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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN-0001November30TechnologyPROPOSED MOBILE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION MODEL FOR HEALTH MONITORING IN HIMACHAL
PRADESH
English612Arvind RehaliaEnglish SVAV PrasadEnglishAs we know mobile and wireless technologies are contributing in development of states, countries and world in many ways .This paper proposes the implementation of mobile in health services in the remote areas of HP. This paper presents the penetration of mobile in the developing countries and their use in the health sector. This paper gives a model of health using mobile cellular communications in the health services. This paper proposes that how the portable biomedical equipment?s and telecommunication systems can be combined to provide health services in remote areas with improved patient safety, reduced cost and challenges in doing this.
EnglishPBI, mHealthINTRODUCTION
Cellular Communication Mobile has created a new boom in the society. The number of mobile phone subscriptions worldwide has reached 4.6 billion and is expected to increase to five billioRealibiltyn by 2010.Mobile phone providers in rich countries offer advanced services and handsets, while people in developing countries increaWhole processessingly use the mobile phone for health [3].
So we can use this system for the improvement of the health of people. Fig.1 shows the technology and health infrastructure for developing countries.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh is a state in the north of India having area of 55673 km square. Having total population of 6856509. Having census villages 20690 and inhabited villages 17495 rural population 6167805 and urban population 6,88,704. There are 12 distrcts in HP. These are Kangra, Hamirpur, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una, Chamba, Lahul and Spiti, Sirmaur, Kinnaur, Kullu, Solan and Shimla. There are two medical colleges in HP RPMC Tanda, kangra and IGMC Shimla[4] mHealth Model All districts will be divided into two groups i.e group-1 and group-11. These groups are divided on the basis of distance between particular districtand themedical college. Group -1 is connected with the medical college kangra and the group -11 is connected to IGMC Shimla. Group –I Kangra,Chamba,Hamirpur,Mandi,Una and Kullu Group-II Shimla,Sirmour,Kinnuaur,Bilaspur,Laul and spiti, and Solan
Patient identification
Every patient will be detected by fingerprint biometric. When patient enters the finger in the biometric patient whole record will be displayed on the screen. In addition to it patient will be given a identification number e.g 16890, 46723 rtc.
Bio signals
Biosignals are the signals received from the portable biomedical instruments. In case we can measure patient temperature , BP, Pulse etc.
Video source
In case of 3G we can transmit video signal also which can help the doctor in proper diagnosis. In other case we can send the clip of the patient using MMS.
Printer
Printer is one of the most important part of this model. Printer is used on both sides at the remote end and the hospital end for the printing purposes. Prescription will be given in the printed form to the patient.
Analyser
Analyser here is a specialist doctor who has to diagnose the patient problem and give the prescription according the patient conditions.
Main frame
Mainframes are mainly a powerful computers used by corporate and governmental organizations for big applications, bulk data processing. Here it is used for the storage of data i.e electronic health records.
EPR
An electronic health record (EHR) which is sometimes also called as electronic patient record (EPR) is a concept which can be defined as an organized and systematic collection of patient?s health information electronically. It is a record in digital format and is capable of being shared across different health care units with the help of network connected information systems. These records generally include a whole range of data including their basic details or demographics of patient, their medical history, medication status, allergies, laboratory test results, radiology images, vital signs or symptoms of the disease [2].
Realibilty
Realibility is the main requirement of the system. There is lot of error in the measurement system. There is error due human interference We will make the data more reliable. We will make the system more secure so that no body can easily access or disturb the data. The data will remain secure. There will be locks for the security of the whole system. For checking the realibilty model is required. Model will be developed according the equipment / instruments used in the whole system [4].
Security of data
Security of data is the demand of time. We should make our data more and more secure. Our data should be very much secured .various layers and types of information security control are appropriate to databases, including Access control,Auditing,Authentication,Encryption, Integrity controls,Backups,Application security.But in this system access control, backups and application security will be used [4].
This diagram shows the interface of mobile with PBI?s. This system will be available with the patient. After take basic reading of the patient data will be send to the hospital on doctor and operator mobile using sms, mms, image, e-mail etc.
Doctor will receive the data of patient, checks his history on his computer and reply his suggestions to patient and the operator. Operator will again upgrade data on the data base. All these data?s can be send to doctors on doctors mHealth module like mobile, tablet PC etc[2]. Communication link 2G 2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted, 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels, and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G. 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.[4]
3G Third generation mobile is also available in various cities of HP. We can use 3G dongle for having internet facilities at village end. 3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). Its services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers[4]
Whole processes Patient:
Patient has to go to the hospital. He has to fill the form in the hospital. That form is given to the receptionist. Receptionist will give a slip to the patient on which following information will be given. Registration: Name :Raj Kumar patient mobile: 9817289654 Patient id: 13572 Server mobile number: 9716500000 Doctor name: Dr Rajesh Doctor mobile number: 9416500000 The doctor number will vary according to the specialization of the doctor
After first meet patient has to be in touch with doctor for post operative treatment. Patient will send the data to the doctor?s mobile and operators mobile. Operator will upgrade the data in the EPR. The will reply his suggestions to both operator and the patient. The ERP will be available on the doctor PC in the hospital. Mobile Interface . In this system interface will be developed. Using this interface signal can be read on mobile and transmit the reading on the mobile of doctor and the hospital operator [5].
DISCUSSION
Merits
This system will help us to provide medical facility in every village of the state.
This system will provide job to opportunity to local people
This system will help in checking the number of patients of particular disease like HIV, cancer, Polio etc.
This system will help in removing various from the world.
Patient does not need to revisit doctor
This system will remove the chance of human error in the system
Demerits Used only for pre and post operative treatments If data is wrong then prescription will be wrong
Some technical knowledge is required to the patient
CONCLUSION
As wireless technologies has created a revolution in the society. This system can be used to make world free from diseases. It can be used to remove epidemics from the society. This concept can be used for developing for improving health sector. This model can be used in the other parts of the country. This model can be used to improve health facility in other developing countries also. This concept can be further converted into virtual hospitals.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1798http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=17981. Ping Yu, Ming X. Wu, Hui Yu, and Guo Q. Xiao (.2006)“The Challenges for The Adoption of M-Health “ IEEE international conference
2. Pindter Medina J, Gonzalez Villarruel, Tovar Corona B 2009 “Proposal of MHEALTH,” J E,” Technology de Monterrey, Campus Estado de Mexico. 2009
3. United Nations Foundation.(2009). MHealth for Development.[Online]. Available: http://www.unfoundation.org/globalissues/ technology/mhealth-report.html
4. Wikpedia.com.
5. Jim Black, Fernando Koch, Liz Sonenberg,RensScheepers, AhsanKhandoker, Edgar Charry, Brian Walker, Nay Lin Soe (2009) Mobile Solutions for Front-Line Health Workers in Developing Countries , www.fernandokoch.me/docs/publications/Bl ack2009-healthcom 11
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareORTHODONTIC TREATMENT NEEDS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN CHENNAI- A PILOT STUDY
English1318S.K.BalajiEnglish C.K.Dilip KumarEnglishIndia lacks baseline epidemiologic data on the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among school children. Considering the fact that there is an urgent need for more epidemiologic data in this field we conducted this study in the suburban areas of Chennai. Objective: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among school children in the age group of 11 to 14 years. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in school children in the age range of 11 to 14 years across 4 schools in the sub urban area of Chennai .1001 school students in age range of 11-14 years (Mean-12.75), comprising of 614 males (61.3%) and 387 females (38.7%) were screened for Crowding, Open bite ,Deep bite, Cross bite, Angle?s Class I Malocclusion, Angle?s Class II Malocclusion and Angle?s Class III Malocclusion. Results: The results from our study indicates nearly 73.2% of thesubjects had malocclusion out of which 88.3% had Class I malocclusion. Most of the subjects had crowding followed by deep bite. Conclusion: The data obtained in this pilot study will serve as baseline data for future studies in an Indian scenario and more importantly the results of our study can be used to other developing nations and .We also propose that the Indian population with its inherent diversity can serve as a reference population to study the multifactorial influences in the development and course of various malocclusions. Also these facts can validate all the indices which have been developed as we have studied the pattern at a more descriptive level
EnglishINTRODUCTION
Early recognition of developing malocclusions can help to minimize or eliminate future invasive or costly treatment. It also gives if necessary the option of growth modification .Many children have orthodontic problems which develop at a young age. Parents are also aware and conscious that the orthodontic problems need to be treated. Although most orthodontic problems are best treated with traditional brackets and some problems need to be treated as soon as they are noticed. Suresh babu et al and KM Shivakumar et al in 2006 and 2009 stated that 19.9% and 20.1% of school children had malocclusion ranging from definite to handicapping malocclusion requiring elective to mandatory type of orthodontic treatment1,2,3 . Considering the fact that there is an urgent need for more epidemiologic data in this field we conducted this pilot study in the suburban areas of Chennai, as the children and especially their parents in these areas do not have adequate knowledge ,facility and mainly the finance to identify and treat malocclusion.
OBJECTIVE:
To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among school children in the age group of 11 to 14 years.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in school children in the age range of 11 to 14 years across 4 schools in the sub urban areas of Chennai. Permission was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee to conduct the study . The children who had or who were having orthodontic treatment including those on interceptive orthodontics were excluded from the study. Consent forms printed both in english and local language were given to the students for their parent?s consent. 1001 school students in age range of 11-14 years (Mean-12.75) comprising of 614 males (61.3%) and 387 females (38.7%) were screened. The interview and examination of a single study subject took 3 to 4 minutes and parameters was recorded in a proforma. A comprehensive oral examination was carried out on all subjects by well calibrated dental team and recorded the following parameters namely
Crowding
Open bite
Deep bite
Cross bite
Angles Class I Malocclusion
Angles Class II Malocclusion
Angles Class III Malocclusion
STASTICAL ANALYSIS
The Mean value and frequency distribution for various parameters was assessed, significance of association between various parameters was assessed using Chi - Square test (x2 ) . Data was analyzed using software Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS Inc., version 15).
RESULTS
Subjects in the age group of 13 years were found to have the highest prevalence of malocclusion. The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 73.2%, out of which the prevalence of the CLASS I, CLASS II, CLASS III are summarized in Fig 1. The prevalence of various parameters assessed are tabulated in Fig 2. Prevalance of crowding, openbite, crossbite, deepbite - Fig 2 Open bite vs Class III Subjects who had class III malocclusion were found to be 4.13 times at a higher risk to develop open bite and this association was found to be statistically significant (p value =0.017) - Fig 3 Deep bite vs Class II Among subjects who had class II malocclusion only deep bite showed a statistically significant association (p value =0.038). Subjects with class II malocclusion were found to be 1.67 times more prone to develop deep bite as compared to other subjects - Fig 4 Cross bite vs Class III Subjects who had class III malocclusion were found to be 1.09 times at a higher risk to develop cross bite and this association was found to be statistically significant (p value =0.011) - Fig 5
DISCUSSION
Malocclusion is not a single entity but rather a collection of situations, each in itself constituting a problem, and any of these situations can be complicated by a multitude of genetic and environmental causes3. Guidance of the eruption and development of the primary and permanent dentitions is an integral part of the care of pediatric patients. Such guidance should contribute to the development of a permanent dentition that is in a harmonious, functional and esthetically acceptable occlusion Large number of studies have suggested that children have developed a relative degree of awareness of orthodontic treatment needs .The trends in the studies seems to suggest that though the subjects are aware of their malocclusion traits, they do not perceive a need for treatment to the same extent as a dentist or an orthodontist along with the cost concerns 4,5,6. Age, gender and socio-economic background are also thought to play a role in the perception of malocclusion, with females and higher social class individuals considered to be more critical of their dental aesthetics. 7,8,9 Lately , occlusal indices have been formulated in order to categorize the treatment of malocclusion into groups according to the importance and need for treatment. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) ranks malocclusion on the basis of the significance of various occlusal traits for dental health and aesthetic components.
The index incorporates a dental health component (DHC) based on the recommendations of the Swedish medical board11 and an aesthetic component (AC) 10, 11, 12 The purpose of this study is to provide information about the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 11-14 years old school going children. Though, assessment of malocclusion in nongrowing population is more reliable, this age range (11-14 yrs) was considered because it represents the majority of school children with developing malocclusion who require orthodontic treatment. The results from our study indicates nearly 73.2% of the subjects had malocclusion out of which 88.3% had Class I malocclusion. Most of the subjects had crowding followed by deep bite. The prevalence of malocclusion in our study is much higher than reports from previous studies clearly suggesting that the ethnic and socio economic background along with a strong trait differs as far as malocclusion is concerned and it throws light on the fact that such studies should be conducted at every state and region level especially in a vast country like India with its varied geography, ethnicity, religion and seasonal background. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study conducted in Tamil Nadu that gives a comprehensive overview of status and prevalence of malocclusion .The data obtained in this pilot study will serve as baseline data for future studies in an Indian scenario and more importantly the results of our study can be used to other developing nations .We also propose that the Indian population with its inherent diversity can serve as a reference population to study the multifactorial influences in the development and course of various malocclusions. Also these facts can validate all the indices which have been developed as we have studied the pattern at a more descriptive level .Our study will help establish guidelines for prevention and care targeted towards the population of developing countries. The assessment of malocclusion and treatment needs is necessary to plan for orthodontic treatment and training programs for specialists.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript . The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles , journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1799http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=17991. Sureshbabu AM, Chandu GN, Shafiulla MD. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 13 - 15 year old school going children of Davangere city, Karnataka, India. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2005;6:32-5.
2. Shivakumar KM, Chandu GN, Subba Reddy VV, Shafiulla MD. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among middle and high school children of Davangere city, India by using Dental Aesthetic Index. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2009;27:211-8
3. KM Shivakumar GN Chandu, and MD Shafiulla Severity of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs among 12- to 15-Year-Old School Children of Davangere District, Karnataka, IndiaEur J Dent. 2010 July; 4(3): 298–307.
4. Lindsay SJE, Hodgkins JFW. Children?s perceptions of their own malocclusions. Br J Orthod 1983; 10: 13–20.
5. Roberts EE, Beales JG, Dixon L, Willcocks AJ, Willmott DR. The orthodontic condition and treatment status of a sample of 14-yearold children in North Derbyshire. Commun Dent Hlth 1989; 6: 249–256.
6. Tulloch JFC, Shaw WC, Smith A. A comparison of attitudes towards orthodontic treatment in British and American communities. Am J Orthod1984; 85: 253– 259.
7. Mandall NA, McCord JF, Blinkhorn AS, Worthigton HV, O?Brien KD. Perceived aesthetic impact of malocclusion and oral self-perception in 14–15 year-old Asian and Caucasian children in Greater Manchester. Eur J Orthod 1999; 21: 175– 183.
8. Shaw WC, O?Brien KD, Richmond S. Quality control in orthodontics: factors influencing the receipt of orthodontic treatment. Br Dent J 1991;170: 66–68.
9. Jenkins PM., Feldman BS, Stirrups DR. The effect of social class and dental features on referrals for orthodontic advice and treatment. Br J Orthod 1984; 11: 185–188.
10. Otuyemi OD, Jones SP. Assessing and grading malocclusion: a review.Austr Orthod J 1995; 14: 21–27.
11. Brook PH, Shaw WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthod 1989; 11(3): 309– 320.
12. Evans R, Shaw WC. Preliminary evaluation of an illustrated scale for rating dental attractiveness. Eur J Orthod 1987;9: 314– 318.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25General SciencesISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYGALACTURONASE PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM SOIL AND VEGETABLE WASTE
English1926Amit PratushEnglish Anupama GuptaEnglish Gitanjali VyasEnglishFifteen different bacterial strains were isolated from the vegetable wastes, were screened for the production of polygalacturonase enzyme. The most responding strains which exhibited maximum Polygalacturonase activity is named as PG-2 isolate. This isolate is gram negative, rod shaped and nonsporulating in nature. The cultivation of selected strain (PG-2 isolate) in liquid medium resulted in high quality of polygalacturonase enzyme. The maximum Polygalacturonase activity was reached in 72h of growth in medium having citrus pectin as carbon source and mixture of casin hydrolysate + yeast extract (1% v/v) as nitrogen source. This organism exhibited maximal Polygalacturonase activity at pH 6.5 at incubation temperature of 30oC. The PG-2 isolate exhibited maximum Polygalacturonase activity in sodium citrate buffer pH 5, when incubated at 40oC for 15 min.
EnglishGram negative, Polygalacturonase enzyme, PG-2 isolates, Casin hydrlyaste, ScreeningINTRODUCTION
Pectinases are amongst the most important industrial enzymes widely distributed in bacteria, fungi and plants [1, 2, 3, 4]. They are of great significance with tremendous potential to offer to industry [5]. Their commercial application was first observed in 1930s for the preparation of wines and fruit juices. They are one of MATERIAL AND METHODS the upcoming enzymes of the commercial sector, especially the juice and food industry [6, 7]. Pectin is the complex, colloidal acidic polysaccharide present primarily in the cell wall and middle lamellae of fruits and vegetables and is one of the most widely available polysaccharide in nature next to cellulose, starch and chitin. Hydrolysis of pectin is obtained by the synergistic action of a pectinolytic system which hydrolyzes pectic substances. The most extensively studied pectinolytic enzymes are: Protopectinases, Polygalacturonases, Lyases, Pectinesterases. Protopectinases enzyme catalyze the solubilization of protopectin. Polygalacturonases are the most extensively studied among the family of pectinolytic enzyme. Amino acid residues participating in polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) binding to homogalacturonan in the cell wall have been determined [8]. The enzyme is composed of a backbone of D-galacturonic acid which may be methylated as it may be substituted. Polygalacturonases show extensive variation in physical and chemical properties [9].
Pectinases have been used to increase the yield and to clarify juices [5, 6, 10]. This particular application of pectinases can be of tremendous importance to Himachal Pradesh as it deals with large amount of horticultural produce especially apple. The apple juice faces the problems of turbidity and suspended particles like pectin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Due to these factors, the juice fails to match international standards. The quality of juice can be improved by appropriate treatment with pectinolytic enzymes leading to the increased market potential, thereby, providing a significant boast to the economy of hill state. Pectinases have a lot to offer to biotechnology industry.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sampling and Enrichment Twenty samples were collected from the soils and from some rotten vegetables collected from the shops of Solan area. Polygalacturonase producing microorganisms were isolated using the enrichment process by Layh et al., [11], with an additional culturing on nutrient agar prior to the transfer to defined medium. After appropriate dilution samples were plated on nutrient agar and incubated at 30 ºC for 36 h. Different colonies were randomly picked up, numbered and maintained on nutrient agar slopes.
Screening and selection of Polygalacturonase producing strains
Isolated pure cultures were screened for the Polygalacturonase enzyme production by using the standard assay method of Nelson [12] and Somogyi [13]. The clonies showing highest Polygalacturonase activity were selected for further optimization and was named as PG-2 isolate.
Enzymatic assay
The polygalacturonase activity was measured by different methods. Firstly, the activity was detected on solid medium by using ruthenium red dye [14]. Secondly, Polygalacturonase activity was determined by measuring the increase in production of reducing ends, with polygalacturonic acid as substrate. Polygalacturonase activity was assayed by quantifying reducing groups expressed as galacturonic acid units which had been librated during the incubation of 200 μl of 1% (w/v) polygalacturonic acid in 10 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.1 (optimum pH) with 200 μl of suitably diluted enzyme at 25 ºC, for 5 min by DNS (dinitrosalicylic acid) method defined by Miller, [15]. One unit of polygalacturonase was defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 μmol of galacturonic acid (as a standard) from the polygalacturonic acid/ml/min.
Morphological and physiological characters of PG-2 isolate
Gram character and morphology of the PG-2 isolate was determined. Catalase activity of the microorganism was checked by diluted solution of hydrogen peroxide. Optimization of production conditions of Polygalacturonase enzyme from selected PG2 isolate Using one parameter variant at a time (OVAT) approach, the culture conditions for the production of Polygalacturonase enzyme by selected PG-2 isolate were optimized. The optimization of different production conditions was done in triplicates.
Media composition
Several different media were prepared during this study. Sterilization was carried out at 121 °C and 15 psi for 20 min. The initial pH in all cases was 5.6. An appropriate defined medium was chosen to compare the results, in terms of enzyme production. All cultures were incubated at 30°C in an orbital shaker at 160 rpm and samples were collected every 24 h. The experiments were carried on in 250 ml conical flasks with 50 ml of medium. Then samples were filtered through Whatman No.4 filter paper, and the filtrate was evaluated for enzyme activity. Media pH The selected PG-2 isolate was cultured in the medium with pH varying from 5.0–8.0 and the Polygalacturonase activity was determined. Incubation temperature and incubation time optimization The effect of incubation temperature and time on the production of Polygalacturonase enzyme by PG-2 ioslate was studied. This microorganism was grown at various temperatures, i.e. 25-50 ºC for 24 to 120 h.
Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen sources and their concentrations
Various Carbon sources [Polygalacturonic acid, citrus pectin, glucose, fructose, galactose and maltose] and nitrogen sources [NaNO3, urea, casein hydrolysate and yeast extract] were used in the production medium at a concentration of 1% w/v to check their effect on Polygalacturonase production. The concentration of these two sources (i.e. carbon and nitrogen) was also optimizing to determine the optimal concentration needed for the maximal production of Polygalacturonase in medium. The media containing citrus pectin as carbon source and casein hydrolysate and yeast extract was used as control. Optimization of Reaction conditions of Polygalacturonase enzyme from selected PG2 isolate Reaction conditions for assay of Polygalacturonase activity in crude extract of PG-2 isolate were optimized by using various buffer systems [phosphate buffer, sodium acetate buffer, citrate buffer and tris Hcl buffer], buffer pH (3.5-6.0), temperature (30-50oC), reaction time (5-25 min) and effect of metal ions on crude enzyme.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Isolates Fifteen colonies were selected from various samples as potential polygalacturonase producers, among them Gram negative rod named PG-2 was found to be the best enzyme producer and hence was used for further optimization of parameters and conditions for enhanced production of enzyme.
Optimization of production conditions of Polygalacturonase enzyme from selected PG2 isolate
The PG-2 isolate exhibited maximum growth in A3 media. The composition of different media (A1-A5) is given in Table 1. The Polygalacturonase activity was 2.5, 1.8 and 1.4 times higher in A3 medium as compared to A1, A2 and A5 medium, respectively, whereas the PG-2 isolate, did not show any growth or activity in A4 medium (Table 1). The other standard strains Trichoderma koningii Oud, isolate CF-1 was grown in A5 medium and Aspergillus awamori exhibited growth and Polygalacturonase activity in A1 medium [16, 17]. Medium pH exerted significant effect on growth and Polygalacturonase activity as the maximum growth and enzymatic activity (5.2µmol/ml/min) was recorded at slightly acidic pH i.e. 6.5 (Fig.1a). At pH 5.0 and 7.5 there is a loss of 61.5 and 51.9 %, Polygalacturonase activity, respectively. The other Polygalacturonase producing organisms such as Bacillus sphaericus (MTCC 7542), Tetracoccosporium sp. and Trichoderma koningii Oud, isolate CF-1 exhibited optimum Polygalacturonase activity at pH 6.8, 5 and 5.6, respectively [16, 18, 19]. The incubation temperature and time also had significant effect on Polygalacturonase activity of PG-2 isolate. The isolated organism exhibited optimum Polygalacturonase activity (6.2µmol/ml/min) in A3 medium pH 6.5 at 30oC (Fig.1b), after the incubation of 72 h at same temperature the isolated organism exhibited optimum activity of 6.4 µmol/ml/min. (Fig.1c). Whereas the other Polygalacturonase producing organisms such as Bacillus sphaericus (MTCC 7542), Tetracoccosporium sp. and Aspergillus awamori exhibited maximum Polygalacturonase activity at 30-35oC after 72, 48 and 96 h of incubation, respectively [17, 18, 19]. Medium supplemented with citrus pectin 1% (w/v) exhibited maximal Polygalacturonase activity (6.9 µmol/ml/min) (Fig. 1d). The other carbon sources such as glucose, fructose, galactose and maltose inhibit the Polygalacturonase production and a drastic decrease (up to 70%) in enzyme production was recorded. Glucose and fructose inhibited polygalacturonase biosynthesis, and synthesis of the enzyme in relatively small amounts with low enzymatic activity, this fall in Polygalacturonase activity may be due to catabolite repression [18, 19]. The optimization of best nitrogen source was carried out by supplementing the media with different nitrogen sources such as NaNO3, urea, casein hydrolysate and yeast extract. The PG-2 isolate exhibited maximum Polygalacturonase activity (7.0 µmol/ml/min) in the presence of casein hydrolysate (CH) and yeast extract (YE) 1% (w/v) (Fig. 1e). Jayani et al., [18] and Kashyap et al., [20] also used the same nitrogen sources for the Polygalacturonase production from Aspergillus awamori and Bacillus sp. DT7. The concentration of carbon and nitrogen source varies from 0.5% to 2.5% and PG-2 isolate exhibited maximal Polygalacturonase activity at concentration of 1% w/v of both carbon source (citurs pectin) and nitrogen source (Casein hydrolysate and Yeast extract) (Table 2).
Optimization of Reaction conditions of Polygalacturonase enzyme from selected PG2 isolate
The PG-2 isolate exhibited maximum Polygalacturonase activity (7.5 µmol/ml/min) in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer having pH 5 (Fig.1 f and g). Saeed et al., [19] also describe the optimum Polygalacturonase activity by Tetracoccosporium sp. in the same buffer i.e. sodium acetate buffer pH 5 having 10 mM ionic strength. Whereas the other Polygalacturonase producing strains such as Trichoderma koningii showed the maximum activity in sodium polypectate in McIlvaine's buffer (35 mMphosphate) pH 5.0 [21]. The optimum pH for Aspergillus niger CH4 Polygalacturonase has been reported to be in range of 4.5-6.0 [22]. Polygalacturonase from Rhizoctonia solani [23], Thermoascus aurantiacus [24], P. expansum and A. alliaceus [25] exhibited maximal hydrolytic activity at pH 4.8, 5.0 and 5.5, respectively. The optimum reaction temperature for Polygalacturonase of PG-2 isolate was 40oC (Fig.1 h). Several Polygalacturonase producing organisms have different temperature profiles. For example the optimum temperature activity of S. sclerotiorum is 45 ºC and polygalacturonase activity is mostly inactive at 65 ºC [26]. In A. kawachii polygalacturonase did not show any activity at pH 5.0 [27]. Polygalacturonase from S. chevalieri and C. albidus, were found to have optimum temperature of 25 and 37 ºC, respectively [28]. T. aurantiacus and A. alliaceus exhibit maximal polygalacturonase activity at optimum temperature of 65 and 35ºC, respectively [24, 25]. The PG-2 isolate exhibited maximum Polygalacturonase activity at incubation time of 20 min (Fig.1 i) as incubation time rises the enzymatic activity starts decreasing. The Aspergillus awamori exhibited maximum Polygalacturonase activity at the reaction time of 15 min. [18]. The polygalacturonase activity was measured at pH 5.0 in the presence of various metal ions (1 mM). Metal ions such as Mn2+ and Ag3+ increased polygalacturonase activity by almost 50 % (Table 3). Iodoacetamide and idoacetic acid did not inhibit the enzyme activity at 1 mM concentration which indicated that cysteine residues are not the part of catalytic site of polygalacturonase [19]. It is also interesting to note that all the surface-active detergents i.e. tweens (20 and 80), triton X-100 and SDS, affects the polygalacturonase activity by up to 35 %. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the surface-active reagents might have increased the turnover number of polygalacturonase by increasing the contact frequency between the active site of the enzyme and the substrate by lowering the surface tension of the aqueous medium [1]. Ca2+, Zn2+,Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ba2+ , Fe3+, Al3+, Cr+3, K+ and EDTA partially inhibited the Polygalacturonase activity (Table 3). CONCLUSION A new polygalacturonase producing bacterial strain i.e. PG-2 isolate was isolated from the vegetable waste and the production and reaction conditions of this strain were optimized by using OVAT technique. This organism produces maximal polygalacturonase after 72 h of incubation in the presence of citrus pectin as a carbon source and mixture of casin hydrolysate and yeast extract (1% v/v) as nitrogen source. The crude Polygalacturonase is stable in sodium citrate buffer pH 5 after the incubation of 15 min at 40oC. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25General SciencesSTRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF RURAL WOMEN SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND EMPOWERMENT SCHEMES OF GOVERNMENT IN CHANDRAPUR DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA STATE OF INDIA
English2832Siddharth N. MadareEnglishThe main objective of this study provides a strategy for women?s Skill development and empowerment for rural development. Empowerment can enable women to participate, as equal citizens, in the economic, political and social sustainable development of the rural communities. The findings outlined in this paper suggest that, designed and implemented in ways that meet rural women?s diverse needs, community participation processes that can be important to facilitating social, political and psychological empowerment in terms of rural development. The findings of this investigation can assist rural developers in the implementation of community development strategies based on women?s Skill development and empowerment.
