrogenated to acetaldehyde, which further reacts to form ethyl acetate. Chinese National Petroleum has developed a one-step ethanol process where ethanol is partially oxidised to acetic acid and then esterified with excess ethanol to give ethyl acetate. In esterification reactions the function of the catalysts is to donate protons for the autoprotolysis of the carboxylic acid. For this purpose, either inorganic acids, such as H2SO4, HCl, HI or Cl-SO3OH or organic acids such as p-toluene sulfonic acid have been used.9 In spite of their lower cost, the interest for homogeneous catalysts in chemical industry has decreased because of their miscibility with reaction medium, which gives raise to problems such their separation or the corrosion of devices in contact with the acid. As a result there is an increasing attention for various process/techniques to obtain ethyl acetate. 2. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS Generally, two types of catalysts have been used for the production of ethyl acetate, a) Homogeneous acid catalysts (eg. mineral acids like HCl, H2SO4, alkyl sulfonic acid, aromatic sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, ptolune sulfonic acid). b) Heterogeneous acid catalysts (eg. strong acid ion-exchange, Rohm Q-16, Hass A- 16). Effect of different catalysts concentration, different operative temperature is applied to determine the amount of heat release and the possibility of the reaction in creating runway reaction. Esterification of ethanol with acetic acid on silica-alumina, alumina-boria, sodiumpoisoned silica-alumina, and alumina has been investigated by the pulse technique and compared with ethanol dehydration.10 The catalysts could be classified into two groups according to their catalytic behaviour; silicaalumina, alumina-boria, and sodiumpoisoned silica-alumina belong to one group and alumina to another. Concerning the silica-alumina group, it was recognized from a LFER (Linear Free Energy Relationship) approach and from poisoning with organic bases that the esterification proceeded on even weaker acid sites than other acidcatalyzed reactions such as dealkylation and dehydration. From simple kinetics based on a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, distinct differences were found between the two groups in that acetic acid adsorbed more tightly than ethanol on alumina and the reverse on the silica-alumina group, and that the activity ratios of esterification to dehydration were much larger on the silicaalumina group than on alumina. These characteristic behaviours of ethanol and acetic acid on silica-alumina and alumina were satisfactorily interpreted by the assumption that the active sites for esterification were protonic acid sites on the silica-alumina group, but Lewis acid sites on alumina. On the basis of these findings, an esterification mechanism was also proposed by authors.10 Y. Iwasawa et al.11 prepared niobium catalysts for the formation of ethyl acetate from ethanol and acetic acid. The niobium catalysts involving single, pair, and monolayer Nb-sites have been prepared by the reaction between surface OH groups of SiO2 and Nb(η3 -C3H5)4, [Nb(η5 -C5H5)H-μ- (η5 , η1 -C5H4)]2, and Nb(OC2H5)5, respectively. The obtained Nb sites were found to be attached to the surface through oxygen atoms, showing Nb--Si bondings besides Nb---O bonds as proved by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The Nb monomers on SiO2 were active for ethanol dehydrogenation which proceeds on Nb=O bonds with basic character, while the Nb dimers showed dehydration activity to form ethene and diethyl ether, based on acidic character. The Nb monolayers on 26 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 SiO2 produced ethyl acetate from ethanol. The monolayer catalyst also showed a high activity for the formation of ethyl acetate from ethanol and acetic acid. The Nb atoms were suggested to be nearly uniformly supported in a monolayer-growth mode, where the Nb sites showed the Lewis acidic properties available for the catalytic esterification. The synthesis of ethyl, n-butyl, isopentyl and benzyl acetates, ethyl and n-butyl benzoates and dioctylphthalates was achieved by using a H-ZSM-5 and two HY zeolites as catalysts under conditions similar to the classical case with sulfuric acid catalyst.12 A high yield of acetates was obtained with essentially 100% selectivity. M. Morbidelli et al.13 mentioned that the characteristics of ion-exchange resins provide the basis for many processes of practical interest involving both sorption separations and catalytic reactions. The optimal design and operation of these processes require a proper understanding of the equilibrium behaviour of multicomponent liquid mixtures in contact with cross-linked polymeric resins, in terms of both the amount and composition of the sorbed mixture. For this, a model which describes the equilibrium between a polymer phase, described through the extended Flory−Huggins theory, and a liquid phase, which does not contain the polymer, has been developed. This has then been coupled with a kinetic model describing the catalytic reaction inside the resin particles. The model has been validated through an appropriate experimental analysis involving both equilibrium partitioning and reactive experiments, for the case of a highly crosslinked sulfonated resin in the presence of various mixtures of the components involved in the esterification of ethanol with acetic acid. Authors also mentioned that the ability of the resin not only to catalyze the esterification reaction but also to shift the corresponding equilibrium conversion, due to its swelling capability. This approach is believed to apply to a wide class of reactions catalyzed by polymeric resins, and it is suitable for the optimal design of the corresponding process. A report on selective oxidation of watercontaining ethanol in the presence of excess ethanol provides a one-step preparation of ethyl acetate have been reported by J-R Chang et al.14 Acetic acid is formed from the oxidation of ethanol catalyzed by a supported Pd catalyst and is further catalytically esterifies to ethyl acetate by the protons dissociated from acetic acid. The difference of the catalytic performance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic Pd catalysts was investigated by a continuous fixed-bed reactor run at 95°C, 35.4 atm, and an air/ethanol molar ratio of 2.37. They have studied that, after the induction period, the conversion of ethanol catalyzed by a styrene−divinylbenzene copolymer (SDB)- supported Pd catalyst is more than 20 times that catalyzed by a γ-alumina-supported Pd catalyst at a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 2.4 h-1 . However, it may be caused by weak metal−support interactions and the formation of palladium(II) acetate during the reaction. A one step synthesis of ethyl acetate from a feed mixture of ethene, oxygen and water using a supported Pd and silicotungstic acid catalyst was demonstrated.15 At about 180°C and 25% ethane conversion, ethyl acetate could be produced with up to 46% selectivity together with 34% acetic acid and ethanol that could be recycled. The catalyst was believed to be bifunctional with Pd providing the oxidation function and the 27 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 silicotungstic acid providing the acidic function. The esterification of acetic acid with ethanol catalysed by an acidic ion-exchange resin (Amberlyst-15) was carried out in a batch reactor at temperatures between 50°C and 80°C at various starting compositions ranging from stoichiometric regime to the dilute regions have been reported by S. I Kirbaslar et al.16 The resultant kinetic model fitted the experimental data well. The activation energy was found to be 104129 kJ.kmol−1 for the formation of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate production was also carried out in a packed bed reactive distillation column operated in batch and continuous modes. The effects of the variables such as the reflux ratio, vapour rate and feed flow rate on ethyl acetate production were studied experimentally. A packed bed reactive distillation column operated in continuous mode gave the highest ethyl acetate composition, far surpassing the chemical equilibrium at operating conditions. Sorption of acetic acid from ethyl acetate and ethanol (95%) has been investigated using polymeric ion-exchange resins17 with a view for being possibly applied to the removal of acetic acid impurities from organic solvents. The resins have tertiary or quaternary amino functional groups on a styrene–divinyl benzene copolymer matrix. The equilibrium adsorption studies show very selective adsorption with a high loading capacity for acetic acid. The uptake of the acid from the organic solutions is by sorption reinforced by specific interaction with the functional groups on the polymer matrix. The specific interaction takes place by a hydrogen bonded complex formation between the acidic proton and the lone pair of electrons on the amino group. An efficient application of ion-exchange resins is indicated in purification by ethyl acetate by selective sorption of acetic acid. Pervaporation-aided esterification of acetic acid with ethanol was investigated at 70°C using zeolite T membranes by K-ichi Okamoto.18 Almost complete conversion was reached within 8 h when initial molar ratios of alcohol to acetic acid were 1.5 and 2. The reaction time courses were well described by a simple model based on the assumptions that the reaction obeyed second-order kinetics and the permeation flux of each component was proportional to its concentration. They have also studied the influence of operating parameters on variation in conversion with reaction time was investigated by means of the simulation using the model. Esterification reactions are conventionally carried out using homogeneous acids, such as sulphuric acid.19 Especially in view of catalyst separation, the use of heterogeneous catalysts is now heavily pursued. A. Bliek et al.20 have assessed the potential of MCM- 41 as a solid esterification catalyst and tested this in esterification of acetic acid and ethanol as a model reaction. Whereas the mechanism for the homogeneously catalysed esterification is long known, this does not hold for the esterification over heterogeneous catalysts. Using transient and steady state experiments, temperatureprogrammed desorption (TPD), and isotopic labelling experiments, the esterification mechanism over MCM-41 (Si/Al=16) is studied. Gas-phase esterification of acetic acid with ethanol over MCM-41 (Si/Al=16) is shown to proceed via a Langmuir– Hinshelwood-type mechanism, involving a protonated acetic acid intermediate. Direct synthesis of ethyl acetate from ethanol over a Cu–Zn–Zr–Al–O catalyst was 28 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 investigated under pressured conditions between 200°C and 270°C by I. Kanichiro at al.21 Both the selectivity to ethyl acetate and the space-time yield of ethyl acetate increase with increasing reaction pressure, whereas ethanol conversion decreases. The highest space-time yield of ethyl acetate is attained at a reaction pressure of about 0.8 MPa with maximum selectivity of 93 wt%. During the process, ethanol is first dehydrogenated to acetaldehyde and is then coupled with another ethanol molecule to form hemiacetal, which is further dehydrogenated to ethyl acetate. The concentration of byproducts such as 1-butanol and butanone, which form after the aldol addition of acetaldehyde, decreases with increasing reaction pressure. Since the equilibrium of the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde shifts to an ethanol-rich composition at high pressure, the decrease in the partial pressure of acetaldehyde explains the suppression of the by-products formed through acetaldol. Esterification reactions are typically limited by thermodynamic equilibrium, and face challenges with product purification. Commercially, it was carried out using either large excess of one of the reactants, or by removing through reactive distillation one of the product. As a result reactive distillation, which favourably shifts equilibrium through the removal of one of products, is becoming more common in plant-scale production. It is, however, an energy-demanding operation and is not recommended when dealing with temperature-sensitive chemicals or biocatalysts. The aforementioned difficulties have motivated efforts for the development of other coupled reactive/separation processes. Pervaporation membrane reactors (PVMR), in particular, are distillation. T. T. Tsotsissa et al.22 have developed to describe PVMR behaviour. The simulation results of the model have been validated with experimentally observed pervaporation membrane reactor conversions. The model is used to describe a number of alternative PVMR configurations and analyze the reactors that effect and optimize their performance. The reactive distillation system for the production of ethyl acetate via esterification of acetic acid with ethanol using sulphuric acid as homogeneous catalyst have been reported by Y. T. Tang et al.23 A suitable NRTL (non-random two-liquid) model parameter set for calculating of liquid activity coefficients has been established with excellent prediction of the compositions and temperatures for the four azeotropes in this system. In the VLE (vapour liquid equilibrium) calculations, vapor association of acetic acid due to dimerization has also been considered. A reactive distillation column with an overhead decanter can be designed to achieve over 93 wt% of ethyl acetate composition at organic phase top product stream while the bottom product stream is designed to be rich in acetic acid so that it can be recycled and mixed with fresh acid make-up stream to serve as acid feed to the reactive distillation column. Since the purity of the optimum top organic product is still not good enough for the ethyl acetate product specification in industry, an additional column is designed to purify the ethyl acetate product of the reactive distillation column to over 99.5 wt%. The top draw of the second column will be recycled back to the decanter. In summary, they have developed, the overall optimum design of this ethyl acetate reactive distillation system includes two columns 29 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 (including the reactive distillation column and the second column), one decanter, and two recycle streams. The optimum operating condition of the overall system will also be studied by authors to minimize the total operating cost of the overall system while meeting product specifications. Most of the commercial processes for ethyl acetate productions are via liquid-phase esterification. Owing to the thermodynamic limitations, the overall yields of ethyl acetate are confined to 67% with equimolar reactant feeds of acetic acid and ethanol. An efficient two-phase reaction of ethyl acetate production in modified ZSM-5 zeolites has been reported by K-C Wu and Y-W Chen.24 The reactions were conducted at 90–127 °C, with molar ratio of ethanol/acetic acid=1.5 and with LHSV=1 h −1. One of the critical parameters in this novel ethyl acetate synthesis process is the reaction (esterification) temperature. It was kept between the liquid- and gas-phase operation regimes at which some parts of the reacting composition were vaporized. The major consideration is based on the equilibrium constants in the gas-phase reaction, which are higher than those in the liquid phase. The initial reaction stage in the liquid phase has the advantage of smaller reactor size and more efficient contacting with the catalysts. As the equilibrium had been achieved in the final gas phase, a higher conversion of ethanol was obtained due to the equilibrium constant constraints. Consequently, both the equilibrium conversion constraint for the liquid-phase regime and the larger reactor volume requirement for the gas-phase reaction have been overcome. They have studied that the one-pass ethanol conversion was successfully improved from 67 to 85 mol%. In addition, the solid acid catalysts used in this novel process have low impact to the environment and cause no corrosion to the reactor wall. These catalysts had continued performance for 2200 h. Evaluation also shows that half of the process water and one-third of the consumption of purification steam can be saved. Vapor-liquid equilibrium for the quaternary reactive system, ethyl acetate + ethanol + water + acetic acid and constituent binary system ethyl acetate + ethanol, ethyl acetate + acetic acid and water + acetic acid has been determined at 101.3 kPa by J. Tojo et al.25 UNIQUAC equation was used to correlate the experimental phase equilibrium data of the quaternary system. Experimental binary data were correlated using Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC equations. The esterification of acetic acid by ethanol in presence of modified catalysisphosphomolybdic acid (PMA) supported on silica gel (1–30 wt %) have been reported.26 The catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and N2 adsorption measurements. The surface acidity and basicity of the catalysts were determined by adsorption of pyridine and the dehydration– dehydrogenation of 2-propanol. The gasphase esterification of acetic acid by ethanol was carried out in a conventional flow bed reactor. The results clearly revealed that among the PMA loading, the use of 10 wt% catalysts showed maximum yield of ethyl acetate. This catalyst also improved on addition of Na or K-hydroxide. These results were correlated with the structure and the acid–base properties of the prepared catalysts. SiO2, Al2O3, ZnO, SnO2 and WO3-ZrO2 (29%, w/w WO3) supported Pd catalysts (1%, w/w Pd) for the direct transformation 30 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 of ethanol to ethyl acetate under medium pressure conditions (1 MPa pressure) have been studied by P. R. de la Piscina etal.27 . The synthesis of ethyl acetate was investigated using a heterogeneous catalystCommercial acid resin, Amberlyst 15 (Rohm and Haas) and a pervaporation unit - Commercial hydrophilic composite membrane, PERVAP 1000 and 1001 Le Carbone Lorraine28. Shifting the reaction equilibrium by selective water removal increased the ethyl acetate productivity. The effects of catalyst mass, reaction temperature, and initial reactants ratio were studied. The kinetic parameters, such as activation energy and apparent reaction order, were determined. The water production and removal rates obtained in reaction and pervaporation experiments, respectively, were used in a computational code to simulate the behaviour of the coupled system. The highest conversion was observed when an initial ethanol/acetic acid molar ratio of 9:1 was used. At this condition, the water production was reduced turning the water removal process more selective, increasing the acetic acid conversion from 51.0% to 63.9% Sulfonated polystyrene grafted silica gel particles29 were synthesized for use as an acid catalyst in the liquid phase esterification of acetic acid with ethanol at 40-80°C. The synthesis of the grafted silica gel particles consists of three steps: polymerization, grafting, and sulfonation. The synthesized catalyst is non-cross-linked, non-swelling, and mechanically as well as chemically stable. It contains 29% covalently-bound sulfonated polystyrene chains that give an acid capacity of 0.99 mmol g −1. The kinetics of the grafted silica gel is as rapid as that of a commercial ion-exchange resin. Since the acid capacity of the grafted silica gel is only 25% of the ion-exchange resin, the catalytic activity of acid groups in the grafted silica gel is higher than in the resin. On the other hand, kinetic studies on the liquid phase esterification of C3 and C4 alcohols on acetic acid were carried out over zeolites30 Hβ, HY and HZSM5. Zeolite Hβ was found to be the most active for the esterification reaction of ethanol and acetic acid. The acidity of zeolite determines the extent of the esterification reaction. The esterification reaction was found to follow the Eley–Rideal pathway. Acetic acid is activated by adsorption on the zeolite acid site, which then reacts with the alcohol in the bulk to form the corresponding acetate. The reaction kinetics of the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol, catalyzed both homogeneously by the acetic acid, and heterogeneously by Amberlyst 15, has been investigated by A. Dominguez et al.31 The reactions were carried out at several temperatures between 30-80°C and at various starting reactant compositions. Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions have been described using the models proposed by T. Popken et al.32 These models use activities instead of mole fractions. Activity coefficient has been calculated using ASOG33 and UNIFAC34 methods. A packed bed reactive distillation column filled with Amberlyst 15 has been employed to obtain ethyl acetate. The influence of feed compositions and reflux ratio has also been analysed. An additional example, the aerobic oxidation of aqueous ethanol to produce acetic acid and ethyl acetate was studied using heterogeneous gold catalysts.35 Comparing the performance of Au/MgAl2O4 and Au/TiO2 showed that these two catalysts exhibited similar performance in the 31 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 reaction. By proper selection of the reaction conditions, yields of 90–95% of acetic acid could be achieved at moderate temperatures and pressures. Based on author findings, a reaction pathway for the catalytic oxidation of ethanol via acetaldehyde to acetic acid is proposed, and the rate-determining step (RDS) in the mechanism is found to be the (possibly oxygen-assisted) dehydrogenation of ethanol to produce acetaldehyde. It also is concluded that most of the CO2 formed as a by-product in the reaction results from the absorbed intermediate in the dehydrogenation of ethanol to produce acetaldehyde. By varying the amount of water in the reaction mixture, the possibilities for producing ethyl acetate by the aerobic oxidation of ethanol is also studied. On the other hand, inert membrane reactors have been a subject of interest during the last decade, the two main applications consist of distributing a reactant to increase selectivity and remove a product to enhance conversion in equilibrium-limited reactions. Two different zeolite membranes, mordenite and zeolite A have been tested in the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol in a continuous membrane reactor packed with catalyst Amberlyst™ 15 by R. Mallada et al.36 Both membranes are capable of shifting the equilibrium in less than 1 day of experiment. Mordenite membranes showed a great resistance to acidic reaction medium, with conversions of about 90% maintained for 5 days of experiment, with very high separation factors water/ethanol and water/acetic acid. Mixed matrix membranes of sodium alginate (NaAlg) were prepared37 by solution casting by incorporating 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt. % of zeolite beta particles for the production of ethyl acetate. The membranes thus prepared were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and tested for the pervaporation (PV) dehydration of ethanol and acetic acid at 30–60 °C. The aluminumrich zeolite beta, with its hydrophilic nature as well as molecular sieving effect and its favorable interaction with hydrophilic NaAlg, was responsible to enhance the PV dehydration of acetic acid and ethanol in terms of separation factor, flux, pervaporation separation index (PSI) and enrichment factor (β). Thermodynamic model for sorption process was investigated typically for water + ethanol mixtures based on Flory–Huggins theory to explain the PV performance. Based on these results, permeance and driving force mechanisms were also elucidated. Extraction or dissolution of zeolite beta from mixed matrix membranes is confirmed by equilibrium sorption. Arrhenius parameters for the process of permeation were calculated using these data at different temperatures to investigate their effects on the nature of the mixed matrix membrane. The plots of in Jp vs. 1/T were constructed and found to follow the linear trends in the studied range of 30–60 °C for both the feed mixtures, indicating that flux followed the Arrhenius trend. PV experiments were also carried out for 5 and 10 wt. % incorporated NaAlg mixed matrix membranes at 70 °C to verify the suitability of the membranes at the esterification temperature. PV-aided catalytic esterification of acetic acid with ethanol was studied at 70 °C, which led to a considerable increase in ethyl acetate conversion with a reduction in reaction time as compared to the blank reaction due to continuous removal of water permeating through the barrier membrane. Supported niobium pentoxide catalysts38 are active for a variety of acid and redox 32 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 catalyzed reactions such as dehydration, hydrogenation and esterification. In this regards, niobium pentoxide has been supported on silica–alumina using two methods: grafting in CH2Cl2 or ethanol solution with NbCl5 precursor, and impregnating in aqueous solution with ammonium niobium oxalate. These catalysts were used to characterize by various methods such as XRD, TG/DTG/DTA, FTIR, DRIFTS, FT-Raman, and calorimetric titration with pyridine. Calcination of the materials at 800 °C produced crystalline Nb2O5 (T-phase) for the samples prepared by grafting, while a mixture of T- and Hphases are formed by aqueous impregnation, indicating the higher stability of the former materials. On the other hand, partial neutralization of hydroxyl groups occurred on the support surface by grafting process, and the neutralization reaction is practically complete at 25 wt. % of Nb2O5 by impregnation. The catalysts with about 10 wt. % of Nb2O5 prepared by aqueous impregnation reached the monolayer, while by grafting it predominates bulk Nb2O5, as demonstrated by FT-Raman. These catalysts also showed the highest acidity, when calcined at 300 °C. Based on these results, liquid phase esterification reactions of acetic acid were carried out with different alcohols (ethanol, n-butanol, and iso-pentanol). The yields were about the same, independent of the preparation method for 10 wt. % Nb2O5 catalysts. The conversions using molar ratio 2:1 (acid: alcohol) after 8 h showed good results (83, 87, and 91%, respectively) and 100% selectivity for all esters. The production of high-purity ethyl acetate using reactive distillation (RD) is studied experimentally in a pilot-scale plant. The objectives are twofold: (1) to realize the type-II RD process39 for ethyl acetate production with a pilot plant, a complex two-column configuration with liquid phase split, (2) to study the initial charges to the column holdups and a start-up procedure for continuous production.39 H-P Huang et al.40 prepared a pilot-scale plant consists of one RD column (10 reactive trays plus structured packing for separation) and a downstream stripper with a decanter in between the two columns are equipped with temperature, flow, and level measurements and a Delta-V process control computer. The industrial grade alcohol (89 mol% ethanol, 11 mol% H2O) and acid (96.75 mol% acidic acid and 3.25 mol% H2O) are used as reactants. A product that contains more than 99 mol% ethyl acetate and less than 100 ppm acetic acid is required as specifications. The results from six experimental runs show that, with proper initial charges in the inventory holdups and a systematic start-up procedure, high-purity acetate can be produced in a straightforward manner. Reduction of energy demand is a challenge that must be faced in coming years and process integration in chemical industry is pointed out as a feasible alternative to achieve more efficient processes. Pervaporation membrane reactors are the systems in which the separation and reaction are carried out simultaneously in order to increase conversions by removing one or more of the products formed during equilibrium reactions.41 C. P. Borges et al.42 using acetic acid and ethanol as a model system, pervaporationassisted heterogeneous catalytic esterification was investigated to increase ester conversion in mild operational conditions. The pervaporation-assisted esterifications were carried out using Amberlyst 15 and 35 (Rohm and Haas) as 33 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 catalyst and hydrophilic Pervap 1000 membrane (Sulzer) in a bench scale pervaporation apparatus. A catalytic membrane was also developed by coating the Pervap membrane with a thin superficial layer of tiny catalyst particles in poly (vinyl alcohol) solution. Reaction and separation were conducted in two separated steps and in a single one, by means of a catalytic membrane. For the former, the membraneassisted reactor, it was observed that the ratio of membrane area to reaction volume is an important parameter to get equilibrium displacement. For the catalytic membrane there was an increase up to 60% in ethyl acetate conversion at 60 °C. These results indicate the potentiality of the coupled process, since catalyst concentration can be easily increased, leading to higher ester production rates. A. Hasanoglu et al.43 have been studied the esterification reaction of acetic acid and ethanol to produce ethyl acetate and water was investigated using a batch pervaporation Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane reactor. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of 50-70°C. The ratios of ethanol concentration to acetic acid concentration were chosen as 1 and 1.5. Amberlyst 15 and sulfuric acid were used as the catalysts. In this way, conversions were increased by continuous removal of ethyl acetate from the reaction media. Conversions are found to increase with an increase in both molar ratios of reactants and temperature. Temperature has a strong influence on the performance of the pervaporation membrane reactor because it acts on both the esterification kinetics and pervaporation. Solid super acid catalysts including SO4 2−/ZrO2 (SZ), rare earth (RE) oxidepromoted SZ and RE oxides together with alumina-promoted SZ performances in the esterification reaction of ethanol and acetic acid were investigated by X. L. Zhou et al.44 The textural property, crystalline phase and surface acidity of the catalysts were characterized by using nitrogen adsorption– desorption isotherms, XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption techniques, respectively. Effects of the reaction time and catalyst reuse cycle as well as catalyst regeneration on the catalytic behaviours were also studied. Experimental results showed that Yb2O3–Al2O3 promoted SZ (designated as SZAY) catalyst exhibited an optimal esterification performance; the Lewis acid sites with moderate and super strong strength could mainly be responsible for the esterification reaction; and doping both Yb2O3 and Al2O3 on SZ not only boosted the esterification activity but also alleviated catalyst deactivation resulted from the surface sulfur loss by solvation. On the other hand, the separation of ethyl acetate and ethanol is important but difficult due to their close boiling points and formation of an azeotropic mixture. The separation of the azeotropic mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol using the hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) 1-alkyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride (alkyl = butyl, hexyl, and octyl) ([Cnmim]Cl, n = 4, 6, 8) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and bromide ([Amim]Cl and [Amim]Br) has been investigated by Ji Chen et al.45 Triangle phase diagrams of five ILs with ethyl acetate and ethanol were constructed, and the biphasic regions were found as follows: [Amim]Cl > [Amim]Br > [C4mim]Cl > [C6mim]Cl > [C8mim]Cl. The results showed that the hydrophilic ILs [Cnmim]Cl (n = 4, 6, 8), [Amim]Br, and [Amim]Cl could remove ethanol effectively from the azeotropic mixture of ethyl acetate and 34 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 ethanol. Moreover, it was found that [Amim]Cl had the highest extraction efficiency, and the purity of ethyl acetate could reach 99.27 wt. % after extraction twice. These hydrophilic ILs are easily synthesized and purified, are economically feasible, and caused no erosion to the equipment, which usually happened for ILs containing F. ILs could be recycled by simple distillation. The separating process can reduce the energy consumption greatly, and the total process is green and environmentally benign. The ethyl acetate synthesis by the oxidative route using a renewable raw materialPdO/SiO2 catalyst can be considered as a very promising new process reported by L. G. Appel et al.46 These catalysts were characterized by XPS, UV–vis, XRD, chemical analysis and BET. These catalysts were tested under different experimental conditions using a conventional system with a fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. It was inferred that the ethyl acetate synthesis occurs via ethanol oxidation followed by the condensation reaction of acetaldehyde and ethanol or ethoxide species. Author also suggested that the rate limiting step of the synthesis change according to the rate of ethanol consumption. For low rates, the limiting step is the ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde, and for the high ones, it is the condensation reaction. It was verified that the catalysts preparation conditions modify the PdO distribution on the support and its particle sizes, therefore, changing the ethanol consumption rate, and consequently, the selectivities to acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, acetic acid and CO2. The dynamics and shock-control in a reactive distillation column (RDC) for the trans-esterification of ethanol and acetic acid was studied and simulated by M. Tajdari et al.47 The dynamic behaviour of the process was experimentally analyzed. The reactants were conducted in a fifteen stages RDC in a single feed stream. An appropriate strategy was chosen and performed for column start up to achieve the steady state condition. The temperature, pressure, mass flow rates (TPF) and mole fractions effects in feed were considered in the column until a new steady state condition was obtained. For top flow of the column, the simulated results were compared with the experimental data. It concluded that there were errors less than 8% for the mole fraction shock results. Liquid phase esterification of acetic acid with ethanol over dodecatungestophosphoric acid (DTPA) supported on K10 montmorillonite was systematically studied and optimization of process parameters was carried out by V. V. Bokade et al.48 The 20% m/m DTPA/K10 was found to be the optimum catalyst with 90% acetic acid conversion and 100% ethyl acetate selectivity. Authors were also explored to see the feasibility of 20% m/m DTPA/K10 as a catalyst for the alkylation of acetic acid with other alcohols like methanol, isopropanol and n-butanol. A tubular hydroxy sodalite (SOD) membrane was successfully applied in the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol and acetic acid with 1-butanol, by Freek Kapteijn et al.49 The reactions were carried out using equimolar solutions of acetic acid with the appropriate organic alcohol at 90°C using Amberlyst 15 as acid catalyst. The hybrid process drove the esterification reactions almost to completion. The SODmembrane showed absolute selectivity towards water and retained its stability under the reaction conditions. The membrane exhibited a stable water pervaporation 35 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 performance at pH values above 2.9 for acetic acid–water mixtures. Recently, the reaction of direct transformation of ethanol to ethyl acetate was investigated on reduced Cu/ZrO2 catalysis prepared by a co-precipitation procedure.50 These catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption, XPS, XRD, TPR, and NH3-TDP. The catalytic performances of these Cu-Zr mixed oxides were considerably influenced by changing the molar ratio of Cu to Zr. The highest selectivity to ethyl acetate was found over Cu/ZrO2 (1) catalyst (molar ratio of Cu and Zr was one). The studied revealed that the presence of a certain amount of Cu+2 species may play very important role in improving the selectivity to ethyl acetate of the Cu/ZrO2 catalyst. In the next decades, ethanol produced from cellulosic residues will be in large supply all over the world. Undoubtedly, bio-ethanol will be used as a gasoline substitute or additive. Taking its future large availability into account, its use as feedstock for the chemical industry can also be foreseen. The ethyl acetate one-pot synthesis from ethanol is a good example of this new industry. The dehydrogenative route of the ethyl acetate one-pot synthesis and also the role of the support using physical mixtures comprised of a dehydrogenation catalyst and four different oxides have been studied by P. C. Zonetti et al.51 These catalysts were characterized employing TPD of ethanol, CO2 and acetaldehyde and also pyridine adsorption. Authors have verified that acetaldehyde synthesized on the dehydrogenation catalyst migrates towards the oxide and reacts with the ethoxide species which are generated by the oxide basic sites. The resulting hemiacetal is dehydrogenated and the ethyl acetate obtained is desorbed. Oxides with strong basic sites generate the most active and selective systems for the ethyl acetate synthesis. Recently, direct transformation of ethanol into ethyl acetate through catalytic membranes containing Pd or Pd-Zn has been reported by P. R. De La Piscina et al.52 Authors were studied the ethanol dehydrogenating coupling at 250°C and 1 MPa over catalytic membrane reactors (CMRs) conventional supported catalysts based on Pd or Pd-Zn on CeO2-ZrO2. They have prepared CMRs through a wet impregnated method based on evaporation craytallization was used to deposit Pd or Pd and Zn on membrane reactors of TiO2 with a top layer of CeO2-ZrO2 and a pore size of 5 nm. These systems were compared with conventional CeO2-ZrO2 supported Pd or Pd-Zn catalysts. Monomettalic Pd systems favoured the decomposition of ethanol giving CO and CH4 as the main product. The presence of Zn in both Pd/CeO2-ZrO2 and CRMs containing Pd inhibited ethanol decomposition and favoured the production of acetaldehyde, which was subsequently transformed to ethyl acetate. 3. PATENTS The production of esters by a reaction between organic acids or their anhydrides and olefin hydrocarbons in the presences of halide catalysis and it‘s pertains more particularly to the direction of reaction toward the formation of particular esters53 and the avoidance of side reactions such as polymerization. The preferred catalyst is boron fluoride promoted with a hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride of hydrogen fluoride. Such catalysts other many advantages over sulphuric acid; phosphoric acid, aluminium chloride, etc. Because of the remarkable effectiveness of the boron fluoride-hydrogen halide catalyst and the catalyst may be separated from reaction products and recovered for reuse. M. Gruffaz et al.54 invented a process for the preparation of ethyl acetate by vapour phase reaction of ethylene with acetic acid, the improvement which comprise conducting said reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of a solid, ion-exchange fluoropolymer comprising sulfonic acid moieties and its activity is virtually constant over a long period of time as well as virtually no by-products are formed. A process for the preparation of ethyl acetate by hydrogenating acetic anhydride or mixture of acetic anhydride and ethylidene diacetate in the presence of a Raney Nickel catalyst55 and an organic sulfonic acid (ptoluene sulfonic acid) to produce ethyl acetate is disclosed in US P. 4 471 136. Carboxylic acid esters, and in particular ethyl acetate, are produced by esterification of an organic carboxylic acid ester with an alcohol (methanol, ethanol, propanol, the isomeric butanols and the isomeric pentanols) in the presence of alkyl sulfonic acid having desulphonation temperature in excess of that of p-toluene sulfonic acid is invented by John Russell et al.56 They also claimed corrosion inhibitor-copper acetate, to reduce corrosion of the vessel. Process for the preparation of ethylidene diacetate and/or ethyl acetate by hydrogenating acetic anhydride57 in the presence of a homogeneous ruthenium catalyst, methyl iodide and lithium iodide are disclosed in US P. 4 886 905. The process can also by utilize to hydrogenate mixtures of acetic anhydride and ethylidene diacetate to produce ethyl acetate. In another process, ethyl acetate is synthesized from a one step process of an oxidation of liquid ethanol in the presence of excess liquid ethanol and a supported oxidation catalyst by a solid ion-exchange resin in the acid form (Amberlyst 15 in acid form).58 In this process, the acetic acid produced in the oxidation is absorbed by the excess liquid ethanol, which esterifies to ethyl acetate. The oxidation portion of process is preferred with a metallic oxidation catalyst on a hydrophobic support. The esterification portion of the process is preferred with an acidic solid ion-exchange resin to promote the esterification. US P. 6 768 021 B2 describes another approach based on the use of a membrane separation unit to remove water from the resultant product ethyl acetate-stream59. An improved process for producing acetic acid and ethanol in a reaction zone in the presence of an acid catalyst (a variety of homogeneous or heterogeneous acid, Rohm and Hass A-16), distilling formed vapours and condensing to form an organic phase rich in ethyl acetate and an aqueous phase rich in water, separating the phases and further distilling each phase to obtain a final purified ethyl acetate product and a water stream low in organic components, the improvement comprising directing the organic phase from the first distillation to the reaction zone. US P. 0 255 072 A1 reveals a process for the production of ethyl acetate by reacting ethylene with acetic acid and water in presence of a heteropoly acid catalyst7 in which the concentrations of reactants in the feed stream to the reactor are such as that the mole ratio of ethylene to water lies in the range 8.0 to 17.0 and the mole ratio of acetic acid to water lies in the range 1.25 to 1.40. Recently, a process for the selective production of ethyl acetate by vapour phase reaction of acetic acid over a hydrogenating 37 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 catalyst composed of a supported bimetal catalyst60 such as for example, platinum or palladium and copper or cobalt supported on a suitable catalyst to form ethyl acetate is disclosed in US 0029980 A1. 