Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25General SciencesHYDROGEOCHEMISTRY AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR DRINKING AND AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES: A CASE STUDY OF SRINAGAR DISTRICT, J AND K, INDIA English0116F. A. BhatEnglish Mir IrshadEnglish Akhtar R. MirEnglish Bilal ParveezEnglish Mohd IqbalEnglish H. SanaEnglishAssessment of water quality has been carried out for the Srinagar district to determine the sources of dissolved ions in groundwater. Fifty nine water samples were collected from open wells, bored wells and springs. The quality assessment was made through the estimation of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42- , HCO-3, total hardness as CaCO3, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. Based on these analyses, parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), % sodium, salinity index, salinity hazard, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), potential salinity, index of Base Exchange and permeability index (PI) were calculated. As per the Gibb’s diagram, majority of the samples fall in the rock dominance area. On the bases of these determined and calculated parameters, it is concluded that the groundwater in the study area is fit for agricultural and domestic purposes. EnglishSrinagar District, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), % sodium, residual sodium carbonate, permeability indexINTRODUCTION The valley of Kashmir though has abundant water resources in the form of freshwater lakes, rivers and springs, yet great concern is expressed for supply of water for domestic and agricultural uses particularly in uplands of Karewas and urban areas in late summer dry months. The water supply has become more erratic and inadequate during summer and dry periods leading to water crisis. Thus groundwater in Srinagar district has become popular and is preferred over surface water because of non-availability of pure potable surface water sources and the consideration that surface-soil-strata act as a natural filter, providing safe and pure water. In the study area groundwater level is shallow, hence liable to the contamination from the sources like anthropogenic activities. Therefore, it becomes imperative to study the hydrogeological regime and groundwater chemistry of the area to obtain the first hand information about the possible geological as well as anthropogenic influence on the groundwater in the study area. The hydrogeochemistry of groundwater helps to get insight into the contributions of rock and water interaction and anthropogenic influences on the groundwater quality processes of groundwater system (Mathess 1982; Kumar et al. 2006). Groundwater chemistrydepends on a number of factors, such as general geology, degree of chemical weathering of the various rock types, quality of recharge water, inputs from sources other than water-rock interaction and subsurface geochemical processes (Domenico 1972; Schuh et al. 1997; Reza and Singh 2010; Vasanthavigar et al. 2010). STUDY AREA Srinagar district lies between 34o 3 / – 34o 20/ N latitude and 74o 40/ - 75o 15/ E longitude and covers an area of 2,228 km2 , is situated in the heart of Kashmir valley (Fig.1). The area is included in the survey of India Toposheet No. 43 J/16. The population of the district is 12, 02,447 with rural population 256,281 and the urban being population 946,166 (Census 2001). The population density in Srinagar is 401 per square kilometers, which is the highest in the state. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groundwater samples (59 in number) were collected from the study area in the post melting season i.e. Oct-Nov. Sample collection, transportation and analysis was done according to the methods and procedures published in the APHA (2005). The samples were collected after 10 minutes of pumping and were transferred to pre-cleaned plastic bottles. A few parameters like EC and pH were measured in the field using portable water analysis kit. The bottles caring samples were then labeled and transported to the laboratory for the analysis of other parameters. Na+ and K+ were measured by using a flame photometer. Total hardness as CaCO3, calcium (Ca2+), carbonates (CO3 2- ), bicarbonate (HCO3) and, chloride (Cl) were analyzed by volumetric methods. Mg2+ was calculated from total hardness and calcium. Sulphate and Nitrate were determined by spectrophometery. Total dissolved solids were measured by weighing the residue after evaporation of the samples and also calculated by formula TDS=EC in mhos/cm at 250C *.64 (Hem 1991). All the concentrations were expressed in Mg/l except for pH which is expressed in dimensionless number. RESULTS The analytical data, calculated values, and statistical parameters like mean, maximum, minimum, standard deviations, are given in Table1. In the study area the pH of the groundwater ranges from 6.63 to 8.54 with a mean value of 7.42 and EC varies from 60 to 1830 micro mhos per cm and has an average of 460.6 micro mhos per cm. The groundwater in the study area falls in slightly acidic to slightly alkaline categories. Very large variations in the electric conductivity may be attributed to variation to total dissolved solids. The higher EC of the water is result of ion exchange and solubilization in the aquifer system (SanchezPerez and Tremolieres 2003). Total dissolved solids (TDS) in the study area ranges from 44.8 to1171 mg/l with mean value of 311mg/l. The groundwater in the study area falls under fresh (TDS1000 mg/l) types of water (Freeze and Cherry 1979). Based on total dissolved solids, groundwater is classified into desirable for drinking (up to 500 mg/l), permissible for drinking (500–1,000 mg/l), useful for agricultural purposes (up to 3,000 mg/l), and unfit for drinking and irrigation (above 3,000 mg/l) (Davis and De Wiest 1966). The majority of the samples (97.30%) from the study area fall in the desirable to permissible category for drinking purposes, and only 1.69% of the samples fall above the permissible limit. However, all the samples are fit for agricultural uses according to the mentioned criteria (Table 2). DISCUSSION Major Cation Chemistry The major cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) in the groundwater of the study area are well below standards prescribed by WHO (1984) for drinking purposes. The abundance of the major cations in the study area is in the order Ca> Na> Mg> K. Calcium and magnesium ions present in groundwater are particularly derived from leaching of limestone, dolomites, gypsum and anhydrites (Eq. 1). The calcium ions can also be derived from cation exchange process (Garrels 1976). The concentration of calcium ions in the study area ranges from 37.8 mg/l to126.33 mg/l and magnesium ranges from 13.2 mg/l to103.7 mg/l with an average value of 88 mg/l 15.52 mg/l respectively. This indicates calcium ion concentration in the study area is relatively high as compared to magnesium ion concentration. (Ca, Mg)CO3+CO2 +H2O=2HCO− 3 +Ca2++Mg2+ (1) The (Ca2++Mg2+) vs. (HCO− 3 +SO− 4) scatter diagram (Fig. 2, after Datta and Tyagi 1996) shows that majority of the samples fall above the equiline indicating that the carbonate weathering is the dominant process for supply of the calcium and magnesium ions to the groundwater. The possible source of sodium concentration in groundwater is due to dissolution and weathering of sodium bearing minerals. In the study area the concentration of sodium and potassium ranges from 14 mg/l to 157 mg/l and 0 to 175 mg/l with an average value of 55.53 mg/l and 28.51 mg/l respectively. If the halite dissolution process is responsible for the sodium concentration in the ground water, Na/Cl ratio should be approximately 1, whereas the Na/Cl ratio greater than 1 typically indicates that the sodium was released from silicate weathering (Meyback 1987). In the study area the majority of the samples show Na/Cl ratio greater than 1 indicating that the silicate weathering is the dominant process for the release of sodium in the groundwater Fig 3(A). Potassium ion concentration in the groundwater also comes from the above said process. Silicate weathering, dominant process in the area, is also supported by HCO3 vs. Na scatter diagram (Fig 3 (B), after Datta and Tyagi 1996), where all the samples fall below the equiline. Major Anion Chemistry The carbonate and bicarbonate concentration in groundwater is derived from carbonate weathering as well as dissolution of carbonic acid in the aquifers (Jeevanandam et al. 2006; Kumar et al. 2009: Eq. 2). CaCO3 + CO2+H2O → Ca2++2HCO− 3 and CO2 + H2O → H+ +HCO− 3 (2) The anions in the groundwater of the study area are in the order HCO3> Cl> SO4. Bicarbonates in the study area range from 110 mg/l to 298 mg/l with a mean value of 184.56 mg/l. Bicarbonate is the dominant anion among the anions of the groundwater of the study area. The increase in the bicarbonate may be attributed to availability of the carbonate minerals in the recharge area (Elango et al. 2003). The concentration of chlorides ranges from 2.7 mg/l to 159.38 mg/l with a mean value of 20.74 mg/l. The natural process such as weathering, dissolution of salt deposits, and irrigation drainage return flow are responsible for chloride content in the groundwater, which is supported by Cl/HCO3 ratio of 0.01 to 0.7 (Lusczynski and Swarzenski 1996). The concentration of sulfate ranges from 0.8 mg/l to 4.42 mg/l with a mean value of 2.48 mg/l. Sulfate ion concentrations are derived from weathering of sulfate and gypsum-bearing sedimentary rocks (Elango et al. 2003; Jeevanandam et al. 2006). The concentration of nitrate ranges from 0.05 to 1.51 mg/l with a mean value of 0.94 mg/l. The sources of nitrate content in the groundwater of the study may be credited to the irrigation return flow as lot of fertilizers are used in the agricultural fields in and around the study area. Index of Base Exchange It is essential to know the changes in chemical composition of groundwater during its travel in the sub-surface (Sastri 1994). The Chloroalkaline indices CAI 1 and CAI 2 suggested by Schoeller 1977, indicate the ion exchange between the groundwater and its host environment. The Chloro-alkaline indices used in the evaluation of Base Exchange are calculated using the below given equations (Eq. 3 and 4). If there is ion exchange of Na+ and K+ from water with magnesium and calcium in the rock, the exchange is known as direct and the indices are positive. Whereas, in the reverse condition exchange is said to be indirect and the indices are found to be negative. The chloro-alkaline indices calculated for the ground water of the study area shows that 98% samples show negative indices i.e. indirect exchange and only 2% samples fall in the direct exchange category. Hydrochemical facies The hydrochemical regime of a study area can be easily known by plotting the analytical values obtained from the groundwater on Piper (1944) trilinear diagrams. These plots include two triangles, one on left hand side for plotting cations and the other on right hand side for plotting anions. The cation and anion fields are then combined to show a single point in a central diamond shaped field from which inference is drawn on the basis of the hydrogeochemical facies concept. This diagram reveals similarities and differences among groundwater samples because those with similar qualities will tend to plot together as groups (Todd 2001). This diagram is very useful in bringing out chemical relationships among groundwater in more definite terms (Walton 1970; Todd 2001). This diagram is divided into six sub categories viz. 1. (CaHCO3 type), 2. (Na-Cl type), 3. (Mixed Ca-NaHCO3 type), 4. (Mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type), 5. (CaCl type) and 6. (Na-HCO3 type). From the studied samples, 81.13%, 8.47% and 3.38% samples fall in the field 1, 3 and 6 of the Piper trilinear diagram (Fig. 4), respectively. . From the plot it is observed that majority of samples are of Ca-HCO3 type followed by Mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 type and a little percentage falls under Na-HCO3 type suggesting that throughout most of the study area alkaline earths (Ca+ and Mg+ ) dominate over alkalies (Na+ and K+ ) and weak acids (HCO3) dominate over strong acids (Cland SO4 2- ) in the groundwater. Mechanisms Controlling Groundwater Chemistry Reactions between groundwater and aquifer minerals have a significant role on water quality, which are also useful to understand the genesis of groundwater (Cederstorm 1946; Gupta et al. 2008; Subramani et al. 2009). To know the groundwater chemistry and the relationship of the chemical components of water to their respective aquifers such as chemistry of the rock types, chemistry of precipitated water, and rate of evaporation, Gibbs (1970) has suggested diagrams in which ratio of dominant anions and cations are plotted against the value of TDS. Gibbs diagrams, represents the ratio 1 for cations and ratio 2 for anions (eq. 5 and 6) as a function of TDS. These diagrams are widely employed to assess the functional sources of dissolved chemical constituents, such as precipitation, rock, and evaporation dominance (Gibbs 1970). The studied groundwater samples are plotted in Gibbs diagrams (Fig 5), majority of these samples fall in the rock dominance area suggesting that chemical weathering is the dominant process which has affected the groundwater by dissolution of the rock forming minerals of the aquifer. Only five samples fall in the precipitation dominance area suggesting the influence of precipitation on the ground water. Groundwater quality for agriculture The quality of water, type of soil, and cropping practices play an important role for a suitable irrigation practice. Presence of excessive amounts of dissolved ions in irrigation water affect plants and agricultural soil physically and chemically, thus reducing productivity. The physical effect of these ions is to lower the osmotic pressure in the plant structural cells, thus preventing water to reach the branches and leaves of the plant. The chemical effect is to disrupt plant metabolism. Water quality problems in irrigation include indices for salinity, chlorinity, sodicity, and alkalinity (Mills 2003). Total hardness To determine the suitability of groundwater for domestic and industrial purposes, hardness is an important criterion, as it is involved in making the water hard. Water hardness has no known adverse effects; however, it causes more consumption of detergents at the time of cleaning, and some evidence indicates its role in heart disease (Schroeder 1960). The total hardness (TH) in ppm (Hem 1985; Ragunath 1987; Todd 2001) has been determined by Eq. 7: TH = 2.497 Ca2+ + 4.115Mg2+ (7) The classification of the groundwater of the study area based on hardness (Sawyer and McCarthy 1967) is presented in Table (3). Accordingly the groundwater of the study area is hard to very hard with 11.87% of samples falling in hard category and 88.13% samples falling in very hard category. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) Excess sodium in water produces undesirable effects of changing soil properties and reducing soil permeability (Kelly 1951). High sodium depositing waters are generally not suitable for irrigating crops, as higher deposition of sodium may deteriorate the soil characteristics. SAR of water is directly related to the adsorption of sodium by soil and is a valuable criterion for determining the suitability of the water for irrigation. Excessive sodium content relative to calcium and magnesium reduces soil permeability (Kelly 1951). and thus inhibits the supply of water needed for the crops. The SAR measures the relative proportion of sodium ions to those of calcium and magnesium in water. SAR is used to predict the sodium hazard of high carbonate waters especially if they contain no residual alkali. The excess sodium or limited calcium and magnesium content are evaluated by SAR (Kalra and Maynard 1991), which is computed using Eq. 8 as: SAR = Na Ca + Mg 2 (8) The classification of groundwater samples from the study area with respect to SAR (Todd 1959; Richards 1954) is presented in Table (4). The SAR value in the study area ranges from 0.24 to 2.82 with mean value of 1.04 which means that all the samples from the study area are classified as excellent for irrigation as all the samples fall in S1 category (sodium hazard class). Salinity hazard The total concentration of soluble salts (salinity hazard) in irrigation water can be expressed in terms of specific conductance. Classification of groundwater based on salinity hazard is presented in Table (5). It is found from the salinity hazard classes that 18.64% of the samples fall in the excellent category, 67.79% samples fall in good category and 13.55% samples fall in doubtful category for irrigation purposes. Groundwater samples that fall in the low salinity hazard class (C1) can be used for irrigation of most crops and majority of soils. However, some leaching is required, but this occurs under normal irrigation practices except in soils of extremely low permeability. Groundwater samples that fall in the medium salinity hazard class (C2) can be used if a moderate amount of leaching occurs. High salinity (C4 and C5) can be suitable for plants having good salt tolerance but restricts its suitability for irrigation, especially in soils with restricted drainage (Karanth 1989; Mohan et al. 2000). High salinity water (C3, C4, and C5) cannot be used in soils with restricted drainage. Even with adequate drainage, special management for salinity control is required, and crops with good salt tolerance should be selected. Such areas need special attention as far as irrigation is concerned. A more detailed analysis for the suitability of water for irrigation can be made by plotting the sodium absorption ratio and electrical conductivity (Fig. 12) data on the US Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram (Richards 1954). Accordingly, 11 samples fall in the category of C1S1 (18.64%), indicating a low salinity/low sodium type. Of the remaining 48 samples, 39 samples belong to C2S1 (67.79%), showing medium salinity hazard/ low sodium hazard and 9 samples belong to C3S1 (13.55%), category, indicating a high salinity/low sodium type water. Salinity index On the bases of salinity index classification of groundwater samples is given in Table 6 (Handa 1969). It is found that all the samples fall under low to high salinity classes. The majority of the samples (67.79%) belong to the medium salinity category, indicating that the water is of good quality. The salinity index of the groundwater samples was computed using the measured electrical conductivity values. Water exhibiting low to medium salinity (classes 1 and 2) are not considered very harmful to soils or crops, whereas those exhibiting high salinity (class 3) are suitable for irrigating the medium and high salt-tolerant crops. High salinity water (class 4) is suitable for irrigating high salt-tolerant crops, whereas water of salinity class 5 or above is generally unsuitable for irrigation. All of the groundwater samples in the study region are categorized as classes 1–3 and thus may be considered as suitable for irritation. Percent Sodium (Na %) If the concentration of Na+ is high in irrigation water, Na+ gets absorbed by clay particles, displacing Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. This exchange process of Na+ in water for Ca2+ and Mg2+ in soil reduces the permeability of the soil and eventually results in poor internal drainage of the soil. Hence, air and water circulation is restricted during wet conditions and such soils are usually hard when dry (Collins and Jenkins 1996; Saleh et al. 1999). Methods of Wilcox (1955) and Richards (1954) have been used to classify and understand the basic character of the chemical composition of groundwater, since the suitability of the groundwater for irrigation depends on the mineralization of water and its effect on plants and soil. Percent sodium can be determined using equation 9 as: Na% = Na +K 100 Ca+Mg+Na +K (9) The classification of groundwater samples with respect to percent sodium is shown in Table (7) and it is found that 28.81% of the samples fall in the excellent category, 52.54% of the samples fall in the good category, 16.94% of the samples fall in the permissible category while only 1.69% samples fall in doubtful category, showing that majority of the samples in the study area are suitable for irrigating the most types of soils. Based on percent sodium, Eaton (1950) classified irrigation water into two categories with percent sodium greater than sixty percent as unsafe and the water with percent sodium less than sixty as safe. Accordingly the 98.30% of the samples from the study area fall in the safe category and only 1.69% samples fall in the unsafe category (Table 8). Wilcox (1955) used percent sodium and specific conductance in evaluating irrigation waters using Wilcox diagram. In the Wilcox diagram %Na is plotted against specific conductance. An appraisal of the Wilcox diagram (Fig. 7) shows that most of the samples from the study area fall under excellent to permissible fields of the diagram with only two samples falling in doubtful to permissible field, indicating that majority of the samples from the study area are suitable for the irrigation purposes for majority of crops and most of the soils. Residual sodium carbonate When concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates exceeds that of calcium and magnesium, there may be possibility of complete precipitation of calcium and magnesium. Bicarbonate and carbonate is considered to be detrimental to the physical properties of soils, as it causes dissolution of organic matter in the soil, which in turn leaves a black stain on the soil surface on drying. As a result, the relative proportion of sodium in the water is increased in the form of sodium carbonate, and this excess, denoted by RSC, is calculated as given below (Eaton 1950; Ragunath 1987: Eq. 11). RSC= (HCO3 - +CO3) - (Ca2++Mg2+) (11) According to the US Department of Agriculture, water having more than 2.50 epm of RSC is not suitable for irrigation purposes. A high value of RSC in water leads to an increase in the adsorption of sodium in soil (Eaton 1950). The groundwater in the study area is classified on the basis of RSC (Richards 1954) and the results are presented in Table (10). Accordingly, 98.30% of samples fall in the suitable category and only 1.69% of the samples fall in the unsuitable category. Permeability Index The permeability of the soil is affected by the long term use of water influenced by Na+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+, and HCO3 - Doneen (1964) and Ragunath (1987) evolved a criterion for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation based on permeability index (P.I.). The permeability index can be calculated as given below (Eq. 13): PI = Na+ HCO Ca+Mg+Na (13) Where, all the ions are reported in milliequilents. As per the Doneen’s chart waters can are classified as Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class I and Class II represent waters which are good for irrigation with 50–75% or more of maximum permeability. Class III waters are unsuitable with 25% of maximum permeability. The permeability index of the groundwater in the study area varied from 20.26 to 62.84 with an average of 37.22. An appraisal of the figure (8), shows that all the samples from the study area fall in class I field of the Doneen’s Chart showing that maximum permeability is more than 75% which indicates that the water is excellent for the irrigation purposes. Potential salinity The suitability of water for irrigation is not dependent on the concentration of soluble salts in the water (Doneen 1961, 1964). (Doneen 1962) is of the opinion that low solubility salts precipitate in the soil and accumulate with each successive irrigation, whereas the concentration of highly soluble salts increases the salinity of the soil. (Doneen 1962) introduced an important parameter ?Potential salinity? for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation uses which may be defined as the chloride concentration plus half of the sulfate concentration (Eq. 14). Potential salinity = Cl + 1 2 SO4 (14) It is generally found that PS values are more pronounced in the estuarine region than in the fresh water region samples and is expressed in milliequivalents per liter. The huge amount of potential salinity in the estuarine region is due to the presence of chlorides, which are derived from sea source. The potential salinity of the water samples in the study area varied from 0.10 to 4.51 with an average value of 0.61 meq/l. It shows that the potential salinity in the groundwater of the study area is low, thus, making the water useful for irrigation purposes. CONCLUSION The groundwater in the study area is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, and belongs to hard to very hard categories. Based on TDS the groundwater in the region is fresh to brackish and (97.30%) of the samples fall in the desirable to permissible category for drinking purposes, with only 1.69% of the samples falling above the permissible limit while all the samples are fit for agricultural uses. The abundance of the major cations in the study area is in the order Ca> Na> Mg> K While that of major anions is HCO3> Cl> SO4. Carbonate weathering is the dominant weathering process in the study area, however, silicate weathering processes are also responsible for the supply of the some ionic species to the groundwater. The negative index of Base Exchange for most of the samples (>90%) indicate that there exists a chloro-alkaline disequilibrium, i.e., ion exchange between the groundwater and its host environment during residence or travel time. Based on the hydrochemical facies the groundwater in the study area consisted of three main facies viz. Ca-HCO3 type (81.13%), Mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 type (8.47%) and Na-HCO3 type (3.38%), indicating that throughout most of the study area alkaline earths (Ca+ and Mg+ ) dominate over alkalies (Na+ and K+ ) and weak acids (HCO3) dominate over strong acids (Cland SO4 2- ). Based on the Gibb’s diagram it can be concluded that in more than ninety one percent of the samples the major ion chemistry is controlled by rock-water interaction whereas the chemistry of the remaining meagre amount of the samples is the result of mixing of meteoritic water with the groundwater. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation was evaluated based on the irrigation quality parameters like SAR, Salinity hazard, Salinity index, %Na, RSC, potential salinity and permeability index,. 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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25General SciencesEVALUATION OF DIVERSITY IN PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.) GENOTYPES USING AGRO- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND RAPD ANALYSIS English1725Gowher A. WaniEnglish Bilal A. MirEnglish Manzoor A. ShahEnglishAnalysis of the extent and distribution of genetic diversity in crop plants is essential for optimizing sampling and breeding strategies. Germplasm characterization and evaluation yield information for more efficient utilization of these valuable resources. Morphological characters and Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to estimate diversity among 5 genotypes of Pea (Pisum sativum). Selected four RAPD primers generated 24 bands, 10 of which were found to be polymorphic. All the primers produced polymorphic amplification products, however the extent of polymorphism varied with each primer .The percentage of polymorphism generated by primer was P-03 (83.33%), P-05 (25%), P-06 (16.66%) and P-17 (50%). Great variation among morphological characters viz., plant height, number of nodes, internode distance, number of branches, length of branch from main axis, number of leaves, stem diameter, germination percentage and radicle length was observed. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient resulted into two major clusters. Cluster I comprised of two genotypes KPMR526 and KPMR569; Cluster II can be further divided into two sub clusters, Sub cluster I comprised two genotypes KPMR571 and KPMR583 while as sub cluster II consists of a single genotype KPMR594. All the genotypes could be discriminated from one another using combined profiles of 4 primers. EnglishPisum sativum; cultivars; Morphology; RAPD; genetic diversity.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1335http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1335