EnglishINTRODUCTION Women have been the most underprivileged and discriminated strata of the society not only in India but the world over. Inspire of all Government and Non-Government effort, they have been highly ignorant clients of the financial sector. In the recent times, Government Policies has been emerging as a Powerful instrument for empowering women particularly, the rural women. Poverty and unemployment are the major problems of any under developed countries, to which India is no exception. In India, at the end of ninth five year pan26.1% of the population was living below poverty line. In the rural area 27.1% of the population was living under poverty. The overall unemployment rate is estimated to 7.32%. The female unemployment rate is 8.5%. The rate of growth of women unemployment in the rural area is 9.8%. This is because of the low growth rate of new and productive employment. In the end of IX plan the rate of growth of implemented various schemes to reduce poverty and to promote the gainful employment. But the more attractive scheme with less effort (finance) is Government Policies. It is a too to remove poverty and improve the rural development (Sabyasachi Das. 2003).
Welfare Schemes of Government:
Following are a few Government Schemes, which aimed at empowerment of women, social welfare and rural development in different aspects:
1.Integrated development programme (IRDP)
2.Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWRCA)
3. Training of Rural Youth for self-Employment (TRYSEM):
4. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY):
5. Professional women?s Development Network (PWDN):
6. NREGA:
7.Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):
8. Indiara Awas Yojana (IAY):
9. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY):
10.Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
11. Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY):
Objectives:
The present study was made:
1. To assess the awareness of rural women skill development and empowerment, social welfare and rural development policies;
2. To know whether these schemes are beneficial to the rural people; and
3. To collect the feedback from the rural women on the social welfare programmes.
METHODOLOLGY
As discussed above, the present study was made in rural areas of Chandrapur district. It is noted that majority of the rural development programmes are aimed at women skill development and empowerment. Hence, rural women were selected to collect the information. The information is collected through interview schedule. As the geographical territory of Chandrapur district is vast to cover, 10 villages are covered from Sindevahi taluka. Further, 110 rural women, who are engaged in informal sector employment, members of self-help groups are selected. The collected data is tabulated and discussed as under.
Chandrapur District
Chandrapur district is a district in Nagpur Division of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located at the boundary of Andhrapradesh.The district was formerly known as Chanda District. In 1964, it was renamed as Chandrapur. It was the largest district in India until it was split into the separate district of Gadchiroli, It had a population of 2,071,101 of which 32.11% were urban as of 2001. According to the 2011 census Chandrapur district has a population of2,194,262 roughly equal to the nation of Latvia or the US state of New MaxicoThis gives it a ranking of 207th in India (out of a total of 640The district has a population density of 192 inhabitants per square kilometer (500 /sq mi) Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 5.95 % Chandrapur has a sex ratio of 959 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 81.35 %. In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Chandrapur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of640) It is one of the twelve districts in Maharashtra currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF) . It is famous for its super thermal power plant, one of the biggest in Asia, and its vast reserves of coal. Chandrapur also has large reservoirs of limestone. The abundance of lime and coal supplies many cement factories like L&T, Gujarat Ambuja (Maratha Cement Works), Manikgarh, Murli Cement and ACC Cement in the districts Analysis, Interpretation and Discussion of Primary Data: The collected data was analyzed, interpreted and discussed as under. 1. Knowledge about Self-employment and Women Empowerment Schemes: There are many self-employment schemes for both men and women and also women empowerment schemes, which helped both men and women in rural areas to engage themselves in active income generation activities. The awareness of respondents on self-employment and women employment schemes was collected and presented in the following table.
3. Greater and Regular Benefit to Rural People from Government Employment Schemes: It was discussed above that majority of the employment schemes of the government are known to the rural women covered under the present study. Further, even though there are many schemes, there is need to know on whether the rural people are really benefited from these schemes or not. On a question to respondents about whether they feel that is greater and regular benefit to rural people from these government schemes, the collected responses are tabulated as under.
It is surprising to note that even though there are innumerable number of schemes aiming towards rural development, employment, rural women skill development and empowerment, more Then one third of the respondents have not agreed that there are no regular and greater benefits from these schemes. 4. Increase in income due to Utilization of SGSY: Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) is basically aims to provide employment to rural youth both male and females. Now most of the villages in Maharashtra state have benefited from this scheme. As such it was asked to the respondents that whether there is increase in income due to utilization of SGSY in their villages and the collected information is shown as under.
It is emphasized that to a greater extent or full extent the Swarna Jayanti Gramswarojgar Yojana is Successful in achieving its aims. 5. Government is Formulating Policies to solve problems of Rural Areas and Rural Women: Of course, government formulated many policies and schemes to promote employment of the rural people in general and rural women in particular. But still many of the women in rural areas are not aware about these programmes and schemes. Being pachayat members, whether the respondents agreed to that government is formulating policies to solve problems of rural areas in general and rural women in particular was shown as under.
It is satisfactory to note that as agreed by majority of the respondents, government is formulating policies to solve the problems of rural areas and rural women. Suggestions: Following suggestions may be given from the present study. ? Need to increase awareness about selfemployment, rural development , women skill development and empowerment programmes among rural women. ? It is suggested to increase the financial outlay for encouraging employment opportunities in rural areas. ? It is highly recommended to encourage the small scale and cottage industries in the rural areas for the betterment and welfare of rural women. CONCLUSION Due to the globalization the rural areas are with unemployed people. As such there was employment –gap among the rural people, as many of the small scale industries, cottage industries and handicrafts are ended. Further, even though women constitute half of the population, they have no adequate representation in education and employment, especially in rural areas. The rural development, women skill development, women empowerment and employment generation policies discussed above are of immense help for the rural women so as to start income generating activities independently or give at least 100 days of employment for the rural women. But it is emphasized that still there is no or less awareness about the government policies among the rural people and particularly among rural women. Hence, the voluntary organization and Non-Governmental Organizations have to act to increase the awareness among the rural women on the government policies. So the present study disclosed for the women respondents, not elitist background, family obligation and domination not much determined. Education and occupation have no significant bearing on women?s skill development and empowerment
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1801http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18011. Bhuimali, Anil and Poddar, Sampa (2005): Development of Rural Women through Education and Empowerment. Abhijeet Publications, Delhi: 2005.
2. Bhuyan, Dasarathi (2006) : Empowerment of Indian Women: A Challenge of 21st Century. Orissa Review. January 2006. P. 60-63
3. Economic Survey (2005-06): Empowerment of Women. http:/indiabudget.nic.in accessed on 25th November 2007.
4. Prasa, H.”Women and Development: An Overview” in (Ed). R.C. Choudhary & S.Raj Kuttu. “Fifty years of Rural Development in India: Retrospect and prospect” NIRD, Hyderabad,1997.
5. Shakuntala Narasimhan (2007): Womens Empowerment year: 2002. http://www.indiatogether.org accessed on 25th November 2007.
6. Sinha, Chandni (2007): Education and Empowerment of Women. Third Concept. May 2007. P.49-51.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareEXPLOSION AND EXPLOSIVES - A FORENSIC REVIEW
English3338Pragnesh ParmarEnglish Gunvanti B RathodEnglishNowadays in developing country like India, Bomb blast and other means of explosions are increasing day by day. There are three major types of explosions with which investigators usually are involved: atomic (nuclear), mechanical and chemical. An explosion is classified either as a low-order or high-order explosion. Explosion leads to several types of injury due to its various effects like blast pressure effect, shrapnel (fragmentation) effect, thermal effect and seismic effect. An explosive is any chemical compound, mixture, or device whose primary purpose is to function by explosion. Explosives are mainly classified as Low or Deflagrating and High or Detonating. Post blast scene investigation is very important to determine the type of explosion, intensity of explosion, type of explosive materials used, number of victims injured or died and nature of explosion means either accidental or some terrorist attack. In this
paper we discussed about types of explosions, orders of explosions, effects of explosions, factors controlling explosion effects, types of explosives and crime scene investigation.
EnglishExplosion, Explosives and Crime Scene Investigation.INTRODUCTION
Explosion is now become an emerging health hazard for the common man who is living in the country with population blast. Nowadays in developing country like India, Bomb blast and others means of explosions are increasing day by day. Bomb blasts in trains, buses, hospitals, theatres, markets and many more public places are now common in reading in the news papers. Involvement of different terrorist groups, newer technologies of making bombs, newer types of explosives and comparatively less efficient protection make people to live at the edge of sword of blast.
EXPLOSION
An explosion is a sudden and rapid release of energy from a confined space, accompanied by high temperatures, high pressure, violent shock, gas and loud noise. There are three major types of explosions with which investigators usually are involved:
atomic (nuclear), mechanical and chemical. There are several subtypes which are differentiated by the source or mechanism by which the explosive pressure is produced. [1] Bomb (Greek word – Bombos) is a container filled with explosive mixtures or missiles, fired by detonator or fuse.
Nuclear or Atomic Explosion
A nuclear explosion is one in which a sustained nuclear reaction can be made to take place instantaneously and swiftly, releasing large amounts of energy. [1]
Mechanical Explosion
A mechanical explosion occurs when high pressure gas is produced by purely physical reactions and no basic chemical reaction is involved. When a container or vessel is heated, overpressure occurs; when the pressure no longer can be confined, the vessel fails and an explosion results. A steam boiler blowing or an air compressor exploding are common mechanical explosions. The Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) is a type of mechanical explosion. A BLEVE occurs when the temperature of a liquid and vapour or compressed gas confined in a vessel or container is raised by heat, often external. When the internal pressure no longer can be contained, the vessel explodes. BLEVE's can occur in any liquid container, e.g., large, small or vessels. It does not require a flammable or combustible liquid. Any liquid with a boiling point has the potential to cause a BLEVE. [2]
Chemical Explosions
Chemical explosions generate high pressure, which changes the chemical nature of the fuel, resulting in an exothermic reaction. Combustion explosions are the most common of the chemical erosions. Combustion explosions are caused by the burning of a combustible hydrocarbon fuel when it is present with an oxidizer such as air. In combustion explosions, the burning of a fuel produces large quantities of heated gases and combustion by products which will raise pressures. According to the types of fuels involved, combustion explosions may be classified into several subtypes. Some of the most common are back draft explosions, dust, explosives, and flammable gases. [2]
ORDERS OF EXPLOSIONS
An explosion is classified either as a low-order or high-order explosion- this should not be confused with low or high explosives. The terms "yield" and "order" are considered interchangeable. Classifications are based on the type of damage incurred by the type of explosion.
Low Order Explosions
Low-order explosions occur when the pressure rises at a slow rate inside a confined space such as a structure. When the explosion occurs, large pieces of debris usually are blown short distances from the structure. Other common damage indicators include walls bulging outward and/or roofs or ceilings being lifted slightly and replaced, etc. Glass in windows or doors usually are intact, while the frame is dislodged. [2, 3, 4]
High Order Explosions
High-order explosions occur when the pressure rises at a rapid rate. Indications of a high-order explosion include structural members located long distances from the structure in small pieces, shattered, pulverized or destroyed. [2, 3, 4]
EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIONS
Groups of Effects
Damage to a structure or surrounding area is the result of expanding heat and pressure waves. In explosion investigation, the effects of an explosion are observed in four major groups: blast pressure wave, shrapnel effect, thermal effect, and seismic effect.
Blast Pressure Effect
The blast wave is the result of gases being released rapidly, resulting in a pressure wave which travels outward from the centre. As the wave increases in distance, the strength decreases. This pressure wave is the primary reason for injuries and damage. The positive-pressure phase is the result of the blast wave moving away from the seat of the blast as gases are expanding. The positive phase is responsible for the majority of damage, because of its power. The negative-pressure phase occurs in the same way as the positive- pressure phase, except that it displaces and heats the surrounding air creating low air pressure at the seat or origin. As the positive phase moves outward, a negative phase or low-pressure region is formed behind the pressure wave. The result is air rushing back towards the explosion centre. This negative wave results in additional structural damage and may conceal the origin due to debris being carried backwards. [1, 3, 5, 6]
Shrapnel (Fragmentation) Effect Shrapnel (or fragmentation) consists of small pieces of debris from a container or structure which ruptures from containment or restricted blast pressure. Shrapnel may be thrown over a wide area and a great distance causing personal injury and other types of damage to surrounding structures or objects. [1, 3, 5, 6]
Thermal Effect
Thermal heat is energy in the form of a fireball, the result of burning combustible gases or flammable vapours and ambient air at very high temperatures. Thermal heat is present as a ball of fire during an explosion and for a limited duration after the explosive event. [1, 3, 6]
Seismic Effect
When a blast occurs at or near ground level, the air blast creates a ground shock or crater. As shock waves move across or underground, a seismic disturbance is formed similar to an earthquake. The distance the shock wave travels depends on the type and size of the explosion and the type of soil. [1, 3, 6]
FACTORS CONTROLLING EXPLOSION EFFECTS
A number of important factors may influence the effects of an explosion, which produces a wide range of physical damage. The design and construction of a containment vessel, along with the type of fuel and volume stored, affect an explosion. A small vessel (volume) has a higher rate of pressure in relation to air/fuel mixture. This usually results in a stronger or more violent type of explosion. The strength of an ignition source usually has little effect on the type of explosion which may occur. However, a larger ignition source usually increases the pressure development. Venting of a vessel or structure usually will cause damage outside of the vessel or structure, with the most damage occurring at the vent opening. When a structure is able to allow the venting process through windows or doorways, the damage incurred is usually in direct line of the openings. However, if there is a rapid pressure build up inside a structure and the venting effects are insufficient, depending on construction materials, usually more of a shatter effect occurs, and residue or debris is located some distance from the structure. [4, 5] The shape and size of a containment vessel, along with the pressure and location of the source that introduces a fuel into a vessel, have an important effect on the severity of the explosion. Any turbulence with a dust/air or vapour/air mixture increases the combustion rate and pressure.
Seated Explosions
The word "seat" is defined as a crater or area of greatest damage as related to an explosion. The greatest damage is located at the point of detonation. "Seats" may range from a few inches to several feet in diameter. Evidence of a "seated" explosion is usually a crater which will show pulverizing of soil or structural members. Explosive velocities exceeding the speed of sound produce a "seat," except when damage is produced by shrapnel. BLEVE's which occur in small, tightly confined containers (steam boilers, explosives, and fuel gases or liquid vapours) are other types which may produce "seated" explosions. [4, 6]
Non seated Explosions Fuels which are diffused at the time of an explosion because the explosive velocities are subsonic often produce a non seated explosion. Certain fuel gases, such as natural gas and liquefied petroleum (LP) gases usually produce non seated explosions because the explosive speeds are subsonic. Back draft or smoke explosions and the explosion of vapours from pooled flammable or combustible liquids also produce non seated explosions due to their subsonic explosive speed. Usually the most violent and damaging of the non seated explosions are dust explosions in confined areas. Some of these areas are coal mines, processing plants, and grain elevators. These large areas preclude the production of a crater or "Seat." [4, 6] Vapour Density and Structural Damage Vapour density is defined as the ratio of weight of a volume of a given gas or vapour fuel to an equal volume of dry air (air = 1). Under laboratory conditions, this is used to determine if a given gas or vapour fuel will rise or sink in relation to air in a given area. Lighter-than-air gases (vapour density less than 1.0), such as natural gas, tend to rise and collect in upper areas. Burning between ceiling joints or pocketed areas may be indicative of a lighterthan-air fuel rather than a heavier-than-air gas or vapours. Heavier-than-air gases and vapours (vapour density greater than 1.0), such as flammable liquids and liquefied petroleum (LP) gases, tend to settle to lower areas. Ventilation, both natural and mechanical, can change the movement of the gas and vapour and move or spread to adjacent areas or rooms. It has been widely thought that if the walls were blown out at ceiling level, the fuel was lighter than air; if blown out at floor level, the fuel was heavier than air. However, it has been demonstrated that the level of the explosion damage within a conventional room is a function of the construction strength of the wall, headers, and bottom plates, with the least resistive giving way first. [3, 4] EXPLOSIVES An explosive is any chemical compound, mixture, or device whose primary purpose is to function by explosion. Explosives are used commercially to do various types of work. They also are used in a clandestine manner to destroy and to kill. In the commercial field, an explosive in the form of a cup shaped charge will, when detonated, actually drill a hole in metal or rock. Another type of charge is a linear shape charge, which is laid on metal, rock, or wood. When detonated, it cuts the metal, wood, or rock along the length of the explosion, much as one would cut something with an axe. Explosives are used most commonly in mining or quarry operations, to break up rock, or to move dirt in large amounts at one time. [1, 3] TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES Explosives (not to be confused with explosions) are classified into two main types: low explosives, and high explosives. Classifications are based on the explosive velocities of the materials when activated. Low or Deflagrating explosives are characterized by a deflagration which has a subsonic blast wave. Low explosives are designed to be used where a slow pushing action is required, such as weapon cartridges and rockets, or in pyrotechnics where the effects desired arc heat and light, but where blast effects are to be avoided. Some common low explosives are black powder, flash powder, smokeless gun powder, and solid rocket fuel. [1, 2] High or Detonating explosives are characterized by a detonation designed to produce a shattering effect by their high rate of pressure and extremely high detonation pressure. These high pressures are responsible for localized damage near the "seat" of the explosion and cratering at the epicentre. Some common high explosives are dynamites, plastics, ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO), penta erythritol tetra nitrate (PETN), cyclo trimethylene tri nitramine (RDX), and cast types such as Tri nitro Toluene (TNT). [1, 2] Blasting Caps Blasting caps are used as an initiator for other explosives. Blasting caps contain the most sensitive type of primary explosives and are considered to be the most dangerous item in the field of explosives. There are two types of blasting caps: electric and nonelectric fuse. Each type contains the same type of explosives, is of the same diameter (approximately ¼ inch), and is the same relative size. The size or lengths range in even graduations such as #2, #4, #6, #8, #10. The shell or casing is made from copper or aluminium. The basic difference between the electric and nonelectric (fuse type) blasting cap is that the electric blasting cap will have two plastic covered wires of various colours and lengths, depending on the brand and use. The two wires are joined inside the blasting cap with a thinner bridge wire. When electricity flows through the wires, it meets the smaller bridge wires which become overloaded and heat, which, in turn, causes instant detonation of the explosives inside the blasting cap. The nonelectric blasting cap usually has an opening on one end, into which the time fuse is inserted and crimped, using a pair of crimpers. This creates an indentation in the metal near the top of the blasting cap and holds the fuse inside the cap. The time fuse is lit manually by using a fuse lighter or a match and is detonated by the use of nonelectric detonators Using detonating cord, shock tubes, safety fuse, or any other replacement for electric leg wires. The black powder core of the time fuse burns inside the fuse at a rate of 35 to 45 seconds per foot. When the fire has reached the end of the fuse inside the blasting cap, a small spit of fire exits the fuse and causes the explosive inside the blasting cap to detonate. [3, 4] The most important advantage of the electric blasting cap over the nonelectric blasting cap is actual control of the detonation. The electric blasting cap is detonated instantly when electricity is applied by the blaster. On the other hand, once the time fuse on the nonelectric blasting cap is lit and burning inside a bore hole or even while covered with dirt, and even under water, the fuse cannot be stopped from burning and there is no further control of the detonation. SCENE INVESTIGATION Post blast scene investigation requires specialized explosives training. Investigators with this specialized training should lead an explosives investigation and those without this training should contact law enforcement or other agencies for assistance. A systematic approach to post blast investigation is the most effective. The first responder should establish and maintain control of the structure and surrounding area and all unauthorized persons should be prevented from entering the scene before the arrival of the investigators. No blast debris or evidence should be touched or removed by anyone prior to documentation. Securing the scene also prevents injuries to personnel and unauthorized persons.
The scene should be searched from the outer perimeter inward toward the area of greatest damage. Each scene will dictate the type of search pattern to be used. The pattern may be a grid, circular, or spiral. The search pattern should overlap; all areas should be searched more than once so no evidence is undetected or lost. [4, 5] The investigator in charge should brief all searchers on proper procedures of identifying, marking and mapping of evidence, logging, and photographing of evidence.
Special scene safety considerations always are recommended when dealing with post blast explosive investigations. Structures which have been subject to an explosion and/or fire have a greater tendency to collapse. Investigators should be on the lookout for additional devices and undetonated explosives. A thorough search of the scene should be conducted for secondary devices, explosives, and any undetonated explosive devices prior to the post blast investigation. If any explosives are located, do not touch or move them under any condition. The structure and surrounding area should be evacuated immediately and the explosives isolated. Only qualified and trained explosive disposal personnel should be allowed to handle these explosives. Debris is thrown from the centre of the explosion by force. The greater the explosive energy, the farther the debris will be thrown. All significant evidence should be documented properly and completely on the scene, along with the direction and distance. Different drag/lift characteristics of fragment shape will indicate the need for further investigation. [4, 5, 6, 7]
SUMMARY
A forensic investigator may encounter crime scenes in which explosions or explosives may have been located or used. Each incendiary device, explosion, or explosive usually leaves certain kinds of evidence and residue. Scene safety is a major priority for investigators and forensic personnel. The scene should be rendered safe before post blast investigation and any secondary devices or explosives should be handled only by trained explosive disposal personnel. All evidence should be documented properly prior to removal. Sketches and photographs always should be completed prior to evidence removal.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1802http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18021. K Mathiharan and Amrit K Patnaik, Modi?s Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology, 23rd edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, New Delhi, 2006, pg 731 – 742.
2. Blasters Handbook, 175th Anniversary Edition. Wilmington: E.l.duPontdeNemours and Co. (Inc.), Explosive Products Division.
3. Cardoulis, John N. The Art and Science of Fire Investigation. St. John's, Newfoundland: Breakwater, 1990.
4. NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. Quincy: National Fire Protection Association, 1992.
5. Yallop, H. J. Explosive Investigation. The Forensic Science Society and Scottish Academic Press, 1980.
6. K S N Reddy, The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 26th edition, Hyderabad, 2007, Pg 207- 209.
7. J Crane, Explosive injury, Encyclopaedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine volume - 3, 1st edition, Elsevier, 2005, pg 98 – 110.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25General SciencesDETECTION OF INDUCIBLE CLINDAMYCIN RESISTANCE IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN BIJAPUR, KARNATAKA STATE OF INDIA
English3942Lakshmi S. KakhandkiEnglish B V PeerapurEnglish Prashant ParandekarEnglishThe present study aimed at in-vitro detection of macrolide resistant phenotypes of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and interpretation of susceptibility tests to guide therapy. The study included 100 strains of Staphylococcus aureus out of which 67 strains were methicillin sensitive Staphyloccus aureus (MSSA) and 33 strains were methicillin resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA). Overall 20 (20%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus exhibited inducible resistance to clindmycin by double disc diffusion test . Of these 20 strains, 15(75%) were methicillin resistant, while 5 (25%) were methicillin sensitive.
EnglishMethicillin Resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA), Inducible Clindamycin Resistance, Double Disc Diffusion test.INTRODUCTION
Clindamycin is considered as an useful alternative drug in penicillin allergic patients and in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It has excellent tissue penetration (except for central nervous system), accumulates in abscesses, no dosage adjustments are required in presence of renal diseases.1 Good oral absorption of clindamycin makes it an attractive option for use in outpatients or as follow-up treatment after intravenous therapy (deescalation).2 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are increasingly being reported as multidrug resistant with high resistance to macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin) and lincosamides (clindamycin, lincomycin) leaving very few therapeutic options.3 Newer antibiotics like vancomycin, linezolid, quinupristin, dalfopristin have been advocated in the management of such isolates , but the recent reports of resistance to these agents raise real concerns over how long this uniform susceptibilities will hold good.3-5 Interestingly,all vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolates reported so far from United States have been sensitive to trimethoprim – sulfamethaxazole and tetracycline raising the probability that the older agents may have some efficiency in the treatment of MRSA infection.3
For years, macrolides have been used as an alternative to the use of penicillins and cephalosporins in the treatment of infections caused gram positive bacteria, but the worldwide development of macrolide resistance has now limited the use of these antibiotics.6 Lincosamides (clindamycin) are generally not recommended in erythromycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus as they share a similar mode of action and have common resistance mechanisms. However, recent studies on treatment of erythromycin resistant S,aureus using clindamycin show the possible role of clindamycin in some of erythromycin resistant isolates, as there are multiplicity of resistance mechanisms and diversity of phenotypic expression.7-10 Staphylococcus aureus can be resistant to erythromycin through either erm gene or msrA genes. Strains with erm mediated erythromycin resistance may possess inducible clindamycin resistance but may appear susceptible to clindamycin by disc diffusion.1 So if this inducible clindamycin resistance can be reliably detected on a routine basis in clinically significant isolates, clindamycin can be safely and effectively used in patients with true clindamycin sensitivity.2 So the present study is aimed at in-vitro detection of clindamycin susceptibility in macrolide resistant phenotypes of S. aureus.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 100 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were studied which were collected from pus, blood, wound swabs and sputum between April 2011-June 2011. The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus by gram stain, slide and tube coagulase test, mannitol fermentation test, phosphatase test, deoxyribonuclease test. Methicillin resistance was tested on mueller - hinton agar with 4% sodium chloride using cefoxitin disc by kirby-bauer disc diffusion method. Plates were incubated 370 C for 24 hrs. A zone size of 18mm or more was considered sensitive as per CSLI guidelines.11
Erythromycin and clindamycin double disc susceptibility testing
Inducible clindamycin resistance was detected by double disc diffusion test using 15µg erythromycin disc placed 20mm from the centre of 2µg clindamycin disc. Inhibition of circular zone around the clindamycin disc was considered positive for inducible resistance (Flattening of the zone towards erythromycin disc).12
RESULTS
Out of 100 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 67 were methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 33 strains were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Overall 20 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (20%) exhibited inducible resistance to clindamycin. Of these 20 strains 15(75%) were methicillin resistant while 5(25%) were methicillin sensitive.