4. APPLICATIONS Ethyl acetate has a wide range of applications61 across many industries, including: Surface coating and thinners: Ethyl acetate is one of the most popular solvents and finds wide use in the manufacture of nitrocellulose lacquers, varnishes and thinners, to dissolve the pigments for nail varnishes. It exhibits high dilution ratios with both aromatic and aliphatic diluents and is the least toxic of industrial organic solvents. Pharmaceuticals: Ethyl acetate is an important component in extractants for the concentration and purification of antibiotics. It is also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of various drugs.62 Flavors and essences: Ethyl acetate finds extensive use in the preparation of synthetic fruit essences, flavors and perfumes. Flexible packaging: Substantial quantities of ethyl acetate are used in the manufacture of flexible packaging and in the manufacture of polyester films and BOPP films. It is also used in the treatment of aluminium foils. Occurrence in wines: Ethyl acetate is the most common ester found in wine, being the production of the most common volatile organic acid-acetic acid and the ethanol alcohol created during the fermentation of wine. The aroma of ethyl acetate is most vivid in younger wines and contributes towards the general perception of "fruitiness" in the wine. Sensitivity varies with most people having a perception threshold around 120 mg/lit. An excessive amount of ethyl acetate is considered a wine fault. Exposure to oxygen can exacerbate the fault due to the oxidation of ethanol creating acetaldehyde. This can leave the wine with sharp vinegar like taste. Electronics: Small quantities of ethyl acetate are also used in the manufacture of video/audio tapes. Magnetic media of tapes are purified with ethyl acetate. It is also used for head cleaning. In fact, ethyl acetate of 99.7% quality is the best solvent for cleaning, etc. Miscellaneous: Ethyl acetate is used in the manufacture of adhesives, cleaning fluids, nail polish removers and silk, coated papers, textiles, explosives, artificial leather etc. In the field of entomology, ethyl acetate is an effective poison for use in insect collecting and study. In a killing jar charged with ethyl acetate, the vapours will kill the collected (usually adult) insect quickly without destroying it. Because it is not hygroscopic, ethyl acetate also keeps the insect soft enough to allow proper mounting suitable for a collection. High purity product (ethyl acetate) can be used as a viscosity reducer for resins used in photo resist formulations in the electronics industry. Ethyl acetate is also used as a solvent in a variety of coating formulations including epoxies, urethanes, cellulosics, acrylics and vinyls. These coatings are used for wood furniture and fixtures, agricultural, construction and mining equipment, containers and closures, auto refinishing, and maintenance and marine applications. Over the past twenty years, ethyl acetate coatings have been losing share to waterborne and high solids coatings, powder and two-component coatings systems, due to environmental constraints on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Ethyl acetate is used as a solvent in inks for flexographic and rotogravures printing, where it‘s main function is to dissolve the resin, control the viscosity and modify the drying rate. As with industrial coatings, the decline in the use of acetate because of environmental constraints has largely been completed. CONCLUSION Survey of the literature reveals that ethyl acetate has been used for a multitude of applications. We believe that the almost all the important results presented in this review will open up a potentially new chapter in the ?chemistry of ethyl acetate?. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2017http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20171. Fischer E, Speier A. Ber. 1895; 28: 3252-3258 . 2. Hughes ED. Quart. Rev. 1948; 2: 110. 3. Sykes P. A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longmans, 6th edition, 1986. 4. Suzuki I, Yagi H, Komatsu H, Hirata M. J. Chem. Eng. Japan. 1971; 4: 26-33. 5. Seader JD, Henley EJ. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30HealthcarePHYSIOLOGICAL COST INDEX (PCI) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) BEFORE AND AFTER GIVING TWO COMMONLY USED BREATHING EXECISES English4148Ajith SEnglish Ivor Peter D‘SaEnglish Mohamed Faisal C KEnglish Anandh VEnglish Sreejith NamboothiriEnglishBackground and purpose: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. It is characterized by dyspnoea and limited exercise capacity. It has been proved that breathing exercises spontaneously reduce dyspnoea and mechanical work of breathing in subjects with COPD, thus gaining an important part in pulmonary rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to determine the energy expenditure in people with COPD before and after performing three commonly used breathing exercises by using the Physiological Cost Index (PCI) as a tool. Study Design: Experimental pre test –post test. Materials and Methods: The PCI of 30 male patients were studied on two occasions, before performing exercise and after performing two commonly used breathing exercise viz, Diaphragmatic Breathing (DB) and Pursed Lip breathing (PLB). Results: Following the breathing exercise the PCI decreased in 22 patients, in 6 patients it was unchanged and in 2 patients it was increased. The mean PCI value before breathing exercise was .3099(range .13 - .67) and that after breathing exercise was .2387(range .07 -.75). Conclusion: The Physiological Cost Index (PCI) of subjects suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) was seen to decrease after performing two commonly used breathing exercises, thus indicating a favourable decrease in energy expenditure following the breathing exercises. EnglishChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Energy expenditure, Physiological Cost Index (PCI), breathing exercises.INTRODUCTION The term Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to chronic disorders that disturb airflow. COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India1 . The principal symptoms are dyspnoea and limited exercise capacity. Patients with COPD demonstrate exercise limitation as a consequence of both an increased ventilatory requirement and a decreased ventilatory capacity. The increased ventilatory requirement arises from the elevated wasted ventilation fraction of each breath and hypoxemia secondary to ventilation- perfusion mismatching, both of which stimulate minute ventilation to increase 2 . The reduced ventilatory capacity is primarily the result of airflow obstruction, which causes an increased work of breathing 3 . Due to their increased ventilatory demands, people with COPD have a higher resting oxygen consumption than do people without pulmonary disease.4, 5 This higher resting oxygen consumption may be explained by increased mechanical work of breathing or reduced ventilatory muscle efficiency, or both, in patients with severe COPD. Consequently, hyperinflation of the lungs and the chest wall causes the diaphragms to become depressed, which contributes further to breathing inefficiency and increased metabolic cost 6 7. and increased metabolic cost 6 7 . To help relieve the symptoms and physical limitations of patients with COPD, physical therapists have been teaching breathing exercise in the form of Diaphragmatic Breathing (DB) and Pursed Lip Breathing(PLB)8 9 10 .The overall effects of these two types of breathing exercise are to improve ventilation gas exchange, decrease work of breathing, maintain or improve mobility of chest wall, reduce the respiratory rate, increase tidal volume, reduce dyspnoea, improve gas mixing at rest and facilitate relaxation.11 Controlled breathing manoeuvres appear to be widely used in the physical therapy management of patients with COPD, both individually and in pulmonary rehabilitation programs12,17,18,19 . The energy expenditure in patients with COPD is an interesting subject that has not been studiedextensively. Better understanding of breathing patterns in people without pathology and in patients who are prone to ventilatory distress, such as those with COPD ,could yield information about enhancing non-invasive physical therapist interventions used to reduce the mechanical work of breathing and to improve ventilatory efficiency. In this study the energy expenditure before and after the breathing exercise is calculated. The energy expenditure is calculated by using a simple tool, the Physiological Cost Index (PCI). The PCI is a simple tool used to measure energy expenditure during walking. The PCI was formulated by Macgregor (1979)13 20 who recognized the need for a simple, functional and non-invasive method of measuring the physiological cost of walking that could be equally applied in domiciliary and clinical environments. Mechanical work in biological systems is achieved when a force applied to a structure results in movement. The amount of work produced is the product of the force applied and the distance moved. The PCI is founded on the principle that heart rate and walking speed are linearly related to oxygen consumption (VO2) at sub maximal levels of exercise (Astrand and Rodahl,1986).14 While the measurement of VO2 is the conventional means of determining energy expenditure , a major drawback is its requirement to collect expired gas. This involves the use of equipment that is cumbersome to wear and often unavailable in the clinical environment. The PCI offers a practical alternative; it is an empirical index and is defined by Mac Gregor (1979) as follows also to determine the positive effects of breathing exercise on energy expenditure in subjects METHODS Subjects This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Nitte Institute of Physiotherapy. 30 male subjects from the outpatient department of K S Hegde Medical Academy Mangalore, who were diagnosed by the physician as having COPD were selected for the study. The diagnosis was confirmed by assessment with the COPD assessment form. Subjects were included if their forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was ≤ 60% of the predicted value. Written consent was taken before conducting the study. The subjects were excluded if they had recent respiratory exacerbation, significant cardiac disease, resting pulse oximetry < 85%, a diagnosis of cor pulmonale, orthopaedic exercise limitations or were on supplemental oxygen. Experimental design Resting heart rate (RHR) was recorded after the subject had been seated for 15 minutes15 . After measuring the RHR the patient was made to walk up and down the 100-ft walkway at a comfortable walking speed for 6 minutes .The heart rate and walking speed at the end of 6 minutes was recorded. The RHR and WHR was measured by ambulatory pulse meter (PM 60 Am. Pulse oximeter). After this procedure PCI was calculated with the above mentioned equation. After calculating the value, two breathing exercises were given; the patients were positioned in a treatment couch in long sitting position with back rested on adequate pillows. The exercises were Diaphragmatic Breathing and Pursed Lip Breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing occurs when there is a conscious appreciation of inspiring air to the lung bases with slight forward abdominal displacement and passive relaxed expiration. The instruction given to the patient was ?breathe in slowly through your nose and aim at getting the air to the lower part of your lungs; remember to relax your tummy and upper chest allow the air to go under here (the investigator put his hand on the subjects epigstric/sub costal region). Then relax and let all air out through your mouth, allowing your tummy to sink gently?.16 Pursed lip breathing in this study consisted of each patient‘s normal pattern of inspiration, but expiration was performed by gently blowing through pursed lips. The instruction given to the patient was ?Breathe in through your nose and exhale by blowing gently against your loosely closed lips, like blowing a candle flame, so that it bends but doesn‘t blow out?.16 Patients were observed while performing the breathing exercise to ensure that each exercise was performed as instructed. No other verbal instruction or encouragement was given during the recording. Each breathing exercise was performed 5 times. After a 3-minute rest, PCI was again calculated by the above- mentioned method. RESULTS The mean age of the subjects who participated in the study was 60.1 with SD ± 5.4 (range 43-70). 44% of the patients were of the age group 55-60 years and 43% of the age group 60-65. Only 3% of the subjects were of age group 40-45. (Table 1,Figure 1). All the 30 patients who were selected for the study completed the procedure. The mean age of the thirty patients was 60 (range= 43- 70), standard deviation was 5.40. (Table 2) The mean PCI value before breathing exercise was 0.3099 (range 0.13-0.67) with a standard deviation 0.1299. The mean PCI after breathing exercise was 0.2387 (range 0.07 – 0.75) with standard deviation 0.1404. (Table 3, Figure 2) Following the breathing exercise the PCI decreased in 22 patients, in 6 patients it was unchanged and in 2 patients it was increased. Among the 30 patients, 9 patients had no change in resting heart rate, 3 patients had increase in resting heart rate and 18 patients had a decrease in resting heart rate after performing the breathing exercise. The walking heart rate of 26 patients were decreased, those of 2 patients increased and those of 2 patients remained unchanged after performing the breathing exercise. (Figure 3) In the paired sample testing, the mean of pre- treatment to post treatment difference in PCI was seen to be 7.120E-02 with standard deviation 9.922E-02. The difference was found to be very highly significant (p = 0.001) (Table 4) DISCUSSION The significant difference obtained between the mean PCI before breathing exercise (0.3099±.1291) and the mean PCI after breathing exercise (.2387,SD±.1404)given in table II reflects the decrease in energy expenditure of walking in the subjects after doing the breathing exercise. Since there was no difference in walking speed before and after the breathing exercise, the difference in PCI can be attributed to the lowering of both resting heart rate and heart rate during walking after breathing exercise. In people suffering from COPD, hyperinflation of the lung and chest wall causes the diaphragm to become depressed, which contributes further to breathing inefficiency and increased metabolic cost. The mechanical stress and work of breathing is more in people with COPD. This increased physiological work of breathing may lead to an increased resting heart rate and heart rate during walking in people with COPD. Due to increased ventilatory demands in patients with COPD, the heart has to pump more blood to deliver oxygen to the harder- working ventilatory muscles. This increased work of the heart leads to increased heart rate both during rest and during activities in patients with COPD. 18 patients had a decrease in resting heart rate and 9 patients had no change in resting heart rate after performing the breathing exercise. This can be explained in the following manner: breathing exercise in the form of diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing help to relieve the symptoms and physical limitations of patients with COPD. A study by Gosselink proved that deep breathing exercise which includes diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing resulted in immediate decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate anxiety and dyspnoea 10. The stress and mechanical work of breathing will reduce after performing breathing exercises. This decreased physiological work of breathing may lead to decreased resting heart rate. Among the 30 patients, the heart rates during walking of 26 patients were decreased. Evidence indicates that diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing appears to be an effective way to decrease dyspnoea and improve gas exchange in patients with COPD. Walking after performing breathing exercise causes a lesser energy expenditure because the dyspnoea is reduced, thereby reducing the work of breathing. There is lack of conclusive evidence as to the mechanism 45 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 behind the reduction of the heart rate following breathing exercises. A few studies have demonstrated positive effects during diaphragmatic breathing exercise. Evidence suggests that diaphragmatic breathing does not change regional ventilation in people with COPD. These techniques may increase total ventilation but if so, the evidence suggests this may be due to the slower, deeper breathing patterns that may occur during diaphragmatic breathing rather than an exaggeration of abdominal motion. Some authors have noted an increase in the work of breathing; this may be due to increased paradoxical rib motion during diaphragmatic breathing. One of the limitations of the study was that the sample size of 30 patients may not have been enough to provide the statistical weightage needed to establish the results. Rose et al (1991) have shown that when calculating the PCI the resting heart rate is sensitive and must be measured with accuracy. In this study the extrinsic factors which may have influenced the resting heart rate (for instance administration of drugs like antihypertensive, bronchodilators, beta blockers etc and intake of caffeine in the diet may have substantial effects on the resting heart rate) were not considered when including patients in the study Scope for further study The changes in the energy expenditure following individual breathing exercises can be further studied to determine which breathing exercises would be most beneficial to patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. The exact mechanism behind the reduction of heart rate following exercise and the relationship between the change in heart rate and breathing exercise can be studied in more detail. Studies could be conducted to evaluate the correlation between energy expenditure measured by PCI and energy expenditure measured by laboratory techniques like calorimetry. CONCLUSION The PCI of subjects suffering from COPD was seen to decrease after performing two commonly used breathing exercises, viz, diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing. The PCI has established value as a measure of energy expenditure. The lowering of PCI following the breathing exercise may provide a better understanding of the effects of breathing exercise, and go on to prove that a reduction of dyspnoea is not all that is achieved by breathing exercises, thus reinforcing their role in a pulmonary rehabilitation program. The value of the PCI as a simple tool to measure energy expenditure can be highlighted, especially in contrast to the conventional methods, which can often be expensive and cumbersome. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2018http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20181. Singh V et al .Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indian j chest Dis Allied Sci.2003 Jan –mar; 45 (1): 13-7. 2. Cooper CB. Determining the role of exercise in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc.1995 Feb;27(2): 147-57. 3. Brown HV, Waserman K. Exercise Performance in Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Med Clin North Am.1981 May;65(3): 525-47. 4. Donahole M et al Oxygen consumption of the respiratory muscles in 46 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis.1989;140:385-391. 5. Schols AMWJ, F Redrix EWHM, Soeters PB. Resting energy expenditure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr.1991;54:983-987. 6. Rodarte JR, Hyatt RE. Respiratory mechanics: basics of respiratory disease. Am Thor Soc.1976;4:1-6 7. Marini JJ Inkacmarek RM ,Stoller JK, Eds. Work of breathing.. Current Respiratory Care .Philadelphia,Pa:BC Decker Inc,1988:188-194. 8. West JB .Pulmonary Pathophysiology:The Essentials.4th Ed.Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1992. 9. Juzar A , Summer WR ,Levitzky MG, Eds. Pulmonary Pathophysiology. New York,NY:McGraw-Hill Inc,1999. 10. Gosselink et al Diaphragmatic breathing reduces efficiency of breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.1995;151:1136- 1142. 11. Rose Sgarlat Myers. Saunders Manual of Physical Therapy.1995:303-307. 12. Karen C Peebles ,Angela D Woodman ,Margot A Skinner .The Physiological Cost index in Elderly Subjects During Treadmill and Floor Walking.NZ Journal of physiotherapy.2003 Mar; 31(1):11-16. 13. Mac Gregor J .The objective measurement of physical surveillance equipment. In:proceedings of 3rd international symposium on ambulatory monitoring. London:academic Pr;1979.p 29-39. 14. Astrand P ,Rodahl K (1986).Textbook of Work Physiology 3rd ed. London,England:Mc Graw Hill ,pp.372. 15. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the Six- Minute Walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 166.pp 117- 117,2002. 16. Alice YM Jones, Elizabeth Dean, Cedric CS. Comparison of the Oxygen cost of breathing Exercise and Spontaneous Breathing in patients with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Physical Therapy .2003 May ;83:424-431. 17. Steven E Weinberger. Principles of Pulmonary Medicine, 3rd Edition (chapter 6) 18. Ellen A Hillegass, H.Steven Sadowsky. Essentials of Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy second edition (chapter6) 19. Jong C, Chang W , Wai PM, Chou CL. Comparison of oxygen consumption performing daily activities between patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a healthy population. Heart Lung .2003 Mar – April; 32(2):121-30. 20. Alexandra Hough. Physiotherapy in Respiratory care ,A problem –solving approach to respiratory and cardiac management, 2nd edition (chapter 3)