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareEVER USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG WOMEN ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS AT ABHA, SAUDI ARABIA English2632Aesha FarheenEnglishBackground: Contraceptive use is one of the indicators of women’s health. Ideally all women in their reproductive period should have access to the means of fertility regulation and should be empowered to decide the use of contraceptives. Such a study has not been carried out so far in this region, so this research was done with the following objectives. Objectives: 1.To find the rate of contraceptive use among women attending the Primary Health care centers of Abha. 2. To find the methods of contraceptives used by them.3. To study the distribution of study population by the contraceptive use and methods of contraception. Material and methods: A record based cross sectional study was carried out on 359 women who had attended the antenatal clinic in the years 1432 and 1433 H(2011 and 2012 AD). Data was collected on selected sociodemographic variables, any previous obstetric and medical condition, the ever use of contraceptives and its method. Result: Total contraceptive use was found to be 27%. Oral pill was the most commonly used method. No significant relation between various personal characteristics and contraceptive use was found. Conclusion: Low use of contraceptives is found among women attending Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs) of Abha. Knowledge of different contraceptive methods and their benefits on women’s and children’s health needs to be emphasized in the community. EnglishContraceptives, Oral pills, Intra Uterine Device, Saudi Arabia.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1336http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1336

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareA STUDY ON CASE SERIES OF NON BULLOUS CONGENITAL ERYTHRODERMA English3337Arun Kumar S. BilodiEnglish S. VidyaEnglish SethuramanEnglishAim of the study:-The objective of present study is to study three cases of congenital non bullous erythroderma. Place of study: From the out patient department of Dermatology at Velammal Medical College Hospital, Vellamal Village, Madurai. Period of Study: Three cases were studied during December 2012—January 2013 in the above Hospital. Case Reports:-Three cases were studied in detail.All three were boys of paediatric age group between 3 years to 7 years of age.In the first case, the boy was three years old presented with dry scaly lesion all over the body with itching ,it was noticed few weeks after birth by his mother .In the second case also,it was boy aged 6 years who also had dry scaly lesion all over the face,limb sand at flexers and third case was a boy aged 7 years who happens to be second son born to his non consanguineous parents They were examined in detail along with proper antenatal history of mother like drug history,exposure to radiation, consanguineous history,and history of similar complaints. Discussion:-All three cases were well compared and correlated with available literatures. Conclusion:-These cases of congenital lesions have high rate of morbidity and they are of paramount clinical importance .Hence studied and reported. EnglishCongenital erythroderma,nonbullous icthyosis, consanguineous parents,lamellar icthyosis , Autosomal Recessive Congenital Icthyosis (ARCI), Congenital Icthyosiform Erythrodermahttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1337http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1337

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareEFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON FORCED EXPIRATORY LUNG VOLUMES IN ASYMPTOMATIC SMOKERS English3842Jeneth Berlin Raj T.English Loganayaki R.English Rajakumar D.EnglishBackground: Cigarette smoking causes airflow limitation with lung hyperinflation being the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Most of the smokers have subclinical parenchymal lung disease. Early diagnosis and treatment decrease the rate of morbidity and mortality. Aim and objective: The aim of our present study was to assess the forced expiratory volumes like forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory lung volume in 1 second (FEV1), percentage of FEV1 (FEV1%), forced expiratory flow during 25-75% of expiration (FEF 25-75%) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in asymptomatic smokers. Method: The study was conducted in 50 asymptomatic smokers using computerized spirometer and the data was compared and analysed with the values of 50 non-smokers. Result: all the forced expiratory lung volumes were decreased in smokers when compared to non-smokers. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking cause a definite deterioration in lung function though the subjects were asymptomatic. EnglishAsymptomatic cigarette smokers, computerized spirometer, FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, FEF 25 75%, PEFR.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1338http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1338

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON SUPRAORBITAL NOTCHES AND FORAMINA IN SOUTH INDIAN SKULL English4350Sabita SinghEnglish Arun Kumar S.BilodiEnglish Parineeta SumanEnglishObjectives: A clear knowledge regarding the supraorbital notches and foramina is essential for clinicians to avoid the injury of neurovascular bundle passing through the same. In the present study, a detailed morphometric analysis of supraorbital notches and foramina were carried out and compared with the available literatures. Methods: The various types, position and dimension of supra orbital notches and foramina in different races and regions were studied in one hundred twenty human skull. The parameters for the present study used were the various types of combination of supra orbital notches and foramina, and their absence in some skulls, their distance from nasal midline, vertical and transverse diameter of supra orbital foramen and transverse diameter of supra orbital notch, any accessory supra orbital foramina . Results: In present study, total thirteen types of combination were found. Out of hundred twenty skulls, 33.33% had bilateral notch, 19.75% had bilateral foramen, 20.83% had notch on one side and foramen on other side. The mean (± SD) distance of supra orbital foramen/ notch from the nasal midline was 21.94 ± 4.32 mm on right side and 20.18 ± 4.17mm on left side. The mean (± SD) transverse diameter of supraorbital foramen and notch was 4.62 ± .83mm on right side, 4.16 ± 1.12 mm on left side and 6.93 ± 1.19mm on right side and 6.73 ± 1.14mm on left side respectively . While the mean (± SD) vertical diameter of foramen was 2.29 ± .75mm on right side and 1.93 ± .83mm on left side. The accessory supraorbital foramina were observed in 12% of cases. Conclusion: The present study revealed that supraorbital notches and foramina frequently vary in positions and dimensions in various races and region. Therefore anatomical knowledge of combinations of supra orbital notches and foramina are essential for clinicians while performing craniofacial surgeries like forehead and brow lift surgeries to avoid injuries of neurovascular bundle passing through these notches and foramina. Hence this study has been reported. EnglishSkulls, Supraorbital notch, Supraorbital foramen, Variation, Absence of supraorbital notches and foraminahttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1339http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1339

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareSPONTANEOUS PNEUMOPERITONEUM FOLLOWING BLUNT TRAUMA CHEST -DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA -ROLE OF DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPE-A CASE REPORT English5156Nayak Samir R.English Anindita MishraEnglish Soren Dilip KumarEnglish S. Nagendra BabuEnglishIntroduction: Pneumoperitoneum is a striking feature of hollow viscous perforation and may need of immediate surgical intervention. Blunt trauma chest with pneumoperitoneum without evidence of hollow viscous perforation is unusual and the condition called spontaneous pneumoperitoneum. Case Presentation: A 29 year male presented to the emergency department after a road traffic accident with hypotension and respiratory distress. Clinically there was surgical emphysema associated with diminished breath sound over left half of the chest and multiple contusions over left hypochondrium and left flank. Bedside X- ray showed fracture of ribs on left side with pneumothorax and air under both the dome of diaphragm. Emergency tube thoracostomy done and respiratory symptoms improved. Further patient evaluated with Ultrasound abdomen and Computerized tomogram of abdomen. Imaging study revealed dilated bowel loops, gross pneumoperitoneum with minimal fluid collections. We did diagnostic laparoscopy done to find hollow viscous perforation or diaphragm injury but to the surprising hollow viscous and diaphragm found to be normal. Case Discussion: Pneumothorax and pnemoperitoneum with presence of abdominal contusions make the surgeons in dilemma for choosing conservative or therapeutic approach. Conclusion: Diagnostic laparoscopy with systemic exploration of abdominal organs and spaces will help in diagnosis and mandatory laparotomy may avoided EnglishPneumoperitoneum, Blunt trauma chest, diagnostic laparoscopy.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1340http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1340

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareCHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME- NEGATIVE CELLS IN PATIENT WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA TREATED WITH FIRST GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR- SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE English5761Trajkova S.English Cevreska L.English Pavkovic M.English Panovska Stavridis I .English Dukovski D.English Popova-Simjanovska M.English Cadievski L.English Stojanovic A.EnglishChronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of a Bcr-Abl fusion protein with deregulated tyrosine kinase activity that is required for maintaining the malignant phenotype. Imatinib as a selective inhibitor of Bcr-Abl induces complete cytogenetic remission in the majority of patients with CML in chronic phase. Targeted therapy of CML with imatinib favors the manifestation of Ph-(negative) clone disorders in some patients. Facts indicate that patients on imatinib should be followed with conventional cytogenetics, even after induction of complete remission. We report a case of a patient with CML, in chronic phase treated with imatinib which induces the most common abnormality trisomy 8. EnglishChronic myelogenous leukemia, imatinib, Philadelphia chromosome, clone evolutionhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1341http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1341

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareA STUDY ON NON-STRUCTURAL PROTEIN1 ANTIGEN, IGM AND IGG ANTIBODIES SEROPOSITIVITY BY USING DENGUE DUO KIT METHOD IN PATIENTS SUSPECTED TO BE SUFFERING FROM DENGUE FEVER ATTENDING TO MIMS GENERAL HOSPITAL, NELLIMARLA, VIZIANAGARAM English6272R. Sarath babuEnglish Supriya PandaEnglish K.Bhaskara RaoEnglish T.V.RamaniEnglishDengue virus is widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. Dengue virus infection has emerged as a notable public health problem in recent decades in terms of mortality and morbidity associated with it. According to Ministry of health, Government of India, India has recorded over 37,000 dengue cases,including 227 dengue deaths in 2012, the highest number in a year so far, and the percentage increase in the number of cases and deaths between 2011 and 2012(upto 26-11-2012) is approximately 97% and 34% respectively. Dengue, a vector borne disease, has hit all the major cities of the country, with the total number of cases by 26-11-2012 reaching 37,070- a sharp increase from 18,860 cases and 169 deaths in 2011.Over 28,000 dengue cases and 110 deaths were reported in 2010. In 2012, Kerala has reported the maximum of over 3,760 dengue cases, followed by Karnataka with 3,640 cases. Delhi, by mid-November, reported 1,980 cases.In 2012,deaths from dengue have been highest in Tamil Nadu which reported 60 deaths. Maharashtra had 59 deaths and Delhi four deaths. According to Government of Andhrapradesh statement (12-09-2012) 724 cases of dengue fever were confirmed this year which was much more than 2011(150cases). In the present study, an attempt has been made to know the seropositivity of dengue infection among patients admitted in Medicine and Paediatrics wards, MIMS General Hospital, Nellimarla, Vizianagaram. A total number of 207 patients suspected to be suffering from dengue infection were included based on clinical symptoms. Blood samples were collected and sera were separated for testing by using the solid phase immunochromatographic assay for Dengue IgM & IgG antibodies and invitro chromatographic assay for Dengue Non-structural protein1(NS1)antigen, a commercial dengue virus rapid duo test kit manufactured by Standard Diagnostics, Inc, Korea for combined Dengue Non-structural protein1 antigen, IgM and IgG antibody detection. Out of 207 suspected cases, 36(17.39%) were positive for dengue infection. Out of 36 seropositive cases, 09(25%) were positive for dengue Non-structural protein1 antigen, 14(38.89%) were positive for IgM antibody, 08(22.22%) for Non-structural protein1 (NS1) and IgM, 05(13.89%) for IgM and IgG antibodies.All the 36 seropositive cases were subjected for follow up. All the 09 Non-structural protein1 antigen positive patients underwent platelet transfusion due to low platelet count (EnglishDengue fever, Non-structural protein1(NS1) antigen, IgM antibody, IgG antibody, Platelet count.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1342http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1342

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareUTERINE PROLAPSE DURING 3RD STAGE OF LABOUR-CASE REPORT English7375Shiragur Shobha S.English Gobbur Vijayalaxmi R.English Manpreetkaur Tehalia J.English Ashwini V.EnglishIntrapartum uterine prolapse is an uncommon but life threatening obstetric emergency.The reported incidence varies considerably, with reports ranging from 1 in 10,000-15,000.It is due to difficulty in delivering the placenta associated with weakness of supporting ligaments.It can lead to various complications like irreversible shock and can even cause maternal death.It is imperative that the condition is recognised quickly and managed promptly in order to minimise the maternal morbidity and mortality.Here we are presenting a case of uterine prolapse during 3rd stage of labour managed successfully. English3rd stage of labour,Uterine prolapse,Retained placenta.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1343http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1343