DISCUSSION
Resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, streptograminB (MLSB) antibiotics most commonly results from acquisition of erythromycin resistant methylase genes (erm genes) which encode enzymes that methylate the 23S rRNA. The overlapping binding sites of macrolide, lincosamide, streptograminB in 23S rRNA account for cross-resistance to the three classes of drugs. Expression of MLSB resistance can be constitutive or inducible. In inducible resistance, the bacteria produce inactive mRNA that is unable to encode methylases. The mRNA becomes active only in the presence of a macrolide inducer. By contrast, in constitutive expression, active methylated mRNA is produced even in the absence of an inducer.6 The strains harbouring an inducible erm gene are resistant to the inducer but remain susceptible to the non-inducer macrolide and lincosamide, but the use of such non-inducer antibiotic such as clindamycin, can lead to selection of constitutive mutants at frequencies of 10-7 cfu.9,1o Besides methylation of the target site, active efflux of macrolides is encoded by plasmid borne msr (A) gene which has specificity for 14 and 15 membered macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin) and type B streptogramin. Clindamycin is neither an inducer nor a substrate for the pump, and thus the strains are fully susceptible to this antimicrobial.6 In our study 20% of the strains exhibited resistance to clindamycin, while it was 24% in the study done by R Goyal et al.13 So our observation suggest that, susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus should include the disc diffusion induction test, which will facilitate the identification of isolates exihibiting inducible or constitutive resistance to MLSB phenotypes. Patients with infections caused by such isolates can probably be treated with clindamycin without expectation of resistance developing during therapy.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1803http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18031. Fiebelkorn KR, Crawford SA, McElmeel ML, Jorgensen JH. Practical disc diffusion method for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4740-4.
2. MR Angel, V Balaji, JAJ Prakash, KN Brahmadathan, MS Mathews. Prevalance Of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance In Gram Positive Organisms In A Tertiary Care Centre. IJMM 2008; 26(3): 262-64.
3. Srinivasan A, Dick JD, Perl TM. Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15(3): 430-438.
4. Johnson AP, Woodford N. Glycopeptide resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2002; 50: 621- 623.
5. Eliopoulos G M. Quinupristin - dalfopristin and linezolid : Evidence and opinion. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 473-481.
6. Leclercq R. Mechanisms of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides: Nature of resistance elements and their clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34 : 482- 492.
7. Panagea S, Perry JD, Gould FK. Should clindamycin be used as treatment of patients with infections caused by erythromycin resistant Staphylococci? J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1999; 44: 581-582.
8. Gopal Rao G. Should clindamycin be used in treatment of patients with infections caused by erythromycin resistant Staphylococci ? J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2000; 45: 715.
9. Drinkovie D, Fuller ER, Shore KP, Holland DJ, Rod Ellis Pegler. Clindamycin treatment of Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin resistance. J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2001; 48: 315- 16.
10. Watanakunakorn C. Clindamycin therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Clinical relapse and level of resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Am J Med 1976; 60: 419-25.
11. Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standard for Antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved Standard M2-A72, 11th ed. Wayne, PA; 2007.
12. Seppala H, Nissinen A, Quan Yu, Huovinen P. Three different phenotypes of erythromycin resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Finland. J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1993; 32: 885-891.
13. R Goyal, NP Singh, V Manchanda, M Mathur. Detection of Clindamycin Susceptibility in Macrolide Resistant Phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. IJMM, 2004; 22(4):251-254.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25TechnologyREACTIVE POWER OPTIMIZATION USING SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES - A COMPARATIVE STUDY
English4351K. S. Chandragupta MauryanEnglish K. ThanushkodiEnglish A.SakthisuganyaEnglishIn this paper we have analyzed the various algorithms used for reactive power optimization (RPO). The objective of an optimal power flow (OPF) algorithm is to find the steady state operation point which reduces the generation cost, loss etc. Reactive power supply plays an important role in the power system. A properly designed optimal power flow solution provides the best and the most optimum practical solution to achieve improvement in a single or multiple hierarchical objectives based on the various constraints on the system. The main aim of RPO is to minimize the system losses and to maintain the voltage profile according to the constraints. Considering the voltage security, power systems are provided with a lot of voltage controlling devices such as generators, tap changing transformers, shunt capacitors/reactors, synchronous condensers, and static VAR compensators etc. A real time control employing those controlling devices is required to solve the problems. Traditionally, classical optimization methods were used to solve this problem, but due to its various limitations, modern methods
have been proposed in this paper for the optimization of the reactive power. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive survey of various reactive power optimization methods.
EnglishReactive Power Optimization, Optimal Power Flow, Algorithm, Optimal solution, Global Optimum.INTRODUCTION
Power flow studies are important for effective planning and operation of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of other existing systems. The main information obtained from the power flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line for specified load and generator real power and voltage conditions [1]. After obtaining this information, real and reactive power flow on each branch as well as generator reactive power output can be determined analytically. The classical methods for solving RPO problem have various limitations and the convergence value move away from local optima. Hence few techniques have been proposed for solving RPO problem effectively. In this paper, a review of various optimization methods for RPO has been presented: (1) Gradient Search Method (2) Differential Evolution Algorithm (3) Biogeography-Based Optimization (4) Tabu Search Algorithm (5) Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (6) Particle Swarm Optimization (7) Harmony Search Algorithm (8) Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (9) Ant colony optimization (10) Gravitational Search Algorithm.
REACTIVE POWER OPTIMIZATION
The reactive power optimization problem is one of the most important aspects in economic operation of power system. It is a multiconstraint, multi-modal, mixed-variable, and nonlinear planning problem. It involves the efficient use of all available reactive power sources and control of voltages at voltagecontrolled buses so as to minimize the total network active power loss with the satisfaction of all operation constraints [2]. Such operation constraints may include the capacity of reactive power sources, limit of bus voltages and transformer tap position. On account of reducing system losses, appreciable MW savings, or in other words, cost savings can be achieved. Because of this goal, the reactive power dispatch problem has been formulated as a complicated constrained optimization problem with partially discrete, partially continuous and nondifferentiable nonlinear objective function. The primary objective of RPO problem is to reduce system power losses and to obtain the setting of various controls, for the same. The real power loss is a non-linear function of bus voltage magnitudes and phase angles, which are implicitly a function of the control variables. Though reactive power does not have its own production cost, it influences the overall production cost as it involves the transmission losses. Hence the main motivation of RPO is to reduce the active power losses in the transmission network [3]. (1) The number of lines in the given network is denoted by K. The minimization of the above function is subjected to a number of constraints.
Here n is the total number of buses, ng and nc are number of generator and reactive sources, nt are the number of tap changers. Power flow equations (2) and (3) are used as equality constraints, reactive power source installation restrictions, reactive generation restrictions, transformer tap-setting restrictions, bus voltage restrictions (4) are used as inequality constraints.
DEVELOPMENTS OF RPO
ALGORITHMS
A. GRADIENT METHOD
The gradient method is applied to the RPO problem with the idea of eliminating the existence of the concept of the state and control variables, with load flow equations providing a nodal basis for the elimination of state variables. This helps in obtaining a reduced problem in the space of the control variables with the load flow equations [4]. Salient features are:
Penalty function optimization approach is used to develop nonlinear programming (NLP) method for minimization of fuel cost and active power losses.
It also involves verification of boundary, using Lagrange multiplier approach, is achieved. Capable of solving large size power system problems up to 500 buses.
Its drawback is in the modeling of components such as transformer taps that are accounted in the load flow but not in the optimization routine
B. DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION
Differential evolution is a simple direct search optimization method used to minimize nonlinear and non-differentiable continuous space functions with real-valued parameters. It has been extended to handle mixed integer discrete continuous RPO problem [5].Design principles are:
It has a simple structure, easy for usage and known for its robustness.
Effective for integer, discrete and mixed parameter optimization. Handling nondifferentiable, noisy and or time dependent objective functions.
Effective for nonlinear constraint optimization problems with penalty function [6].
It has a population of candidate solution called agents. An initial population composed of vectors u0i, i=1, 2, np, is randomly generated within the parameter space. The adaptive scheme used ensures that the mutation increments are automatically scaled to the correct magnitude. The steps involved in this algorithm are described as follows:
The agents are initialized as x with random positions in the search-space.
Pick three agents a, b and c from the population at random, they must be distinct from each other as well as from agent x
Pick an index random index R {1,......,n} where „n? is the factor to be optimized. Compute the agent's potentially position new [ ,...... ] 1 n y y y for each , pick a uniformly distributed number r U(0,1) i If ri < CR or i R then, set ( ) i i i i y a F b c otherwise set i i y x .
If f (y) f (x) then replace the agent in with the improved solution. C.
BIOGEOGRAPHY-BASED
OPTIMIZATION
Biogeography-Based Optimization is a population based stochastic optimization technique based on the concept of nature?s way of distribution of species [7]. Distribution of a species from one place to another is influenced by many factors such as rainfall, diversity of vegetation, relief forms, diversity of topographic features, land area; temperature etc. Movement of species from one area to another area results in sharing of their features with each other. Due to this movement, the quality of some species may improve due to exchange of good features with better species. In context of biogeography, a habitat is defined as an island (area) that is geographically isolated from other islands. Geographical areas that are well suited as residences for biological species are said to the migration of some species from a habitat to an exterior habitat is known as emigration process and an entry into one habitat from an outside is known as immigration process.
The rate of immigration and the emigration are functions of the number of species in the habitat. Habitats with a high HSI have a low species immigration rate as they are already saturated with species [8].This method is use where there is high dimension with multiple local optima and hence used to solve reactive power and OPF problem. Based on the immigration and migration values the total number of species in a habitat and their probability can be found.
D. TABU SEARCH ALGORITHM
Tabu search is a higher-level heuristic algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. It is an iterative procedure starts from any initial solution and attempts to determine a better solution [9]. Generally, the advantages of this algorithm over other traditional optimization techniques can be summarized as follows:
Tabu search is characterized by its ability to avoid entrapment in local optimal solution and prevent cycling by using flexible memory of search history.
It can easily deal with non-smooth, noncontinuous objective functions that are the real-life optimization problems.
Tabu search uses probabilistic transition rule to make decisions, not deterministic rules.
This makes it more flexible and robust than conventional methods. The basic elements of this algorithm are briefly stated and defined as follows:
Current solution: It is a set of the optimized parameter values at any iteration. It plays a central role in generating the neighbor trial solutions (x current).
Moves: They characterize the process of generating trial solutions that are related to the current solution (x current).
Set of candidate moves: n(x current): It is the set of all possible moves or trial solutions, x trials, in the neighborhood of x current. In case of continuous variable optimization problems, this set is too large or even infinite set.
Tabu restrictions: These are certain conditions imposed on moves that make some of them forbidden. These forbidden moves are listed to a certain size and known as Tabu. This list is called the Tabu list which is used to prevent cycling and avoid returning to the local optimum just visited.
Aspiration criterion (level): It is a rule that overrides Tabu restrictions (if a certain move is forbidden by Tabu restriction, the aspiration criterion, when satisfied, can make this move allowable). The importance of using aspiration criterion is to add some flexibility in the algorithm by directing it towards the attractive moves [10].
Stopping criteria: These are the conditions under which the search process will terminate. In this study, the search will terminate if one of the following criteria is satisfied, the number of iterations since the last change of the best solution is greater than a pre specified number (or) the number of iterations reaches the maximum allowable number.
E. MODIFIED SHUFFLED FROG LEAPING ALGORITHM
The RPO problem is a non linear optimization problem. The degree of nonlinearity causes difficulties in solving this problem using traditional methods. Therefore, one of the precise recently developed techniques called Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm which is based on Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm has been explained in this paper. Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm is a decrease based stochastic search method that begins with an initial population of frogs whose characteristics, known as memes. The memes represent the decision variables [11].The algorithm consists of two main elements: local search and global information exchange In this method, the total population is partitioned into groups. The groups are referred to as memeplexes, which search independently. The population is divided into q memeplexes which each containing p frogs. In each memeplex, the frogs with the best and the worst fitness are identified as b x and w x, respectively. Also, the frog with the most qualified fitness level among all the memeplexes is identified as g x. Accordingly, the position of the frog with the worst fitness is adjusted this goal of the overall process is to determine global optimal solutions [12]. Step 1: The initial population for each iterate are randomly generated. Step 2: The objective function value for each individual is calculated. Step 3: The initial population based on the objective function values is sorted with decreasing manner. Step 4: The population which is sorted is partitioned into memeplexes by the following process, the first population goes to the first Memeplex, the second population goes to the second memeplex, population qth goes to the qth memeplex, and population q +1goes back to the first memeplex, etc [13]. Step 5: The best and worst population in each memeplex is found and then generates the b (x), w(x) for them respectively. Step 6: The frog with the global best fitness in all memeplexes is identified as g(x). Step 7: A separate process is applied to improve only the frog with the worst fitness Step 8: Once again all memeplexes are combined and sorted again. Step 9: Apply mutation in order to compensate if there is any drawback. Step 10: If the current iteration number (iteration max2) reaches the predetermined maximum iteration number, the Search procedure is stopped, otherwise it goes to step 4. Step 11: The last g (x) is the solution of the problem.
F. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION The Particle swarm optimization algorithm is based on the ideas of social behavior of organisms such as animal flocking and fish Schooling. H.yoshida et al proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) for reactive power and voltage/var control (VVC) considering voltage security assessment [14]. It determines an on-line VVC strategy with continuous and discrete control variables such as avr operating values of generators, tap positions of OLTC of transformers and the number of reactive power compensation equipment. Jong-bae park et al suggested a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) for economic dispatch with nonsmooth cost functions [15]. An improvisation has been made from the classical PSO and it is known as Modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm. In the new algorithm, particles not only studies from itself and the best one but also from other individuals. By this enhanced study behavior, the opportunity to find the global optimum is increased and the influence of the initial position of the particles is decreased [16]. PSO is initialized with a group of random particles and then it searches for optima by updating generations. In every iteration each particle is updated by following “two best” values. The first one is the best solution (fitness value) it has achieved so far. This value is called pbest. Another best value that is tracked by the particle swarm optimizer is the global best called gbest. After finding the best values the particles update its velocity and position. Implementation of an optimization problem of Genetic Algorithm is realized within the evolutionary process of a fitness function. The fitness function adopted is given as: Fitness function = ( ) 1 objective penalty Where objective function is the generation cost and the penalty is the bus voltage angle. Penalty cost has been added to discourage solutions which violate the binding constraints. Finally, the penalty factor is tended to zero. The PSO algorithm to solve the optimal power flow can be summarized as follows:
Step 1: The population is initialized according to the constraints. Step 2: For each individual in the population, the fitness function is evaluated in de -normalized form. Step 3: The velocity is updated and new population is created Step 4: If maximum iteration number is reached, then go to next step else go step2. Step 5: Print the best individual?s settings. G. HARMONY SEARCH ALGORITHM The harmony search algorithm was proposed by Geem [17]. It is a nature inspired algorithm, which mimics the improvisation of music players. The harmony in music is analogous to the optimization solution vector, and the musician?s improvisations are analogous to the local and global search schemes in optimization techniques. The HS algorithm uses a stochastic random search, instead of a gradient search .It uses only simple parameters and it is very easy for implementation .The algorithm includes the following steps. 1) The optimization problem parameters are initialized. 2) Initialize the harmony memory. 3) A New Harmony memory is formed by improvisation. 4) The harmony memory is updated. 5) Check for stopping criteria. Otherwise, repeat step 3 to 4. 6) The non dominated solution vectors in this algorithm are known as Pareto optimal solutions. 7) Best compromise solution vector is taken from the Pareto optimal set using fuzzy approach [18]. H. ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY ALGORITHM Swarm intelligence is a form of artificial intelligence (AI) based on the collective behaviors of animals or certain phenomenon of natural systems such as ants, fish and birds. Recently, a novel swarm-based intelligence called the bees algorithm, which mimics the food foraging behavior of honey bees colony, has been developed and it is considered to be as efficient as other swarm intelligence approaches [19]. This approach is used to solve RPO problem .The process of food foraging starts from sending out a group of scout bees to search for flower patches that contain a large amount of nectar and pollen. After returning to their hive, those scout bees would perform a special movement, which is known as the “waggle dance” to communicate with other bees and report three kinds of information regarding the flower patches, which are the direction of food sources, their quality and distances. This information helps the bees travelling towards flower patches more rapidly and precisely without using guides or maps. More follower bees are sent to more promising patches and allow the colony to collect food during the short amount of time. Additionally, the bees evaluate the food level from the flower patch to decide how to perform the next waggle dance and recruit more workers to the remaining food sources. The food foraging process will repeat as long as there is enough food sources in the search space, and more bees will be recruited to collect food more effectively [20]. To solve RPO problem this algorithm involves the following steps: The bee algorithm parameters are initialized with random solutions. Evaluate the fitness of the population and select the number of best sites for neighborhood search. Select the best number of bees in best sites and calculate its fitness value. Assign remaining bees to search randomly in the search space and evaluate the fitness value. If the stopping criterion is met the optimal value can be found else assign a new population of scout bees and repeat the steps. Additionally, the remaining bees are assigned to search randomly in the search space in order to find optimal solutions I. ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION Ant colony search is one of the recently developed optimization algorithm to solve RPO problem. This algorithm is developed based on the behavior of real ant colonies that are used to solve function or combinatorial optimization problems. This system was introduced by Marco Dorigo and was called “ant system” [21]. As it is well known, real ants are capable of finding the shortest path from food sources. They are also capable of adapting to changes in the surrounding environment. The studies regarding the behavior of ants reveal that such capabilities are essentially due to what is called “pheromone trails”, which ants use to communicate information among individuals regarding path and to decide where to go [22]. The pheromone trails directs the ants towards food path. The process can be explained as follows: (a) Real ants follow a path between nest and food source. (b) An obstacle appears on the path: ants choose whether to turn left or right with equal probability. (c) Pheromone is deposited more quickly on the shorter path. (d) All ants have chosen the shorter path. Thus all the ants follow the shortest path and reach the food source, similarly this algorithm can applied for optimization problem by following the same technique. J. GRAVITATIONAL SEARCH ALGORITHM Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is the new meta-heuristic optimization algorithm motivated by the Newton?s laws of gravity and motion. GSA was firstly produced by Rashedi et al. in 2009. According to this algorithm, agents are considered as objects and their performance is measured by their masses. Every object attracts every other object with gravitational force. This algorithm is highly efficient to solve RPO problem [23].It involves the following steps Initialization of parameters and the position of masses are fixed randomly. The best and worst fitness is evaluated for all agents and the gravitational constant G is calculated as ( ) exp( ) 0 T t G t G ,Where G0 is the initial value of the Gravitational constant, α is a constant t is the current epoch and T is the total iteration number. Update the Gravitational and Inertial Masses and calculate the total force acting on the agents. Update the position of the agents using the formula x (t 1) x t v (t 1) d i d i d i . Repeat the iterations until the stopping criteria are met. Thus the parameters considered for reactive power optimization can be solved effectively by this algorithm
CONCLUSION In this paper an attempt has been made to review various optimization methods used to solve RPO problems. Even though, excellent advancements have been made in classical methods, they suffer with the following disadvantages: In most cases, mathematical formulations have to be simplified to get the solutions because of the extremely limited capability to solve real-world large-scale power system problems. They are weak in handling qualitative constraints. They have poor convergence, may get stuck at local optimum, they can find only a single optimized solution in a single simulation run, they become too slow if number of variables are large and they are computationally expensive for solution of a large system constraints.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. Authors acknowledge the kind support from the institution Sri Krishna College Of Technology, Coimbatore.
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16. Cui-Ru Wang, He-Jin Yuan, Zhi-Qiang Huang, Jiang-Wei Zhang, Chen-Jun Sun, “A Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm And Its Application In Optimal Power Flow Problem”, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Guangzhou, 18-21 August 2005.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25TechnologyENHANCEMENT OF AVAILABLE TRANSFER CAPABILITY IN DEREGULATED POWER SYSTEMS USING FACTS DEVICES IN REAL TIME SYSTEM OF ANDRA PRADESH STATE POWER GRID
English5261K.SuneetaEnglish J.AmarnathEnglish S.KamakshaiahEnglishThe Available Transfer Capability (ATC) of a transmission system is a measure of unutilized capability of the system at a given time. The computation of ATC is very important to the transmission system security and market forecasting. While the power marketers are focusing on fully utilizing the transmission system, engineers are concern with the transmission system security as any power transfers over the limit might result in system instability. One of the most critical issues that any engineers would like to keep an eye on is the voltage collapse. Recent blackouts in major cities throughout the world have raised concerns about the voltage collapse phenomenon. FACTS devices such as thyristor controlled series compensators and thyristor
controlled phase angle regulators, by controlling the power flows in the network, can help to reduce the flows in heavily loaded lines resulting in an increased loadability of the network and improves the voltage stability. In this paper (128 bus system of Andhra Pradesh state power grid) a real time system is tested for calculating transfer capability by using various FACTS devices like TCSC and TCPAR. The results have been presented and analyzed.
EnglishDeregulation, Transfer capability, Repeated power flow (RPF), FACTS.INTRODUCTION
Electricity markets throughout the world continue to be opened to competitive forces. Several countries have accepted the reasoning that deregulation will lead to cheaper electricity and better quality of service to customers and have proceeded with vast transformations of their electricity industries. Competition provides an incentive and an opportunity for transmitting power over long distances. The compulsory accommodation of the contracted (usually the least expensive) power by the transmission network is likely to aggravate parallel and loop flow problems, causing unpredictable line loading, voltage variations and stability problems. The effect of these on the reliability and security of the overall power system could be devastating. Various new technologies are becoming available that will help utilities maintain power system reliability while handling large volume of energy transactions. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is the application of power electronics devices to control the flows and other quantities in power systems. FACTS controllers can be effectively used to improve the utilization of the power system and improve its stability. FACTS provide the needful corrections of transmission functionality in order to fully utilize existing transmission systems. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR) are some of the commonly used FACTS controllers. In many deregulated markets, the power transaction between buyer and seller is allowed based on calculation of ATC. Low ATC signifies that the network is unable to accommodate further transaction and hence does not promote free competition. FACTS controllers like TCSC, TCPAR can help to improve ATC by allowing more power transactions [5]. The concept of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) was first proposed by Hingorani [2]. FACTS devices have the ability to allow power systems to operate in a more flexible, secure, economic, and sophisticated way. Generation patterns that lead to heavy line flows result in higher losses, weakened security and stability. Such factors are economically undesirable. Further, transmission constraints make certain combinations of generation and demand unviable due to the potential of outages. In such situations, FACTS devices may be used to improve system performance by controlling the power flows in the grid. Studies on FACTS so far have mainly focused on device developments and their impacts on the power system aspects such as control, transient and small signal stability enhancement, and damping of oscillations [3, 4, 6, and 7]. With the increased presence of independent gencos in the deregulated scenario, the operation of power systems would require more sophisticated means of power control. In this aspect FACTS devices can meet those requirements. To operate the power system safely and to gain benefits of the bulk power transfer, the transfer capabilities must be calculated, so that the power transfers do not exceed the transfer capability [1,8].ATC is significantly limited by heavily loaded circuits or buses with relatively low voltages. FACTS technology makes it possible to redistribute line flow and regulate bus voltages. These can be used effectively for the enhancement of ATC.
TRANSFER CAPABILITY
Transfer capability is the measure of the ability of interconnected electric systems to reliably move or transfer power from one area to another over all transmission lines (or paths) between those areas under specified system conditions. The units of transfer capability are in terms of electric power, generally expressed in megawatts (MW). In this context, “area” may be an individual electric system, power pool, control area, sub-region, or a portion of any of these. Transfer capability is also directional in nature. That is, the transfer capability from Area 1 to Area 2 is not generally equal to the transfer capability from Area B to Area A. Transfer capability can be represented in several ways, among which the available transfer capability (ATC) and the total transfer capability (TTC) are the two most widely used ones. Margin (CBM). In other words, ATC can be expressed as:
MODELING OF FACTS DEVICES
For enhancing of transfer capability using FACTS controllers, the models of these controllers are considered. It is assumed that the time constants in FACTS devices are very small and hence this approximation is justified. Analysis of Transmission Lines and its Power Flows and Loss Let the complex voltages at bus i and bus j be denoted as Vi?δi and Vj?δj
A.POWER INJECTION MODEL OF THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES COMPENSATOR (TCSC)
Thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC) are connected in series with the lines. The effect of a TCSC on the network can be seen as a controllable reactance inserted in the related transmission line that compensates for the inductive reactance of the line. This reduces the transfer reactance between the buses to which the line is connected. This leads to an increase in the maximum power that can be transferred on that line in addition to a reduction in the effective reactive power losses. The series capacitors also contribute to an improvement in the voltage profiles. Figure 3 shows a model of a transmission line with a TCSC connected between buses i and j. The transmission line is represented by its lumped π-equivalent parameters connected between the two buses. During the steady state, the TCSC can be considered as a static reactance -jXC. This controllable reactance, XC is directly used as the control variable to be implemented in the power flow equation.
Let the complex voltages at bus i and bus j be denoted as Vi?δi and Vj?δj respectively. The expressions for real and reactive power flows from bus i to bus j can be written as from eqn. 1 and 2:
The real Power injection at bus ?i? Pic = Vi 2 ? Gij – V i Vj [? Gij Cosδij +? Bij Sinδij(16) Pjc = Vj 2 ? Gij – V i Vj [? Gij Cosδij +? Bij Sinδij] (17) Qic = -Vi 2 ? Bij – V i Vj [? Gij Sinδij -? Bij Cosδij] (18) Qjc = -Vj 2 ? Bij + Vi Vj [? Gij Sinδij +? Bij Cosδij] (19) These equations are used to model the TCSC to Enhance the Power Transfer Capability. B.FACTS DEVICES LOCATION The main goal of the enhancement of ATC is to perform a best utilization of the existing transmission lines. In this aspect, the FACTS Devices are located in order to maximize the system loadability while observing thermal and voltage constraints. The best utilization is possible only when the FACTS Devices are located optimally. C.OPTIMAL LOCATION BASED ON SENSITIVITY APPROACH FOR TCSC AND TCPAR DEVICES The static conditions are considering here for the placement of FACTS devices in the power system. The objectives for device placement may be one of the following: 1. Reduction in the real power loss of a particular line 2. Reduction in the total system real power loss 3. Reduction in the total system reactive power loss
4. Maximum relief of congestion in the system For the first three objectives, methods based on the sensitivity approach may be used. If the objective of FACTS device placement is to provide maximum relief of congestion, the devices may be placed in the most congested lines or, alternatively, in locations determined by trial-and-error. Reduction of total system VAR power loss Here it is looked at a method based on the sensitivity of the total system reactive power loss (QL) with respect to the control variables of the FACTS devices. For each of the three devices considered it is considered that following control parameters: · Net line series reactance (Xij) for a TCSC placed between buses i and j, · Phase shift (αij) for a TCPAR placed between buses i and j. The reactive power loss sensitivity factors with respect to these control variables may be given as follows: 1. Loss sensitivity with respect to control parameter Xij of TCSC placed between buses i and j, ij L ij X Q a (20) 2. Loss sensitivity with respect to control parameter θij of TCPAR placed between buses i and j, ij L ij Q b (21) These factors can be computed for a base case power flow solution. Consider a line connected between buses i and j and having a net series impedance of Xij, that includes the reactance of a TCSC, if present. In that line θij is the net phase shift in the line and includes the effect of the TCPAR. The loss sensitivities with respect to Xij and θij can be computed as: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) 2 cos( ) ij ij ij ij i j i j i j ij L ij R X R X V V VV X Q a i j ij ij ij L ij aVV B Q b 2 sin The sensitivity index values of other lines are calculated similarly. Selection of optimal placement of FACTS devices Using the loss sensitivities as computed in the previous section, the criteria for deciding device location might be stated as follows: 1. TCSC must be placed in the line having the most positive loss sensitivity index aij . 2. TCPAR must be placed in the line having the highest absolute value of loss sensitivity index bij.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this paper a 128 bus system is tested for the calculation of ATC by using Power world simulator to compute the power flow of each transfer case. Because every step of increase in power will need to be solved, the NewtonRaphson power flow solution is best suited with the fast iterations. This method is less prone to divergence with ill-conditioned problems. Also the number of iterations required is independent of the system size. The limit for enhancing the ATC is the voltage collapse point with variation in load. In most systems, there are many practical and operational reasons why a simple constraint on the voltage magnitude is a more significant and limiting constraint. In this paper, an IEEE-9, IEEE-14 and IEEE30,AP power grid 128 Bus systems have been analyzed in this paper using Power World Simulator software.