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30General SciencesEMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT BY FULFILLING NEED BASED SKILL FOR AN ENGINEERING INDIAN INDUSTRY English4956R.YuvarajEnglish G.RavindranEnglishHuman resource management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each other are met. Nowadays it is not possible to show a good financial or operating report unless your personnel relations are in order. Over the years, highly skilled and knowledge based jobs are increasing while low skilled jobs are decreasing. This calls for future skill mapping through proper HRM initiatives. Indian organizations are also witnessing a change in systems. There is a need for multi skill development. Developing Need based Skill is a process of identifying key competencies for an organization, the jobs and functions within it. Skill Development is important and is an essential activity. Every well-managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. By developing skill it identifies an individual‘s strengths and weaknesses in order to help them better understand themselves and to show them where career development efforts need to be directed. Developing need based skill is not only done for Confirmed employees of an organization and it can also be done for contract workers or for those seeking employment to emphasize the specific skills which would make them valuable to a potential employer. These kinds of skills can be determined, when one is ready to do the work. Skill Development is one of the most accurate means in identifying the job and behavioral competencies of an individual in an organization. Competency is a set of knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform a job effectively and efficiently. A Competency is something that describes how a job might be done excellently; a Competence only describes what has to be done, not how. Core competency is something which cannot be copied and it is the pillar upon which individual rest. EnglishSkill development, Core Competency, Competency Mapping, Multi Skill, Need fulfillment, Global alignmentINTRODUCTION Human resource management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each other are met. Nowadays it is not possible to show a good financial or operating report unless your personnel relations are in order. Over the years, highly skilled and knowledge based jobs are increasing while low skilled jobs are decreasing. This calls for future skill EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT BY FULFILLING NEED BASED SKILL FOR AN ENGINEERING INDIAN INDUSTRY R.Yuvaraj1 , G.Ravindran2 1Karpagam University, Coimbatore 2T.K. Govt Arts College, Viruddhachalam, Cudallore E-mail of Corresponding Author: yuvans@yahoo.com 50 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 mapping through proper HRM initiatives. Indian organizations are also witnessing a change in systems. There is a need for multi skill development. Role of HRM becomes more important. Fulfilling need based Skill is a process of identifying key competencies for a company or an organization and the jobs and functions within it. Every well managed organization should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Competency mapping analysis individual‘s SWOT for better understanding and this helps to improve his career growth. This identifies the gap for improving knowledge to develop. Every industry in the present scenario is trying to achieve high efficiency and effectiveness in order to survive in this cutthroat competition. Industry is basically classified into production and service sector. They try desperately to improve the efficiency of their system. Skills mapping is a technique of studying and analyzing the skills possessed by the persons concerned. It is a comprehensive way of knowing the skill levels of the persons. Skill mapping evolves a result, which not only specifies the skill level of the persons but also identifies the Gray areas where improvement can be made by training or by other means. Skill mapping, thus, is fast becoming important, buzzword for any industry aiming at revamping themselves to the present competitive situation. It is becoming popular day by day and many companies are showing keen interest in using this technique to improve their efficiency. Companies are interested in knowing the present skill level of their employees so that training can be given to improve their performance. This is where skill Mapping comes in to focus, which apart from mapping the skills also helps in identifying the strategies for multi skilling program for the company. Every well-managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Competency mapping identifies an individual‘s strengths and weaknesses in order to help them better understand themselves and to show them where career development efforts need to be directed. Competency mapping is not only done for Confirmed employees of an organization and it can also be done for contract workers or for those seeking employment to emphasize the specific skills which would make them valuable to a potential employer. These kinds of skills can be determined, when one is ready to do the work. Competency mapping is one of the most accurate means in identifying the job and behavioral competencies of an individual in an organization. 2 WHAT IS COMPETENCY? A competency is an underlying characteristic of an individual that is related to effective performance in a job or situation. Competency: A person – related concept that refers to the dimension of behavior lying behind competent performer. 3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Therefore, it appears necessary to investigate if a difference exists in job competency expectations held by the manufacturing industries for their employees between the required competency levels to the existing level of working. Accurate job competencies need to be communicated to all the employed in the manufacturing industries. Research indicates that the closer of the employer job competency expectations i.e, the required competency level to the actual job competency level of the employees brings the better chance for productivity improvement, waste elimination, multi skill development and the higher employees will rate overall job satisfaction. In order to ascertain accurate and current job competency expectations i.e., the required competency to work in a manufacturing industry, professionals, supervisors and production heads were asked to rate the importance of the specific job competencies for the workforce. The competencies categories included: knowledge, ability and attitude. The managers were asked to list the required competency to perform a job and they were also asked to fix the required level of competencies in the specific competency. 4 LIMITATIONS Gaining the cooperation of the employees was difficult at the initial stages of the study as the employees were not aware of the topic of the study. ? Some employees were not able to understand the questionnaire as it was new to the organization. To solve this problem and to make it understandable to all, the questionnaires had to be made in simple language and also with day today activities. ? Respondents were reluctant to give unbiased opinion fearing of the management. ? The data was collected from the plant through questionnaires. The respondents were not able to spend the desired time with the researcher. ? The Rater's decision on the employees was the final one. The problems like central tendency and other partially towards the staff may be present 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ? The study analyses the skill level of Workmen in the organization, so that the training needs can be found out. ? The study could also provide an insight to the staff's multi-skill level. ? The model can be simulated in other divisions as well as other units . 6 SIGINFICANCE OF THE STUDY Competency Mapping is excessively used in the organization to determine the crucial elements and activities. The basic reasons due to which the mapping of the competencies is done are as follows: Once the competencies are determined, proper training can be provided to the individuals to work more efficiently on the processes. Key performance areas can be improved by understanding the fields where there is a gap between the actual and the desired results. Through competency mapping, the individual is preparing himself for the next set of responsibilities. Competency based approach can lead the individual to derive much efficient results (with more accuracy) as compared to work in a non-competency derived situation. Helps the individual to determine the areas where the development is required and thus leads the individual to develop a self development plan. Competency mapping leads the individual to understand the actual position and the gap from the desired status of work. 8 MAIN OBJECTIVE: Primary: ? To map the technical competencies for the employees in different departments of a Textile Machinery Manufacturing Industry Secondary: ? To develop the competency calendar for employees in any industry. ? To assess the Training need identification of the employees in the company ? To offer the suggestions to the organization for the betterment of the employees and Organization. 9WHAT METHODOLOGY IS USED? The following methods are used in combination for competency mapping: Interviews, Group work, Task Forces, Task Analysis workshops, Questionnaire, Use of Job descriptions, Performance Appraisal Formats etc. 10 MODEL USED: The board approach followed by Arthur Andersen while mapping the competencies is represented as follows: These kinds of skills can be identified, when one is ready to do the work. Competency mapping is one of the most accurate means in identifying the job and behavioral competencies of an individual in an organization. 11 11 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: 11.1 Research Design: A Research Design is the arrangement of conditions for collections and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. The research is a descriptive research, as it includes surveying and fact-finding. The research was not done before for the organization. The research was supposed to explore details for further studies. Competency analysis begins with identification of the workforce competencies required to perform the organizational business activities. Once the competencies are identified, a mapping between the targeted vs. actual value of competencies is required to measure, 53 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 analyze and predict the future capability of competencies and take necessary corrective/preventive action to either enhance or maintain the current capability. Identifying the tasks, skills, knowledge and attitude required to perform various organizational roles can be used in formulating job description, assessing employees‘ current level of competency, and activities like planning career development and coordinating competency development. 11.2 Sampling Method: Census survey was adopted for the study. As it was census sampling, the entire population was taken for conducting the research. Hence no sampling tool/technique was used to choose the elements of the sample. 11.3 Sampling Design: All 1400 workmen at different units and departments were taken, that comprises of all Production related workmen and also workmen in service departments related to production i.e., Quality assurance, Tool room, Maintenance etc, 12 DATA SOURCE: 12.1 Primary Data: The first hand primary data was collected through questionnaires. In addition to it discussions were held with the immediate supervisors, the managers of each department. 12.2 Secondary data The secondary data was collected through the company profile, the company manuals, and previous year records. 13 ANALYSIS: Competency Mapping is a process of identifying key competencies for an organization, the jobs and functions within it. Competency mapping is important and is an essential activity. Every well-managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Competency mapping identifies an individual‘s strengths and weaknesses in order to help them better understand themselves and to show them where career development efforts need to be directed. Competency mapping is not only done for Confirmed employees of an organization and it can also be done for contract workers or for those seeking employment to emphasize the specific skills which would make them valuable to a potential employer. These kinds of skills can be determined, when one is ready to do the work. This study compared the workforce job competency expectations for experienced / trained employees in possession of more than 10 years from the date of joining. Workforces are technically separated into 2 distinct categories. 1. Work that is directly supporting the production 2. Work that is indirectly supports the production. Direct workforces who were the permanent employee of the organization at the time of the survey were participated. In the beginning of 2011, employees at different units working in various departments are communicated through their immediate supervisors requesting their participation. At the time of survey the number of Direct confirmed employees present at Unit1:700. Usable responses were received from 680 employees for a response rate of 97.14%. There are different kinds of process that are carried out in an engineering industry. Different kind of operations are grouped with the similar kind of operations as G01, For every group, different levels of required skills are fixed. The following is the required skill to operate a conventional Turning center. ( G08 ) The survey instrument was developed from a literature review of job competencies and was refined to three content areas namely knowledge, ability and attitude. Research questions were designed to identify differences if any, in the permanent workforce based upon several competencies. C11 – Ability to read and understand drawing C12 – Ability to meet tolerance levels C13 – Awareness of Standards C21 – Ability to do CNC Programming C22 – Ability to select the required tools C 23 – Knowledge of cutting parameters C 24 – Awareness in TPM and 5S Practices C 25 – Ability to Work C 31 – Knowledge of Instruments and ability to use. C 32 – Ability to do Self Inspection C 33 – Awareness of New Systems (LEAN) For every competency levels of requirement are fixed. These requirements are matched with that of the processes that are been carried out in an organization. C11 – Ability to read and understand drawings (Manufacturing) Level 1 Basic Geometry Types of lines – Object line, centre line, hidden details line, dimension line, leader line, size of an arrow, breakage line or broken line, symbols for indicating diameter and other cross sections -Construction of Geometric shapes - intersection of lines - Forming angles – Triangles and type of triangles – Quadrilaterals – Square, rectangle, Rhombus, Trapezium, Parallelogram – Polygons, Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon, Octagon Circle – Its nomenclature – Diameter, radius, circumferences, sector, segment, chord – simple solids – cylinders, cubes, prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids – construction of ellipse, oval. Level 2 Review of Level 1 Three dimensional drawings Isometric and oblique projection – drawing simple solids – orthographic projection – construction of three views, elevation, plan and end view – First angle and third angle projection – Exercises on prismatic shapes – Scales – True Scale, Enlarged scale, Reduced scale – Making drawings for different scales. Level 3 Review of Level 2 Drawings views for simple machine components – use of sectional views – types of sections – full section, half section, revolved section, removed section, partial section, offset section, aligned section – conventional representation of threads, keys and keyway, screws, springs, lock pins, circlips – use of single view for cylindrical parts with section. Level 4 Review of Level 3 Dimensioning and tolerance specifications – methods of tolerance – unilateral and bilateral tolerance. ISO tolerance system – specifications of surface roughness quality – roughness grades N12 to N1 – Ra, Rc, Rmax, Rt values – Possible grades in various production reading of blue prints – Assembly drawings. According to levels of the required competencies, the present levels of competencies are identified with the first line supervisors. For the Required Vs Target suitable training shall be given for the employee to improve his competency. These comparisons were made between the existing competencies arrived from the survey to the required competencies for an employee to perform a particular job. The gaps between these two are the need identified for the competency training. Consistently, permanent employees were rated by their immediate line supervisor about their performance. The gaps for the need identified are focused by giving appropriate training. The training may vary accordingly, On-Job training and Off-Job training. Training given on need based. Need based fulfillment are done consistently for all direct permanent employees in the organization. Future research is suggested utilizing to other units in the organization and also to the apprenticeship trainees and flexi work force. Competency Mapping is a process of identifies key competencies for an organization and or a job and incorporating those competencies throughout the various processes (i.e. job evaluation, training, recruitment) of the organization. 14 CONCLUSION: Skill development by Competency mapping is one of the most accurate means in identifying the job and behavioral competencies of an individual in an organization .Competency mapping should 56 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 not be seen as rewards. All the stakeholders must see in the exercise an opportunity for long-term growth. Competency mapping is not only done for Confirmed employees of an organization and it can also be done for contract workers or for those seeking employment to emphasize the specific skills which would make them valuable to a potential employer. Competency is a set of knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform a job effectively and efficiently. A Competency is something that describes how a job might be done excellently; a Competence only describes what has to be done, not how. Core competency is something which cannot be copied and it is the pillar upon which individual rest. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2019http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20191. Article -?Competency Mapping?- by K. Murali Mohan 2. Article -?The Art and Science of Competency Mapping?- by T.V. Rao, [Chairman, TVRLS Formerly Professor at IIMA and Founder National HRD Network - 3. Competency Management- A practitioner‘s Guide by R.Palaniappan, Specialist Management Resources 4. Competency Mapping - A Thoroughfare By K. Murali Mohan Senior Faculty – Human Resources and Communications Department of Management Studies PES Institute of Technology Bangalore. 5. Competency Mapping: A prerequisite for HR Excellence - by Dr. Lovy Sarika l 6. David Decenzo and Stephen Robbins. Human recourse management 7. http://www.articlesbase.com/humanresources-articles/competencymapping-999753.html" 8. http://www.indianmba.com/Pedagog y of Competency Mapping By Dr.Ashish Manohar Urkude. Professor Alliance Business School, Bangalore. 9. http://www.morphosppc.com/article/ roles-and-functions-of-the-humanresource-department/By: Carolyn Smith 10. http://www.scribd.com/doc/2270092 6/Competancy-Mapping-ProjectReport 11. http://www.talentmanagement101.co m/employee_performance_managem ent.php 12. Lyle M.Spencer, Jr.and, PhandSigne M Spencer.1993. Competency at work-models for superior performance. 13. Research Methodology Methods and techniques by C.R. KOTHARI, New Age international publishers, New Delhi-110 002. 14. Search Engines GOOGLE and YAHOO 15. Strategic core competency by – Azhar Kazmi, Strategic management – Glueck 16. Sudipta, ?Competency based HR?, Express Computer, 10 Jan 2005