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcarePYOPNEUMOTHORAX WITH AN UNUSUAL ETIOLOGY English7683Somanath DashEnglish Anil Kumar KodavalaEnglish Samir Ranjan NayakEnglish K. V. Ramana RaoEnglish N. Durga PrasadEnglish Saladi SridurgaEnglishBackground: Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are common in the children. The commonest variety is the Bochdalek type of hernia. It appears through the foramen of bochdalek on the left side of diaphragm. Bochdalek hernia in adults is a rare entity. In adults hernia may occur after traumatic episode. Diaphragmatic hernia presenting as typical left pyopneumothorax with shifting of mediastinum is very rare. Case History: Our patient is a 56 year old male presented to the casualty with breathlessness, severe chest pain and decreased appetite of one week duration. He was clinically and radiologically diagnosed as left sided hydropneumothorax. Patient was in shock. Inter costal chest tube was placed on the left side. Frank pus was collected. On third day of admission food particles were collected in the water seal bag. Contrast pleuroscopy and CT thorax revealed presence of stomach in the left pleural cavity. Laparotomy was performed, which showed incarcerated and perforated stomach along with spleen inside the left pleural space. Patient improved after surgery. Conclusion: An adult patient presented with features of left pyopneumothorax. The presentation in this case was very much confusing for the physicians because there was appearance of food particles in the intercostals drainage tube. Later surgically approached and found to be incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia. Incarcerated abdominal contents were secondarily infected consequently leading to accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. EnglishPyopneumothorax, Bochdalek hernia, Gastro-pleural fistula, incarcerated stomach.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1344http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1344

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareSTUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN THE SHAPE OF CORONOID PROCESS OF MANDIBLE IN SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION English8492R. SudhaEnglish Shanta chandrasekaranEnglish N. ArunaEnglishBackground of the study: Coronoid process of mandible is a flat, triangular process,with variation in shapes like hooked, rounded and triangular.Anatomical variations in shape can result in narrowing of the vestibular space due to the close proximity of the medial aspect of the coronoid process to the distal molar tooth and cause impingement,resulting in restriction of mouth opening and mandibular hypomobility.This study was done to evaluate the presentation of different shapes of coronoid process of mandible in south indian population.As far as our knowledge goes this is frontier study in this region. Aim of the study: To determine the shape of coronoid process of mandible in south indian population. Material and methods: The present study was done in 125 dry human adult mandibles from the bone bank of Anatomy departments of Annapoorana medical College,Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Medical College,Vinayaka Homeopathy Medical College, Salem.Variations in the shape of the coronoid processes like triangular,hook,rounded among right and left sides of the coronoid process in both the sex were observed and recorded. Results:Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular 60.8%,Rounded 14% and Hook in 25.6% in the present study.Hook shape was found Bilaterally in 28.8 %.In Edentulous bone Hook type of coronoid process was found in 53.3% and there was no incidence of rounded type bilaterally. Conclusion:Triangular shape of coronoid process is the most common presentation unilaterally and bilaterally.Incidence of Triangular,Rounded,Hook shape were found more in the in male mandibles compared to female mandibles.Unilateral Incidence of triangular and rounded coronoid shapes were more than bilateral incidence.Hook shape incidence(28.8%) was found more bilaterally. EnglishHook type,Triangular type, Rounded typehttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1345http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1345

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareBIOMEDICAL WASTE MINIMIZATION IN THE ORTHOPAEDIC WARD IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN TAMILNADU English9398Vetrivel Chezian SengodanEnglish Shivapriya ManivannanEnglishBackground: The biomedical waste generated from various sources has become a problem and much attention is being given worldwide to find a solution to this issue. Categorization, handling and management of biomedical wastes needs prime attention. Methods: Retrospective study. This study was conducted in the orthopaedics department of Coimbatore Medical College Hospital, Coimbatore.Data analysis of the wastes generated from 2010 to 2012 was done and the amount of wastes in each color category analyzed and compared for the given time interval. Results: The study revealed that the biomedical waste generated was 1045.85 kg in 2010, 827.35 kg in 2011 and 787.87kg in 2012 thus showing a gradual decline. The majority of the wastes were from the red bin during the study period when compared to the red bin and blue bin. This reduction in Bio medical waste was due to proper segregation of the wastes. Conclusion: Awareness about proper Bio medical waste (BMW) management has led to progressive reduction in the amount of wastes generated. Effective segregation of BMW is the need of time to complete the mission of eradicating diseases. EnglishSegregation, biomedical waste,orthopaedics,tertiary care ,South Indiahttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1346http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1346

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH GAIN USING MENTAL PRACTICE English99104Yoggeta S. RawattEnglish Aparna SadhaleEnglishPurpose of study: Mental Practice is a known documented technique for learning/reacquiring new motor skills. There are very few studies done in India to show the efficacy of mental practice in rehabilitation. This study was attempted to see if mental practice causes change in the neural tissue responsible for controlling hip muscles. Materials: Mentamove machine, weight cuffs to measure 1RM, stopwatch to denote unilateral stance time, book and a pen. Outcome measures: Unilateral stance test and 1RM of hip muscles were the outcome measures used in the assessment. Methodology: type of study – experimental type. Unilateral stance test of the dominant leg (left) and 1RM of left hip abductors and extensors of the healthy individual were recorded. Mentamove electrodes were placed on the skin over left hip extensors and abductors. 9 contractions were recorded in each mental practice session. 21 sessions of mental practice were given and a change in 1RM and unilateral stance time was noted. Results: On observational analysis it was seen that there was a significant gain in the unilateral stance time and also a change was noted in 1RM of left hip abductors and hip extensors, pre and post mental practice sessions. Conclusion: From our study it was concluded that the concept of mental practice lead to an increase in 1RM of hip extensors and hip abductors. EnglishMental Practice, Mentamove, one leg stance test, 1RM, strength.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1347http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1347

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareRISK OF COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA WITH PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS: A SYSTEMIC REVIEW English105109Shreya M. ShahEnglish Shah M. K.EnglishBackground: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used over-the-counter drugs for treatment of acid peptic disease. Irrational use of PPIs without proper indication has exposed patients to unnecessary risks. Currently, PPIs are under scrutiny by U.S.FDA to determine risk of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) as conflicting results have been obtained from various studies. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk of CAP with use of PPIs in adults. Methods: We searched PUBMED and MEDLINE databases to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria. All titles and abstracts were screened independently and in duplicate by authors for eligibility. The primary outcome was first episode of CAP. Only observational studies with a comparison arm were included. Results : Based on eligibility criteria, five observational studies were included for analysis. Conclusion: Further randomised controlled trials are needed to clarify the risk of CAP with PPI therapy . EnglishProton pump inhibitors, Omeprazole, Pneumonia, community acquired pneumonia , CAP.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1348http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1348