Figure 4: Single Line Diagram of IEEE-128 Bus system The figures 4, indicates the single Line Diagrams of the128 Bus systems drawn in power world simulator Sensitivity Index of 128 bus system is calculated from the formulas.
The lines having the most positive loss sensitivity index is chosen for placement of the TCSC devices. Hence lines 85to84 and 90 to 84 are selected from Table 1. TCSC devices in the inductive mode of operation are connected in series with these two lines, with inductive reactance of 75% and 20% of the line reactance respectively have been considered [9]. Similarly the lines having the highest absolute value of loss sensitivity index can be chosen for placement of the TCPAR devices. Hence, TCPAR as a Transformer with a complex tap ratio 1:a?α is placed in the lines 93 to 100 of two circuits from table 1, operated with a phase shift of α= 2.9 and 4.5 degrees and unity tap ratio. Enhancement of ATC with and without FACTS devices of 128bus system Here, the ATC is calculated for 128 bus systems. In each case, one of the two FACTS controllers, viz. TCSC and TCPAR is included in the problem formulation. The static models of these devices are considered, i. e. a TCSC is represented as static impedance, a TCPAR as a transformer with a complex tap ratio. The optimal locations for placing each of these devices are determined by sensitivity analysis and the values are shown in table 1. It is observed that from Table 2 the comparison between the data obtained for enhance the ATC with and without FACTS devices in the system.
It is observed that from the Table 2, the enhancement of ATC of an 128 bus system is maximum i.e. 3.21% between area 4 to area 2, when the TCSC is placed in lines, with inductive reactance of 75% and 20% respectively. Similarly from the Table 3, the enhancement of ATC of an 128 bus system is maximum 4.2% between the area 4 to area 2, when the TCPAR is located in lines, with a Transformer operated with a phase shift of α= 2.9 and 4.5 degrees and unity tap ratio. The comparison of the enhancement of ATC of an 128 bus system among four areas for without FACTS Devices and With FACTS devices i.e. TCSC and TCPAR are shown. Also observed that the enhancement of ATC is more in between the area 4 to area 2 than other areas, when the TCSC is placed in lines, with inductive reactance of 75% and 20% respectively considered and when the TCPAR is placed in lines, with a Transformer operated with a phase shift of α= 2.9 and 4.5 degrees and unity tap ratio respectively is considered.
CONCLUSION
With the history of more than three decades and widespread application in recent years, FACTS controllers have established itself as a proven and mature technology. The operational flexibility and controllability that, FACTS have to offer will be one of the most important tools for the system operator in the changing utility environment. In view of the various power system limits, FACTS provides the most reliable and efficient solution. Application of FACTS for improvement of ATC, also help to better utilization of the existing transmission resources, where the utilities are facing the problem of transmission expansion, because of the more stringent environmental constraints. This all indicates that there is a great potential for its application in the years to come. The sensitivity index is proposed to determine the optimal location of FACTS devices in deregulated power system. Two different types of devices like TCSC, TCPAR have been presented and analyzed to enhance the Available Transfer Capability. The simulation results show that, the determination optimal location gives the best results. Further, these methods are practical and easy to be implemented in the deregulated power system
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1805http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18051. Richard D. Christie, Bruce F. Wollenberg, and Ivar Wangensteen, “Transmission Management in the Deregulated Environment”, IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 88, No. 2, February 2000, pp. 175-190.
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4. G. Wu, A. Yokoyama, J. He, and Y. Yu, “Allocation and control of FACTS devices for steady-state stability enhancement of large-scale power system,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, vol.1, August 1998, pp. 357-361.
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9. S.N. Singh, A.K. David, “Optimal Location of FACTS Devices for Congestion Management”, Elsevier Science, Electric Power System Research 58 (2001), pp. 71- 79.
10. R.Mohamad Idris, A.Khairuddin, M.W.Mustafa”Optimal Allocation of FACTS Devices in Deregulated Electricity Market Using Bees Algorithm” Wseas Transactions on Power Systems
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25TechnologyPRIVACY-PRESERVING UPDATES TO ANONYMOUS AND CONFIDENTIAL DATABASES USING CRYPTOGRAPHY WITH ARM
English6266Vanitha.TEnglish Judeth DeborahEnglish G.S.SooriyaEnglish Aruna.VEnglishDatabases represent an important asset for many applications but their security is crucial. Today scenario there is an increased concern for privacy and confidentiality. Databases recording a variety of information about individuals which will be maintained by database owners and users respectively. If Alice owns a Kanonymous database and needs to determine whether her database, when inserted with a tuple owned by Bob, is still k-anonymous. Also, suppose that access to the database is strictly controlled, allowing Alice to directly read the contents of the database breaks the privacy of Bob. (e.g., a patient?s medical record). Thus,
the problem is to check whether the database inserted with the tuple is K-anonymous, without letting Alice and Bob know the contents of the tuple and the database respectively. To preserve and secure this database and its updates cryptography is used. In this paper, the existing cryptography is software based. The proposed system is hardware and software based using ARM processor. This system provides protection against brute force rewind attacks, offline parallel attacks, and other cryptanalysis attacks.
EnglishPrivacy, anonymity, data management, secure computation.INTRODUCTION
Today data confidentiality is particularly relevant because of the value, often not only monetary, it also preserve the updates .For example, medical data collected by following the history of patients over several years may represent an invaluable asset that needs to be adequately protected. Such a requirement has motivated a large variety of approaches aiming at better protecting data confidentiality and data ownership. Relevant approaches include query processing techniques for encrypted data and data watermarking techniques. Data confidentiality is not however the only requirement that needs to be addressed. Although confidentiality and privacy are often used as synonyms, they are different concepts: data confidentiality is about the difficulty (or impossibility) by an unauthorized user to learn anything about data stored in the database. Usually, confidentiality is achieved by enforcing an access policy, or possibly by using some cryptographic tools. Privacy relates to what data can be safely disclosed without leaking sensitive information regarding the legitimate owner [3]. There are many ways to perform data anonymization. We only focus on the k-anonymization approach [4], [5]. To better understand the difference between confidentiality and anonymity, consider the case of a medical facility connected with a research institution. Suppose that all patients treated at the facility are asked before leaving the facility to donate their personal health care records and medical histories (under the condition that each patient?s privacy is protected) to the research institution, which collects the records in a research database. To guarantee the maximum privacy to each patient, the medical facility only sends to the research database an anonymized version of the patient record. Once this anonymized record is stored in the research database, the nonanonymized version of the record is removed from the system of the medical facility. Thus the research database used by the researchers is anonymous. Addressing the problem of privacy via data anonymization, One well-known technique kanonymization is used [4], [5]. Such technique protects privacy by modifying the data so that the probability of linking a given data value. The problem arises when data stored in a confidential, anonymity-preserving database need to be updated. The operation of updating such a database, e.g., by inserting a tuple containing information about a given individual, introduces two problems concerning both the anonymity and confidentiality of the data stored in the database and the privacy of the individual to whom the data to be inserted are related: (i) Is the updated database still privacypreserving? and (ii) Does the database owner need to know the data to be inserted? The two problems will be overcome by two protocols used in this existing paper. . Figure 1: Anonymous Database System
Problem Statement
Figure1 captures the main participating parties in our application domain. We assume that the information concerning a single patient (or data provider)is stored in a single tuple,and DB(Database) is kept confidentially at the server. The users in Figure 1 can be treated as medical researchers who have the access to DB. Since DB is anonymous, the data provider?s privacy is protected from these researchers. (Note that to follow the traditional convention, in Section 4 and later sections; we use Bob and Alice to represent the data provider and the server respectively.
The modification of the anonymous database DB can be performed as follows: In this paper, software based cryptography is existed. The basic concept used here is embedded cryptography. The objective is to design hardware and software based cryptography. The two parties Alice and Bob were considered as two ARM processors to provide the database and transfer the information. Another ARM also considered as intruder (Eve). Note that to assure a higher level of anonymity to the party inserting the data, we require that the communication between this party and the database occurs through an anonymous connection, as provided by protocols like Crowds or Onion routing [6]. Table1
Figure1 summarizes the various phases of a comprehensive approach to the problem of anonymous updates to confidential databases, while Table 1 summarizes the required techniques and identifies the role of our techniques in such approach.
Proposed Solutions
To create a hardware and software based cryptography. And also design hardware based cryptography. Encryption software executes an algorithm that is designed to encrypt computer data in such a way that it cannot be recovered without access to the key. Software encryption is a fundamental part of all aspects of modern computer communication and files protection and may include features like file shredding. The purpose of encryption is to prevent third parties from recovering the original information. This is particularly important for sensitive data like credit card numbers. Hardware Cryptography Figure 2: Typical cryptography hardware system Figure 2 shows the basic hardware cryptography system. This consists of two keys public key and private key (symmetric key). The keys are assigned to Alice and Bob respectively. Embedded cryptography is nothing but the cryptography is in built within the embedded system. It provides security for the embedded devices. [1], [2] Commonly there are lots of problems attacks on the embedded system such as brute force rewind attacks, offline parallel attacks, or other cryptanalysis attacks. This system handles two types of databases as suppression and generalization based databases. These databases are analyzed using the software as keil microvision with embedded C. It also preserves the updates of the database. In this, we have proposed the hardware to protect the updates of the databases and also preserve the privacy of the individual users of the database management. The figure 3 shows the various possible security boundaries for the embedded devices. The most possible security aspects are IPSec, firewall etc.,
Figure 3: Possible security boundaries
The unbreakable hardware cryptography is implemented in our paper. Almost all of the practical cryptosystems are theoretically breakable given the time and computational resources. However, there is one system which is even theoretically unbreakable. One-time pad requires exchanging key that is as long as the plaintext. However impractical, it is still being used in certain applications which necessitate very high-level security. Security of one-time pad systems relies on the condition that keys are generated using truly random sources.
Experimental Setup for Hardware
Cryptography.
The main basis of attacking a crypto server is based on development of a Database. The database is acquired through a separate experimental setup built around an embedded system with encryption algorithm. Fig 4 shows the experimental setup used for the acquisition of data base. The ARM crypto server is fed with known Input data, Encryption Algorithm and the key value from HOST using RS232 communication. The crypto server performs the encryption operation. During the encryption, HOST sends a command signal for verify that the route is free of unauthorized access. Logic Analyzer senses command from the HOST and sends the ACK to the HOST. Crypto Server also makes available the Encrypted output to the HOST. A database is created by the HOST combining the inputs and outputs received from crypto server and Logic Analyzer. The database is created for different samples of data sent from the HOST and the results generated by the crypto server and the Logic Analyzer is padded with the input data to form an entry into the database. The database created out of execution of several samples of data submitted through the HOST and the output obtained from Crypto Sever and the Logic Analyzer. Figure 4: Experimental setup
Advantages
Hardware-based encryption, when implemented in a secure manner, is demonstrably superior to softwarebased encryption. That being said, hardware-based encryption products can also vary in the level of protection they provide against brute force rewind attacks, offline parallel attacks, or other cryptanalysis attacks. Hardware-based encryption has other benefits for users. Software based encryption typically runs much more slowly than hardware-based encryption. Iron Key devices are specially optimized for highspeed data transfer, performing at the top of their class by reading data at up to 29 megabytes per second and writing data at 18 megabytes per second.
Architecture and Experimental
Results
Our prototype of a Private Checker (that is, Alice) is com-posed by the following modules: a crypto module that is in charge of encrypting all the tuples exchanged between a user (that is, Bob) and the Private Updater. Modules are represented along with labeled arrows denoting what information are exchanged among them. Note that the functionality provided by the Private Checker prototype regards the check on whether the tuple insertion into the k-anonymous DB is possible. We do not address the issue of actually inserting a properly anonymized version of the tuple.
Applications
The hardware based cryptography was designed to preserve the privacy of databases. It also maintains and protects the privacy of updates to databases. The hardware based encryption is implemented using ARM processor (LPC2148). The encryption consists of two keys such as public key and symmetric key. It is more securable than software based cryptography. The assumption of password and keys are impossible. It is applicable in maintaining databases in large organizations such as hospitals, large scale industries.
CONCLUSION
In this paper we have presented hardware based cryptography to preserve the privacy of individuals and database owners to maintain the two different updates suppression and generalization based approach. The implementation was done with the help of ARM processors. It provides security and confidentiality to the embedded devices. In hardware based cryptography the encryption will be done with the help of standard encryption techniques advanced encryption standard (AES). By using this encryption standard the data are updated and preserved in the database system.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1806http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18061. Cryptography using Arm processor, security and privacy, IEEE, issue date jan-feb 2006 volume: 5 issue 1.
2. The Hardware-based PKCS#11 Standard using the RSA Algorithm Latin America Transactions, IEEE (Revista IEEE America Latina) Issue Date: June 2009 Volume: 7 Issue: 2
3. E. Bertino, R. Sandhu. Database security - Concepts, approaches and challenges. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Com- puting, 2(1), 2005; 2– 19.
4. P.samarati.Protecting respondent?s privacy in microdata release.IEEE Transactions on knowledge and data engineering, vol.13, no.6, Pp.1010-1027 Nov/Dec 2001, UK, 2005.
5. L.Sweeney.K-anonymity: A model for protecting privacy international journal on uncertainty, Fuzziness and knowledge-based systems, 10(5), 557-570, 2002
6. M.Reed, P.Syverson, D. Goldschlag. Anonymous Connections and onion routing. IEEE journal of selected areas in communications, 16(4), 1998; 482-494
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareCORRELATION OF MATERNAL BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS WITH NEONATAL SEPSIS
English6772Deepti ShrivastavaEnglish Indradip BandyopadhyayEnglish N. S. TankhiwaleEnglish Swati ChavanEnglishBacterial vaginosis is a common disease found in pregnant women. Patients presented with white
discharge per vaginum are often victims of preterm labor. Babies of mother with excessive white
discharge mostly needed ICU admissions. Correlation of maternal infections, with neonatal sepsis was
suspected.
EnglishINTRODUCTION
The birth of a healthy child is a well orchestrated event that encompasses several facets including prenatal and perinatal factors. However it is not a rare event that the entire gestational period of 280 days is often confronted with innumerable risk factors that affect the birth of a healthy neonate. These factors could be maternal, fetal, placental or of idiopathic origin, of which maternal infection in the form of bacterial vaginosis (BV) is well documented (1). BV is a polymicrobial syndrome caused due to altered pH conditions of the vaginal niche. As a result the normal vaginal flora is replaced by anaerobic organisms. Commonly, the predominant lactobacillus gets replaced by a mixed population of Gardnerella vaginalis, Peptostreptococci, anaerobic gram negative bacilli, Mobiluncus, Provotella and Mycoplasma sp. causing chronic infection and vaginal discharges (2, 3).
BV during pregnancy has been associated with increasing risks of spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, premature birth, preterm premature rupture of the membranes, amniotic fluid infection, postpartum endometritis, and post-cesarean wound infections making the scenario alarming (4, 5). Furthermore increasing association of BV with preterm labor makes antenatal diagnosis of BV mandatory in pregnant women (6). Hence, considering the dreading sequel of events of BV, its association with the pregnancy/gestation is a matter of deep concern. Neonatal septicemia is a syndrome diagnosed by systemic signs of infection during the first month of life (7, 8). Sepsis is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality (30-70%) in India (9). Infection is usually acquired intrapartum or from the maternal birth canal and is transmitted before or during the birth process. Hence imbalance of the normal vaginal flora due to altered biochemical characteristics of the vaginal niche could serve as a potent risk factor causing neonatal infection. So the prospective study was undertaken to determine a probable correlation between BV in pregnancy and the fate of the neonate using sepsis as a monitoring index MATERIALS AND METHODS Study population A total of 100 pregnant women with different gestational stages of pregnancy positive for BV infection were selected as subjects. In parallel, 100 suitable healthy pregnant women without BV served as controls. The study was done in between the period from March 2010 to December 2011. The subjects were selected for the study at carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Microbiology of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AVBRH Sawangi (M), Wardha, as per the following selection criteria mentioned below: Inclusion criteria 1. Singleton pregnancy 2. Gestational age: two groups, between 28-36 weeks (preterm) and 36-40 weeks (full term). 3. Painful uterine contractions >2 in 10 minutes each lasting > 45 seconds. 4. Cervical dilatation 1 to 4 cm. 5. Cervical effacement >25% Exclusion criteria 1. Gestational age 4.5: vaginal pH was determined using pH indicator paper (range 2-10.5) with color scale. ii. Color and consistency: Thin grayish white homogenous iii. Whiff test (or Amine test): A few drops of 10 % KOH solution was added to the vaginal discharge, mixed and the emission of a strong fishy odor indicated a positive test. iv. Detection of clue cells in smear preparation: A wet smear preparation was done, stained with Gram stain and presence of more than 20 % clue cells was considered positive. Light microscopy of immediate wet mounts was done to identify different microbes. Nugent?s score is based on the gram staining of different vaginal morphotypes (11). Their number was enumerated based on the number visualized in oil immersion under 1000X magnification. The Nugent criteria score vaginal flora as normal (0- 3), intermediate (4-6) and BV (7-10) Detection of neonatal septicemia The study was performed in babies aged 0-28 days delivered from women diagnosed of BV during pregnancy (12, 13). In parallel, babies from healthy women served as control. A detailed history including the age, sex, birth weight, gestational age and manifestations of clinical septicemia was noted. Subsequently, routine blood culture investigations for diagnosis of infection were performed (14, 15). In brief, blood (4 mL) was drawn in sterile syringe after skin preparation by 2 step process. The organisms were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods. Culture was monitored for 1-7 days respectively and the observation was correlated with BV, the associated maternal risk factor of the study. Statistical analysis Values show the means ± SD of triplicate results from single representative experiments. Three independent experiments were routinely carried out for each assay. Student's t test was used to determine the level of statistical significance. PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1807http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18071. Rao PS, Devi S, Shriyan A, Rajaram M, Jagdishchandra K. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in a rural setup: comparison of clinical algorithm, smear scoring and culture by semiquantitative technique. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2004 Jan-Mar; 22(1):47-50.
2. Hilmarsdottir I, Hauksdottir GS, Johannesdottir JD et al. Evaluation of a Rapid Gram stain interpretation method for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44 (3):1139-40.
3. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R. Bacterial vaginosis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009 Nov; 7(9):1109-24.
4. Mastrobattista JM, Bishop KD, Newton ER. Wet smear compared with Gram stain diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2000 Oct; 96(4):504-6.
5. McGregor JA, French JI. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2000 May; 55(5 Suppl 1):S1-19.
6. Chawanpaiboon S, Pimol K. Bacterial vaginosis in threatened preterm, preterm and term labour. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 Dec; 93(12):1351-5.
7. Manzoni P, Rizzollo S, Decembrino L, Ruffinazzi G, Rossi Ricci A, Gallo E, Stolfi I, Mostert M, Stronati M, Farina D. Recent advances in prevention of sepsis in the premature neonates in NICU. Early Hum Dev. 2011 Mar; 87 Suppl 1:S31-3. Epub 2011 Jan 19.
8. Sankar MJ, Agarwal R, Deorari AK, Paul VK. Sepsis in the newborn. Indian J Pediatr. 2008 Mar;75(3):261-6.
9. Vinodkumr CS, Neelagund YF, Kalsurmath S, Banapurmath S, Kalappannavar NK, Basavarajappa KG. Perinatal risk factors and microbial profile of neonatal septicemia:A multicentred study. J Obstet Gynecol India, 2008, 58(1):32-40.
10. Coppolillo EF, Perazzi BE, Famiglietti AM, Cora Eliseht MG, Vay CA, Barata AD. Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis during Pregnancy. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2003 Apr; 7(2):117-121.
11. Hapsari ED, Hayashi M, Matsuo H. Clinical characteristics of vaginal discharge in bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by Nugent's criteria. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 33(1):5-9.
12. Tallur SS, Kasturi AV, Nadgir SD, Krishna BV. Clinicobacteriological study of neonatal septicemia in Hubli. Indian J Pediatr 2000 Mar;67(3):169-74.
13. Zakariya BP, Bhat V, Harish BN, Arun Babu T, Joseph NM. Neonatal sepsis in a tertiary care hospital in South India: bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Indian J Pediatr. 2011 Apr; 78(4):413-7.
14. Kumhar GD, Ramachandran VG, Gupta P. Bacteriological analysis of blood culture isolates from neonates in a tertiary care hospital in India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2002 Dec; 20(4):343-7.
15. Bawa KS, Mathai S. Newer concepts and management of neonatal sepsis. MJA FI 2002, 58:138-42.
16. Lott JW. Neonatal bacterial sepsis. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2003 Mar;15(1):35-46.
17. Chawanpaiboon S, Pimol K. Bacterial vaginosis in threatened preterm, preterm and term labour. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 Dec; 93(12):1351-5.
18. Das TR, Jahan S, Begum SR, Akhtar MF. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery. Mymensingh Med J. 2011 Jan; 20(1):115-20.
19. Hoyme UB, Huebner J. Prevention of preterm birth is possible by vaginal pH screening, early diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis or abnormal vaginal flora and treatment. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2010; 70(4):286-90. Epub 2010 Oct 16.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareEDGE SLOT SPIRAL MULTIBAND ANTENNA
English7378P. Rakesh KumarEnglish B.T.P.MadhavEnglish V. Ravi Sekhara ReddyEnglish CH.Pulla RaoEnglish G.Venkata RaoEnglishIn this paper we designed single fed edge slot spiral multiband antenna for wireless communication applications. The multiband is achieved by cutting the planar patch on its four sides of edges and spiral shape on the center of the patch. The current antenna is resonating at three different frequencies with high gain and moderate input impedance bandwidth. The antenna was designed using commercial Ansoft HFSS and simulated results of return loss, input impedance smith chart, gain, radiation patterns and field distributions are presented in this current paper
EnglishEdge slot, Spiral, Multiband, Input impedance bandwidth.INTRODUCTION
In recent years, many works have been done to design and develop small-sized, simplefabricated, highly integrated multi-band antennas in terms of multisystem application for mobile or wireless terminals. Multiband Antennas are very desirable for current wireless applications as they can cover multiple frequencies using a single antenna. Moreover, modern wireless communication systems relying on multiband reconfigurable antennas are becoming more popular for their ability to serve multiple standards and applications using a single compact antenna allowing a reduction in the dimensions of the wireless device and more space to integrate other electronic components [1-4]. Reconfigurable antennas can be classified into three different categories. The first category is based on frequency reconfigurability. The aim is to tune the operating frequency of the antenna and to have a single multifunctional antenna in a small terminal for many applications. The second category is based on pattern reconfigurability, where the frequency band remains unchanged while the radiation pattern changes based on system requirements. The third category is based on polarization reconfigurability, where the polarization is switched from linear to circular and from left hand (LHCP) to right hand (RHCP) circular [5- 6].
Figure 1 shows the antenna model generated using HFSS. Log spiral and log periodic antennas generally resonate at multiple frequencies and in this case we designed one spiral model with slot edges on the four sides of the patch. Coaxial feeding is chosen for the current case and perfect impedance matching is obtained. The total dimension of the antenna is about 50x50x2mm.
ANTENNA GEOMETRY:
Antenna is designed on RT-Duroid substrate with relative permittivity of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.009. Patch dimension along x-axis is 19.8mm and along y-axis it is 15 mm. substrate thicknesses of 2mm, substrate dimension along x-axis and y-axis of 50mm. feed position along y-axis is of 5mm distance from centre. On four sides of the patch the slot length and width of 1.5mm. The inner distance between spiral slot faces are of 2mm. coaxial inner radius of 0.4mm and feed length of 4.2mm.
The voltage at the input port location is computed from the Ez field components at the feed point over the entire simulation time interval. The current at the feed point is calculated from the H field values around the feed point using Ampere?s circuital law. The input impedance of the antenna is computed as Zin (w) = FFT (Vn , P)/FFT (In-1 , P) Since microstrip line is modeled using Leubber?s staircase approach, the internal impedance of source resistance Rs is taken as the characteristic impedance (Z0) of microstrip line. Return loss in dB, S11 = 20 log10Γ(ω) The return loss computed in the above process is processed for extracting the fundamental resonant frequency and 2:1 VSWR bandwidth corresponding to the -10 dB return loss. The return loss obtained for three cases are presented in the figure (2). The antenna is resonating at three different frequencies with moderate return loss of -16.6, -19.7 and -27.29dB respectively at 4.3, 6.9 and 8.8GHz.
Figure (3) shows the input impedance smith chart for all the three models of serrated triangular toothed antennas. The input impedance at the feed of the antenna is Z = R+jX = V I Eavt I where Eav is the average value of the electric field at the feed point and I is the total current. The input impedance is complex and involves a resistive and reactive part. The resistive and reactive components vary as a function of frequency and are symmetric around the resonant frequency. For a probe fed circular patch, the input impedance with near resonance can be represented as a function of frequency and feed location as, Zin(f, P) = Rin(f, P)+jXin(f, P) The input resistance at resonance varies with radial distance P from the centre of the patch as, Rin(f = fr , nm, P) = Rr(P) = Redge Jn 2 (kPo a aeff ) Jn 2 (ka) The input impedance of a rectangular patch and feed location expressed as the functions of frequency and feed location (xo, yo) as, Zin(f, xo) = Rin(f, xo)+jXin(f, xo)
Figure 4 shows the gain of the antenna in three dimensional view. Figure 5 shows the antenna co-polarization and cross polarization radiation pattern in polar coordinates. The radiation pattern at 6.9 and 8.8 GHz are slightly Omni directional, but radiation pattern for 4.3 GHz is quasi Omni directional for co-polarization. In the case of cross polarization at 6.9 and 8.8 GHz, the radiation pattern is somewhat better compared with 4.3 GHz. Figure 6 shows the antenna E-field, H-field and current distribution plots in three dimensional view. Table 1 shows the antenna additional parameters and maximum field data at all the resonating frequencies. Peak gain, peak directivity, radiated power, incident power, accepted power and radiation efficiency values are presented.
CONCLUSION
Edge slot spiral multiband antenna was designed and simulated results are presented in this paper. The current antenna is resonating at 4.3, 6.9 and 8.8 GHz respectively with considerable gain and bandwidth. The radiation efficiency is showing 0.99 at all three resonating frequencies of the antenna. The radiation pattern shows the Omni directional patterns in its entire range. The field distributions presented in this paper is showing the applicability of this antenna at appropriate frequency range of applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors like to express their thanks to the management of LBRC Engineering and Department of ECE, K L University for their continuous support and encouragement during this work. Especially authors like to express their thanks to Koneru Satyanarayana garu, Chancellor, K L University for providing Excellent R&D facilities at KLU for the completion of this work.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1808http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18081. B.T.P.Madhav, Prof VGKM Pisipati, N.V.K Ramesh, K.V.Sundeep, Y.Joseph Manoj Reddy, N.Srinivas Sri Chaitanya, N.Krishna Chaitanya, “Ultra Wideband Log-periodic Trapezoidal Antenna on K15 LC-Substrate Material”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011.
2. B.T.P.Madhav, VGKM Pisipati, K.Sarat Kumar, K.V.L.Bhavani, VGNS Prasad, K.Praveen Kumar, M.Ravi Kumar, “Logperiodic Toothed Planar Antenna on LCP for Ultra Wide Band Application”, IJAEST”, Vol 5, issue 1, pp 62-66, March 2011
3. B.T.P.Madhav, M. Ravi Kumar, P. Syam Sundar, S. Nagarani, Ch. Ravi Kishore, A. Prudhvi raj, “Teflon Substrate based Multiband Planar Log-Periodic Antenna”, International Journal of Computer Information Systems, ISSN 2229 5208, Vol. 3 , No. 2, 2011, 127-130.