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareROLE OF PHYTOMEDICINE AGAINST E.FAECALIS IN ROOT CANAL TREATMENT -AN UPDATE IN DENTISTRY English5758Lakshmi.TEnglish Ravishankar.PEnglishOral diseases such as Dental caries /plaque and Periodontal diseases are caused by micro organisms belonging to the resident micro flora rather than by classic microbial pathogens. They are caused by the ecological imbalance in oral bio films. In clinical studies, an increasing incidence of incipient carious lesions and generalized gingival inflammation have been found in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance. Oral microbial flora is dominated by gram positive micro organisms and hence dental plaque which is formed on the tooth surface contains gram positive cocci and bacilli. Oral health also influences the general quality of life and poor oral health is linked to chronic conditions and systemic diseases. The association between oral diseases and the oral microbiota is well established. Acidogenic bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus anginosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis is an potent initiator that causes dental caries/plaques in the Patients receiving fixed appliances in the orthodontic treatment . These dental plaques are more difficult to be removed in the fixed appliances patients. Hence, in our present article, natural products like Acacia catechu willd, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Achillea millifolium, Aesculus hippocastanum, Anacardium occidentale and Eremophila Longifolia that inhibit the growth of oral pathogens, reduce the development of biofilms and dental plaque in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances is reviewed extensively. EnglishPhytomedicine, Root canal Irrigant, E.faecalis, Root canal failure, Treatment.INTRODUCTION Root canal treatment is the disinfection of the root canal system, using Endodontic instruments aided by an antimicrobial agent1 . E. Faecalis is believed to be a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity. The prevalence of E. Faecalis is increased in oral rinse samples from patients receiving the endodontic treatment; E. Faecalis is associated with different forms of periradicular disease including primary endodontic infections and persistent infections2. E. Faecalis can adhere to the root canal walls, accumulate, and form communities organized in bio film, which enables the bacteria to become highly resistant to phagocytosis, antibodies, and antimicrobials than non–bio film-producing organisms .The most effective method to eradicate E faecalis is the use of Sodium hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine3 . Various literatures reveal the use of Sodium hypochlorite has disadvantages like unpleasant taste, toxicity, and potential weakening of the tooth structure by decreasing the hardness and structural integrity of the dentin within the root canal4 . Medicinal plants that represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents are found to be effective against E.faecalis and further used to prevent the failure of root canal treatment. Having read with great interest in an article titled ?Role of herbs in endodontics?-An update by Sharad kamat et al.5 , we wanted to focus on how the Herbal medicine has the potential to influence Antibacterial properties against E.faecalis. properties against E.faecalis. Improved dissemination of drugs and heightened efficacy, the current need of the hour, are now possible with the use of herbal medicines which increases the ability to ROLE OF PHYTOMEDICINE AGAINST E.FAECALIS IN ROOT CANAL TREATMENT –AN UPDATE IN DENTISTRY Lakshmi.T1 , Ravishankar.P2 1 Faculty, Department Of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. 2Dental Practitioner, Department Of Conservative Dentistry, Chennai. E-mail of Corresponding Author: lakshmi085@gmail.com E-mail of Corresponding Author: drlalitshrimali@yahoo.co.in 58 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 12 December 2011 eradicate infectious diseases without significant toxicity and helps reduce the amount of drug required, the number of doses and bio inactivation. Anti bacterial activity against E.Faecalis According to a study conducted by Geetha and co workers suggested that Ethanolic extract of Acacia catechu heartwood6 is effective than Aqueous extract as an antibacterial agent against E.faecalis and provides an aid to prevent the root canal failure during Endodontic treatment.Dhanya kumar et al in his study proved that Acacia nilotica and Syzygium aromaticum extract as an beneficial antimicrobial agent against E.faecalis which reduces the root canal microflora and root canal failure7 . Bokhora and co workers in their findings concluded that the neem (Azadirachta Indica) leaf extract has significant antimicrobial effect against E.faecalis derived from infected root canal samples. Similar study conducted by Naiyak Arathi et al also found that Aqueous and Ethanolic extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) leaf showed significant antibacterial activity against E.faecalis8 . CONCLUSION Medicinal plants have a rich source of novel ingredients which are biologically active with least side effects. Hence, use of traditional medicinal plants will certainly boosts our fight against E.faecalis and there is an obvious need for its far-reaching use in Endodontic treatment to prevent the Root canal failure. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We wish to thank the Authors / Editors of those journals from where the References to compile the manuscript are obtained. Conflict of Interest: Nil Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2020http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=20201. Engstrom B. The Significance Of Enterococci In Root Canal Treatment. Odontol Revy 1964; 15:87–106. 2. N. Vivacqua-Gomes et al Recovery Of Enterococcus Faecalis After Single- Or Multiple-Visit Root Canal Treatments Carried Out In Infected Teeth Ex Vivo. International Endodontic Journal, 38, 697– 704, 2005. 3. Charles H Stuart, Scott A Schwartz, Thomas J Beeson (2006). Enterococcus Faecalis: It‘s Role in Root Canal Treatment Failure and Current Concepts and Retreatment. Journal of Endodontics 32 (2): 93-97. 4. Siqueira JF Jr., Rocas IN, Favieri A, Lima KC. Chemomechanical Reduction Of The Bacterial Population In The Root Canal After Instrumentation And Irrigation With 1%, 2.5% And 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite. J Endod 2002; 26:331–34. 5. Sharad kamat, Rajeev k, Prahlad saraf Role of herbs in Endodontics: An update Endodontology journal available at http://medind.nic.in/eaa/t11/i1/eaat11i1p96. pdf 6. Geetha R.V ,Anitha Roy ,Lakshmi.T ?In Vitro Evaluation Of Anti Bacterial Activity Of Heartwood Extract Of Acacia Catechu On Oral Microbes?.International Journal Of Current Research And Review Vol.3 Issue 6 June 2011. 7. Dhanya Kumar N. M, Preena Sidhu The Antimicrobial Activity Of Azardirachta Indica, Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Cinnamum Zeylanicum, Syzygium Aromaticum, Accacia Nilotica On Streptococcus Mutans and Enterococcus Faecalis - An In Vitro Study.Endodontology journal available at http://medind.nic.in/eaa/t11/i1/eaat11i1p16. pdf 8. Naiyak Arathi et al Evaluation of Antibacterial and Anti candidial efficacy of Aqueous and Alcoholic extract of Neem (Azadhiracta indica)-An In Vitro study International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy, 2(1), Jan-Feb 2011 230-235.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28TechnologyNUMERICAL METHOD FOR MODELING TRANSIENT FLOW IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS English5968Mehdi SalmanzadehEnglishA transient is a temporary flow and pressure condition that occurs in a hydraulic system between an initial steady-state condition and a final steady-state condition. When velocity changes rapidly in response to the operation of a flow-control device(for instance, a valve closure or pump start), the compressibility of the liquid and the elasticity of the pipeline cause a transient pressure wave to propagate throughout the system. If the magnitude of this transient pressure wave and the resulting transient flow variation is great enough and adequate transient-control measures are not in place, a transient can cause system hydraulic components to fail (for instance, a pipe burst). In general, transients resulting from relatively slow changes in flow rate are referred to as surges, and those resulting from more rapid changes in flow rate are referred to as water hammer events. Surges in pressurized systems are different than tidal or storm surges, flood waves, or dam breaks, which can occur in open-water bodies. A water hammer wave travels much faster in a pressurized system and it can burst even the strongest pipes. In general engineering practice, the terms surge, transient, hammer, and water hammer are synonymous. EnglishSurge Analysis, Transient flow, Characteristis Method, Velocity and Pressure Equations.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2021http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2021