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareHISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ORAL CAVITY LESIONS: A STUDY ON 100 CASES. English110116Nikunj V. MehtaEnglish Kalpana K. DaveEnglish R.N.GonsaiEnglish H.M.GoswamiEnglishPurvi S. PatelEnglish Tarang B. KadamEnglishBackground: Oral cavity is one of the most common sites for tumours and tumour like lesions in males especially in India. Squamous cell carcinoma is single most common malignant lesion of this region and related to continuous use of tobacco. Aims and objectives: To study the histopathology of different benign and malignant oral lesions and to compare the observed findings to similar studies with relation to age, sex and site distribution. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in the Department of Histopathology, B.J.Medical College, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad from January 2012 to December 2012. A total of 100 cases of oral cavity lesions were studied. Results: Benign lesions were more common than malignant lesions. The most common site was buccal mucosa with 32 cases (32%) followed by lip with 22 cases (22%). Out of the 100 cases, 75 cases (75%) were benign and 25 cases (25%) were malignant. Out of 25 malignant cases, 22 cases (22%) were conventional squamous cell carcinoma and 1 case each of clear cell odontogenic tumour, low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma. Conclusion: A higher degree of suspicion, based on clinical findings and associated risk factors, precise histopathological typing of lesions to confirm or rule out malignancy is essential in the management of oral lesions. EnglishOral cavity, Benign, Malignant.INTRODUCTION The oral cavity is one of the most common sites for various tumours and tumour like lesions. Oral cavity lesions are usually asymptomatic. It has been proved that there is relationship between ill fitting dentures, tobacco chewing and cigarette smoking with pathological lesions, both benign and malignant(1,2). Benign lesions are the most common with the commonest being mucocele, inflammation, fibroepithelial polyp, hemangioma, fibroma and submucosal fibrosis(3,5). Among the malignant lesions, squamous cell carcinoma is single most common malignant lesion of this region. The most common sites are buccal mucosa, lip, tongue and palate(6,7) . MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Histopathology, B.J.Medical College, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad from January 2012 to December 2012. A total of 100 incisional biopsied specimens were processed by routine paraffin method followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and reviewed by pathologists. RESULTS In the present study the affected age range was from 7 to 80 years with a mean age of 35 years. The youngest patient (7 year old male) presented with Granuloma pyogenicum of upper lip and the oldest patient (80 years old male) with mucous retention cyst of buccal mucosa. Lesions were more common in male (71 cases; 71%) than in females (29 cases; 29%). The more common age group was 18-40 years. Among 100 cases, 25 cases (25%) were malignant and 75 cases (75%) were benign ( Table II ). The most common site was the buccal mucosa (32%) in the present study ( Table I ). The characteristic common locations of individual oral lesion were shown in Table III. DISCUSSION Oral cavity is one of the most common sites for neoplasm in males especially in India which is due to higher tobacco chewing or smoking. The study from January 2012 to December 2012 includes a variety of 100 oral cavity lesions, both benign and malignant which were then analyzed for the purpose of studying the clinical aspects as well as histopathological patterns of oral lesions. The observations were recorded and compared with work of other reputed study of researchers. Our study showed benign lesions were more common than malignant lesions which was also shown in the study of other researchers. The incidence of both benign and malignant lesions in our study were 75 cases (75%) and 25 cases (25%) respectively. Similar finding was seen in a study done by Shamim et. al. who evaluated 244 oral gingival lesions in India and showed nonneoplastic in 75.5% and neoplastic in 24.5%(1) . Another study done by Mujica et al. where of the lesions were benign and comprised of either inflammatory or reactive lesions(2) . In our study, the affected age range was 07 to 80 years with mean age of 35 years. In a study done in Northern Jordanian population by Khateeb et al, the age of the patient ranged from 6 to 98 years (3). In another study done by Furlong et al, the youngest patient was 9 years and the oldest was 92 years old(5). Peak incidence of oral cavity lesions were seen in age group 18 to 40 years which was comparable with study done by AlKhateeb et al where the majority of lesions were seen in 2nd to 4th decade(3) . Although oral cavity lesions are common among all the ages & can affect any site. Predominance of involvement is noted in different sites in different studies. Al-Khateeb et al. study show predominance of palatal lesion, Pudasaini et al. study show predominance of lip lesion while in our study most common site of involvement is buccal mucosa(3,4) . In our study there were 22 cases of squamous cell carcinoma ( Figure I ), the age ranging from 40- 65 years. In studies done by Ildstad et al and Weber et al, majority of the squamous cell carcinomas were seen in the 6th decade(6,7) . Mucocele ( Figure III ) was seen in 26 cases (26%) and 20 cases occurred in lip (20%), 4 cases occurred in buccal cavity and 2 cases occurred in tongue . Oliveira et al also showed that the lip was the common site for mucocele in his study(8) . Clear cell odontogenic tumor ( Figure II ) is a rare odontogenic tumor arising from the anterior region of mandible characterized histologically by sheets of cells with clear cytoplasm lying in fibrous stroma(09). It occurs in patients ranging from 14 to 89 years (mean 55.6 years), sixth decade being the most frequent(09). Female :Male ratio is 11:8(10). According to a study conducted by Siriwardena et al. the most common location was the premolar area of both the jaws(11). There was 1 case of clear cell odontogenic tumor from 1 st premolar to 3rd molar on right side of lower buccal vestibule in 62 year old male in our study. Verrucous carcinoma is a specific, welldifferentiated and nonmetastasizing variant of squamous cell carcinoma(12) . It appears as a painless, thick white plaque resembling a cauliflower. The most common sites of oral mucosal involvement include the buccal mucosa, followed by the mandibular alveolar crest, gingiva and tongue. Most patients are elderly males(12). In our study there is a case of verrucous carcinoma in 50 years old male patient. Site is buccal mucosa. A mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a tumour that usually occurs in the salivary glands. They contain three cellular elements in varying proportions: squamous cells, mucus-secreting cells, and "intermediate" cells. It is most common in middle age group (35 - 65 years) (13) . Women are more commonly affected than men (3:2), and the mean age at onset is in the 5th decade of life. Out of major salivary glands, parotid gland is the most common site. Out of minor salivary glands ( palate, retromolar area, floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, lip, tongue ), palate is the most common site (13). In our study, there is a case of 30 years old female patient diagnosed as low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of hard palate. Other benign lesions that we came across in our study were hemangioma, fibroma, submucosal fibrosis, fibroepithelial polyp and papilloma. Studies have shown that these lesions are not very common but often occur in the oral cavity(3,5) . CONCLUSION In our study, we concluded that majority of oral cavity lesions were benign. However, the origin and nature of the oral cavity lesions cannot be confirmed by clinical examination alone. Hence, it is must to have a histopathological examination to confirm the histogenesis and malignant potential of the oral lesions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our gratitude to Department of Pathology, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad. We also acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles cited and included in references of this manuscript. We are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. We are grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1349http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=13491. Shamim T, Varghese VI, Shameena PM,et al. A retrospective analysis of gingival biopsied lesions in south Indian population : 2001- 2006.Med Oral Pathol Oral Cir Buccal 2008; 13: E414-8. 2. Mujica V, Rivera H, Carrero M. Prevelance of oral soft tissue lesions in an elderly Venezuelan population. Med Oral Pathol Oral Cir Bucal 2008;13:E270-4. 3. Al-Khateeb TH. Benign oral masses in a Northern Jordanian population- a retrospective study. Open Dent J 2009;3:147- 53. 4. Pudasaini S, Baral R, Oral cavity lesions: A study of 21 cases, Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2011)Vol.1,49-51. 5. Furlong MA,Fanburg-Smith JC, Childers EL. Lipoma of the oral and maxillofacial region: site and subclassification of 125 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:441-50. 6. Ildstad ST, Bigelow ME, and Remensnyder JP. Squamous cell carcinoma of the alveolar ridge and palate. A 15-year survey. Ann Surg 1984;199:445-53. 7. Weber RS, Peters LJ, Wolf P, Guillamondegui O. Squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate, uvula, and anterior faucial pillar. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;99:16-23. 8. Oliveira DT, Consolaro A, Freitas FJ. Histopathological Spectrum of 112 cases of mucocele. Braz Dent J 1993;4:29-36. 9. Muramatsu T, Hashimoto S,Inoue T,Shimono M,Noma H, Shigenmatsu T : Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma on the mandibleHistochemical and immunohistochemical observation with a review of literature. J Oral Pathol Med 1996;25:516-521. 10. Madhu K. Nair, E. Jefferson Burkes and Onanong Chai-U-Dom: Radiographic manifestation of clear cell odontogenic tumor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89: 250-254. 11. B.S.M.S. Siriwardena, W.M. Tilakaratne, R.M.S.K. Rajapaksha : clear cell odontogenic carcinoma- A case report and review of literature. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg;33;512- 514. 12. Rosai amd ackerman’s, surgical pathology, 3 rd edition, verrucous carcinoma :Chapter 5:246-247. 13. Som PM, Curtin HD. Head and Neck Imaging, Volume 1 und. Mosby. (2003)ISBN:0323009425.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareULTRASONICALLY DIAGNOSED OBSTRUCTED FEMORAL HERNIA English117119M. PalaniappanEnglish N.S. KannanEnglish S. BrahadeeswaranEnglish25% femoral hernias are misdiagnosed surgically1 because they are small and sometimes concealed in fat in elderly obese women. This case report reemphasises the value of the simple and practical investigation of ultrasonography in making the correct diagnosis and management. It is especially of value because it is noninvasive. Englishfemoral hernia, ultrasonogramINTRODUCTION Femoral hernias though less common than inguinal hernias can still confront the general surgeon with or without palpable mass in the groin, sometimes patients presenting with obscure abdominal pain1 . 25% of femoral hernias are misdiagnosed surgically2 . Ultrasound imaging of the swelling can clinch the diagnosis and put one on the right track. Though B mode ultrasonogram imaging of femoral hernia is already known and described, this case report aims to reemphasise the value of ultrasound in groin swellings which have a wide differential diagnosis. CASE REPORT A 46 year old lady presented to the surgical OPD with complaints of pain abdomen and vomiting of 2 days duration, swelling in the left inguinal region (fig 1) , of 6 months duration. On examination, she had a swelling in the left groin of size 3x2 cms in the inguinal crease. The swelling was tense and tender without any cough impulse or abdominal distension. Apart from leucocytosis, routine investigations were within normal limits. Plain X ray of the abdomen was nonspecific. Ultrasound imaging of the abdomen and pelvis was done using B mode ultrasonography. With the probe over the groin swelling, a dilated small intestinal loop was seen(fig 2). Herniation of the peritoneum was also visualized (fig 3). With these findings, a diagnosis of obstructed/strangulated left femoral hernia was made and she was taken for emergency surgery after preoperative preparation. Under spinal anaesthesia, a left inguinal incision was made and the left inguinal canal was opened. The groin swelling was exposed by reflecting the lower flap of the inguinal incision. In the inguinal canal, in the Hesselbach’s triangle, the peritoneum was opened and a small intestinal loop was found herniating through the femoral canal and presenting as the groin swelling. The region of the pectineal ligament, lacunar ligament and inguinal ligament was exposed from above and the lacunar ligament was divided on a grooved director, after which it was possible to deliver the herniated small bowel loop by gentle traction from above. Straw coloured fluid found in the sac was drained The herniated small bowel loop was slightly bluish in colour but after release it became pink (fig4), with resumption of peristaltic movements denoting viability. Hence the small bowel was replaced in the peritoneal cavity and peritoneum was closed. 3 No.1 prolene stitches were used to close the femoral canal by approximating the inguinal ligament to the pectineal ligament. Wound closed in layers. Postoperative course was smooth. Sutures were removed on 10th postoperative day and wound healed primarily. DISCUSSION Though B mode ultrasound imaging of femoral hernia is already known and described, this case report aims to reemphasise the value of ultrasound in groin swellings which have a wide differential diagnosis. Since even in obstruction, the femoral hernial swelling itself often remains small and often overlaid by abdominal fatty apron, either missing the hernia or misdiagnosis as an enlarged groin lymph node or misadventurous FNAC can all be averted by the simple expedient of clinching the correct diagnosis by ultrasound imaging which is simple, safe, non invasive, widely available, economical and patient friendly. CONCLUSION In every patient with isolated groin swelling with or without symptoms of pain or Intestinal obstruction, we believe that B mode ultrasonic imaging would be a great help and aid in the correct diagnosis and management of the patient in cases of femoral hernia and differential diagnosis of groin swellings. Ultrasonography is also patient friendly, economical, widely available and noninvasive investigation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles cited and included in references of this manuscript. Authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Authors are grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1350http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=13501. Khanh T.Nguyen et al “Abdominal wall in Diagnostic Ultrasound” C.M.Rumack, II Edition, Elsevier Mosby 2005,13:494 2. PonkaPL.,BrushBE “Problem of Femoral Hernia, Arch Surg” 1971, 102:411-413