4. H. F. AbuTarboush, R. Nilavalan, H. S. AlRaweshidy and D. Budimir, "Reconfigurable Dual-band and Wideband Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications," Antennas and Propagation Conference, Loughborough, LAPC 2009.
5. A. C. K. Mak, C. R. Rowell, R. D. Murch and Chi-Lun Mak, "Reconfigurable Multiband Antenna Designs for Wireless Communication Devices," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 55, pp. 1919-1928, 2007.
6. SeongTae Jeong; Bum-Jin Cho; Yong-Soo Kwak; JoonHo Byun; Kim, A.S.; “Design and analysis of Multi-band antenna for mobile handset applications” Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009. APSURSI '09. IEEE1-5 June 2009 Page(s):1 - 4J.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25TechnologyA COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON IMPACTS OF MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LIVING CELLS
English7986Swapnil TiwariEnglish Ashish JainEnglish Sughosh M RaoEnglish Abhinav RameshEnglish Himanshu KaraiyaEnglish Shailendra Pratap SinghEnglish Bharat KhannaEnglishThe concept and understanding the effects of microgravity on the functions of living cells (both
eukaryotic and prokaryotic) is important as it accounts for the safety and health of astronauts during space flight. It?s a fundamental question regarding the evolution of terrestrial life that how cells sense gravity and adapt in its absence and the mechanism of general mechanosensory responses of all living organisms. Other molecular organizations are also altered in the microgravity environment. The mass and architecture of the skeletal system adapt, to some extent, also influenced by their mechanical environment. Biochemical data of astronauts and histomorphometric analysis of rat bones show that the change in bone mass formation appears to be due in part to decreased osteoblast differentiation, matrix maturation and mineralization. Most of the microgravity researches on plant cells are concentrated on their cell root growth pattern, development of cell wall and gene regulation pattern. Most of the researches on plant cells have been done on Arabidopsis thaliana. Each of these studies has been found very important applications in space researches as well as for the future design of
materials on earth.
EnglishHistomorphometric, Osteoblast, Mechanosensory, MicrogravityINTRODUCTION
Gravity is a force that governs the motion throughout the universe. It holds us to the ground, and it keeps the moon in orbit around Earth and Earth in orbit around the sun. The nature of gravity was first described by Sir Isaac Newton, more than 300 years ago 1 . Gravity is the attraction between any two masses, most apparent when one mass is very large (like Earth). The acceleration of an object toward the ground caused by gravity alone, near the surface of Earth, is called "normal gravity," or 1g. This acceleration is equal to 32.2 Ft. /sec2 (9.8 m/sec2 ). The condition of microgravity comes about whenever an object is in free fall. Objects in a state of free fall or orbit are said to be weightless. Microgravity allows new materials to be developed which cannot be made on Earth due to gravity. These new materials can be used to speed up future computers, reduce pollution, improve fiber optics, and enable medical breakthrough to cure diseases. It is best illustrated by astronauts floating in their spacecraft. They are floating because they are in a microgravity environment. Besides astronauts, many people experience microgravity every day by riding roller coasters or jumping off diving boards. It is the "free fall" period of these activities when the microgravity occurs and of course only lasts for a short period of time. All major physical components of gravity can have important effects on cell function. For instance, compression due to hydrostatic pressure, can affect the internal load-bearing structure of the cell (actin, microfilament, and microtubule cytoskeleton) making it more or less resistant to compression. Altered gene expression, reduction in transcription factors and a reduction in growth factor related proteins have been observed in microgravity. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that cell growth and differentiation of osteoblasts is inhibited or altered in the microgravity environment 2 . Cytoskeletal changes in actin, intermediate filament and microtubule networks have been found in microgravity as well. In the further sections of this review microgravity and its effects have been described19-22 .
HOW IS MICROGRAVITY ACHIEVED?
In a practical sense, microgravity can be achieved with a number of technologies, each depending upon the act of free fall. Microgravity can be created in two ways. Because gravitational pull diminishes with distance, one way to create a microgravity environment is to travel away from Earth. To reach a point where Earth's gravitational pull is reduced to one-millionth of that at the surface, you would have to travel into space a distance of 6.37 million kilometers from Earth (almost 17 times farther away than the Moon). This approach is impractical, except for automated spacecraft, since humans have yet to travel farther away from Earth than the distance to the Moon. However, a more practical microgravity environment can be created through the act of free fall (20).For research; microgravity is obtained by five methods 3 .
1. 1. Drop tower: The payload is simply dropped off the top of the tower and allowed to fall. This can provide 25 seconds of microgravity at a cost of pennies per pound.
2. 2. Sounding rocket: The rocket goes up and comes down in the same general vicinity, never getting into orbit. Today's sounding rockets can provide between 3 to 9 minutes of microgravity. A sounding rocket can do much better, with a maximum duration of a quarter of an hour and microgravity that can be as low as 0.00001 g - one hundred-thousandth of Earth normal.
3. Airplane flying parabolas: The semi-famous example is the NASA Vomit Comet which is also used to train astronauts to work in a microgravity environment. This method can provide 25 seconds of microgravity at a cost in the range of a few dollars per pound.
4. Space Shuttle or International Space Station: Days of microgravity can be achieved. The cost for putting a payload in orbit with the Space Shuttle is $10,000 per pound. Once available, the estimated cost for having commercial payloads on the International Space Station is $15,000 per pound.
5. Slowly spinning an object: This is not a true microgravity environment but simulates microgravity in certain processes. Those processes must have slow reaction times such as many biological processes. The axis of rotation must be parallel to the ground and only provides benefits in certain applications.
A common misconception is that gravity disappears when in low earth orbit (LEO), like the International Space Station. This is not the case. LEO is not far away enough from the Earth's surface to have decreased gravity - in fact, gravity there is similar to its intensity on the surface4 .
The weightless effect is only caused because the objects on the space station and that space station are in constant free fall.
Microbial Growth Kinetics Under Conditions of Microgravity
Microbial Growth Kinetics under Conditions of Microgravity-4 (Biokin-4) will determine the characteristics of bacterial growth kinetics under microgravity conditions to develop a system for the removal and complete oxidation of gaseous and airborne contaminants originating in confined atmospheres with the use of microorganisms in order to purify and recycle air in manned space aircraft. Water and air are essential raw materials for manned space missions. Recycling of these materials is one of the biggest challenges in the further space exploration. The application of biotechnological techniques with as ultimate goal a fully closed ecological life support system is seen as the only solution5. The principle of the Biological Air Filter (BAFsystem) is based on a support/sorbent membrane material colonized by selected micro-organisms in a near resting state, oxidizing the various contaminants. Two experimental BAF modules have already been designed, constructed and successfully tested. Laboratory experiments with the experimental models showed a high efficiency for the removal of the selected contaminants and demonstrated a good potential for space application. Main objective of the presented work is the determination of the influence of the space environment on the growth-kinetics of the biodegradation of the air-contaminant 1, 2-dichloroethane by micro-organisms at the degradation of organic volatile contaminants. The overall growth rate that the bacterial cells can reach depends on 1) the prevalent substrate concentration(s), 2) a cascade of biochemical reactions involved in the metabolism of the substrate, including the uptake and transport of the substrates, and 3) the kinetic properties of the enzymes involved in these reactions, and 4) the prevailing environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH and for instance the absence or presence of gravity. In the space where sedimentation of the bacterial cells is absent, it is thought that concentrations of physiologically important cellular metabolites will leak out of the bacterial cells. In the absence of gravity the cells will remain in close proximity to these excreted or diffused metabolites, leading to little energy loss. In the presence of gravity (1 g) the cells will sediment away from these metabolites leading to energy loss. Therefore it is hypothesized that bacterial cells modify their micro-environment in such a way resulting in (i) increased maximum specific growth rates/ substrate degradation rates in space as compared to growth on Earth, (ii) increased substrate affinities in space as compared to growth on Earth, (iii) increased molar cell yields in space as compared to growth on Earth and (iv) higher concentrations of excreted (by) products or metabolites on Earth as compared to growth in space 6 .
The Effect of High Level Radiation on DNA Reparation Mechanisms in Microgravity Conditions
To study the influence of microgravity on radiobiological processes in space, space experiments have been performed, using an onboard 1×g reference centrifuge as an in-flight control. The trajectory of individual heavy ions was localized in relation to the biological systems by use of the Biostack concept, or an additional high dose of radiation was applied either before the mission or during the mission from an on-board radiation source 7, 8. In embryonic systems, such as early developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster and Carausius morosus, the occurrence of chromosomal translocations and larval malformations was dramatically increased in response to microgravity and radiation. It has been hypothesized that these synergistic effects might be caused by an interference of microgravity with DNA repair processes. However, recent studies on bacteria, yeast cells and human fibroblasts suggest that a disturbance of cellular repair processes in the microgravity environment might not be a complete explanation for the reported synergism of radiation and microgravity. As an alternative explanation, an impact of microgravity on signal transduction, on the metabolic/physiological state or on the chromatin structure at the cellular level, or modification of self-assembly, intercellular communication, cell migration, pattern formation or differentiation of the tissue and organ level should be considered 9 .
The Effect of Microgravity on Plant Cell Walls, Root Growth Patterns and Gene Regulation
The studies concentrated on the effects microgravity has on plant cell walls, root growth patterns and gene regulation within the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The plant cell then detects the position of the statoliths and directs root cellular proliferation (growth) in that direction (gravitropism). Each of the studies has future applications on Earth and in space exploration10. The use of plants to provide a reliable oxygen, food and water source could save the time and money it takes to resupply the International Space Station (ISS), and provide sustainable sources necessary to make long-duration missions a reality. The molecular mechanism for the signal transduction of the gravity information in plants is still not well understood, even though this is one of the clearer examples of a biological gravity sensor. However, before plants can be effectively utilized for space exploration missions, a better understanding of their biology under microgravity is essential. Kennedy partnered with the three groups for four months to provide a rapid turnaround experiment opportunity using the BRIC-16 in Discovery's middeck on STS-131 and while research takes time, the process was accelerated at the end of the Space Shuttle Program neared. Kiss and his group found that roots of spacegrown seedlings exhibited a significant difference compared to the ground controls in overall growth patterns in that they skewed in one direction. Their hypothesis is that an endogenous response in plants causes the roots to skew and that this default growth response is largely masked by the normal gravity experienced on Earth's surface. Robert Ferlm, focused on comparing patterns of gene expression between Arabidopsis seedlings and undifferentiated Arabidopsis cells, which lack the normal organs that plants use to sense their environment -- like roots and leaves. Paul and Ferl found that even undifferentiated cells "know" they are in a microgravity environment, and further, that they respond in a way that is unique compared to plant seedlings. Elison Blancaflor, at the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, discovered that plant genes encoding cell-wall structural proteins were significantly affected by microgravity. Blancaflor has now extended his findings from BRIC-16 to generate new hypotheses to explain basic plant-cell function. For example, the BRIC-16 results led the Noble Foundation team to identify novel components of the molecular machinery that allow plant cells to grow normally. According to Levine, plants could contribute to bio regenerative life support systems on long-duration space missions by automatic scrubbing carbon dioxide, creating oxygen, purifying water and producing food 10, 11.
The Effect of Microgravity on Morphology and Gene Expression of Osteoblasts
Bone is a multifunctional organ and has to fulfill two main functions: the provision of mechanical integrity for both locomotion and protection, and the involvement in the metabolic pathways associated with mineral homeostasis. Mechanical factors are essential for the maintenance of skeletal integrity 12 .
Spaceflight-Induced Alterations in Bone Metabolism of Humans and Rats
Skeletal unloading in humans and rats, as seen during spaceflight, induces a series of events in the bone, resulting in bone loss and compromised bone mechanical properties. It has been estimated that, in microgravity environment, on average about 1–2% of the skeleton is mobilized and lost each month. Bone mass changes are, however, site-specific rather than evenly distributed throughout the skeleton with the tendency that weight bearing bones are more affected by microgravity than non-weight-bearing bones. In addition, the duration of spaceflight and the level of bone remodeling before unloading also appeared to be factors able to modulate the bone response to microgravity. Although no pathological fractures have yet occurred, spaceflight-related bone loss may have potentially serious consequences in long-term spaceflight, especially because the recovery is a longlasting process, if at all possible. In normal bone there is equilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption. Recent biochemical data from astronauts confirmed the previous findings in rats that microgravity induces an uncoupling of bone remodeling between formation and resorption that could account for bone loss. All bone formation parameters (bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and type 1 procollagen propeptide) were decreased, whereas bone resorption markers (procollagen C-telopeptide, deoxypyridinolines) were increased when measured during flight. In conclusion, decreased osteoblast function likely plays an important role in the process of spaceflight induced bone loss 12, 13. One possible underlying mechanism is that the levels of systemic hormones or local growth factors are altered. On the other hand, osteoblasts themselves may be sensitive to altered gravity levels as has been shown for other cell types.
Effect of Mechanical Stimulation on the biology of bone-derived cells
An important aspect of osteoblast activity is the production of bone matrix during the process of osteoblast differentiation 12. Based on in vitro studies, osteoblast differentiation has been characterized as a process of sequential expression of the genes for collagen type I and alkaline phosphatase during the phase of matrix formation and maturation followed by gene expression for osteocalcin and osteopontin concurrent with the stage of mineralization.
Spaceflight-Related Alterations in Osteoblast Characteristics
A decreased osteoblast function is claimed to play a role in the process of spaceflight-induced bone loss. Recent experiments using several osteoblastic cell types show that cell morphology as well as gene expression of growth factors and matrix proteins are altered under microgravity conditions. Most of the studies refer to ground samples as controls. Ideally, an in-flight unit-gravity (1 g) centrifuge should be used as an internal control as described in certain experiments 12-14 . Effects of Microgravity on Cell Cytoskeleton and Embryogenesis Embryonic processes such as cell sorting, the intercalation and embryonic waves need to be studied in microgravity to see what changes occur and why. Despite the altered cell morphology and functions observed in many of the experiments performed in microgravity, embryos of some animal species Experiments that have been done with cells in microgravity show changes in morphology, cytoskeleton and function10-14, 15. Changes in cytoskeleton have been noted and studies on microtubules in gravity have shown that they are gravity sensitive. Further study of basic chemical reactions that occur in cells should be done to shed some light on the underlying processes leading to the changes that are observed in cells and embryos in microgravity can still develop into living organisms that are able to reproduce 15 .
Embryos in Microgravity
There have been many studies done on embryos in microgravity and a variety of species have been used. Comparing variations in embryo development over a broad range of species can be difficult. Each species has differing rates of development and has different sensitivities to perturbations in their environment. There have been difficulties studying development in microgravity in space when using the whole developmental period from fertilization to hatching. Experiments have been done on rats in microgravity but, due to a lack of standardization, it is difficult to compare results Rats were allowed to mate in a Cosmos 1129 biosatellite experiment and the females failed to become pregnant, although fertilization had occurred Human pregnancy is counter indicated by NASA with microgravity listed as one of the factors. The reasons for this are that microgravity “May have an impact on in utero embryonic development and reproductive physiology in both males and females as evidenced by animal studies” 15, 16 . Amphibian egg orientation in gravity is important to their survival. They are normally orientated yolk down and undergo cortical rotation of 30 degrees during development. Eggs that are rotated greater than 175 degrees from perpendicular show abnormal development.
Cytoskeleton Abnormalities and Genetic Changes, Gravitational fields and Cytoskeleton Organization
Cells rely on microtubules for their structure, the transport of organelles and for the process of cell division. Adhesion sites on the cell surface also incorporate microtubules and actin into their structure, a process that may influence cell-cell interactions. Intermediate filaments also determine cell shape and support the other cytoskeleton structures of microtubules and microfilaments. Cells respond to their environment within a three dimensional tissue structure. The number of adhesive structures in a cell and its resulting cell polarity may change the way it will behave. For instance cells that are not polarized are more likely to undergo apoptosis Microgravity has effects on both cell shape and cytoskeleton. Microtubules typically grow (polymerize) into long tubular polymers consisting of alpha- and beta-tubulin dimers bind together in a specific orientation. Microtubule polymerization is that of an out of equilibrium chemical reactiondiffusion process. The microtubules are continually forming and disintegrating so that when a microtubule depolymerizes it leaves behind components to build another microtubule 14, 15 . Tissue Engineering in Microgravity Treatment for organ-loss and tissue-loss problems due to disease and accident costs in excess of $400 billion a year. When we look at transplantation, there are tremendous shortages of the various tissues and organs that we use. Microgravity provides an advantageous environment because it gets gravity as a force out of the picture, allowing intercellular forces to be more evident or more effective23. If cells are not driven to sediment against a surface and are suspended in fluid, the attractive forces on molecules between those cells have a greater chance to act (Pellis,R; NASA Johnson space center). NASA scientists have developed a rotating culture vessel called a bioreactor that simulates a microgravity environment 16, 17.Also, the shear forces on the cells are very small, which is another advantage 18 . Nanobiotechnology Based Tissue Engineering in Microgravity has also shown promising future in this field.
CONCLUSIONS
Astronauts experience profound physiological changes as they adjust to the microgravity environment in space. We know that all physiological processes in the body are governed by the activity of diverse and specialized cells, which comprise the different tissues. Thus, spaceflight exerts its detrimental effects on astronauts via changes in cellular structure and or functions. Numerous studies have shown that all types of cells from many organisms behave differently in space than on Earth. Because there is a great diversity of cell types in nature, the effects of microgravity on those cells are extremely diverse and often complex.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose article are cited and included in reference of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1809http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18091. Susan J. Crawford-Young, “Effects of microgravity on cell cytoskeleton and embryogenesis Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,” Int. J. Dev. Biol. 50: 183-191 (2006)
2. Sherry D. Fleming, Linda S. Edelman, and Stephen K. Chapes Effects of Corticosterone and Microgravity on Inflammatory Cell Production of Superoxide, Journal of Leukocyte Biology 50:69-76 (1991)
3. B. Purevdorj-Gage, K. B. Sheehan, and L. E. Hyman “Effects of Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity on Cell Function, Gene Expression and Phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” Applied and Environmental Biology, 2006, p. 4569–4575 Vol. 72(7 ).
4. Geert Carmeliet1 and Roger Bouillon, (2009) “The effect of microgravity on morphology and gene expression of osteoblasts in vitro,” Advances in Space Research,45 (6): 752-760
5. Marlise A. Dos Santos, Cynthia Bosquillon, Thais Russomano, Alamelu Sundaresan, Felipe Falcão, Christopher Marriott, Ben Forbes, (2010) “Modelling the effects of microgravity on the permeability of air interface respiratory epithelial cell layers,” Advances in Space Research, 2010 46 (6): 712-718.
6. Elena M. Nedukha, “Effects of Microgravity on the Structure and Function of Plant Cell Walls,” International Review of Cytology, Academic Press, 1997, 170: 39-77.
7. M.A. Masini, P. Prato, L. Scarabelli, C. Lanza, S. Palmero, G. Pointis, F. Ricci, F. Strollo, “In vitro effects of simulated microgravity on Sertoli cell function,” Advances in Space Research, 2011, 47 (4) : 575-581.
8. Zhenming Zhou, Zandong Li, “Effect of microgravity on primordial germ cells (PGCs) in silk chicken offspring (Gallus gallus domesticus),” Advances in Space Research, 2011, 48(3): 450-456.
9. F. Yatagai, M. Honma et al., “Preliminary results of space experiment: Implications for the effects of space radiation and microgravity on survival and mutation induction in human cells,” Advances in Space Research, 2010, 49 (3): 479-486.
10. E.N. Grigoryan, H.J. Anton, V.I. Mitashov, “Real and simulated microgravity can activate signals stimulating cells to enter the S phase during lens regeneration in urodelean amphibians,” Advances in Space Research, 2006, Volume 38 (6), 2006: 1071- 1078.
11. Elizabeth L. Kordyum, “Biology of Plant Cells in Microgravity and under Clinostating,” International Review of Cytology, Academic Press, 1997, 171: 1-78.
12. Seicho Makihira, Yumi Kawahara, Louis Yuge, Yuichi Mine, Hiroki Nikawa, “Impact of the microgravity environment in a 3-dimensional clinostat on osteoblastand osteoclast-like cells”, Cell Biology International, 2008, 32 (9): 1176-1181.
13. Birgitt Bechler, Elisabeth Hunzinger, Otfried Müller, Augusto Cogoli, “Culture of hybridoma and friend leukemia virus transformed cells in microgravity”. Spacelab IML-1 mission, Biology of the Cell, 1993, 79 (1): 45-50
14. E.H Burger, J Klein-Nulend, “Microgravity and Bone Cell Mechanosensitivity,” Cell Biology International, 1998, 22 (5): 127S130S.
15. Bo Yu, Degang et al. (2011) “Simulated microgravity using a rotary cell culture system promotes chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the p38 MAPK pathway”, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 414 (22): 412-418.
16. Noushin Nabavi, Arian Khandani, Anne Camirand, Rene E. Harrison, “Effects of microgravity on osteoclast bone resorption and osteoblast cytoskeletal organization and adhesion”, Bone, 2011, 49 (5): 965-974.
17. G Carmeliet, G Nys, I Stockmans, R Bouillon, (1998) “Gene Expression Related to the Differentiation of Osteoblastic Cells Is Altered by Microgravity”, 22 (5): 139S143S,
18. Millie Hughes-Fulford, “Altered cell function in microgravity,” Experimental Gerontology, 1991, 26 (2): 247-256.
19. Stephanie Covey, NASA?s John F. Kennedy Space Center http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/ research/BRIC-16.html
20. “How to create Microgravity?” http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESATRRVRXLC _research_2.html
21. G.A. Casay, W. William Wilson, (1992) “Laser scattering in a hanging drop vapor diffusion apparatus for protein crystal growth in a microgravity environment”, Journal of Crystal Growth, 122 :(1)95-101.
22. Lei XH, Ning LN, Cao YJ, Liu S, Zhang SB, Qiu ZF, Hu HM, Zhang HS, Liu S, Duan EK.PLoS One. (2011) “NASAApproved Rotary Bioreactor Enhances Proliferation of Human Epidermal Stem Cells and Supports Formation of 3D Epidermis-Like Structure”. 6(11):e26603.
23. Tissue engineering in microgravity http://www.mainsgate.com/spacebio/Sptopic s/bi_resource/TissueEngineering.doc
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25General SciencesSEASONAL VARIATIONS OF AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH OVER INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
English8795T. Kiran KumarEnglish S. Vijay Bhaskar RaoEnglishAtmospheric aerosols are considered to be one of most complex and important parameter affecting the climate change. According to IPCC Scientific understanding of Atmospheric Aerosol forcing on climate change is very low. Estimating the impact of Atmospheric Aerosols on climate is very complex as they
differ in chemical composition and optical properties viz. Scattering and absorbing. Precipitation
phenomena is influenced by aerosols hence study of atmospheric aerosols over Indian sub continent is
necessary as the Indian economy is highly dependent on Monsoon rainfall. AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth)
from MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) onboard Terra and Aerosol Index (AI)
from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) onboard Aqua to study the seasonal variation of Aerosols. Study of Aerosols during Monsoon is highlighted to investigate their behaviour during this season. Aerosol loading is found to be more in the study region during Monsoon(June, July, August, September) and less in Post monsoon (October, November). Effect of Topography on Aerosol loading is observed and Aerosol loading is less over elevated regions. The COV (Coefficient of Variation of AOD is high over elevated regions showing high variability. High Aerosol Index over Arabian Sea and western India, and wind direction during monsoon indicates high aerosol loading transported through westerlies. This also supports the statement that the high values of AOD is not due to cloud contamination but due to presence of high amount of Aerosols and most of them are found to be transported from Arabian desert and Africa through Arabian sea.
EnglishINTRODUCTION
The Indian sub continent comprises of a wide range of weather across a large geographic scale and varied topography. India has extraordinary variety of climatic regions, viz. tropical wet and tropical dry in the south, semiarid in the central part of southern peninsular India, arid and semi arid regions in the west, temperate and cold winter climate near the Himalayas (Lohmann et al, 1993).
The region's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Indo Gangetic plain is the most densely populated region. The river Ganges is a perennial river, owing to this lot of polluting industries are established near by the river. Most of the thermal power stations are situated in this region due to the availability of water throughout the year (http://www.cpcb.nic.in , 2012). The North western part of India is also affected by dust plumes due to the presence of Great Indian Desert in Rajasthan and this dust is transported with wind to northern part of India.
Southern peninsular India is comparatively less polluted and the reason may be transport from and towards the water bodies surrounding it (Niranjan et al, 2008). The air quality is highly affected by the emission from the transportation vehicles, Industries and household cooking hence observations of atmospheric aerosols throughout the subcontinent are necessary. As the present ground based observation sites are limited, Satellite observations has to be used for studying the whole region. Seasonal variation of Atmospheric aerosols over India is taken up in this study using MODIS aboard Terra and OMI aboard Aura satellites. The economy of India depends heavily on agriculture and agriculture depends mainly on the monsoon rainfall which occurs in the period between June and September. Atmospheric aerosols over a region can affect precipitation [Ramanathan et al., 2001], and thus aerosol research is very important in the Indian context. Many groups are actively involved in the aerosol research in India with ground based as well as satellite observations. A review of aerosol measurements in India was described by Dey and Girolamo, (2010). Efforts have been put by different groups in India to measure Physical, Chemical and optical properties of atmospheric aerosols. We studied seasonal variation of aerosols over India using MODIS AOD and Aerosol Index from Ozone Monitoring Instrument. MODIS AOD is used for study of Aerosol loading over the region whereas Aerosol Index is used to study the absorbing aerosols.
DATA AND METHODOLOGY
The region, within 40° N and 5° N and 65°E and 99°E is selected for the study and it is subdivided into 7225 grids each of size 0.4° × 0.4°. Level 2 of Collection 5 MODIS aboard Terra AOD data for a period of Five years (2005-2010) has been used for this study (MODIS Website 2012).
The resolution of the actual data is 0.1° × 0.1° (approximately 10Km) at nadir (Satvencho et al 2004). The quality of MODIS AOD has been well documented by Levy et al. (2007), (2010) and Remer et al. (2005). The data has been separated for each season namely Summer (March, April and May), Monsoon (June, July, August and September), Post monsoon (October and November) and winter (December, January and February). AOD over each grid is averaged to represent the aerosol loading over the study region during that season. A statistical parameter 'Coefficient of variation (COV) is used to analyse the temporal variability of aerosol optical depth. COV is a ratio of standard deviation to the mean of the data set. COV normalizes the standard deviation and makes them comparable across the region.
COV of AOD is proportional to its variability over the region. NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data has been used to investigate the Relative Humidity and wind pattern over the study region. Relative humidity influences the size as well as life time of Aerosols and wind influences the amount of Aerosols through transportation.
Aerosol Index (AI) from Ozone Monitoring Instrument aboard Aura satellite has been used to study the absorbing aerosols over the study region. OMI Aerosol index Level 2 data has been used for the study. The resolution of the data is 0.25° × 0.25°.Values of Aerosol Index greater than 0.5 indicates presence of absorbing aerosols. Negative values indicate non absorbing aerosols or clouds. Our objective in using AI data is to study absorbing aerosols. As Aerosol Index is retrieved in UV region, Absorbing aerosols can be detected even in the presence of clouds, snow and ice. In fact the retrieval will be more effective in presence of clouds (Torres et al, 2007, Manoj et al, 2010).
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
Climatology of Wind over the study region:
The 10 year (2001-2010) monthly mean Humidity and vector wind data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data available at a resolution 2.5 º x 2.5 º has been used in this present study to assess the aerosol loading in Indian region. The wind vectors over the study region for each month are plotted with humidity as background. During winter season (DJF) the winds are North easterlies and humidity is less over the central part of India, continuing up to the April month. During May and June the summer monsoon arrives with persistent south westerly?s, which bring a lot of moisture to the Indian subcontinent, resulting in high humidity (i.e., 90%) over south peninsular and central part of India. This continues up to the end of September. It is well known that the meridional circulation over the Indian region reverses direction from summer to winter. As the south west monsoon retreats from the Indian region, the north easterlies prevail over south peninsular India with the commencing of North east monsoon. During the month of October it is clearly noticed that the south westerly?s are slowly turned in to north easterlies prevailed over the southern peninsular India, and persists up to the month of December. In the month of October, high humidity is confined to southern peninsular i.e.70%, and slowly decreases as the NE monsoon recedes, which indicates fair weather.