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30HealthcarePREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA AMONG 5-12YEAR AGED RURAL SCHOOL CHILDREN English6975Uma KiranEnglish Suneeta Kalsurmath.English Basavarajappa K.G.English Vinod Kumar C.SEnglishBackground: Anaemia is one of the most common and intractable nutritional problems in the world today. It has consequences on human, social and economic development, and associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, especially in young children. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately two billion people are anaemic based on haemoglobin concentrations below recommended thresholds1. Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia among 5-12y old rural school children of low socio-economic status. Methods: School based cross sectional study was done in remote villages of Jagalur, Davangere. A total of 484 children from three government schools were selected over a period of one year. Children of both sexes were included in the study. Anaemia was diagnosed by Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Serum Ferritin was estimated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: Prevalence of anaemia was 30.4% as per WHO recommendations. Among these girls were highest (57.8%) when compared to boys (42.2%). Iron deficiency was the commonest cause occurring in 50.3% of children. Conclusion: Childhood anaemia continues to be a significant public health problem in school children aged 5-12y and iron deficiency is the commonest cause of anaemia. EnglishAnaemia, Iron-deficiency, Serum Ferritin, Prevalence, Rural children, Low socio-economic status.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2022http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2022

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28General SciencesSIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF BLOOD SUBSTRATES BY FTIR SPECTROSCOPY COUPLED WITH LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS English7684Sankari GEnglish Aishwarya T SEnglish Jayakumaran SEnglish Gunasekaran SEnglish Hemamalini RajagopalEnglish Subramaniam SEnglish Surapaneni Krishna MohanEnglishBackground: The search for a simple and accurate analytical method to determine the concentration of blood serum components is of major importance in clinical laboratories. Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry is a global, sensitive, and highly reproducible physicochemical analytical technique that identifies structural moieties of biomolecules on the basis of their absorption in the infra red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Objective: Since a biomolecule is determined by its unique structure, each biomolecule exhibits a unique FTIR spectrum, representing the vibrations of its structural bonds. FTIR analytical applications have allowed determination of blood contents using a single spectral measurement. Materials & Methods: In this work, simultaneous determination of concentrations for the major components in human blood serum, namely glucose, protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine has been investigated using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra of 35 blood samples have been recorded in the mid frequency region, 4000 – 450 cm-1. The spectral measurements of 25 samples with known clinical parameters have been employed with Linear Regression Statistical Analysis using SPSS software to quantitatively correlate IR spectral features with the clinical analytical results. Results: The resulting quantification methods have been then validated with the remaining 10 specimens. Conclusion: The scatter plots obtained has validated that IR spectroscopy has the potential to become the potential tool in the clinical laboratories for instantaneous and simultaneous determination of human blood serum testing. EnglishBlood, FTIR spectroscopy, linear regression analysis, scatter plots, glucose; cholesterolhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2023http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2023