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareCOMPARE THE EFFECTS OF STATIC STRETCH AND WARM UP EXERCISES VERSUS STATIC STRETCH ON HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS AMONG STUDENT POPULATION English120127Patchava ApparaoEnglish A. Chaturvedi PilladiEnglish W. Meerabai DeviEnglish CH. Ashok ChakravarthiEnglishObjectives: The purpose of the study was 1) To find the effect of warm-up exercise and static stretch on the flexibility of Hamstring muscles among student population and 2) To compare the efficacy of static stretch with and without warm-up exercise on hamstring length. Methods: Thirty volunteer subjects (ages 18-23 years) with limited Hamstring length were assigned to two groups: (1) static stretch, (2) static stretch and warm-up. The Static stretch group consisted of one repetition of static stretch per a day for 30 sec duration, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. Stair climbing for 10 minutes is given as Warm up before the stretching in group (2). Hamstring length was measured pre intervention and post intervention using the active knee extension (AKE) test. Data were analyzed using a student paired t test and a chi square test to find out the difference between the groups. Results: Group 1 & 2 showed a significant increase in hamstring length between pre intervention and post intervention measurements. After 6 weeks, Group 2 had a mean increase of 22.14°and group 1 had a mean increase of 15.1° in AKE. Both of these groups did show a significant decrease (22.14° and 15.1°, respectively) in hamstring muscle length. However Group 1 and 2 did not differ significantly from each other. Conclusions: A significant increase in hamstring length when using static stretching. The addition of a warm-up exercise prior to stretching does not appear to significantly increase the effectiveness of static hamstring stretching. Englishflexibility, lower extremity, muscle length, stretching, warm-up.INTRODUCTION Hamstring Injuries are one of the most common musculotendinous injuries in the lower extremity4 . Reported factors that contribute to hamstring injuries include the lack of muscle extensibility, improper warm up, fatigue and poor body mechanics10. Lack of Hamstring Flexibility is the single most important characteristic of hamstring Injuries23 . Static stretching is one of the safest and most commonly performed stretching methods used to increase muscle length18 . The Literature supports that a static stretch of 30 sec at a frequency of one repetition per day, five days a Week for 6 weeks is sufficient to increase muscle length3 . A warm up is different from static stretch, but it can include in stretching. In most sports or physical activities, stretching exercises have been included as a part of a warm up routine that includes a substantial movement. Active warm up can include stretching or may be based on other kinds of movement. An active warm up will reduce injury, though not necessarily it includes stretching. The active part of the warm up is what really prepares the muscles for activity by increasing blood flow and tempareture1,11 . Warm up and stretching are advocated by clinicians to increase muscle length and performance and to limit muscle injuries1 . There is insufficient evidence that warm-up exercises alone or followed by a stretch will significantly increase flexibility1 . Wenosol at al (2004) stated that an active warm up before PNF stretching appears to be the most effective treatment to increase hip range of motion. Active warm up reduces the resistance to stretch there by increases the range of motion12 . ZAKAS A et al (2003) stated that warm up exercises are equally effective in increasing range of motion compared to warm up and stretching16 . Willford et al compared the effects of jogging for 5 min before stretching with stretching alone and also found no significant differences. 5 minute warm- up is relatively short, however and they gave no guidelines for warm up14 . In many situations especially recreational activities a muscle is forced to stretch beyond its normal active limits. If the muscle does not have enough elasticity to compensate for this additional stretch, the musculotendinous units may be injured, In order to attain good flexibility the extensibility of the muscle are very essential3 . Physical therapist has used many different methods of stretching to improve flexibility. But no studies are available to evaluate the effects of warm up with static stretching to enhance ROM at knee. Research is limited on the effects of static stretching and is controversial on the combined. Effects of warm-up activities and static stretching on muscle lengthening. The purpose of this study was 1. To compare the efficacy of static stretch with and without prior warm up exercise on Hamstring length. 2. To find the effect of warm-up exercise and static stretch on the flexibility of Hamstring muscles among student population. MATERIAL AND METHODS 50 male students were examined in which 35 students found to have hamstring tightness. In which 4 students dropped from the study because of personal reasons and one subject was absent continuously more than 4 stretching’s. All the students between the age group of 18 to 23 years (Mean age 20.2 years) at Swatantra Institute of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation, Rajahmundry, formed the population of this study. Subjects were selected by Active knee Extension test (A.K.E) 21 for measurement of Tight Hamstring muscles. Subjects Age, height and weight were matched. Informed consent was taken from all the Subjects. Inclusive Criteria 1) Males of Age between 18 to 22 years. 2) Subjects without any musculo skeletal disorders. 3) Subjects with tight Hamstrings (Measured by Active knee Extension test). 4) Subjects who are not undergoing any physical fitness training program. Exclusive Criteria 1) Previous history of hip or knee or spine injuries. 2) Any contractures or deformities. 3) Subjects having Neuro muscular disorders 4) Subjects having Cardio vascular disorders. 5) Any subjects missing 4 days without stretching 6) Subjects involving in any other physical fitness program STUDY DESIGN Study was experimental longitudinal design Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups following the initial measurement of hamstring flexibility. Subjects assigned to group –I (N=15, x age = 20 .4 range 18-23 years) served as control group and performs static stretching and did not perform any warm up exercises Group II served as a experimental group and performed static stretching and warm up exercise for 10 min (N=15, x age = 19.93 range 18-23 years) Subjects in group – II performed stretching 5 times a week for 6 weeks one repetition per day for 30sec duration. The dependent variable was hamstring length and it was measured in degrees using the AKE test as described by Gajdosik and Lustin12. Pre stretch AKE ROM was measured on all subjects. Following interventions AKE ROM measured immediately. The Investigator was blinded to the measurements. Mesurement Procedure Subject Position for AKE(Active Knee Extension Test) Testing: With Subjects lying on their left sides, the greater trochanter of the right femur, lateral femoral condoyle and lateral malleolus of right fibula were identified and marked with black felt – tip marker to help ensure proper alignment for Goniometric measurements25. Subjects were positioned supine on an examination table with the hip flexed to 900 as measured by a Goniometer. 900 of hip flexion was maintained throughout AKE measurements either by cross bar or by the assistant. The investigator ensured that the distal anterior thigh maintained contact with the cross bar for all AKE measurements throughout the AKE procedure, the left hip remained at 00 of flexion5 . A Goniometer placed lateral side of the knee stationary arm towards the femur and movable arm towards the fibula5, 20 If the Knee flexion is more than or equal to 30 degree from full extension then the test is positive for hamstring tightness5 AKE testing performed three times and measurements were noted in both pre and post treatment. Mean of the measurements were taken1 . Instrumentation 1) Universal Goniometer: Measurements were performed using a double armed, protractor made of transparent plastic to measure degrees in 10 increments 2) Stop watch 3) Pillows 4) Straps 5) Stairs 6) Marker Pen 7) Adjustable couch 8) Pen and Note book 9) Cross bar. Static stretching Static hamstring stretches by standing erect with the left foot planted on the floor and pointing straight ahead (no hip internal or external rotation) The right hamstring muscle were stretched by placing the right calcaneal aspect on an elevated surface (high enough to cause a gentle stretching sensation in the posterior thigh) with the knee fully extended and toes pointed to the ceiling (again no hip internal or external rotation) the subjects then flexed forward from the hip, maintaining the spine in a neutral position while reaching the arms forward until a gentle stretch was felt in the posterior thigh. Once this position was achieved the stretch was sustained for30 sec24, 6, 20, 15 . Warm Up Procedure Stair climbing for 10 minutes is given as Warm up before the stretching in group II1 . Here intensity of warm up is not calculated they climb at their normal cadence. Immediately followed by warm up static stretching for 30 sec is given. Stretching procedure as same as group one1 . Performance of each stretching session by each subject was supervised and recorded on an attendance sheet to document compliance to the program. If a subject failed to attend a scheduled session, stretch was given the following rest day. Any subject missing four days without stretching was eliminated from the study (One subject dropped from group II and no subject from I group) After 6 weeks all the subjects were retested using the same procedures used in the initial pre test for AKE. Testing two days after the last day of stretching and the final measurement OUTCOME SCALE Universal Goniometer13 to measure the flexibility of Hamstring Muscle by Active Knee Extension Test STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data was analyzed using student paired “t” test for finding the difference between the range of motion before and after the Treatment. A chi-square test was used to find out the significance between two groups. RESULTS In this study all the two groups (n=30) chosen are identical in pre treatment test of knee range of motion before the start of the treatment. Hence values found had no significance between the groups (Table 3 & 4) In post treatment both groups show drastic improvement in knee range of motion which was measured by active knee extension test (Fig.3). When comparing both the groups for knee joints range of motion both groups were equally effective and there was no significant improvement of flexibility in one group over the other (Fig.3) DISCUSSION The results of this study agree with other studies that a static stretch is effective in increasing hamstring length1, 3, and 9,10,16,17 . The gain in temporary length may be due to increase in muscular temperature following contraction leads to increased extensibility. For injury prevention warm up with static stretch is effective, if range of motion is the goal static stretch is effective. The gain also may be due to an increase in the tolerance to stretch and may not be due to changes in the structure of the muscle and connective tissue6 . When comparing both the groups for knee joints range of motion both groups were equally effective and there was no significant improvement of flexibility in one group over the other1 . Clinically warm up and static stretch group showed more improvement of range of motion than the static stretch group. Statistically there was no significant difference between the groups1 . Our results support previous findings that stretching increases Flexibility19, 20, 24 . Researchers in two studies determined that one 30sec stretch is effective for increasing Hamstring Range of motion. Subjects in these studies stretched 5 times a week for 6 weeks 3,19,24 This study supports the previous study done by De Weijer VC, Gornaik GC (2003) which states that static stretch and warm up group are equally effective in increasing flexibility and the study was for duration of one day1 . The result may be due to short duration so in this study duration so in the present study lasted for 6 weeks3, 19, 24 . Williford HN, East JB (july-1986) in their study to compare the effect of jogging and stretching versus stretching on flexibility of the muscles. They have concluded that warming the muscle prior stretching by jogging will not result in significant improvement of joint range of motion evaluated. This result may be due to jogging or less number of repetition of treatment (2 days per week for 9 weeks)7. To eliminate that in this study I have taken stair climbing for 10 minutes as warm up and the duration of the study is 30 sec static stretch one repetition a day for 5 days in a week for 6 weeks1,3 . Our results do not support the previous reports that warm up and stretching than stretching alone cause greater Range of motion22. Warren et al9 noted that the greatest increase in residual tissue length in rat tail tendons occurred when low load long duration stretch was performed once the tissues had reached elevated temparatures8,9. In our study we used active warm up; if we use passive warm up we may get better results. One might expect to find that the looser subjects would not increase in flexibility as much as the tighter subjects. In our study however, the warm up and stretching subjects increased in flexibility by almost 230 within 6 weeks while stretching group increased by 1508. This values show that clinically warm up and static stretch is more effective but statistically this group is not significant may be because of small sample size. Suggestions for future research 1. In this study intensity of the warm up is not measured. In future research intensity of the warm up should be calculated to get better result. 2. We may get better result by using Electronic Goniometer 3. Which group is effective in maintaining the obtained ROM’s? Future research should be done on it. LIMITATIONS 1. Sample size is small 2. Subjects in control group might have done other exercises with out my knowledge. 3. Used universal Goniometer. CONCLUSION The use of static stretch in group I (control group) and warm up exercises and static stretch in Group II (experimental group) resulted in increase in hamstring muscle flexibility. The result of the this study indicated that a 30 sec static stretch was equally effective as 10 minutes stair climbing and 30 sec static stretch in improving knee joint range of motion. The addition of a warm up exercise prior to stretching does not appear to significantly increase the effectiveness of static hamstring stretching. Though the warm up and stretching group is clinically significant statistically it is not significant. If range of motion is the goal static stretch is helpful. If injury prevention is the goal combination of warm up and static stretch is more effective. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to Dr. Ganni Bhaskara Rao, Chairman, GSL & Swatantra group of Institutions for his cordial support and guidance. I am grateful to the Ethical Committee headed by Dr.Sunil Kumar for giving clearance for my project. We acknowledge the great help received from the scholars/publishers of all those articles cited and included in the references of this manuscript. We are also grateful to the editors/Publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. The Authors are grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript. I am obliged my colleagues, Ms. A. Anita Kumari and Ms. P. Keerthi Chandrasekhar & Statistician of Swatantra Institute of Physiotherapy, Rajahmundry, for their valuable information. I thank almighty, my parents, my Brother and Friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment is not possible. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1351http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=13511. De Weijer V C, Gornaik G C; The effect of static stretch and warm up exercise on hamstring muscle length over the course of 24 hours.J Orthop sports Phys Ther;(Dec2003); Vol-12. 2. Ian B Stewart, Gordan G; The effect of warm up intensity on Range of motion and anaerobic performance.J Orthop sports Phys Ther;(Feb-1998); vol- 27. 3. William D Bandy Jean M Irion; The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the Hamstring muscles.Phys Ther(Oct-1997); vol-77. 4. Garret WE, jr., Califf JC; Histochemical correlates of Hamstring Injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:98-103 5. Scott G. Spernoga and Timothy L UHL;Duration of maintained hamstring flexibility after a one time , modified Hold -– relax stretching protocol. Journal of Athletic Training;(Mar-2001); vol-36. 6. Willy RW , Kyle B.A., Moore SA; Effect of cessation and resumption of static hamstring muscle stretching on joint range of motion. J.Orthop sports phys ther( Mar –2001) Vol –3 7. Williford HN , East JB ; Evaluation of warm – up for improvement in flexibility Am J sports Med (Jul 1986) Vol –14 8. David O,Drapper,Lisa minal et al ;The carry over effects of diathermy and stretching in developing hamstring flexibility Journal of Athletic training (Mar –2002) Vol-37 9. Warren CG,Lehmann et al; Heat & stretch procedure : An evaluation using rat tail tendon Arch phy med Rehabil (1976) vol –57 10. Worrel TW, Smith TL et al; Effect of hamstring stretching on hamstring muscle performance J. Orthop Sports Phys,Ther (Sep-1994) :20(3) PgNo. 157-159 11. Wenos DL, Konin JG Controlled Warm up enhances hip range of motion J Strength Cond res (aug 2004); 18(3) 12. Gajdosik R, Lusin G; Hamstring muscle tightness. Reliability of an active knee extension test. Phys ther (Jul –1983) ; 63(7) ;1085-90 13. Watkins MA , Riddle DL Reliability of Goniometric measurements and visual estimates of knee range of motion obtained in clinical setting. Phys ther (Feb-1991) ; 71(2);90-6 14. Williford TW, East JB Evaluation of warm up for improvement in flexibility Am J Sports Med. 1986:14;316-319. 15. Jennifer. H. Roberts et al; Effect of Stretching duration on active and passive range of motion in the lower extremity; B J Sports Med,1999;33; 259-263. 16. Zakas A , Vergou A; The effect of stretching during warm up on the flexibility of junior hand ball players. J Sports Med Phy Fitness (2003-jun); 43 (2); ;145-9. 17. Kubo K, Kanehisa et al ;The effect of stretching training on the visco elastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. J Appl physiol (2002-feb) ; 92(20). 18. Smith CA; The warm up procedure; to stretch or not to stretch. Journal of Orthop Sports phys ther (jan-1994);19(1). 19. Bandy WD, Irion JM Effect of time on static stretch on flexibility of the Hamstring muscles Phys ther, (1994 sep) 74(9);845-50. 20. Russel T. Nelson, William D. Bandy Eccentric training and static stretching improve Hamstring Flexibility of High School Males. Journal of Athletic Training (2004 ) 30 (3) 254-258 21. Wiktorsson- Moller M, Oberg B Effects of warming up, massage and stretching on range of motion and muscle strength in the lower extremity. Am J sports Med. (1983 Jul) 11(4); 249-52 22. Shellock FG; Warming up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports related injuries Sportsmed.(aug-198502(4). 23. Warrel TW, Perrin D; Hamstring Muscle Injury J Orthop Sports Phy Ther. 1992; 16:12-17 24. William D Brady, Jean M Irion; The effect of static stretching and dynamic range of motion training on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. J Orthop sports Phys Ther; (Aprl1998), vol-27. 25. J.Brent Feland, J William Myrer; The effect of duration of stretching of the hamstring muscle group for increasing range of motion in people aged 65 years or older. Physical Therapy (May 2001) vol- 81