Seasonal variation of Aerosol Optical Depth over India:
Seasonal variation of Aerosol optical depth is studied by plotting Aerosol optical depth over India in different seasons. All the AOD over the study period has been averaged to investigate the Average Aerosol loading over each region in the Indian Sub-continent. The Indian Sub-Continent has different geographic regions with many mountain ranges, Great Plains and plateaus. Figure.1 shows the mean AOD for the study period. The northern part of India, North Western India, Indo Gangetic plain and some of the eastern parts of India are found to have high AOD. The south peninsular India seems to have less AOD when compared to that of the North India and it may be due to the transport of Aerosols due to the Land-Sea winds. The population density is also more in North India when compared to that of the south (Census 2010) which may be contributing to high anthropogenic emissions. More number of industries and thermal power stations are concentrated in the North India. The topography of the indo Gangetic plain does not allow the aerosols to get transported easily (Himalayas on the North and Vindhya range on the south obstructing the wind to transport Aerosols).
The figure also shows that there is transport of dust from Rajasthan and other western parts of India (Pandithurai et al, 2008). Major part of Punjab, Chandigarh and Rajasthan also show high Aerosol content in par with that of IndoGangetic plain and this may be due to the transport of desert dust from the Great Indian Thar desert. Major part of Maharashtra, region around Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Jharkand show a moderate level of Aerosol Loading.
Interior parts of Kerala, Tamil-Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and major part of Karnataka are found to have less AOD but the coastal regions of the above said states have a moderate level of Aerosol loading and this may be due to the transport of Aerosols from the surrounding water bodies. The important finding is that the AOD seems to be related with the topography. Most of the elevated regions viz. Major part of Karnataka, southern Maharashtra, and western Andhra Pradesh show low AOD. This fact cannot be considered as an artefact as ground based AOD observations in those regions are agreeing with those of MODIS Ganesh et al 2008,2009; Saha et al 2005. The reason may be immediate transport due to winds at higher altitudes. The Aerosol optical depth over the oceans far away from the land has less AOD when compared to those nearer to the land indicating high Anthropogenic loading over the land. It is difficult to study the temporal variation of each location in the study region directly, hence we used a statistical parameter Coefficient of variation (Here after referred to as COV) to study the variability of Aerosol optical depth over the study region. As the COV represents the variability regions of high and low variability of AOD can be figured out. The IndoGangetic plain represents a region of low COV obviously as the region is loaded with aerosols throughout the year irrespective of the season. Most of the elevated regions show high COV indicating high variability of Aerosols over the region. This may be due to the quick transport of Aerosols due to the wind. This indicates that topography is also factor influencing the aerosol loading over a region and it cannot be considered as an artefact as topography is taken care in the MODIS algorithm (Levy et al, 2007) and ground based observations are agreeing with that of MODIS observations. Ganesh et al, 2008 and 2009 and Saha et al, 2005, have reported a maximum value of AOD as 0.327 over Mysore. Vinoj et al, 2004 have shown a high annual variability of aerosols for the period 2001 to 2003 over Bangalore. Singh et al, 2004 showed that the frequency distribution of AOD over Kanpur (located in Indo Gangetic plain) is almost similar in all seasons which indicate that aerosol variability is less and there is a constant source of aerosols in the region. High population density and more industries in this region are sources of aerosols. The aerosol optical depth is separated for each season viz. Summer (March, April and May), Monsoon (June, July, August and September), Post monsoon (October and November) and winter (December, January and February) and plotted separately (figure 3). During summer and Monsoon winds are westerlies. Hence the dust may be transported from the Arabian desert. We have plotted Aerosol index for different seasons for the same region to check whether they are due to high aerosol loading or presence of clouds. Aerosol Index can be measured even in the presence of clouds. Positive values of Aerosol Index indicate desert dust and we find Aerosol Index (Figure.4) is high over the north western part of India and Indo Gangetic plain during summer and monsoon. Hence it can be interpreted that large amount of dust is transported towards north India through the north western part of India. The Great Indian Desert is also a source of dust. This feature is not pronounced in post monsoon and winter. Hence most of the aerosols may be due to transport through wind and the wind direction from Figure.1 also strengthens this statement.
AOD is almost greater than or equal to 0.3 in the southern part of India. The Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal show high AOD during monsoon. AOD is more over Arabian Sea than over Bay of Bengal which supports the fact that aerosols during monsoon are brought by westerlies. High AOD during monsoon can also be attributed to presence of clouds. This doubt can be cleared by using the Aerosol Index data as it can be retrieved even in the presence of cloud and a cloudy sky will give a more amplified signal (Torres et al, 2007, Manoj et al, 2010).The Aerosol Index also found to be high in monsoons similar to that of AOD supporting MODIS observation of high AOD during monsoon. High Aerosol index values over the Northern India suggest the presence of absorbing aerosols in that region. In the summer north eastern part of India and Bay of Bengal show high AI values whereas north western part of India and Arabian Sea show high AI values during Monsoon.AI values are less in south peninsular India throughout the period of study. This may be due to transport from land to sea. The presence of Absorbing aerosols is evident as AI values are greater than 0.5 over a major region. High Aerosol Index over Arabian sea during Monsoon indicates the presence of dust (dust being Absorbing aerosol) Figure.3. shows that the sub continent is highly loaded with Aerosols in the monsoon when compared with other seasons. The Bay Bengal, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean seem to be highly loaded in the monsoon.
The Indo Gangetic plain and the north western part of India show high concentration of Aerosols throughout the year. It has considerable aerosol amount even in post monsoon where most of the Aerosols are supposed to be washed out by monsoon rainfall. This strengthens the fact that the aerosols are mainly due to the constant sources present in this region. The population density has increased in states like Bihar, West Bengal Orissa and Tamil Nadu when compared to that of 2001(Census, 2010).The cause for the high aerosol content is presence of industries, mainly coal based thermal power plants (http://www.cpcb.nic.in ,2011)., anthropogenic activity due to dense population.
CONCLUSIONS
Seasonal variations of Aerosol optical depth is studied over Indian Sub continent using MODIS AOD and OMI AI. Aerosol loading is more over North India when compared to that of South India. AOD is more in monsoons and less in winter for the whole study region. Aerosol Index is also high during monsoons which support the presence of high AOD as AI can be retrieved in the presence of clouds. Major part of Karnataka show low AOD throughout the year. In the summer and monsoon season AOD and AI are high and the winds are westerlies indicating the transport of dust from Arabian Desert and Africa. The Arabian Sea shows more AOD than that of Bay of Bengal which strengthens the above statement. AOD is less in winter and the winds are easterlies. As the land is far way from Indian region there is less transport towards India. AOD is less over the high altitude regions and the reason is immediate transport through winds as COV plot shows high variability of AOD over high altitude regions. Aerosol loading is less over elevated regions and the reason may be immediate transport due to wind.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors gratefully acknowledge the MODIS and OMI mission scientists and associated NASA personnel for the production of the data used in this research effort. One of the authors (T. Kiran Kumar) thanks Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Sciences for providing junior research fellowship and laboratory facilities for carrying out this work. Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1810http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18101. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) website, www.cpcb.nic.in/annualreport.php, Accessed on 26 April, 2012.
2. Dey, S., and Di Girolamo, L. (2010). Climatology of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over the Indian subcontinent from 9 years (2000–2008) of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data.J. Geophys. Res., 115(D15), 1- 22. doi: 10.1029/2009JD013395.
3. Ganesh, K. E. (2009). Aerosol Optical Thickness Measurements on Tsunami Day at a Continental Station, Mysore. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 9(1), 94-104. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2008.08.0035.
4. Ganesh, K. E., Umesh, T. K., and Narasimhamurthy, B. (2008). Site Specific Aerosol Optical Thickness Characteristics over Mysore. Quality, 8(3), 295-307.
5. Levy, R.C., Remer, L.A., Kleidman, R.G., Mattoo, S., Ichoku, C., Kahn, R., Eck, T.F., 2010, Global evaluation of the Collection 5 MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10:10399-10420. doi: 10.5194/acp-10-10399-2010
6. Levy, R.C., Remer, L.A., Mattoo, S., Vermote, E., Kaufman, Y.J., 2007, Secondgeneration algorithm for retrieving aerosol properties over land from MODIS spectral reflectance. J. Geophys. Res. 112:D13211. doi: 10.1029/2006JD007811
7. Lohmann, U., R. Sausen, L. Bengtsson, U. Cubasch, J. Perlwitz, and E. Roeckner (1993), The Koppen climate classification as a diagnostic tool for general circulation models, Clim. Res., 3, 177-193, doi:10.3354/cr003177.
8. Manoj, M. G., P. C. S. Devara, P. D. Safai, and B. N. Goswami (2010), Absorbing aerosols facilitate transition of Indian monsoon breaks to active spells, Clim. Dyn., 37(11-12), 2181-2198, doi:10.1007/s00382- 010-0971-3.
9. MODIS Website, 2012, Level 1 and Atmospheric Archive and Distribution System, LAADS, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/, Accessed on 26 April, 2012.
10. Niranjan, K., Sreekanth, V., Madhavan, BL., Devi, T.A., Spandana, B., 2008, Temporal characteristics of aerosol physical properties at Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India during ICARB –Signatures of transport onto Bay of Bengal. J. Earth. Syst. Sci. 117:421–427.
11. Pandithurai, G., S. Dipu, K. K. Dani, S. Tiwari, D. S. Bisht, P. C. S. Devara, and R. T. Pinker (2008), Aerosol radiative forcing during dust events over New Delhi, India, J. Geophys. Res, 113(D13), 1-13, doi:10.1029/2008JD009804.
12. Ramanathan, V., P. J. Crutzen, J. T. Kiehl, and D. Rosenfeld (2001), Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle., Science (New York, N.Y.), 294(5549), 2119-24, doi:10.1126/science.1064034.
13. Remer, L.A., Kaufman, Y.J., Tanre, D., et al., 2005, The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products and validation. J. Atmos. Sci. 62:947–973.
14. Saha, A., Moorthy, K.K., Niranjan, K., 2005, Interannual Variations of Aerosol Optical Depth over Coastal India: Relation to Synoptic Meteorology. J. Appl. Meteorol. 44,7,:1066-1077.
15. Savtchenko, A. Ouzounov, D., Ahmad, S., et al., 2004, Terra and Aqua MODIS products available from NASA GES DAAC. Adv. Space. Res., 34: 710–714.
16. Singh, R. P. (2004), Variability of aerosol parameters over Kanpur, northern India, J. Geophys. Res, 109(D23), 1-14, doi:10.1029/2004JD004966
17. Torres, O., A. Tanskanen, B. Veihelmann, C. Ahn, R. Braak, P. K. Bhartia, P. Veefkind, and P. Levelt (2007), Aerosols and surface UV products from Ozone Monitoring Instrument observations: An overview, J. Geophys. Res, 112(D24), 1-14, doi:10.1029/2007JD008809
18. Vinoj, V., S. K. Satheesh, S. Suresh Babu, and K. Krishna Moorthy (2004), Large aerosol optical depths observed at an urban location in southern India associated with rain-deficit summer monsoon season, Ann. Geophys., 22(8), 3073-3077, doi:10.5194/angeo-22-3073-2004.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareINFLUENCE OF ALTERNATE NOSTRIL BREATHING ON CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS AMONG HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS
English96100Prakash PatelEnglishObjectives: Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease. Multiple regulatory mechanisms contribute to the evolution of hypertension. The change of cardio respiratory function in hypertension is associated with increase central sympathetic output to heart and skeletal muscles and peripheral resistance. Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) consists of slow deep breaths using one nostril at a time. ANB can produce different physiological responses and modulate cardio respiratory and autonomic function. Therefore the research was conducted to find out the effect of ANB on cardio respiratory functions. Methods: The responses of ANB on cardio respiratory function were investigated in 30
hypertensive subjects. The subjects performed ANB exercise (15min. every day in the morning) for four weeks. Cardio-respiratory parameters were recorded thrice; before ANB, after 15min. (acute exposure) and following 4 weeks of training of ANB. Results: Comparison of Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), HR and RR responses were done using one –way ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were performed using post- hoc analysis- Bonferroni test. The P- value set at 0.01 levels for all the statistical tests. There is significant decrease in Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) after ANB in hypertensive subjects. When compared to baseline value (pEnglishHypertension, Alternate nostril breathing (ANB), Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), Heart rate (HR), Respiratory rate (RR).INTRODUCTION
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease. It is a major risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure.1 Hypertension commonly begins in young adulthood and occurs in 5 to 10% of people aged 20 to 30 years.
The incidence of hypertension continues with age and is found in 20 to 25% of middle aged adults and 50 to 60% of adults over 65 years of age. Males exhibit hypertension earlier than female.1, 2 Multiple regulatory mechanisms contribute to the evolution of primary hypertension. (1) Abnormal neuroreflex and sympathetic control of cardiac output (Q) and peripheral resistance, (2) Abnormal renal and metabolic control of vascular volume and compliance, and (3) Abnormal local smooth muscle and endothelial control of vascular resistace.1 The pumping effect of the heart is highly controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal) nerves, which abundantly supply the heart. The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute ie the cardiac output can often be increased more than 100 per cent by sympathetic stimulation. By contrast, it can be decreased more as low as zero or almost zero by vagal (parasympathetic) stimulation.3 Hypertensive patients have a significantly higher sympathetic response to central and peripheral stimulation and a significantly lower parasympathetic response when compared to normotensive controls.4 The evidence has been providing that activation of the sympathetic nervous system [1] is peculiar to the essential hypertension state. [2] Parallel the degree of blood pressure elevation.5 Strong sympathetic stimulation can increase the heart rate in adult humans to 180 to 200 and rarely even 250 beats per minutes in young people. Also, sympathetic stimulation increases the force with which the heart muscle contracts, therefore increasing the ejection pressure.
When the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is depressed below normal, this decreases both the heart rate and the strength of ventricular contraction, thereby decreasing level of cardiac pumping to as much as 30% below normal. Strong parasympathetic stimulation can decrease the strength of heart contraction by 20 to 30%.3 Arterial baroreflex play an important role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. During spontaneous variation of blood pressure, stimulation or deactivation of the arterial baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch causes reflex bradycardia and tachycardia, respectively at the vascular level, stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors result in sympathetic inhibition and, in consequence, reflex vasodilatation. In-contrast the deactivation of the arterial baroreceptors elicits sympathetic mediated vasoconstriction. All of these responses work in concert to maintain the BP levels in the reference range 6 A regulatory mechanism of respiratory function is complex process. It involves multiple components of both neural and chemical control and is closely integrated with the cardiovascular system. Multiple factors can alter normal, relaxed, effortless respiration. As with temperature and pulse, any influence that increases the metabolic rate also will increase the respiratory rate.7 Hypertension has been well documented as a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity; mortality and lowering blood pressure (BP) with antihypertensive drugs which can reduce this risk.8 The side effects and cost of antihypertensive drugs have stimulated the search for a non-pharmacological approach to control BP either as a first line or adjunctive treatment. Several studies have demonstrated that lifestyle modifications such as physical exercise, salt restriction and weight reduction can lower BP.8, 9 Relaxation and stress-relieving techniques such as yoga, meditation and biofeedback have also been shown capable of lowering BP.10 Sympathetic vasoconstriction will decrease air resistance allowing greater passage of air while parasympathetic vasodilatation will increase nasal resistance and will decrease the airflow. Thus alteration may reach a transition point where air flow may be transiently equal bilaterally.11 ANB affects brain hemisphere by alternately stimulating the right-brain and then the left-brain. This process is brought about by the action of the air flowing though the nostrils that stimulate the contra-lateral (opposite) side of the brain. It alters cardio respiratory and autonomic parameter.12
Slow and regular breathing elicits acutely a number of beneficial effects via the cardiovascular reflex control system, 13, 14 including increased heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity, BP reduction 15, 16and increase of oxygen saturation in chronic heart failure.17 The previous study was the influence of ANB on cardio respiratory and autonomic function in healthy young adults. These results suggest that in general there is a tilt towards parasympathetic dominance by ANB. This breathing may be a useful adjunct to medical therapy of hypertension and COPD.18
METHODOLOGY
In this experimental study, a total number of 30 hypertensive subjects of both sexes in the age group of 40 to 60 years were taken on the basis of inclusion criteria as follows:
Hypertensive subjects in age groups of 40 to 60 years (both Male and Female)
Blood pressure: systolic blood pressure 140 and diastolic blood pressure 100
The exclusion criterion is as follows: Renal, heart or liver failure, Recent cardiovascular event, Pulmonary disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Neuropathies, Alcohol consumption, Smokers, Use of anti-depressants and anti-arrhythmic
Procedure:
Each subject was allowed to participate in the study after he or she satisfied the inclusion criteria and given the written consent. The aim and objective of the study were explained to each of them. Instructions about the procedure were given to each enrolled subject as explained below. The procedure of ANB was explained and each subject was instructed to follow the same as follows.
Alternate Nostril breathing:
was done in sitting posture and subject followed the instructions given below. Bring the right hand up to the nose, fold the index and middle fingers so that the right thumb can close the right nostril and the ring finger can close the left nostril, than close right nostril by the right thumb, exhale completely through the left nostril. The exhalation should be controlled and free from exertion and jerkiness. At the end of the exhalation close the left nostril with ring finger, open the right nostril and inhale slowly and completely. Inhalation should be smooth, controlled and of the same duration as exhalation. Repeat this cycle of exhalation through the left nostril and inhalation through right nostril, exhale completely through the same nostril keeping the left nostril closed with ring finger. One exercise consisted of 3 cycles of exhalation through the left nostril and inhalation through the right nostril followed by 3 cycles of exhalation through the right nostril and inhalation through the left nostril and this was repeated for about 15 min.
Experimental protocol:
A baseline record of HR, MABP and RR were recorded on first day before starting ANB session. Then the subject was instructed to do ANB for 15 min (acute exposure) and all the variables were again recorded. After this schedule instruction was given to subjects to start practicing ANB (15 min daily) for 4 weeks. Variables were again recorded after completing their 4 weeks training. RR was recorded by palpating the movement of abdominal wall. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded by using standardize sphygmomanometer and stethoscope from brachial artery at elbow in supine position. Heart rate recorded beat to beat, continuously by non – invasive monitor, pulseoximeter, (L & T, STELLAR).The MABP was obtaining by using this formula: MABP = DBP + (1/3 SBP-DBP)
RESULTS
Findings show the MABP at baseline was 119.87 ± 5.11, after 15min.118.4 ± 4.9, after 4 wks 115.70 ±5.107. There is significant decrease from baseline to 4 wks on ANOVA, pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1811http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18111. Michael L. Pollock, Donald H. Schmidt. Heart disease and rehabilitation; ed-3 rd:343- 353.
2. Gifford, R.W, Kirkendall, W., O? connor, D.T, Weidman, W. AHA scientific council special report: Office evaluation of hypertension. Circulation. 1989; 79: 721- 731.
3. Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall. Text book of medical physiology; 9th edition.
4. Benjelloun H, Aboudrar S, Jroundi I, Benjelloun- Benani H, Coghlan L, Benomar M. Sympathetic response in primary hypertension. Ann cardiol angeiol (Paris). 2008 Jul 1
5. Grassi, Guido 1, 2. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in human hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. Dec. 1998; 16 (12) supplement: 1979-1987.
6. Chapleau MW, Li Z, Meyrelles SS, Xiuying MA, Abboud FM. Mechanism determining sensitivity of baroreceptors afferent in health and disease. Ann N Acad Sci. 2001; 940: 1- 19.
7. Susan B. O?Sllivan, Thomas J. Schmitz. Physical Rehabilitation: Assessment and Treatment; ed- 4 th: 71-97.
8. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157: 2413-2446.
9. Nonpharmacological approaches to the control of high blood pressure. Final report of the subcommittee on Nonpharmacological Therapy of the 1984 Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 1986; 8: 444-467.
10. Fahrion SL. Hypertension and biofeedback. Prim Care 1991; 18: 663-682.
11. Keuning J. On the nasal cycle. Int Rhinol. 1968; 99-139.
12. Stancak A. Jr, Kuna M. EEG changes during forced alternate nostril breathing. Int J Psychophysiol. 1994 Oct; 18(1): 75-9.
13. Daly M de B. Interactins between respiration and circulation. In: Fishman AP (ed). Handbook of Physiology. American Phsiology Society: Bethesda, 1986; pp 529-594.
14. Daly M de B. Aspects of the integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular system. In: Jordan D, Marshall J (Eds). Cardiovascular Regulation. Portland Press: Londan, 1995; pp 15-35.
15. Pitzalis MV et al. Effect of respiratory rate on the relationships between RR interval and systolic blood pressure fluctuations: a frequency-dependent phenomenon. Cardiovascular Res. 1998; 38: 332-339.
16. Novak V, Novak P, de Champlain J, Nadeau R. Altered cardio respiratory transfer in hypertension. Hypertension. 1994; 23: 104- 113.
17. Bernardi L et al. Effect of breathing rate on oxygen saturation and exercise performance in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1998; 351: 1308- 1311.
18. Srivastav RD, Jain N, Singhal A. Influence of alternate nostril breathing on cardio respiratory and autonomic function in healthy young adults. Indian J Physiol Pharmacology. 2005; 49: 475-83.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareEFFICACY OF CO2 LASER ON REMOVAL OF SMEAR LAYER - AN IN-VITRO STUDY
English101110T. SriramEnglish R. MythiliEnglish Kalpana GokulEnglish S. Senthil KumarEnglish B. AnuradhaEnglishAim: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of CO2 laser on the periodontally involved root surface, and to compare its efficacy with hydrogen peroxide, EDTA and citric acid on removal of smear layer. Methodology: 50 specimens from the proximal surface of periodontally involved extracted human teeth were used. Group A specimens received CO2 laser. Groups B, C and D were treated with 6% hydrogen peroxide, EDTA (pH 7.4), and citric acid (pH 1) respectively. The specimens were then scanned using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results: The CO2 laser was not able to remove the smear layer on the sites that were irradiated for 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 seconds at 3W power. Irradiation time of 0.8 seconds at 3W power was able to remove the smear layer, but the dentinal tubules were partially exposed. The surface irradiated for 1 second showed a flat appearance with many clear orifices of dentinal tubules. Irradiation time of 1.2 and 1.4 seconds produced surface charring and was totally ineffective in exposing the dentinal tubules. Hydrogen peroxide did not remove the smear layer completely. EDTA and citric acid were found to be effective in removing the smear layer and exposing the dentinal tubules, however the exposed dentinal tubules showed funnel shaped widening. Conclusion: Results suggest that CO2 laser produced increased exposure of dentinal tubules more effectively as compared to hydrogen peroxide, EDTA and Citric acid.
EnglishCO2 laser , per iodontal regenerat ion, Root biomodi f icat ionINTRODUCTION
A concerted effort has been made in the field of root conditioning to improve the outcome of regenerative periodontal therapies by favoring the attachment of the regenerated periodontal structures. Mechanical instrumentation like scaling and root planing leaves a smear layer, which inhibits cell re-attachment and can serve as a reservoir for microbial growth1 .Therefore, chemical conditioning of the roots is performed in order to remove the smear layer and to improve their biocompatibility.
After the removal of the smear layer, the dentinal tubules are exposed and these serve as chemo-attractants for periodontal fibroblasts2 . Apart from surgical options, various adjunctive agents have been applied to promote healing and further enhance clinical outcomes. These include root conditioners (e.g., citric acid, tetracycline HCI, EDTA, phosphoric acid, and hydrogen peroxide) 3 , enamel matrix proteins, recombinant human growth factors, platelet-rich plasma, and dentin bonding conditioner. In addition to chemical conditioning, the applicability of different laser systems such as CO2, Nd:YAG, diode and Er:YAG laser in the removal of the smear layer have been demonstrated4-9 . Only few reports exist on the use of CO2 laser for root conditioning. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of CO2 irradiation towards removal of smear layer on the periodontally involved root surface and to compare its efficacy with H2O2, EDTA and citric acid, using scanning electron microscope.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The study sample consisted of 50 single-rooted extracted teeth with hopeless periodontal prognosis showing an absence of caries and/or filling material with no hypoplastic defects.
Sample Preparation
Following extraction, teeth were washed with normal saline to remove blood and debris. The root surfaces were then scaled and root planed using hand curets to obtain a smooth hard surface. The test area on each tooth was the proximal surface. The specimens approximately 1 mm thick to the size of 5 mm 5 mm were sliced from the proximal region 3 mm apical to the cervical line using a water cooled high speed bur. The specimens were then washed and cleaned with normal saline.
Experimental Design
Specimens thus collected were divided into 4 groups randomly as below. Group A (35 specimens) was divided into 7 sub groups (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7) of 5 specimens each and irradiated with CO2 laser at different energy densities (0.2sec, 0.4sec, 0.6sec, 0.8sec, 1.0sec, 1.2sec, 1.4sec). Group B consists of 5 specimens treated with 6% hydrogen peroxide. Group C consists of 5 specimens treated with EDTA (pH 7.4). Group D consists of 5 specimens treated with citric acid (pH 1). Hydrogen peroxide, EDTA and citric acid of Groups B, C and D were rubbed vigorously on the prepared specimen using cotton pellets for 3 minutes. The pellets were changed every minute. Immediately after chemical treatment the specimens were rinsed thoroughly with normal saline. A CO2 laser with helium – neon laser guide(Aarvam medical systems, pondicherry, india ) was used for irradiation of the specimens at a measured power of 3 watts. Each subgroup of group A was exposed to laser irradiation for 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 seconds time intervals respectively.The specimens thus treated were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer at room temperature for 1 hour and then washed with the same buffer and post fixed in cacodylate buffered 1% osmium tetra oxide for 1 hour. The specimens were then etched with cacodylate buffer and dehydrated in a graded series of aqueous ethanol and finally were immersed in iso amyl acetate and dried. The specimens were then mounted on brass stubs and sputter coated with platinum for 2 minutes in sputter coater. All the specimens were examined under a scanning electron microscope and were photographed at X 3,500. magnification. The photographs were analyzed for the number and diameter of dentinal tubules exposed per 100 m 2 . The diameter of the dentinal tubules exposed was measured using a vernier calipers.
RESULTS
Mean and standard deviation of mean number and diameter of dentinal tubules exposed per 100 m 2 were estimated from the sample for each study Groups (Table 1 and 2). Mean values were compared by kruskel-Wallis and one way Anova. Mann Whitney u-test was employed to identify the significant Groups (Table 3 and 4).
Mean number of exposed dentinal tubules in Groups A4, A5, B, C and D were significantly higher than in Groups A1, A2, A3, A6 and A7 at p < 0.05. Further, the mean number of exposed dentinal tubules in Group A4 was significantly lower than Group A5 (p < 0.05). Finally, the mean number of dentinal tubules exposed in Group B was significantly lower than the mean number of dentinal tubules in Groups C and D (p < 0.05). However, no other contrasts were significantly different. (Table 3 and 4) Mean diameter of exposed dentinal tubules in Groups A1, A2, A3 and A7 were significantly lower than that in A4, A5, B, C and D at p < 0.05. Also, the mean diameter of dentinal tubules in A6 was significantly lower than A5, C and D at p < 0.05. However; no other contrasts were significantly different (Table 3 and 4)
DISCUSSION
The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of CO2 laser and other chemical agents in removing smear layer on periodontally involved root surfaces. The efficacy of laser and chemical agents was determined by measuring the number and diameter of dentinal tubules exposed per 100 m 2 at the experimental site using scanning electron microscopy. The surface of specimens which received laser irradiation for 0.2 seconds of subgroup A1 failed to expose any dentinal tubules .