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28General SciencesELIMINATION OF ARSENIC AND SKIN MANIFESTATIONS CAN BE COUNTERACTED BY GENE POLYMORPHISM English8593Sarmishtha ChandaEnglish Uma B DasguptaEnglish Debendranath Guha MazumderEnglishGlutathione- S -Transferase (GST) might be involved in the initial reduction of arsenate to arsenite and subsequent oxidative methylation (Sampayo 2000, Zakharyan 2001). Humans with null genotype of GST M1 and T1 have been considered to be a high risk group of people who retain arsenic in their body due to incomplete metabolism of arsenic. In order to elucidate the relationship among clinical severity, urinary excretion of arsenic and genetic polymorphisms of GST M1 and T1, a total of 100 study subjects were recruited from the villages of southern region of WestBengal, India. Specimens of drinking water, blood and urine were collected from each study subjects. Concentration of arsenic in urine and water was determined by atomic absorption spectro photometry-hydride generation system. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the genetic polymorphism of GST M1 and T1. Genetic polymorphism of GSTM1 and T1 were significantly associated (pEnglishArsenic exposure, urinary arsenic, null genotype, clinical severity, genetic polymorphism.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2024http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2024

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareTINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA AND ITS VARIED ACTIVITIES: WHAT IS BELIEVED AND WHAT IS KNOWN? English94109Madhav MutalikEnglish Maitreyee MutalikEnglishTinospora cordifolia (Gulvel) is traditionally used in ayurvedic medicine for apparently much varied conditions. It is commonly used in combination with other substances or sometimes alone. Supportive evidences from pharmacological studies suggest its prominent role in immune-modulation in conditions like diabetes mellitus, obstructive jaundice, and hepatic and splenic injury. Antioxidant, radioprotective, antihyperglycemic, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, and antispasmodic properties, and capacity to dissolve urinary calculi also have supportive evidences. It is a potential antidepressant and enhances cognition and memory. Immunemodulation, preventing oxidative damage, and relieving inflammation are likely explanations for benefits in infections, joint inflammation, and allergies. The constellation of various activities plays a role in its protective effects against antitubercular and cytotoxic drugs, and toxins. It is helpful in potentiating other substances in the form of ?Shodhan-Vidhi?. This review discusses details of its formulations, the relevance of supportive evidences and possible mechanisms of actions for its claimed benefits, and future prospects. It shows the links between ?what is believed? and ?what is known? regarding use of Tinospora cordifolia. EnglishClaims and evidences, Gulvel, mechanism of action, plant, Tinospora cordifolia, ?Shodhan-Vidhi?http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2025http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2025

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28General SciencesKINETIC STUDY FOR DECOLORIZATION OF C.I REACTIVE BLACK-5 DYE English110120Muhammad Asghar JamalEnglish Fareeha MukhtarEnglish Khurram ShahzadEnglishAdvanced oxidation processes (AOP‘s) hold great promise for the improved treatment of textile dye effluent. Attempt has been made to investigate the kinetics for decolorization of C.I Reactive Black-5 dye under strong oxidizing conditions in order to assess the effectiveness and feasibility for purification of water. The operating parameters such as hydrogen peroxide dosage, dye concentration, treatment time, UV light intensity. The degradation efficiency increased nonlinearly with increasing UV light intensity and hydrogen peroxide dosage. Dye was degraded under UV irradiation using H2O2 as oxidant to determine the optimum conditions. It has been estimated that this process can be used as an efficient and environmental friendly technique for effluent treatment of industrial wastewater containing organic compounds and dyes from textile industry. EnglishAdvanced oxidation, Decolorization, Reactive azo dye, Hydrogen peroxide, wastewater, Kineticshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2026http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2026

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareMORBIDITY PATTERNS OF PATIENTS ATTENDING PSYCHIATRY OUT PATIENTS DEPARTMENT OF SELECTED TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF BARODA CITY - INDIA English121126Shaikh MohsinEnglish Khan M.IqbalEnglishContext: The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and attitudes towards mental illness in relation to socio-demographic factors among hospital out patients as well as the role of various precipitating factors behind psychiatry illness. Aims: To find out the common psychiatric disorders among patients attending psychiatry OPD and also to study the role of various precipitating factors on mental health status of the patients. Settings and Design: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted from April 2008 to July 2008 in patients attending Psychiatry Out patient department (OPD) of Sir sayajirao general hospital (SSGH), Baroda, Gujarat, India Methods and Material: A total of 200 patients were studied in a period of four months (April-July ‘08). Patients attending psychiatry OPD were examined with the help of a trained psychiatrist. Information regarding the patients was taken using pre-designed structured proforma and diagnosis was made by trained psychiatrist based on DSM-4 criteria (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders). The collected information was analyzed using Epi info 6.04 d statistical software package. Results: Majority of psychiatric patients (28 %) belonged to age group 20-29 years and above 49 years in 26 % cases, most of them were males (59 %). Occupational analysis showed that the number of employed psychiatric patients (32%) was greater than unemployed patients(26%). Psychiatric problems were more in illiterates (28%) and majority of the patients attending psychiatric clinic (66 %) were married. In 46% cases patients were suffering from one or the other medical illness and 12 % of patients regularly consume alcohol. The morbidity pattern showed that majority were affected by depression (29%), schizophrenia (18%) and substance abuse psychiatric disorder (11%). Conclusions: The common psychiatric illnesses are mainly precipitated by underlying socio-epidemic factors which needs to address. Englishpsychiatric disorder, OPD, diagnosishttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2027http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2027

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareCOMPARING SUBGINGIVAL TEMPERATURE IN SMOKERS AND NON- SMOKERS WITH ADULT PERIODONTITIS- A CLINICAL STUDY English127135M.N.PrabhuEnglish R. VeerakumarEnglishAim: The aim of the present study is to compare the subgingival temperature in smokers and non smokers, having adult periodontitis. Materials and methods: Thirty-three patients (16 smokers and 17 non smokers) having adult periodontitis were selected for the purpose of this study. A modified digital thermometer was used for recording the subgingival temperature. Other clinical parameters like probing pocket depth, gingival bleeding index and plaque index were also recorded. Only the upper anterior teeth were included in the study. Results: The subgingival temperature in smokers was found to be considerably less than that of nonsmokers. The subgingival temperature increased with increase in probing pocket depth. The gingival bleeding index in smokers was lower than that of nonsmokers. Discussion: The decreased subgingival temperature in smokers is due to the decrease in cellular activity in smokers, thereby generating less heat. As the cellular and molecular activity increases with increase in probing pocket depth in both the smokers and non smokers, the subgingival temperature was found to increase with increase in probing pocket depth. The vaso constrictive action of nicotine in the peripheral circulation in smokers causes a decrease in gingival bleeding in smokers when compared to non smokers. Conclusion: This study shows that the subgingival temperature in smokers is lower than that of nonsmokers. Also it can be said that subgingival temperature measurements, can be successfully used as a chair side diagnostic technique to measure the presence of disease, as it reflects the clinical status of the periodontium. EnglishSubgingival temperature modified digital thermometer, probing pocket depth, chair-side diagnosis.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2028http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2028

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareBENEFICIAL EFFECT OF CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE English136140Varun MalhotraEnglish Shankarappa. VEnglish Vikram DhawanEnglish Vijay BhaskharEnglish Jai GangaEnglish Aadhar AdhlakhaEnglish Raj Kumar PatilEnglish Srinivasaragavan NEnglishThis study is designed to see the change on heart rate after the carotid sinus massage. The normal person taken as a subject for this study. The subject asked to lie down, with fully extended and the head turned away from the side being massaged. The radial pulse was recorded. Then gently touches the carotid sinus on one side for 5 seconds. The massage will repeated on other side. The radial pulse was recorded again. The pulse rate dropped from73.4 ± 7.7 to 64.1 ± 8.3(Figure 2). The change is significant at pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2029http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2029