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25HealthcareCAUSES OF FALL PREDILECTION - FALL PREVENTION EMPLOYING MAGNETIC RESONANCE DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING-TRACTOGRAPHY English128136Nandu ChhabriaEnglish Poonam BajajEnglishObjective: Identifying persons prone to “falling” was a study presented at the 2009, ISPGR conference. We would like to now pin-point neuro-pathology of falls more precisely. MRI DTI (Tractography/ Diffusion Tensor Imaging) shows different white matter tracts in different colors. Fractional Anisotropy values and color changes are indicative of presence and extent of dysfunction in specific tracts in the brain. Hence the “fallers’” precise neuro-pathology is identifiable. Methods: A pilot study was done by carrying out a comparative study of FA (Fractional Anisotropy) values of MRI DTI (Tractography) and EPE( End-Point-Excursion) And DCL( Direction Control) values of Computerized Dynamic Posturography ( CDP)on three subjects already identified as having balance disorders and Falls due to involvement in vestibulocerebellar tracts( by CDP). (t values: significantly under 2.2.) Results and Conclusions: All three subjects strikingly showed the changes anticipated. Comparative age matched data analysis of Computerized Dynamic Posturography and MRI DTI show that these changes are significant in the evaluation and diagnosis of Balance Disorders. This study opens an area to further the analysis of balance disorders. EnglishBalance Disorders, Fall Prevention, Computerized Dynamic Posturography, MRI DTI, white matter tracts.INTRODUCTION It is widely acknowledged that falls constitute a significant cause of morbidity and even mortality, especially among the elderly. This is a big concern. Fall prevention is possible if an individual is identified as a “faller”. We instituted a program of fall prediction by testing individuals for balance and identifying the “faller” group. We obtained a Computerized Dynamic Posturography unit (Neurocom Static Force Plate) to assist in our evaluation 3. A study was carried out in 73 patients. This study was presented as a paper at the ISPGR conference, June 2009, Bologna. 11 The Posturography (Neurocom Static Force Plate)has been proved to be a reliable device 4 and offers some advantages over clinical methods by being objective, providing recorded evidence at the start and again on re-evaluation after therapeutic programs. In addition it helps elucidate differentiation between the principal causes of falls viz. visual, somatosensory and vestibular and cerebellar disease, to an extent beyond that by clinical evaluation. 5,6 The new radio-imaging technology of MRI Tractography (DTI ) was utilized to conduct this pilot study on three subjects, the purpose being to see if definitive pathological neuro-anatomy could be established in these known fallers ( who are already identified by clinical findings and posturography), by changes in fractional anisotropy values and color of white matter tracts to statistically relevant levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patient history, examination and clinical impressions Three patients who showed abnormal Posturography evaluations suggestive of vestibulo-cerebellar disease were selected. The MRI Tractography (Diffuse Tensor Imaging), a new software for MRI which shows different white matter tracts in different colors. The brain was studied on a 3 Tesla system in axial, coronal and saggital planes with 5 mm slices thickness. CASE STUDIES Subject 1, female, 75 years, came with complaints of low back pain, dizziness, near falls, since 8 years. Subject 1 posturography evaluation: showed very poor performance on Unilateral Stance (US), worse on the left side. Her Center-of- Gravity (COG) was shifted to the right and posterior and Limits of Stability (LOS ) restricted forwards and to the left. (Fig 1) Routine MRI Brain was normal. Subject 1,Tractography results (DTi): Left middle cerebellar peduncle showed alteration in color pattern with reduced fractional anisotropy (FA ) values.(Fig 1) Subject 2, female, 57 years. She had right ankle pain since 20 years and history of multiple falls. Subject 2, Posturography evaluation: showed very poor Unilateral Stance, worse on the left side. Center Of Gravity was shifted to the right. Her Limits Of Stability was restricted posteriorly (Fig 2) Subject 2 Tractography (DTi) : mildly reduced FA (Fractional Anisotropy) values, suggesting Wallerian degeneration. Thinned out inferior cerebellar peduncles bilaterally suggesting degeneration. (Fig2) Subject 3, female, 78 years. She had history of left leg pain since 3 years with numbness. She had history of one fall. Subject 3, Posturography: US (Unilateral Stance) was poor on both sides, but worse on the right. COG (Center of Gravity) was shifted forward. LOS (Limits of Stability) was restricted severely, worst posteriorly. (Fig 3) Subject 3, Tractography (DTi) : reduced FA (Fractional Anisotropy) values in middle cerebellar peduncles bilaterally, compared to age matched controls. (Fig 3) STATISTICAL METHODS Average End-Point-Excursion (EPE) values were taken on the Right side and Left side of each individual subject. Likewise, for the Direction Control (DCL) values. These are expressed as a percentage as against age matched norms. (Posturography) Fractional Anisotropy values as obtained for each subject were compared to age-matched norms and then expressed as a percentage. Table I A comparative analysis using t-value was obtained for posturography (DCL) values and tractography values. Table I Similarly t-values for EPE (posturography) and tractography were obtained. Table III Both being significantly less than 2.2 (which is the cut -off value for insignificance). Since posturography has an established reliability and validity track record, thus it is implied that DTI is equally reliable and valid in the diagnosis of balance disorders, apart from the value added inputs of visual and clinical interpretation. RESULTS For Comparative data of Age Matched EPE values with Age Matched Dti Values (Table II) R side t value was calculated to be 1.32 and L sided t-value was 1.28. Cut off Values for Significant differences between the two values being 2.2. Both values for R and L sides of Subjects End Point Excursion achievement and Fractional Anisotropy values on MRI Dti of the Superior, Middle and Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles showing no significant difference, it is implied that both tests are valid in diagnosing deteriorating Balance Function. For Comparative data of Age Matched DCL (on CDP) values with Age Matched Dti Values (Superior, Middle and Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles)( Table III) R side t value was calculated to be 1.6 and L sided t-value was 1.99 Cut off Values for Significant differences between the two values being 2.2. Both values for R and L sides of Subjects Directional Control achievement and Fractional Anisotropy values on MRI Dti of the Superior, Middle and Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles showing no significant difference. It is implied that both tests are valid in diagnosing deteriorating Balance Function in the subject. In all three subjects studied by Tractography, there was evidence of degenerative change in the white matter tracts pertinent to the nuclei involved, consequently implying the involvement of or resulting from the dysfunction of the nuclei themselves. DISCUSSION The Posturography evaluation system is validated widely3,4,5 and is considered sufficiently reliable in identifying balance problems. It helps to indicate which of the three systems involved in balance is pathological: visual, somatosensory or vestibular or a combination of these.6 But it would be instructive to have visual evidence of the changes responsible. CT Scan and MRI (plain and contrast) invariably show normal anatomy. PET scan and f MRI have been employed largely so far only for mental and cognitive tasks. MRI tractography is a recent innovation. Normal values and age adjusted values are available for reference. Changes such as atrophy, thinning, Wallerian degeneration like changes and color changes indicating functional deterioration can be identified.7,8,9,10 This would give inference about the functioning of the grey matter nuclei these fibers originate from or end in. This is the nearest we can come to visualizing the pathology, antemortem and by non-invasive methods at the present time. In our three cases there was very clear cut pathological process demonstrable in the white matter tracts which also neatly coincided with posturography results. All of these three women were of advanced age, though still active. Since the findings were referenced to age matched values, it cannot be considered that these changes were caused merely by aging but indicated specific and individual disease in each case. Would Tractography (pathological) changes reverse with therapeutic intervention? Posturography results are known improve. We can restore function by recruiting alternative pathways, by virtue of the Cortico-Subcortical Relay theory, that is developed by our group. Going by the gratifying improvements we get with rehab training, it will be particularly interesting to study these FA values before and after. There is no excuse, not to pursue a promising lead. We have planned a larger study with 20-30 patients to establish a more detailed picture of the problem of balance disorder and falls to better understand, predict and structure management clinically and record all changes with greater accuracy. It will also establish a newer horizon in management assisted by Cortico-subcortical Analysis and thus establish Bypass Neuronal pathways richly available but not yet in use. Studies in this direction are essential globally. CONCLUSION There was a statistically significant co-relation between the results of a comparative study between the existing method of evaluating Balance Disorders (i.e. Computerized Dynamic Posturography) and the relatively new innovation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Diffusion Tensor Imaging-Tractography). The changes in Fractional Anisotropy values and color changes of white matter tracts in MR Dti results indicated the presence and extent of dysfunction as well as pointed towards specific areas of the brain involved. This recent non-invasive technology is useful where routine CT Scans, MRI, PET Scans and fMRI are normal. It confirms the presence of neuro-pathology and can be of exceptional use in disorders of white matter pathways. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Authors are grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript. In addition, the authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of: Dr.Srinivas Desai, Radiologist, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai, for Radiological expertise in interpreting MRI Dti images, blind, without prior knowledge of the subjects’ condition or history. Mrs Asha M Lilani, for partial financial contribution towards an MRI Dti study Mr. Vikram Mordani and Dr. Ravi Ramakantan, Radiologist for guiding us towards MRI DTI Dr. Ramesh T Bajaj MD, DCH for editorial assistance. Dr. Jayesh Dhingreja MD (Hom) for technical assistance. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1352http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=13521. Silsupadol P, Siu KC, Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Training of balance under single and dual task conditions and older adults with balance impairment. Physical Therapy 2006; 86-2; 269-281 2. Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polisar N I, Gruber W. Predicting the probability of Falls in community-dwelling older adults. Physical Therapy 1997; 77-8; 812-819. 3. Nashner L M, Black FO, Wall C. Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance: patients with vestibular deficits. Journal of Neurosciences 1982;5;536-544 4. Gillespie MB, Minor LB. prognosis in bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Laryngoscope 1999; 109; 35-41 5. Wallmann HW. Comparison of elderly nonfallers and fallers on performance measures of Functional Reach, Sensory organization and limits of stability. Journal of Gerontology services A: Biological and Medical Sciences 2001; 56; 580-583 6. Loughran S, Tennant N, Kishore A, Swan IRC. Interobserver reliability in evaluating postural stability between clinicians and posturography. Clinical Otolaryngology 2005; 30-5; 255-257 7. Gigandet X, Hagmann P, Kurant M, Cammoun L, Meuli R, Thiran JP. Estimating the confidence level white matter connections obtained with MRI Tractography 2008. PLoS ONE; 3 ( 12), published online 8. Okada T, Miki Y, Fushimi Y, Hanakawa T, Kanagaki M, Yamamoto A, Urayama S, Fukuyama H, Hiraoka M, Togashi K. Diffusion- Tensor Fiber Tractography, Intraindividual comparison of 3.0 T and 1.5- T. MRI Imaging. Radiology 2006; 238(2); 668-678 9. Basser P.J., Pajevic S, Pierpaoli C, Duda J, Aldroudi A. In Vivo fiber tractography using DT- MRI data. MR in medicine 2000; 44(4); 625-632 10. Delputte S, Dierckx H, Fiermans E, D’ Asseler Y, Achten R, Lemahieu I. Post processing of Brain white matter fiber orientation distribution functions, Biomedical Imaging : from Nano to Macro 2007, ISBI 2007, 4th IEEE International Symposium; 784-787 11. Chhabria N, Bajaj P, Fall risk: prediction and prevention. Balance impairments in Indian subjects, Oral paper presented at the 38th International Society of Posture and Gait Research ( ISPGR) Conference, June 21-25, 2009, Bologna, Italy, Pg 84, O-58