The surface also showed rough topography with irregular and uneven surface texture. In certain areas, the surface appeared granular in appearance, which corresponded with the presence of smear layer (Fig. 1). Similar findings were observed in specimens irradiated with 0.4 and 0.6 seconds of subgroups A2 and A3 (Fig-2 and 3). The specimens of subgroups A6 and A7 which were irradiated for 1.2 and 1.4 seconds, respectively, also showed absence of exposed tubules, but, unlike subgroups A1 to A3, surface charring was visible ( Fig-6 and 7) .The charring was more pronounced in sub- group A7. The surface of these specimens exhibited cracking and pitting and crater formation. Similar results were reported by Sharite et al 10where in the effect of CO2 laser on root surface with continuous mode of irradiation was studied and reported that an increase in power setting and exposure time resulted in corresponding increase in the width and depth of damage to hard tissues. They concluded that the use of pulsed laser may induce less thermal damage to root surface. These changes are probably related to temperature rise associated with longer exposure time. These observations provide cause for concern regarding potential thermal, pulpal and periodontal damage in clinical situations.
Barone 5 studied the influence of continuous, pulsed, focused and defocused modes of CO2 laser on periodontally involved root surfaces and concluded that continuous, focused mode caused damages to dentinal surfaces such as craters and fissuring whereas in our present study CO2 laser on continuous, focused mode did not produce the above stated effects. Those effects might be related to optimal wavelength used. Specimens irradiated with CO2 laser at 3 watts for 0.8 and 1 second of subgroups A4 and A5, showed presence of exposed dentinal tubules (Figs. 4 and 5). The openings of dentinal tubules exposed were not clear in the specimens irradiated with laser for 0.8 second (Fig. 4), whereas with laser irradiation for 1.0 second at 3 watts power the surface appeared smooth and flat with many clear orifices of the dentinal tubules (Fig. 5). The granular smear layer was totally absent. Misra11 in their study using CO2 laser for 1.0sec on periodontally involved root surfaces stated that root conditioning favors attachment for periodontal regeneration due to the removal of the smear layer. The result of the above study is similar to our findings where CO2 irradiation resulted in complete detoxification of the root surface.
These findings are in accordance with the previous study by V. Pant6Tani 12and et al. who reported that CO2 laser irradiation removed the smear layer completely and enhanced periodontal regeneration on bovine teeth. When mean diameter of dentinal tubules exposed to CO2 laser subgroups were compared, subgroup A5 showed greatest diameter as compared to the rest with the mean value of 4.8 0.9. The dentinal tubules appeared less clear in A4 suggesting that they are only partially exposed. This difference between A4 and A5 subgroup might be attributed to the existence of the smear layer deep in the dentinal tubule. Complete elimination of smear layer was achieved when the exposure time was increased subsequently to 1.0 sec as in A5 subgroup. Crespi4 studied the effect of CO2 laser on periodontally involved root surface in terms of the ability of fibroblast to migrate and attach to laser treated root surface. The result is concurrent to our study in that the CO2 laser not merely favored better attachment of fibroblast through root conditioning but also produced bactericidal effect when used at low energy powered level. The mean number of dentinal tubules exposed per 100 m 2 in specimens treated with H2O2 was 0.753, which was the lowest of all the groups. The surface of these specimens presented an amorphous surface along with exposed dentinal tubules (Fig. 8). This amorphous surface could be due to incomplete removal of smear layer by H2O2. The orifices of exposed dentinal tubules were not as clear as that observed groups A5, C, and D. The specimens of Group C (EDTA) showed a speckled surface with clear funnel shaped openings of dentinal tubules. The presence of smear layer was not detected in these specimens (Fig. 9). Similar findings were reported by Blomlöf 1 . The specimens treated with Group D (citric acid) showed a smooth surface with no traces of smear layer. Funnel-shaped opening of dentinal tubules was observed in these specimens (Fig. 10). These findings are in conformity with the studies conducted by Polson 2 .
Even though Hydrogen peroxide, EDTA and Citric acid conditioning agents are effective in removing the smear layer there was funnel shaped widening of exposed dentinal tubules and wide dentinal tubules reduces the attachment area and hence are not favorable for enhancing periodontal regeneration as compared to the CO2 laser Group. Wilder-Smith 8 et al reported that EDTA causes removal of smear layer with surface cracking and were not effective in opening the dentinal tubules. In the present study, EDTA was found to be effective in removing the smear layer but with the corresponding increase in the diameter of the dentinal tubule. Citric acid was also equally efficient in removing the smear layer as A5 subgroup with a mean number of dentinal tubules exposed ranging from 2.8 ± 0.4. However, the exposed dentinal tubules showed funnel shaped widening. Wilder-Smith8 et al. reported that funnel shaped widening of the dentinal tubules reduces the surface area available for reattachment and hence was not favorable as compared to CO2 laser A5 subgroup. Differences between our results and those of other studies may be related to diseased status of the dentine specimen utilized, the extent of instrumentation and the concentration of demineralizing solution, the time of exposure to the demineralizing agents or a combination of these variables. Additional studies on these variables might add to the knowledge necessary for clinical use.
These findings are in accordance with the previous study by V. Pant6 Tani 12 and et al. who reported that CO2 laser irradiation removed the smear layer completely and enhanced periodontal regeneration of bovine teeth. The above findings suggest that laser irradiation of 1.0 second is able to remove the smear layer with minimal change in the diameter of the dentinal tubules. On the other hand, the diameter of the dentinal tubules in the specimens treated with H2O2, EDTA, and citric acid was found to be increased. Maximum increase was noticed in citric acid treated specimens. CONCLUSION The surface of specimens that received laser irradiation for 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 sec failed to expose any dentinal tubules and no surface alteration were visible.
Laser irradiation of 1.2 and 1.4sec produced surface charring. The surface of specimens that received laser irradiation for 0.8 and 1.0sec completely removed the smear layer. 0.8 sec irradiation exposed maximum number of dentinal tubules per 100 m 2 followed by citric acid, EDTA, 1.0sec irradiation and H2O2. The diameter of dentinal tubules exposed by citric acid and EDTA was drastically higher than 0.8, 1.0sec and H2O2. In view of these findings, it is concluded that CO2 laser can produce better regeneration of periodontal tissues if it is used as a root conditioner during periodontal regeneration procedures. Further research must be undertaken with tissue culture studies to substantiate the reported findings of the present study, to observe whether root surfaces irradiated with a CO2 laser enhances or inhibits the fibroblast migration and attachment to the root surface.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1812http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18121. Blomlöf Johan PS, Blomlöf LB, Lindskog SF. Smear removal and collagen exposure after non-surgical root planing followed by etching with an EDTA gel preparation. J Periodontol 1996; 67:841-845.
2. Polson AH, Frederick GT, Ladenheim S, Hanes PJ. The production of a root surface smear layer by instrumentation and its removal by citric acid. J Periodontol 1984; 55:443-446.
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7. Israel M. Cobb C.M. Rossmann J.A. Spencer P. The effects of CO2, Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers with and without surface coolant on tooth root surfaces. An in vitro study. J. Clin. Periodontol. 1997; 24:595– 602.
8. Wilder-Smith P. Arrastia A.M. Schell M.J. Liaw L.H. Grill G. Berns M.W. Effect of ND:YAG laser irradiation and root planing on the root surface: structural and thermal effects. J. Periodontol. 1995; 66:1032–1039.
9. Schwarz F. Sculean A. Berakdar M. Szathmari L. Georg T. Becker J. In vivo and in vitro effects of an Er:YAG laser, a GaAlAs diode laser, and scaling and root planing on periodontally diseased root surfaces: a comparative histologic study. Lasers Surg. Med. 2003; 32:359–366.
10. Shariati S, Pogrel MA. Marshall GW. White JM. Structural changes in dentin induced by high energy continuous wave carbon dioxide laser. Lasers Surg Med 1993:13:543-547
11. Misra V. Mehrotra K.K. Dixit J. Maitra S.C. Effect of a carbon dioxide laser on periodontally involved root surfaces. J. Periodontol. 1999; 70:1046–1052.
12. Tani Y, Kawada H, Effects of laser irradiation on dentin. Effect on smear layer. Dent Materials J 1987; 6:127-134.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareEFFECTIVENESS OF SENSORY INTEGRATION THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
English111117Vandana J. RathodEnglish Kinjal S. MehtaEnglish Jagatheesan AlagesanEnglish Kavya S. KamalammaEnglishIntroduction: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is spectrum of psychological condition, characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interaction and communication as well as severely restricted interests and highly repetitive behavior. Cognitive behavior therapy is effective in children with ASD. But data are lacking to prove efficacy of sensory integration therapy in treating the children with ASD. Method: An experimental study was carried out in the outpatient department of a physiotherapy college in Karnataka, India. 20 patients with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) were included in the study. They are randomly assigned into two groups. Group A: 10 (cognitive behavior therapy alone) and group B: 10 (sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavior therapy). The outcome measure used was Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and the study was conducted for Six months. Result: There was a significant decrease inCARS score (pEnglishAutistic Spectrum Disorder, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Sensory Integration Therapy.INTROCUCTION
Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) is a spectrum of psychological condition, characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interaction and communication as well as severely restricted interests and highly repetitive behavior.(1) The main three forms of ASD are: Autism, Asperger syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), sometimes called Atypical Autism. Other sources also include Rett Syndrome and Childhood disintegrative disorder which share several signs with autism but may have unrelated causes. (2, 3)ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism phenotype (BAP), which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like traits, such as avoiding eye contact.(4)ASD is highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder,(5) that appears during infancy or childhood and generally follows a steady course without remission.(6) ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism phenotype (BAP), which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like traits, such as avoiding eye contact. Social deficits, communication problems(echolalia or reverse pronouns) and repetitive or restricted behavior like stereotype (such as hand flapping, making sounds, body rocking etc.), restricted behavior (limit in focus, interest or activity), self injury (such as eye pocking, hand biting, head banging) are commonly related with ASD.Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of those with autism and are considered core features.Many ASD children are sensitive to some sounds, textures, smells, tastes.(7-9)A 2007 study interviewed parents of 67 children with ASD and reported that about two-thirds of the children had periods of severe tantrums and about one-third had a history of aggression, with tantrums significantly more common than in non-autistic children with language impairments.(8) It has long been presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for autism's characteristic triad of symptoms. (10)Deletion, duplication and inversion are all chromosome abnormalities that have been implicated in autism.(9) Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations with major effects, or by rare multigene interactions of common genetic variants.(10,11) Autism's symptoms result from maturationrelated changes in various systems of the brain. How autism occurs is not well understood. Its mechanism can be divided into two areas: the pathophysiology of brain structures and processes associated with autism, and the neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and behaviors.Postmortem and MRI studies have shown that many major brain structures like cerebellum, cerebral cortex, limbic system, corpus callosum, basal ganglia are implicated in Autism.(12) Diagnosis of autism is based on behavior, not causes or mechanism.(13,14)However, there is increasing suspicion that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often co-occur. DSM IV, Autism Diagnostic Interview- revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) uses observation and interaction with the child. But the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is used widely in clinical environment to assess severity of autism based on observation of child. CARS was administrated to all behavior with respect to relating to people, imitation, body use, adaptation to change, intellectual response etc. Each item is scored on a continuum from normal, scored as 1, to severely abnormal and /or inappropriate scored as 4. Scores for all the 15 items are summed to yield a total score that ranges from 15 to 60. The cut off score for diagnosis of autism is 30. Scores from 30 to 37 are categorized as mildly- moderately autistic and scores above 37 are categorized as severely autistic.(15) The main goals when treating children with autism are to lessen associated deficits and to increase quality of life and functional independence. Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children acquire self care, social and job skills(16) and often improve and decreasing symptoms and maladaptive behaviors.(17) Available approaches include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) - applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skill therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, sensory integration therapy, audio visual therapy etc.A person with ASD may respond atypically to medications like antidepressants, stimulants and antipsychotics, the medications may have adverse effects.(16) Various studies had been done on effectiveness of various combine therapies in treatment of ASD, among which many scientific studies on vision training have produced favorable results.(16,17)The importance and effects of multimodal therapy especially sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are still not comprehensible and need to be studied. So here the study is undertaken to determine the effects of sensory integration therapy (SIT) to come out from their behavior patterns and sensory issues, related to ASD.This study aims to find the combined effects of sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in children with ASD.
METHODOLOGY
An Experimental study was carried out to know the effects of sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in children with ASD. The study was carried out in the Pediatric physiotherapy unit ofa physiotherapy college in Karnataka.Ethical clearance was obtained from institutional review board. 20 children with ASD of mild to moderate category (CARS between 30 and 37) were included in the study. Both male and female children in the age between 3 and 5 years were included after obtaining informed consent from their parents or primary care givers.Children with any kind of physical disability or any other neurological disorder were excluded. The children were randomly assigned into control group A(cognitive behavior therapyCBT) and experimental group B (combined therapy of sensory integration therapy -SIT and cognitive behavior therapy-CBT). All the necessary information about ASD and purpose and procedure of the study were explained to the parents or care givers. The baseline data were obtained from both the groups using Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). The children of group A were treated with CBT which include self care, social interaction, social skill training, and attention and co-ordination improvement activities. (performed with the help of parents / care givers).
Self care therapy is useful to improve self esteem, which includes mainly tooth brushing, bathing, dressing, toilet training, eating, hand washing. Social interaction skills therapy of varying levels is useful to make them socially compatible with social norms. There are developed or learned techniques to build social interaction skills ranging from basic skills (such as making eye contact) to complex and subtle skills (like asking for his or her body parts, daily used instrument, asking for his or her favorite fruit, vegetable etc.). It involves group activities, games and conversation. Also teach them how to use particular objects and subsequently instructed in the related social skills. The effective use of picture cards, video tapes, play groups and peer mentors can considerably help the child to develop social skill. Child specific social skills interventions frequently include, general instructions to increase knowledge and develop social problem solving skills. At all the time child?s behavior is reinforced with a reward when he or she performs each of the steps correctly. Undesirable behaviors, or those that interfere with learning and social skills, are watched closely. Depending upon the level of child?s skills, activities that improve attention and coordination, are putting objects from one container to another container, drawing (draw and color), outdoor play, cycling, catching and throwing a ball, folding and cutting a piece of paper etc
Children of group A were treated by above therapies at 1 hour per day and 5 days per week. Parents or care givers were also instructed to do the same at home. The children of group B were treated with the above mentioned plan and additionally with the sensory integration therapy; total duration of both therapies were 1 hour per day and 5 days per week. The sensory integration therapy include, scrubbing the whole body with different textures (tactile), vestibular input on bolster and therapy ball, trampoline, balance board (vestibular), pushing the therapy ball, stand on one leg, jump, joint approximation, bouncing on therapy ball, slow vibrator, deep pressure and modulation through therapy ball and bolster (proprioception). Parents and care givers of this group also instructed to do the same at home. The total duration of treatment for both the groups was 6 months and the children were then reassessed by using Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), to know the effectiveness of the therapy.
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT
All the statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 17 for windows software. Intra group comparison for CARS was done by using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test.Descriptive analysis for both groups was also done. The CARS was analyzed with mean value before and after intervention.The inter group comparison for CARS was analyzed by using Mann Whiteny U test to check the homogeneity and treatment effect between two groups. The table-1 shows gender distribution of both Group A and Group B. In Group A, there were 5 males and 5females and Group B there were 7males and 3 females. It shows mean, standard deviation and range of age for Group A and Group B. Table-2 shows the intergroup comparison at baseline by Mann Whitney U test. The mean for group A and B is 34.95 and 35.25 respectively. The z value is 0.459 and p value is 0.646 which shows that there is no significant difference between the pre treatment. It proves the pre treatment homogeneity. Table-3 shows intra group comparison for both the groupswhich has been done by using Wicoxon signed Rank test. The z value for group A is 2.825 and p value = 0.005.For group B the z value is 2.829 with p value equal to 0.004. Pvalues for both groups were significant which indicates that CBT alone and SIT+CBT were effective in ASD. Table-4 shows the post intergroup comparison of CARS score. The mean for group A and B is 9.9 and 9.8 respectively. The z value is 0.539 and p value is 0.590 which shows that there is no significant difference between groups after treatment.It proves CBT alone and SIT+CBT were equally effective in ASD.
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of combined therapies of Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) in children with ASD. The implication of this study may justify the efficacy of sensory integration therapy in the treatment ASD. The groups were synchronized with age and pre treatment scores of CARS (p=0.646). All the participants were treated with standardized intervention program. Beneficial effects significantly found in both the groups in the form of improvement in the symptoms of ASD. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder(1) which is characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.(6) It first appears during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission. (7) To answer the question of optimal type and frequency of exercises, head to head comparisons in which participants are randomly assigned to receive different exercises are highly needed. There was numerous theories proposed effectiveness of various interventions in the treatment of ASD.(16) Various evidences are supporting to the cognitive behavior therapy (Randye J. Demple et al. and Rogers SJ et al)(17,18)and also to the sensory integration therapy(Watling R.et al)(19) In this study, one group was treated with cognitive behavior therapy and other group was treated with combined therapies of sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Total six months of treatment was given in both the groups. There was an almost equal improvement of scores found in the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) in both the groups. The result of this study led to the inference that both cognitive behavior therapy and sensory integration therapy are effective in improving the symptoms of ASD. Numerous studies have come up with effectiveness of only cognitive behavior therapy as well as only sensory integration therapy in the treatment of ASD.(16, 18, 19) Analysis was done with the base line data and post treatment scores. There was significant improvement in both the groups after six months of treatment sessions with cognitive behavior therapy alone as well as combined therapies of sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. There will be no statistically significant difference in the effect of combined sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in ASD. The clinical findings and analysis showed that cognitive behavior therapy alone and combined therapies of sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavior therapy, both were effective in improving the symptoms of ASD. This study was limited in the age group from 3 to 5 years. The sample size used for the study was small, Long term effects of treatment were not assessed and child co-operation during treatment sessions was vary. The results of this study may be applied to a large population having different age groups and gender with diagnosis of ASD. The predominance of male child in this study reflects the characteristics of the population that is likely to experience ASD. Further studies can be conducted with randomized control trial for the effectiveness of combined therapies of sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the children with ASD. This study did not include home based therapies, though repetitions of the same therapy at home may be more effective. The long term effects can be evaluated with these treatments in ASD and also further study can be conducted with diet prescription, environmental change, pet therapy, home based interventions and parental training.In conclusion, this experimental study provided evidence to support the effectiveness of sensory integration therapy in the management of ASD. Further studies could focus on the relative effectiveness of these treatment regimens compared with other approaches.
CONCLUSION
This study concludes that cognitive behavior therapy alone is as well effective as combined therapies of sensory integration therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in decreasing the symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors in ASD.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Ethical Clearance
This study was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee of Alva?s College of Physiotherapy, Moodbidri affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1813http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18131. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10thedi. (ICD 10). 2006 [cited 2007 -06-25]
2. Lord C., Cook EH, Leventhal BL, Amaral DG. Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Neuron. 2000: 28(2); 355-63.
3. National Institute of Mental Health. Autistic Spectrum Disorders. (Pervasive Developmental Disorders);2009 [cited 2009- 04-23]
4. Piven J, Palmer P, Jacobi D, Childress D, Arndt S. Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families . Am J Psychiatry. 1997; 154(2):185–90.
5. Geschwind DH. Autism: many genescommon pathways. Cell. 2008: 135(3): 391- 5.
6. World Health Organization. F84. Pervasive Developmental Disorders; 2007 [cited 2009- 01-10]
7. Rapin I., Tuchman RF. Autism: definition, neurobiology, screening, diagnosis. PediatrClin North Am. 2008; 55(5):1129-46.
8. Johnson CP, Myers SM, Council on Children with Disabilities. Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2007; 120(5):1183– 215.
9. Geschwind DH. Advances in autism. Annu Rev Med. 2009; 60:367–80.
10. Buxbaum JD. Multiple rare variants in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder. Dialogues ClinNeurosci. 2009; 11(1):35–43.
11. Abrahams BS, Geschwind DH. Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nat Rev Genet. 2008; 9(5):341–55.
12. Penn HE. Neurobiological correlates of autism: a review of recent research. Child Neuropsychol. 2006; 12(1):57–79.
13. London E. The role of the neurobiologist in redefining the diagnosis of autism. Brain Pathol. 2007; 17(4):408–11.
14. Baird G, Cass H, Slonims V. Diagnosis of autism. BMJ. 2003; 327(7413):488–93.
15. Volkmar F, Chawarska K, Klin A. Autism in infancy and early childhood. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005; 56:315–36.
16. Myers SM, Johnson CP, Council on Children with Disabilities. Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2007; 120(5):1162–82.
17. Rogers SJ, Vismara LA. Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008; 37(1):8– 38.
18. Randye J. Demple, Jennifer Lee, Dinlia Rosa and Lisa F. Miller. A randomized trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT-C) for children: promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. Journal of child family studies. Aug. 2009: 1062-1024.
19. Watling R. and Dietz J. Immediate effects of Ayer?s sensory integration, based on occupational therapy intervention on children with ASD. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2007; 61(5): 574- 84.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareMORBIDITY PATTERN OF ELDERLY IN RURAL FIELD PRACTICE AREA AT SHIVANAGI, BIJAPUR, KARNATAKA
English118122Vidyavati S. UgranEnglish Nalini.D.English Masali K.A.EnglishBackground: Ageing is a fine of multiple illness of general disability. Most of the people enter old age in poor health condition, as a result of life long exposure to health risk, deprivation, lack of knowledge of resources to health promotion and poor access to health services. Objectives: To assess the Morbidity Pattern among Elderly of rural area, Shivanagi. Materials and Methods: It?s a Cross Sectional study conducted at RHTC catered by Dept. of Community Medicine, BLDEA?S Shri B M.Patil Medical College Bijapur. Participants were the People aged more than 60 Years and sample size is 144. Results: Around 63% belong to 60-69 years of age group,30% to 70-79 years of age group and 05% to >80 years of age. 89% of elderly were having hypertension, 87% diabetes, 83% asthma, 64% cataract and 63% osteoarthritis. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the major proportion of the elderly were
having more than one health problem. So early detection and diagnosis is very essential for thelderly.
EnglishAge, education, elderly morbidity, maritalINTRODUCTION
Ageing is not a disease but it?s an irreversible process and the risk of developing disease is increased often dramatically as a function of age. No one knows when the old age begins. WHO defines old age as “the period of life when impairment of physical and mental functions become increasingly manifested by comparison in the previous period of life”1 . The resent global trend is such that the demographic structure is shifting towards higher proportion of the elderly. Globally there are 600 million persons above the age of 60 years and is expected to increase to 800 million i.e., 10% by 20252 . The population of elderly in India is 76.6 million. By 2020 India will harbor about 158 million elderly second largest population of elderly worldwide after China (230 million) 3 . The contribution of elderly proportion to demographic figure is increasing day by day. Medicare data suggest that 32% of the population, in the age group of 65-69 years suffer from three or more chronic conditions. In the age group of 80-84 years the prevalence of multimorbidity increased to 52% 4 . So the problems associated with the ageing are psychosocial problems and the absence of facilities for medical treatment and of providing economic support. Hence the information on morbidity profile of this population is essential for planning health care services or national programmes for the aged.
Objectives:
To assess the Morbidity Pattern among Elderly of rural area, Shivanagi.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study of morbidity status of geriatric population in the field practice area of Shivanagi, catered by department of community medicine BLDEA?S Shri B M.Patil Medical College Bijapur, located in North part of Karnataka, India. In the study those who were aged 60 years and above were considered as elderly and the study subjects included elderly men and women. House to house visits were made and information was collected on a predesigned and pre-tested questionnaire which was developed by reviewing related studies. A total of 144 subjects were interviewed personally and clinical examination was done .Among 144 elderly 81 were males and 63 were females. The detailed history of socio-demography was taken along with present and past illness. The interview was carried out in the local language. The purpose of the study was explained to them and oral informed consent was obtained. Care was also taken to ensure privacy and confidentiality of the interview as part of the study. The data collected was tabulated and analyzed.
RESULTS Out of 144 elderly majorities of them were in the age group of 65-70 years old. Very few of them were above the age of 75 years and more. Males were more in number compare to females. Majority of the elderly were illiterate (70.14%) and rest were literate. Among literate most of the females had the education till primary level (88.89%). Among the elderly only 17.28% were widower and 23.81% were widows and very few were divorce 3.7%. When the general examination of the elderly was done, the blood pressure and temperature is normal among all the elderly and 34.57% males were having over weight and 33.33% of females were of below weight. All the elderly population was having one or the other health problems and the most common being B.P., diabetes and asthma. B.P, diabetes and cataract were found more in females and 0steoathrites was found more in males when compare to females.
DISCUSSION
Age group 60-69 years constituted the major fraction(63.88%) of population followed by 70- 79 years (30.55%),and 80 and above years of age (05.55%) in comparison to 47%, 37% and 15% respectively at rural area of Meerut 3 . In 65-70 years age group the proportion of males and females was found to be more or less similar but in the age group of 80 years and above the proportion of females was found to be higher than males and is similar to the study conducted at old age homes 6 . Our study showed that 70% of the elderly were illiterate and 27.78% were educated up to primary level. Elango S. 7 , reported that 78% were illiterate. According to the NSS 52 nd round 8 , 63% of the elderly were illiterate in India. Among 27% of primary level educated, 3.47% were females and 24.31% males, this disparity may be attributed to the area being rural. An over- all prevalence of 88% hypertension in our study was higher as compared to 48% by Prakash R 5 . According to WHO (1989 )9 it has been stated in both young and older adults, blood pressure increases with age, but the decrease in mean blood pressure in males with 76+ age may be because of less mental tension and overall responsibilities of the house. A study by Ajay. et.al.,6 conducted in old age homes showed that an overall prevalence of 37.56%of hypertension and it is higher in female. The study conducted at out patients clinics of Ibaden, Nigeria 10 revealed that hypertension was registered in two-fifths of the respondents and it?s a primary health care problem with an increasing elderly population globally. Diabetes mellitus was found in 86% of elderly and is very high when comparing to the study shown among the rural community of Udupi 11. Bronchial asthma among the elderly was 82% and is similar to the study conducted at old age homes 6 . Our study showed 63% of the elderly population in which 62.96% and 66.67% males and females respectively were found having cataract which is the leading problem in developing countries. In a study by Prakash R., et., al. 5 reported that 70% of the elderly were suffering from one or other ophthalmic problems and among them 44% were of cataract. Whereas, Adebusoye L A. et.,al. 10 reported that eye problems were the most common one and the high prevalence of cataract(39.4%) amongst the respondents. 34.72% elderly were found to have osteoarthritis problems among them males were more (67.90%) when compared to females(35.56%) and is vice-versa to the study at rural area of Udupi 11 .
CONCLUSION
The results of this study showed that the major proportion of the elderly were having more than one health problem. Morbidity pattern showed that 89% of the elderly population were suffering from blood pressure, 87% from diabetes, 83% from bronchial- asthma, 64% from cataract and 63% from osteoarthritis in hierarchical order. So the morbidity pattern in this rural area is very much high when compare to other rural areas may be because of their lifestyle pattern. To over-come this, the community must assist the elderly to fight the triple evils of poverty, loneliness and ill health.
RECOMMENDATIONS
*Regular screening programmes for detecting chronic diseases at the earliest. * IEC activities to increase the awareness for more utilization of geriatric services. *In order to ensure healthy ageing, health promoting behavior should be started early for “elderly for tomorrow.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge all the staff members of rural health training center of BLDEA?S Shri B M. Patil Medical College, Bijapur , the study subjects for their cooperation and the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1814http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18141. Davis M: Epidemiology and the challenges of ageing. International J. Epidemiology .1985; 14:9-21.