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30HealthcareSIZE DISTRIBUTION PATERN OF CITIES AND TOWNS IN KERALA (1951-2001 CENSUS): AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS English156164V.Christopher AmalrajEnglish A.SubbarayanEnglishThe process of urban growth is closely related to the size distribution of cities. The distribution of urban population takes place among settlements of differing sizes along a continuum from small towns to giant cities. The mono–centric urban structure becomes monocentered and dominates the rest of the urban system. The study of urban growth by size class of towns will help us to understand the changes of urban development in a region. To describe the size distribution of cities, we use Zipf‘s law, which states that the size distributions of cities follow a simple Pareto distribution with shape parameter equal to 1. In this paper we have performed a test for Zipf‘s law census data for Kerala‘s city and town sizes distribution for the period 1951 – 2001. The analysis of data reveals that class I and Class II towns dominates the urban system in Kerala in terms of their share in urban population. An indepth study of the City Size Distribution demonstrated that the value of Pareto coefficient is approximately equal to1 for the full data and for the different sample threshold population. EnglishZipf‘s law, Pareto Exponent distribution, City size distribution, Rank – Size Rule.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2031http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2031

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28General SciencesIDENTIFICATION OF EATING DISORDERS AND ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS OF ALLAHABAD English165172Verma A.English Shukla V.English Sheikh S.English NeerubalaEnglishAdolescence is generally considered to begin with puberty, the process that leads to sexual maturity ability to reproduce. The study carried out with the objectives to find out the common eating disorders, to assess the nutritional status and to find out the relation between the eating disorders and nutritional status of the selected adolescent girls of Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh. An exploratory research design was adopted for the study, Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh has been selected, purposively for research. Survey method was used for the collection of data. The sample size was 150 respondents comprising of 55 girls from Allahabad Intermediate college, 45 from Arya Kanya Intermediate college, and 50 from Hindu Mahila Intermediate college .The survey schedule consist of the general profile, anthropometry assessment in which height and weight were taken, dietary assessment by 24 hour recall method, and clinical assessment. A standardrized Wellness Worksheet 85 developed was used to identify the eating disorder and nutritional status taken. The result revealed that there is a significant relation between the eating disorders and nutritional status. The major findings of the study were the bulimia nervosa was more prevalent (42 percent) followed by anorexia nervosa (40 percent) and binge eating disorder (28 percent). A significant relation was observed between nutritional status and eating disorders. EnglishEating Disorders, adolescent, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, Nutritional statushttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2032http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2032

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareBARDET BIEDL SYNDROME WITH ATYPICAL FEATURES OF HEMIMANDIBULAR HYPOPLESIA AND MICROTIA English173176Deepak MishraEnglish Prashant BhushanEnglish B.P. SinhaEnglish M.K.SinghEnglish Om KumarEnglishPurpose. Bardet Biedal Syndrome (BBS) is a multiorgan syndrome affecting mainly the eyes, extremities, gonads & renal system etc. Method. Case report. Results The patient had common features of BBS like retinitis pigmentosa, mental & growth retardation, hypogenitalism, syndactyly and polydactyly along with atypical features like microtia, hemimandibular hypoplesia & pigeon shaped chest which are not reported in the literatures as for our best knowledge. Conclusions. Hemimandibular hypoplesia, microtia (small ear) & pigeon chest should also be considered as an association of Bardet Biedal Syndrome ( BBS). EnglishBardet Biedal Syndrome, Hemimandibular hypoplesia, Pigeon chest, Microtiahttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2033http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2033

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcarePRE NATAL DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN THYROID GLAND English177183Vinnakota SunithaEnglishThe present study has been taken as the part of the project to review the histogenesis of thyroid gland in human fetuses of Indian origin. So far the material available in the literature is not from India. Fetuses of gestational age ranged from 11 weeks to 40 weeks have been obtained from local hospitals. All the fetuses have been subjected to the protocol of dissection, processing & staining procedures already in existence. The H&E stained slides were studied under light microscopy. Englishendodermal cells, follicle, colloidhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2034http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2034

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareGINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID OSTEOPONTIN LEVELS IN HEALTHY AND PERIODONTALLY DISEASED GROUPS BEFORE AND AFTER NONSURGICAL TREATMENT -A COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMICAL STUDY English184193P. RajapriyaEnglish Marilyn ThomasEnglish T. RamakrishnanEnglish N. AmbalavananEnglish Avita RathEnglishAims and objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the levels of osteopontin (OPN) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of subjects with clinically healthy periodontium and subjects with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis and also to investigate the effect of treatment (scaling and root planing) on osteopontin levels in GCF in chronic periodontitis subjects. Materials and methods: A total of 45 subjects in the age group of 20-45 years were selected. The subjects were divided into three groups as Group I (Healthy), Group II (Gingivitis) and Group III (Chronic periodontitis). Group IV consisted of 15 subjects of group-III, who were treated with non-surgical approach. Samples of GCF were collected at the initial visit in Group I, Group II and Group III subjects. Scaling and root planing was performed for Group III subjects. After 8 weeks, GCF was collected from the same site of the subjects in Group III. The concentration of osteopontin was determined using a human osteopontin enzyme immunometric assay (EIA) kit. Results: The highest mean OPN concentration in GCF (12.733 μg/ml) was observed in Group III and the lowest mean OPN concentration (1.946 μg/ml) was observed in Group I. After treatment, the mean concentration of OPN in GCF decreased from12.733 μg/ml to 5.690 μg/ml (Group IV). OPN levels in GCF increased proportionally with the progression of periodontal disease and reduced significantly following treatment. Conclusion: The results observed in this study indicate that osteopontin could serve as a potential biomarker of periodontal disease progression. EnglishGCF, osteopontin, EIA kithttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2035http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2035

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcarePHYSIOTHERAPY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY - CLINICAL COMMENTARY English194200V.PremEnglish R.D.ChakravartyEnglish G. Arun MaiyaEnglish Nafeez SyedEnglish S. KarthikbabuEnglish H.KarvannanEnglishBackground: Obesity is defined as a is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. It is the one of the most rampantly growing condition of the modern day. Accumulation of body fat due to various reasons has made obesity an epidemic. Objective: Review the available literature to assess the importance of various types of history, physiological basis of various managements and effect of exercise in the management of obesity. Methodology: Published literature focusing the evaluation and physiotherapeutic management of obesity was reviewed and commented. Conclusion: Exercise plays a significant role in metabolizing fat and thereby reducing obesity. EnglishObesity, management, exercisehttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2036http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2036

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN-0001November30TechnologyQUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SUGARS PRESENT IN NON-EDIBLE RIND PORTION OF MUSK MELON (CUCUMIS MELO L.) VIA CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE English201206C. S. Chidan KumarEnglish R. MythilyEnglish S. ChandrajuEnglishA rapid, sensitive extraction method was developed using the mixture Methanol – Dichloromethane - Water (MDW) (0.3:4:1v/v/v) and MeOH-H2O phase was assayed for sugar analysis. Photodiode-array detection (DAD) has been used to prove the extracted compound is UV inactive, Preparative High-performance liquid chromatography (prep HPLC) with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD) coupled to electro spray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) detection in the positive ion mode gave MS and MSn fragmentation data which were employed for their structural characterization and separation of individual components. The various standard sugars were spotted using the solvent system n-butanol - acetone - diethylamine - water (10:10:2:6, v/v/v/v) in the cellulose layer for TLC analysis which indicated the presence of lactose, sucrose and glucose. This is the first assay of the sugar profile of the non-edible portion of musk melon, which can be further developed for characterization and evaluation of their quality with regards to their sugar composition. EnglishSugar extraction; Non-edible; Musk melon; UV inactive; Separation; LC/MS; TLC.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2037http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2037

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareA STUDY OF CLINICAL PATTERNS & PATCH TEST IN ADVERSE CUTANEOUS DRUG REACTION English207211Kalpana guptaEnglish A K KhareEnglish Lalit GuptaEnglish Asit MittalEnglish Lalit ShrimaliEnglish Pankaj GuptaEnglishObjective: In the present scenario the number of controlled and systematic studies on the role of patch test in adverse cutaneous drug reaction (ACDR) is limited. Objective in this study, we planned to evaluate the patch test for the identification of causative drug in drug reaction with possibly delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH). Methods: The cases of ACDR those having DTH such as maculopapular rash (MPR), fixed drug eruption (FDE), erythema multiforme, lichenoid dermatitis (LD), Steven – Johnson syndrome (SJS), Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and exfoliative dermatitis (Exf. DER) were taken in study. Thirty two patients (21 Males & 11 Females) were patch tested with market preparation of 28 drugs having 1% and 5% concentration. Result and conclusion: The incidence of ACDR amongst dermatology outpatients was approximately 1%. The percentage of DTH reaction amongst ACDR patients was 52.38%. The FDE was the commonest pattern seen in DTH patients. Five out of thirty two patients (15.62%) tested positive to the suspected drugs. Three out of 26 patients with FDE showed positive patch test at clinically normal site while both, the patients with MPR tested positive. None of the patients with SJS, Exf. DER & LDR showed positive patch test. More prospective study regarding patch test in ACDR is needed. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2038http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2038

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareSYNTHESIS AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SOME NEW D-HOMO AZA STEROIDAL COMPOUNDS English212219Pawanpreet SinghEnglish Satvinder KaurEnglish V.K KapoorEnglish T.R BhardwajEnglishThe various D-homo aza steroidal compounds PS-3 to PS-9 with nitrogen atoms attached to positions 3 and 17a were synthesized by us in our laboratory using (25R)-5-spirosten-3β- ol (Diosgenin) as a starting material. The compounds PS-6 and PS-9 are having this nitrogen atom quaternized. These compounds are evaluated for their TLC1 data using various solvent systems. The detailed synthesis, spectroscopic and TLC data for the synthesized compounds were reported here. EnglishSteroidal lactams; quaternized nitrogen; TLC; D-homo; solvent system.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2039http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2039

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28General SciencesMULTIPLE REGRESSION APPROACH TO MODEL GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION OVER A TROPICAL REGION English220227Sivamadhavi.VEnglish Samuel Selvaraj. REnglishAn attempt has been made to model global solar radiation using the multiple linear regression method with various meteorological parameters as input. The meteorological parameters used in this study are the relative humidity, wind speed, maximum, minimum and mean temperatures, sunshine hours, and the clearness index. The global solar radiation on a horizontal surface measured at three different locations representing the varying climatic conditions prevailing over TamilNadu has been analyzed. The study sites are Chennai, Kodaikanal and Coimbatore. In our study, first we developed a multiple regression model to estimate the global radiation at each site separately. Then, we developed an overall multiple regression equation for the estimation of global radiation anywhere in TamilNadu. The robust least square regression technique has been used in our study. This method is preferred as it is vulnerable to the outliers in the data set. The performance of the regression models was evaluated using the following statistical error parameters: Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and T-Statics(TS). Englishglobal radiation, robust method, temperature, sunshine hours, relative humidity.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2040http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2040

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241312EnglishN2011December28HealthcareCOMPARISON OF KNEE JOINT PROPRIOCEPTION IN SPASTIC DIPLEGIC AND TYPICALLY DEVELOPING CHILDREN OF AGE 5-12 YEARS; A CROSS-SECTIONAL English228234Megha D. PanchalEnglish Abraham M JoshuaEnglish Jaya Shanker TedlaEnglishObjective: To compare quantitatively the error made in knee joint proprioception by typically developing and spastic diplegic children of age 5-12 years. Design: Cross sectional. Participants: A total of 100 subjects were recruited, out of which, 80 (40 males, 40 females) were typically developing children (mean ± standard deviation of age was 8.88± 2.29 years) and 20(13 males, 7 females) were children with spastic diplegia (mean ± standard deviation of age was 9.54± 2.44 years). Methods: Passive reproduction of joint position of knee was checked by using a universal goniometer. Relative error was measured in degrees. Results: Mean ± standard deviation of relative error in knee joint proprioception was 12.91±5.63 degrees for children with spastic diplegia and 1.80±2.15 degrees for typically developing children respectively. Comparison of the relative error between spastic diplegic children and typically developing children using the Mann-Whitney U test was highly significant with p value < 0.001 Conclusions: There was significant error in proprioception of knee joint in children with spastic diplegia as compared to typically developing children. EnglishSpastic Diplegia, Cerebral Palsy, Proprioception, Knee Joint.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2041http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2041