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241510EnglishN2013May25TechnologyRHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE CONTAINING FLYASH English137146Prajapati Krishnapal English R.K. YadavEnglish Chandak RajeevEnglishSelf compacting Concrete (SCC) is a high performance concrete, that can flow under its own weight to completely fill the form work. This concrete has an ability to compact without any mechanical vibration.SCC is suitable for placing in difficult conditions and also in congested reinforcement. It is becoming a popular choice in concrete industries, due to ease of placement in situations with heavily congested reinforcement and where compaction becomes diffficult . This paper envisages the variation of fresh state, , properties of self compacting concrete containing fly ash in different percentages 0%,10%,20%,30% by weight of cement as partial replacement of cement. The workability characteristics like filling ability, passing ability have been assessed using slump flow and T50 time, V Funnel time, L-Box blocking ratio, as per EFNARC Guidelines. EnglishSelf compacting concrete, slum flow test, V?funnel fly ashINTRODUCTION Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)(1) originally developed in Japan , is a new category of concrete characterized by its ability to spread and self consolidate in the form work. The vibration or compaction of concrete is eliminated using self compacting concrete. The self compacting concrete is suitable for the situation, where vibration is difficult and reinforcement is highly congested. Self compacting concrete is highly flowable that can spread through and around dense reinforcement under its own weight. This concrete adequately fills the voids without segregation, bleeding and without need of significant vibration. SCC has proved to be beneficial due to faster construction, reduction in man power, better surface finish, easy placing, improved durability, suitable for thinner concrete section, etc. Due to the above advantages, the SCC has been described as the most revolutionary development in the concrete construction. This technology is based on increasing the amount of fine materials like fly ash , GGBS, Silica fume, stone powder etc. without changing the water content compared to conventional concrete. The SCC mixes are designed and tested to meet the demands of project .The mix designed should have the ability to flow without vibration through heavily congested reinforcemet under its own weight and ability to retain homogeneity without segregation. The concrete mix can be treated as self compacting, if it has filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance. The flow properties of concrete at the green stage are significantly governed by paste content, aggregate volume and admixes dosages .The flow properties of the cement are characterized in fresh state by different methods like slump flow, V-funnel, J-ring etc based on European Federation of National Trade Association Representing producers and applicators of Specialist- Building Products (EFNARC)(2) specifications and guidelines. The objective of this study to understand the fresh state properties of SCC containing fly ash in various proportions as partial replacement of cement and small quantity of super plasticizer. An experimental program has been developed to investigate the behavior of self compacting concrete containing fly ash .The fresh state properties have been assessed using the methods as per EFNARC specification. The workability characteristics like filling ability, passing ability have been assessed using the following tests. The slump flow and T50 time V-funnel time L-Box blocking ratio MATERIALS USED Cement Birla gold cement (Grade 43) was conforming to IS 8112-1989 used. Its physical properties are as given in Table 1. Fly ash Class F Fly ash obtained from“Thermal Powers Plant BirSinghPur (Pali) India” The physical and chemical properties of fly ash are given in the Table 2 and Table 3, respectively ADMIXTURES The superplasticizer used in concrete mix makes it highly workable for more time with much lesser water quantity. It is observant that with the use of large quantities of finer material (fine aggregate + cement + fly ash ) the concrete is much stiff and requires more water for required workability hence, in the present investigation Polycarboxylic ether based super plasticizer FAIRFLO RMC is used as water reducing admixture. Aggregates Locally available fine and coarse aggregates are used in this study and conformed to Indian standard specifications IS 383-1970. Fine aggregate In the present investigation natural fine aggregate from local market is used. The physical properties of fine aggregate like specific gravity, bulk density, gradation and fineness modulus are tested in accordance with IS :2386 are given in table 4 COARSE AGGREGATE The crushed coarse aggregate obtained from the local crushing plant is used in the present study. The physical properties of coarse aggregate like specific gravity, bulk density, gradation and fineness modulus are tested in accordance with IS ; 2386 are given is table 5. MIX DESIGN WITH DATA The proposed study is being carried out to develop self compacting concrete using fly ash and Cement in varying combinations for use in the Indian conditions. Following guidelines of EFNARC for rheological properties of concrete in fresh state and using Japanese method of mix design as reference, Initial mix design was carried to form S0 at coarse aggregate content of 30% by volume of concrete and fine aggregate content of 50% by volume of mortar in concrete and cement (480kg/cubic meter), keeping the water/binder (W/B) ratio constant 0.40 (by weight). The dosage of super plasticizer was estimated to be 2.7 % of powder content (Cement, Fly ash). Slump flow test, V- Funnel, L box test satisfies the limits laid by EFNARC. Now 0% 10%, 20%, 30% weight of cement is replaced by equal weight i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% weight of fly ash respectively and S0, S10, S20, S30, S´0, S´10, S´20, S´30 self compacting concrete is prepared which satisfy rheological properties. Dosages of super plasticizer were decided as per requirement of slump flow. S stands for Self Compact Concrete having water binder ratio as 0.40. S´ stands for concrete having water binder ratio as 0.45. Suffix after S or S´ indicates % Fly ash used in the mix as partial replacement of cement. The mix proportion is shown in table-6 TEST METHODS Self- Compacting Concrete is characterized by filling ability, passing ability and resistance to segregation. Different methods have been developed to characterize the properties of SCC. The fresh state properties of SCC have been assessed as per EFNARC Guidelines. Tabl 7 shows the recommended values for different tests as per EFNARC Guidelines. The slump flow test The slump flow test is used to assesse the horizontal free flow of SCCwithout obstacles.The test also indicates resistance to segregation .The apparatus for the slump flow test is used as per specification (fig.1). on lifting the slump cone filled with concrete the average diameter of the spread of concrete is measured (fig.2). The time required for the concrete to make a diameter of 50cm is also measured, This is also T50 time. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the SCC mixes prepared are summarized in Table-6. The rheological characteristics results are given in table- 8. In the present analysis the cement is replaced by Fly ash up to 30% (10%, 20% and 30%) by weight of cement and quantities of the fine aggregates and coarse aggregates are kept constant i.e. 890 kg/m3 and 810 kg/m3 respectively. The fine aggregate is kept approximately 37% by weight of concrete. The coarse aggregate is kept approximately 34% of weight of concrete. The water powder ratio is kept 0.40 and 0.45 by weight. For this, the total powder content is taken as 480 kg/m3 and 450 kg/m3 respectively. The mixes thus prepared to follow the EFNARC guidelines. The mix proportions are shown in Figure-5. As the quantity of Flyash increase from 0 to 30% , the quantity of super plasticizer reduces significantly from 13.30 kg/m3 to 9.40 kg/m3 , 2.77% to 1.96% of weight of powder (for W/B ratio 0.4) and 9.25 kg/m3 to 4.8 kg/m3 for i.e. 2.05% to 1.06% of weight of powder (for W/B ratio of 0.45) as shown in Figure-6. The variation of rheological characteristics are summarized as belowSlump flow characteristics: - the slump flow increases from 650 to 680 mm (for W/B ratio 0.4) and 687 to 695 mm (for W/B ratio 0.45) these results are within the prescribed limits EFNARC guidelines. The slump flow results are shown in figure. This indicates that with the increase in flyash content, The flow ability of the SCC improves. It can be seen from figure 7. T50 time: - The T50 time reduces from 5 sec. to 3 sec (for W/B-.40) and 4.1 sec. to 3.0 sec. (for W/B=0.45). The T50 time is also an indication of flow ability .A lower time indicates greater flow ability. This means that the flow ability improves with the increase in fly ash content as shown in figure 8. V-funnel time: The V-funnel time limits are 8-12 sec as per EFNARC guidelines. The Vfunnel time reduces from 12 sec to 8 sec and 9 sec to 8.1 sec for W/B ratio 0.40 and 0.45 respectably. This test is measure of ease in flow of concrete-; shorten time indicates greater flow ability. The variation of test results is shown in figure 9. L-Box Results: The blocking ratio (H2/H1) reduces from 0.87 to 0.75(for W/B= 0.40) and 0.79 to 0.75 (for W/B ratio= 0.45). The L-Box test- blocking ratio indicates that all the mixes have good passing ability and there is not much variation with the increase in Fly ash content, Figure-10. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of Test prrformed on self compacting concrete concrete developed using Flyash produced from thermal power plant Birsinghpur Pali of Madhya Pradesh, the rheological characteristics have been assessed. The test were performed on no. of specimens for two types of mixes having water binder ratio as 0.40 and 0.45. The cement replacement was, 10% 20% and 30% by weight of Flyash quantities. The fresh state properties were assessed as per EFNARC guidelines such as slump flow test, L-Box test, V-funnel test.Based on the above investigations the following conclusions have been drawn: - 1.With the increase in Fly ash content the flow ability of concrete improves (The slump flow increases from 650 mm to 680 mm for W/B= 0.40, and 687 mm to 695 mm for W/B=0.45). It can also be concluded that more the water binder ratio better will be the flow ability. The results of T50 time also indicates that greater flow ability has been achieved as the Fly ash content in SCC is increased, because T50 time has been reduced significantly with the increase in Fly ash content. 2. The reduction in V-funnel time from 12 sec to 8 sec (for W/B= 0.40) and from 9 sec to 8.1 sec (for W/B= 0.45) also indicates that addition of Fly ash resulted a greater flow ability. 3. The blocking ratio results found from LBox test indicates that all the mixes has good passing ability. Although the variation in blocking ratio with the increase in Fly ash content, is not significant. 4. The addition of Fly ash resulted in a decreases of super plasticizer content for same or better workability. The results of this study show that it is possible to produce a good performing SCC using locally available Fly ash.The rheological characteristics are within the limits as specified in EFNARC Guidelines. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1353http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=13531. Naga Moto N., Ozawa K., Mixture properties of Self Compacting, High performance Concrete proceedings, Third CANMET/ACI International conference on Design nad Materials and recent advances in concrete Technology, SP-172 V.Malhotra, American Concrete Institute formington Hills, Mich. 1997, p. 623-637 2. EFNARC, Specifications and guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete. www.efnarc.org. 3. Gambhir ML concrete technology 4th edition 2009 Tata McGrahill education pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 4. The European guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete Specification production and use, May 2005: 5. Shetty M.S. “ Concrete Technology” 6th edition 2005, S-Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 6. Jagdish Vengala Sudershan, M.S., and Ranganath, R.V (2003), “Experimental study for obtained self compacting concrete”, Indian concrete journal, August, pp.1261-1266. 7. L.V.A. Seshasayi and M. Shudhaka” Relationship of water-cementtitious materials ratio and compressive . 8. Ganeshan N.Indira P.V. and Santosh kumar P.T,“ Durability aspects of steel fiber-reinforcement SCC”, The Indian Concrete journal, May 2006, pp.31-37. 9. Shubramanian. S and Chattopadhyay (2002),” Experiments for Mix Proportioning of Self Compacting Concrete”, Indian Concrete journal, January Vol., pp.30-20. 10. Naveen Kumar, Kiran V.John, Jagadesh Vengala and Ranganath R.V., Self Compacting Concrete with Fly ash Metakaolin,” The Indian Concrete journal, April 2006, pp.33-39. 11. Manu Santhanaam and Subhra manian, S.(2004)“Current developments in Self Compacting Concrete”, Indian Concrete Journal, June, Vol., pp. 11-22. 12. Hajime Okumura and Masahiro Ouchi (2003)“Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Japan Concrete Institute, Vol. 1, pp.5-15. 13. Okumura H., Ozawa K., Mix design for Self Compacting Concrete, library of Japanese Society of civil engineers, June 25, 1995, P. 107-120. 14. IS: 383-1970, Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete, , Bureau of Indian standards New Delhi, India.