2. Dhar H L: Emerging geriatric challenges. J Assoc Phys India 2005;53:867-872.
3. Goel PK, Garg SK, Singh JV, Bhatnagar M, Chopra H, Bajpai SK: Unmet needs of the Elderly in a Rural Population of Meerut. Indian J of Community Med 2003; 28(4): 165-6.
4. Wolff JL, Starfield B, Anderson G: Prevalence, expenditures, and complications of multiple chronic conditions in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2269–2276.
5. Prakash R. Choudhary SK. Singh US: A study of Morbidity Pattern among Geriatric population in an urban area of Udaipur Rajasthan. Indian J. of Community Med 2004; 29(1): 35-40.
6. Ajay K Dawale, Abhay Mudey, Ashok Lanjewar, Vasant V Wagh : Study of Morbidity Pattern in Inmates of Old Age Homes in Urban area of central India. J of the Indian Academy of Geriatrics, March 2010; 6(1): 23-7.
7. Elango S: A study of health and health related social problems in the geriatric population in a rural area of Tamil – Nadu.Indian J Pub. Health 1998; 42(1):7-8.
8. NSSO: The aged in India. A Socio economic profile of NSS 52nd round (July1995-June 1996). Government of India. 1998.
9. World Health Organization: Health of the elderly - Tech Rep. Series, 779, 1989.
10. Adebusoye LA, Ladipo MM, Owoaje ET, Ogunbode AM: Morbidity pattern amongst elderly patients presenting at a primary care clinic in Nigeria. African J Primary Health Care andFamily Med. 2011; 3(1), 211,
11. Lena A, Ashok K, Padma M, Kamath V, Kamath A, „Health and Social Problems of the elderly”. A cross-sectional study in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, April 2009; 34(2): 131-136.
12. Kishore S., Garag BS: Socio-medical problems of aged population in rural area of Wardha District. Indian J Pub. Health. 1992; 41(1):43-8.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25TechnologySWARM INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS IN REACTIVE POWER OPTIMIZATION
English123128K. S. Chandragupta MauryanEnglish K. ThanushkodiEnglish K.SasikumarEnglishSolving multi-objective optimization problem with the desired boundary has been a great deal since few decades. This has paved way for many search algorithms which provides reasonable optimal value convincing running period. Of all the search algorithms, the swarm based algorithms were found promising in obtaining the optimal solution with minimal convergence time. This article presents few of such search algorithms that has been developed from the inspiration honeybee?s lifestyle. This could be regarded as intelligent optimization tools. Some searches even uses greedy criterion for attaining the solution if and only if it satisfies the objective function. This article gives the overview of bee?s algorithms that includes Artificial Bee Colonization (ABC), Interactive ABC (IABC), Honey Bee Mating Algorithm (HBMA), Improved Honey Bee Mating Algorithm (IHBMA), Chaotic Honey Bee Mating Algorithm (CHBMA) and our study on implementing such algorithms for the optimization of reactive power problem.
EnglishBee?s algorithm, Reactive power, ABC, IABC, IHBMA, HBMA, CHBMA.INTRODUCTION
Most of the social insects are self organized in team work without any supervision on them and the coordination between them is maintained by various interaction methods between them. These interactions are sometimes primitive and sometimes as complex as possible. This collective behavior from the group of social insects is being recognized as Swarm Intelligence (SI) [2] [3]. The agents of SI generally interact locally within their neighbors as well as with their surroundings. Though there are no such rules to be followed by the individual the interaction between them leads them to a global behavior.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. ABC
The ABC algorithm is developed by inspecting the behaviors of the real bees on finding food source, which is called the nectar, and sharing the information of food sources to the bees in the nest. In the ABC, the artificial agents are defined and classified into three types, namely, the employed bee, the onlooker bee, and the scout [4] [5]
Each of them plays different role in the process: the employed bee stays on a food source and provides the neighborhood of the source in its memory; the onlooker gets the information of food sources from the employed bees in the hive and select one of the food source to gather the nectar; and the scout is responsible for finding new food, the new nectar, sources. The process of the ABC algorithm is presented as follows: Step 1: Spread some percentage of the populations into the solution space randomly, and then calculate their fitness values, which are called the nectar amounts, where represents the ratio of employed bees to the total population. Once these populations are positioned into the solution space, they are called the employed bees. Step 2: Calculate the probability of selecting a food source select a food source to move to by roulette wheel selection for every onlooker bees and then determine the nectar amounts of them. Step 3: If the fitness values of the employed bees do not be improved by a continuous iterations, those food sources are abandoned, and these employed bees become the scouts. Step 4: Memorize the best fitness value and the position, which are found by the bees. Step 5: Check if the amount of the iterations satisfies the termination condition. If the termination condition is satisfied, terminate the program and output the results; otherwise go back to the Step 2. (1) where denotes the position of the i th employed bee, S represents the number of employed bees, and is the probability of selecting the i th employed bee.
2. IABC
In general, the ABC algorithm works well on finding the better solution of the object function. Therefore, it is not strong enough to maximize the exploitation capacity [6]. The Interactive Artificial Bee Colony algorithm is proposed based on the structure of ABC algorithm. By employing the Newtonian law of universal gravitation described in the equation below, the universal gravitations between the onlooker bee and the selected employed bees are exploited. (2) In the equation, denotes the gravitational force heads from the object 1 to the object 2, is the universal gravitational constant, and are the masses of the objects, represents the separation between the objects, and denotes the unit vector in the equation. (3) The mass, 2, is substituted by the fitness value of the randomly selected employed bee [7]. The process of the IABC can be described in 5 steps: Step 1: Spread the populations into the solution space randomly, and then calculate their fitness values, which are called the nectar amounts, and calculate the ratio of employed bees to the total population. Once these populations are positioned into the solution space, they are called the employed bees. Step 2: Calculate the probability of selecting a food source, select a food source to move to by random program for every onlooker bees and then determine the nectar amounts of them. Step 3: If the fitness values of the employed bees do not be improved by a continuous predetermined number of iterations Step 4: Memorize the best fitness value and the position, which are found by the bees. Step 5: Check if the amount of the iterations satisfies the termination condition. If the termination condition is satisfied, terminate the program and output the results; otherwise go back to the Step 2.
3. HBMA
The honey bee community consists of three structurally different forms: the queen, drones and workers [8] [9]. In the original HBMO algorithm a drone mates with a queen probabilistically using an annealing function as follows (4) where is the probability of adding the sperm of drone D to the spermatheca of the queen, is the absolute difference between the fitness of D and the fitness of the queen and is the velocity of the queen at time t. After each transition in space, the queen?s velocity decreases according to the following equations: (5) where is a positive real parameter called decreasing factor. It controls the amount of speed reduction after each transition and each step. It changes between zero and one.
4. IHBMA
In the original HBMO algorithm, the broods are generated by mating between the queen and one drone. (6) where Di is the i th drone stored in the spermatheca and ; is called mating factor. Traditional mating process combines the features of two parents Structures to form two similar offspring?s. Its purpose is the maintenance and exchange of queen?s place. But this cannot guarantee the convergence to the optimal point and sometimes causes premature convergence to local minima. The utilization of improvements in the breeding process can be useful to escape more easily from local minima compared to the traditional mating.
5. CHBMA
Generally, a probabilistic method has a large possibility of exploring the search space freely in the beginning and slowly few valleys while the run is progressed. In order to avoid this shortcoming, we propose a chaotic Improved HBMO (IHBMO) method that combines IHBMO with chaotic local search (CLS)[10]. There are two CLS procedures. In the first CLS method, CLS is based on the logistic equation (CLS1), while the latter CLS is based on the Tent equation (CLS2) To apply the chaotic local search on the IHBMO algorithm, the following steps should be repeated: Step 1: Generate an initial chaos population randomly for CLS1 or CLS2 Step 2: Determine the chaotic variables Step 3: Mapping the decision variables Step 4: Convert the chaotic variables to the decision variables Step 5: Evaluate the new solution with decision variables Step 6: Evaluate fitness function for all individuals of CLS1 or CLS2 Step 7: Replace the best solution among them with one drone Selected randomly Step 8: Termination criteria.
6. HONEY BEE ALGORITHM IN POWER OPTIMIZATION
The problem is formulated as nonlinear optimization involving both the integer and real values. The selection of the solution involves selection from all the possible configurations, and finally the one that incurs the lowest power loss satisfying all the constraints like voltage profile and power requireme
In the analysis, power flow and system losses are calculated by the power flow method using the power system analysis toolbox (PSAT 2.1.6) in MATLAB. The algorithm can be expressed as: (10) (11) Where and are the active and reactive line power flowing out of the bus i, respectively, the power loss considering the resistance and reactance of the line between buses i and i+1 are denoted by (12) The total system power loss the sum of power losses of all feeders in the system [1] = The ABC is used for this analysis and has been done in both MATLAB and C++ and the results were obtained and it is found promising. Now we are studying on how to relate CHBMA in optimal power flow problems. Relative comparison: The attributes and characteristics of above explained algorithms are tabulated as follows,
RESULTS The power flow analysis made using the PSAT and the data to be given as the nectar to the algorithm are framed. The data input given to the program includes the p.u unit value of the voltage, phase angle, real and reactive power generations and load requirements. The algorithm deals with the voltage profile thereby indirectly changing the values of real and reactive power [1]. The result obtained from the program run based on the ant colony algorithm is found to be optimal and the convergence rate is found to be promising when compared to that of the particle swarm optimization. The optimal value is obtained from the 14th cycle and the results are as follows.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
CONCLUSION
Thus the article explains various swarm intelligent algorithms and its pseudo code of working their objective functions and the implementation of the Artificial Bee Colonization on reactive power optimization problem is discussed with the obtained results.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1815http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18151. “Optimization of reactive power using hybrid particle swarm algorithm by K.Sasikumar, K.Chandragupta mauryan, Dr.K.thanushkodi, M.Aanandvelu, pg 608- 617 EJSR,vol.72,Issue.4.march 2012.
2. Swarm Intelligence: A Whole New Way to Think About Business, Eric Bonabeau and Christopher Meyer, Harvard business review, r0105g, (May 2001).
3. Owaied H. Hussein , Abu-Arr?a M.Mahmoud :Functional Model of Human System as knowledge Base System , The International Conference on Information & Knowledge Engineering , pp. 158-161 (June 2007).
4. Beni, G., and J. Wang. Swarm Intelligence. In Proceedings Seventh Annual Meeting of the Robotics Society of Japan, Tokyo, RSJ Press, pp. 425-428 (1989).
5. Von Frisch, Karl: Decoding the Language of the Bee, Science, Volume 185, Issue 4152, pp. 663- 668 (1974).
6. Kamil, Alan C., John R. Krebs and H. Ronald Pulliam, Foraging Behavior, Plenum Press, New York and London (1987).
7. Corbet, S.A., Kerslake, C.J.C., Brown, D. & Morland, N.E. Can bees select nectar-rich flowers in a patch Journal of apicultural Research, 23, pp. 234–242 (1984).
8. Hussein Owaied, Saif Saab: Modeling Artificial Bees Colony System. IC-AI: pp. 443-446 (2008)
9. T. D. Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, (1995).
10. Seeley TD, Visscher PK (2004a) Quorum sensing during nestsite selection by honey bee swarms. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:594– 601
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25TechnologyAWARENESS FOR EFFECTIVE ENERGY AUDIT
English129132Budhsen DubeyEnglish Bhupendra GuptaEnglish Jaswant singh pusrichaEnglish Mukesh PandayEnglishThis paper Provides customers/ industrialist with recommendations which will increase the comfort, health, safety and prolong the durability of the assets. Aware owner may conduct preliminary energy audit by observing daily/ monthly energy consumption and make a list of concern area so when an auditor, come for auditing the management is ready /prepared to get focus on the major problem. Become more aware, after energy audit compare calculations for savings have been identified with the actually achieved generally savings are determined on higher side. Further some auditor use the high cost of electricity to calculate energy savings. This can give a false picture of the actual savings and may result in over-optimistic savings predictions. This paper also provides how to calculate the exact values from the electricity bills, and how to use these values. Finally, the discuss is on the several daily use of energy -savings measures which energy auditors frequently consider.
Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs. Energy Audit provides a “bench-mark" (Reference point) for managing energy in the organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout the organization.
SAFETY
We also conduct Health Assessment and Safety Audits of existing plants to minimize the incidences of accidents. We continuously strive to improve our safety practices and we dedicate significant time and effort to ensure that we provide a safe work environment for our employees.
HOW TO CONDUCT WALK-THROUGH AND PROCESS AUDIT
Conduct Meeting
Create Team Collect
Plant Data Conduct Field Investigation
Create Equipment Inventory And Distribution Of Demand And Energy
Develop ECMs and Implementation Strategies. Follow-Up
USE FULL TABLE
Recommendations and Expected Savings (based on energy audit implication at lalpur water treatment plant Jabalpur.
EnglishTotal Productive Maintenance, Autonomous maintenance, overall Equipment Effectiveness, Product time.INTRODUCTION
First, introduced about energy audit. Energy means is the capacity of a system to do work. All movements are made with the help of energy, Energy can be found in a number of different forms such as Chemical energy, electrical energy, heat (thermal energy), light (radiant energy), and mechanical energy. The most general definition of an audit is an evaluation of a person, organization, system, process, project or product. Audits are performed to ascertain the validity and reliability of information, and provide an assessment of a system's internal control. The goal of an audit is. to express an opinion on the person/organization/system etc. under evaluation based on work done on a test basis. Energy audit is the key to a systematic approach for decisionmaking in the area of energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with it use, and serves to identify all the energy system in a facility. An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, processor system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output.
TYPE OF ENERGY AUDIT:-
One way to identify method to improve energy efficiency, there are many types of energy audits that can be performed at any field. The term energy audit is commonly used to describe a broad spectrum of energy studies ranging from a quick walk-through of a facility to identify major problem areas to a comprehensive analysis of the implications of alternative energy efficiency measures sufficient to satisfy the financial criteria of sophisticated investors. Three common audit programs are described in more detail below. 1) Preliminary Audit (Walk Through Audit) The preliminary audit alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-through audit, is the simplest and quickest type of audit. Sample readings and measurements are taken, including power, lighting level, thermal comfort are recorded. EMO (Energy Management Opportunities) and findings are provided in written report for implementation by your management team. A walk-though audit as its name implies involves a walking tour of the premises, where the auditor inspects the energy related systems. Energy data if available for one or more years would be requested for analysis,. Advantages of the walk-though energy audit include faster results and lower cost. EMO's can be implemented quickly using the proven technology. During the walk-through audit if the auditor unable to identify EMO (Energy Management Opportunities) then benefit from a comprehensive audit is recommended, which is more sophisticated audit for a specific part of a system or process. 2) General Audit (Modified Audit) This type of audit is not warranted for the majority of installations. The standard energy audit is more detailed than the walk-through audit; more data is collected and analysed. Being more through less likely to overlook more complex EMO's as known as a standard energy audit. This audit involves a longer more detailed investigation than the walk-through audit. This type of audit will be able to identify all energy conservation measures appropriate for the facility given its operating parameters. A detailed financial analysis is performed for each measure based on detailed implementation cost estimates; site-specific operating cost savings, and the customer's investment criteria. Sufficient detail is provided to justify project implementation. 3) Investment-Grade Audit (or Full Audit) The investment grade energy audit is the most sophisticated of all the type of energy audit. It requires detailed energy modelling, analysis of the facility, and energy meter data for several years the investment-grader audit alternatively called a comprehensive audit, detailed audit, maxi audit, or technical analysis audit, expands on the general audit described above by providing a dynamic model of energy use characteristics of both the existing facility and all energy conservation measures identified.
NEED FOR ENERGY AUDIT
The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programs which are vital for production and utility activities. Such an audit programmer will help to keep focus on variations, which occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit for energy conservation equipment etc. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste is occurring and the scope for improvement exists. The primary objective of Note:-electricity utility do not impose penalty up 90%power factor however incentive is given for power factor above 95%.by providing capacitor bank loading on electrical system get reduce due to reduction in reactive power.
ECONOMIC FORMULAS
Simple Payback on an Investment (Years) = Net Installation Cost ($) ÷ Annual Energy Savings ($) 5-Year Cash Flow ($) = 5 Years - Payback (Years) x Annual Energy Savings ($) Simple Return on Investment (%) = [Annual Energy Savings ($) ÷ Net Installation Cost ($)] x 10
SOME OTHER RECOMONDATION
Further it is suggested that work be carried out Considering the potential processes to be used by growing industries. Select ballasts and lamps carefully with high power factor and long-term efficiency in mind. Consider painting the walls a lighter color and using less lighting fixtures or lower wattages. Use task lighting and reduce background illumination Use energy-efficient motors where economical. Check for undervoltage and over-voltage conditions. Balance the three-phase power supply. (An imbalanced voltage can Demand efficiency restoration after motor rewinding.(If rewinding is not done properly, the efficiency can be reduced by 5 - 8%) .Recycle water, especially if sewer costs are based on water consumption.
Tips/Risk in Developing and Successful and Cost Effective Energy Conservation Program
Water and Electric are the most common input in the process focused conservation of these two input will save cost and option for reuse of water must be explore.
Avoid wastages.
Recommended changes in the process may not be well received if they affect wastewater effluent quality or product quality is mandated; energy efficiency is not.
Recommended changes may require more operator attention, which could require additional labour costs and training.
Recommended capital cost for the change may be difficult to budget.
Capital cost may be difficult or impossible to finance.
They may be a heavier focus on the agency capital costs versus OandM saving such as energy.
CONCLUSION
With the help of this paper, we have concluded, A Energy audit increases the productivity of organization. Energy audit helps to increase output of any industry and decreases cost of production without scarifying the efficiency. Energy audit provides batter stability to the industry or organization then the statutory audits.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1816http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18161. Bureau of Energy Efficiency hand book.
2. Cape Hart, Turner and Kennedy, Guide to Energy Management Fairmont press inc. 1997
3. G.D Rai Non-Conventional Energy Resources. Revised edition 2000.
4. Dr. Ravi Shankar, Industrial Engineering andManagement Book 2007. (IIT, Delhi).
5. Nissanga nishad rasanajan mendis, department of electrical engineering university of moratuwa katubedda, shri lanka.2006.
6. R. Saidur Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,2010.
7. Moncef Krarti, Energy Audit of Building system- An Engineering Approach.., CRC Press LLC 2000
8. Gallaher KP. Free trade and the environment: Mexico, NAFTA, and Beyond. Stanford University Press; 2004. p. 125.
9. Dasgupta S, Hettige H, Wheeler D. What improves environmental compliance? Evidence from Mexican industry. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2000; 39(1):39e66.
10. http://www.cleanaircounts.org/resource package/ Book/EE Lighting/ manual/ technolo.pdf
11. http://yosemite1.epa.gov/Estar/business.nsf/ attachments/maint.pdf/$file/maint.pdf.
12. Ternes, T. A.; Kreckel, P.; Mueller, J. Sci. Total Environ. 1999,
13. Layton, A. C.; Gregory, B. W.; Seward, J. R.; Schultz, T. W.; Sayler,
14. G. S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3925- 3931.
15. Fotsis, T. J. Steroid. Biochem. 1987, 28, 215-226.
16. Ternes, T. A.; Stumpf, M.; Mueller, J.; Haberer, K.; Wilken, R.-D.;Servos, M. Sci. Total Environ. 1999, 225, 81-90.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241410EnglishN2012May25HealthcareASSESSMENT OF GINGIVAL BIOTYPES IN SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
English133142PSG PrakashEnglish D.J. VictorEnglish G. Keerthi PriyaEnglishAim: To determine the gingival biotypes in south Indian population. Materials and Method: Two
hundred and forty patients are examined in the department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College in which one hundred and twenty patients are examined visually and one hundred and twenty patients by transgingival probing method using University of North Carolina -15 probe to determine the gingival biotypes whether it is thick, thin. Results: The evaluation of gingival biotype and comparison of gingival recession using probing method in which out of 87 thick gingival biotype patients, 27 had gingival recession and out of 33 thin gingival biotype patients, 18 had gingival recession (table 8). The comparison of prevalence of percentage of gingival recession using visual method had high statistical significance, where 10% of the people who had thick gingival biotype had gingival recession and 54.5% of patients who had thin gingival biotype using visual method had gingival recession.
In probing method, 20% of the patients who had determined as thick gingival biotype had gingival
recession and 50% of the patients who had thin gingival biotype had gingival recession which was quite
highly statistically significant.
EnglishGingival biotypes, Gingival recession, Transgingival probing, Gingival inflammation, Probing depthINTRODUCTION
The current progress of dental treatment in implant and perioplastic surgery has led to further expectations among patients to the better esthetics results. Predictability of post operative success is a major consideration in treatment planning both for periodontal and implant treatment. Therefore a careful understanding and analysis of the surrounding tissues is neccessary1 . Recently, the dimensions and other characteristics of masticatory gingival has become the subject of considerable interest in the field of periodontics. Over a long time, an inadequate zone of keratinized tissue was suggested as the risk factor of development of gingival recession2 . The gingival morphology of anterior region plays an important role in determining the final esthetics outcomes. Tissue biotype were said to be associated with outcomes of periodontal therapy3 , root coverage procedures4,5 and implant esthetics6,7 . In 1969, OCHSENBEIN & ROSS8 indicated that there were two main type of gingival morphology namely scalloped and thin or flat and thick. They also proposed that the contour of gingival closely followed the contour of the underlying alveolar bone. It was in the year 1989, that SEIBERT & LINDHE9 termed it as periodontal biotype and categorized the gingival into “thick-flat” & “thin-scalloped” biotypes. CLAFFEY & SHANLEY3 defined the thin tissue biotype as a gingival thickness of < 1.5mm and thick tissue biotype was referred to as having a tissue thickness of >/=2mm. It was suggested that gingival or periodontal diseases were more likely to occur in patients with thin gingival biotype.3 Similarly, in root coverage procedures a flap thickness of 0.8- 1.2mm was associated with predictable prognosis.4,5 Likewise, in implant restoration the thick flat tissue biotype was a important factor for the successful esthetic outcome.10 This opinion have been seriously questioned by several investigators. MIYASATO et al. & WENNSTROM et al in their study observed that areas even with narrow zone of keratinized tissue had minimal gingival inflammation and the level of attachment can be maintained even in the absence of attached gingival provided that the patient maintain a proper oral hygiene. An initial gingival thickness was found to be the most significant factor associated with the complete root coverage. In another study, by EVANS et al, he observed that in immediate single tooth restorations patients with thin scalloped mucosa often had more tissue recession. These observations suggested that tissue biotype play a significant factor influencing esthetic treatment outcomes. All the studies and meta-analysis has spoken a lot about Caucasians, European and Asian population, but there are not many studies in Indian population. Thus, this study aims to determine thickness of soft tissue in the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions and to establish the association between tissue biotype and the progression of periodontal diseases in South Indian Population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
Randomized clinical controlled study done in the department of periodontology and oral implantology, SRM Dental college, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 240 patients were examined who visited the department, in which 120 patients were examined visually and 120 patients were examined using probing method to determine the periodontal biotype. Patients were randomly selected and odd nos (1,3,5,7,9..) for visual method and determined whether they are thick or thin and patients with even nos (2,4,6,8..) were examined using UNC-15 probe, based on the transparency of the probe, they are determined whether is thick or thin. The study population was predominantly under the age group of 20-45yrs with a average of 24.7. THE ETHICAL CLEARANCE FOR THIS STUDY WAS OBTAINED FROM THE ETHICAL COMMITTEE BOARD OF SRM UNIVERSITY, BHARATI SALAI, RAMAPURAM, CHENNAI-89
Clinical Measurements
Assessment of tissue biotype
The tissue biotype was evaluated and categorized by a single examiner. The evaluation of tissue biotypes was based on TRAN of the periodontal probe (UNC-15) through the free gingival margin.10 If the outline of the underlying periodontal probe could be visualized through the free gingival it would be categorized as thin gingival biotype. The visual method was also performed by a single examiner who clinically evaluated using a naked eye and decided to categorize it as thick and thin periodontal biotype
Probing depth
Measurements were made using a Williams Periodontal probe and determined to the nearest mm.
Bleeding on probing
The measurements are performed with a criteria by AINOMO & BAY.13
Plaque index
The measurements was performed with a criteria by LOE & SILLNESS.14
Gingival recession
The distance was measured from gingival margin to cement enamel junction
Clinical photographs
Clinical photographs were taken to confirm the thick and thin gingival biotype categorization using visual method. All the subjects who participated in the study were detailed about the study protocol and their informed consent were obtained. The authors report no conflict of interest related to the study.
Statistical analysis
The datas for each of the examined parameters were averaged and decided into the groups of thick and thin gingival and mean values for subjects in group thick and thin were compared by means of a student t test. The association between the groupings with measured data and arbitarary determination of biotype by the examiners was tested by means of chi-squared test. Values of PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1817http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=18171. Ochsenbein C. Newer concepts of mucogingival surgery. J Periodontol 1960:31:175- 185.
2. Miyasato M. Crigger M. Egelberg J. Gingival condition in areas of minimal and appreciable width of keratinized gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 1977:4: 200-209.
3. Claffey N, Shanley D. Relationship of gingival thickness and bleeding to loss of probing attachment in shallow sites following nonsurgical periodontal therapy.J Clin Periodontol 1986;13:654-657.
4. Huang LH, Neiva RE, Wang HL. Factors affecting the outcomes of coronally advanced flap root coverage procedure. J Periodontol 2005;76:1729-1734.
5. Hwang D, Wang HL. Flap thickness as a predictor of root coverage: A systematic review. J Periodontol 2006 77:1625-1634.
6. Zigdon H, Machtei EE. The dimensions of keratinized mucosa around implants affect clinical and immunological parameters. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19: 387-392.
7. De Rouck T, Eghbali R, Collys K, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J. The gingival biotype revisited: Transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin as a method to discriminate thin from thick gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36: 428-433.
8. Ochsenbein C, Ross S. A reevaluation of osseous surgery. Dent Clin North Am 1969; 13: 87-102.
9. Seibert JL, Lindhe J. Esthetics and periodontal therapy. In: Lindhe J, ed.Textbook of Clinical Periodontology.2nd ed. Copenhangen, Denmark: Munksgaard; 1989:477-514.
10. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Umezu K, Kois JC.Dimensions of peri-implant mucosa: An evaluation of maxillary anterior single implants in humans. J Periodontol 2003;74:557-562.
11. Baldi C, Pini-Prato G, Pagliaro U, et al. Coronally advanced flap procedure for root coverage. Is flap thickness a relevant predictor to achieve root coverage? A 19- case series. J Periodontol 1999;70:1077- 1084.
12. Evans CD, Chen ST. Esthetic outcomes of immediate implant placements. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19: 73-80.
13. Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J 1975:25:229.
14. Loe H. Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. Acta Odontol Scand 1963:21:533.
15. Claffey N. Shanley D. Relationship of gingival thickness and bleeding to loss of probing attachment in shallow sites following non surgical periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 1986: 13:654-657
16. Zigdon H, MachteiE E. The dimensions of keratinized mucosa around implants affect clinical and immunological parameters. Clin oral implants Res 2008; 19:387-392.
17. Ochsenbein C, Ross, A re-evaluation of osseous surgery. Dent Clin North Am 1969; 13:87-102
18. Weisgold AS. Arnoux J-P. Lu J. Singletooth anterior implant: A world of caution. Part I. J Esthetics Dent 1997:9:225-233.
19. De Rouck T, Eghbali R, Collys K, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J. The gingival biotype revisited: Transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin as a method to discriminate thin from thick gingival. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:428-433.