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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12General SciencesDifferentiation and Comparison of Left handed and Right handed writers on the basis of Strokes and Slope of letter
English0609Manju SahuEnglish Alpha KujurEnglishHandwriting is a written speech of an individual with characteristics peculiar to himself. The handwriting of a person is a product of his mental, emotional, intellectual and physical personality. Once the handwriting is set it is unique expression of his graphic personality. The differentiation for the identification of handedness of author plays an important role to identify an individual in document cases and to study this differentiation and comparison of left handed and right handed writers on the basis of strokes and slope of letter, the present study was conducted at Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh in which 100 samples of handwriting, 50 left-handed and 50 right-handed writer were collected. The handwriting samples were examined by hand lens, flexible arm illuminated magnifier, grid scale and the characteristics features like stroke and slope were observed in various letters. A significant difference was observed in left handed and right handed writing and was concluded that left-handed writer make strokes in right-to-left direction and the slope of letters has an inclination in backward direction where as right-handed writer make strokes in left-to-right direction and the inclination of slope was in forward direction. Thus, this differentiation and comparison helps to solve many document cases.
EnglishHandwriting, Identification, Slope, Stroke, Left handed, Right handedINTRODUCTION
Handwriting is an individual style of writing (1). It is an acquired skill and clearly one that is a complex perceptual-motor task, sometimes referred to as a neuromuscular task (2). Handwriting can be described as the formation of letters, characters or symbols using writing implement according to a recognizable patter which is designed to communicate with another person (3). Each writer has intrinsic forces of perception, capacity for graphic expression, and technical expression. It takes many years of practice to develop skill and proficiency of writing. Graphic maturity is reached when the motor skills of the writer are fully developed, and the writer no longer has to focus attention on the act of writing (4). At this point, the writer concentrates on content and lets his or her subconscious handle the execution of the writing act. Writing is a conscious act, through repeated use, the actual formation of each letter or word becomes almost automatic, so that the experienced writer concentrates most on his conscious thought on the subject matter rather than on the writing process itself. Thus writing comes to be made up of innumerable subconscious habitual patterns which are much a part of the individual assembly of his personal habits or mannerism (5). Handwriting is affected by state of mind, health, age and other factors. In general the more writing a person does, the greater the range of variation and he more it will change with time. It is a set of subconscious habits. It is a mechanism of muscles and nerves which is influenced by a mental picture and sometimes modifies by writers individual interest and ability to imitate (6).
Hand preference is the most prominent behavioral expression of brain asymmetry in man. The majority (approximately 90%) of the human population writes with right hand (7). Right- handed writers use their thumb to exert pressure on the writing instrument to push it horizontally in a rightward and upward direction. The middle finger pushes the writing instrument leftward both diagonally and horizontally while thumb and index finger pull the instrument down towards the baseline, which is the imaginary line to which the writing returns. Because writer movement is from left to right, the right handed writer has advantage of being able to see the writing as it is being executed. The left-handed writer must adjust his or her hand to compensate for the fact that the hands covering the line of writing assist it being executed. Many left handed writers hook their hand over the writing so they can see what they are writing. (4). This is assumed that the right handed writers make strokes from left-to-right and left handed writers make strokes from right-to-left. The right handed writing and left handed writing is also differentiated by slope character (8) (9). This slope can be examined in only cursive writing. The right handed writers makes forward slope and left handed writers makes backward slope. The identification of writer group attributes like gender, age and handedness from handwriting is an important goal in the forensic studies. The document examiner can eliminate many suspects with the help of this technique in various document cases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For this study, total 100 handwriting samples were collected from Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh in which 50 were left handed and 50 were right-handed from school and college students and working individuals between the age group of 18 to 30 years for identification of handedness of writer. Examinees were asked to sit straight and copy the given printed paragraph in English to the provided white sheet of paper and given ball point pen to each and everyone with their normal speed neither too slow nor too fast on a stable flat table and chair in adequate amount of light. The collected handwriting samples were examined by hand lens, flexible arm illuminated magnifier and grid scale. To study the characteristic features like strokes and slope in the writing handwriting samples of left handed writers and right handed writers were investigated. For direction of stroke in letters having cross bar like t, f, A, E, F has a noteworthy degree of variation in their formation were observed among the left handed and right handed writer. It was assumed that the left handed writer makes the horizontal stroke in Right-to-Left direction in contrast to the right handed writer who writes in left to right direction. In this study five letters was selected like t, l, d, g, and y. The slant was observed visually.
RESULTS
The results reported here in from Tables 1-4 along with the related Figures 1-4 highlights on the difference between left-handed writer and right-handed writer.
DISCUSSION
Writing is a complex process and it needs a lot of effort and practice to learn and to perfect it. The brain initiates the process and body parts: the fingers, hand, wrist and forearm execute it (10). The handwriting characteristics of an individual are his characteristics creations of writing units such as slopes and strokes. In addition, hand inclination is also an important behavioral expression whose differentiation and comparison can help to solve many document as well as forgery cases. The examiner believes that handwriting in question having a perverted form may or may not have been written by someone using the left hand, or the unusual opposite hand. Some appearances of opposite-hand writing are also examined in the writing of the customarily untrained writer. In addition, opposing to some observations that left-handed writers are less trained than right- handed writers, in their study, Stangohr reported “no remarkable skill difference between the two groups” (11). In the present study, results shows that the left-handed writer made strokes in right-to-left direction and the slope of letters has an inclination in backward direction where as right-handed writer made stokes in left to right direction and the inclination of slope was in forward direction as opposite to the findings of Gordon. This justifies the need to do a thorough, comprehensive and exhaustive investigation comparing all available information and exemplars (especially the opposite-hand requested exemplar, if possible).
CONCLUSION
The present study was to identify the handedness of writer i.e. the difference between left-handed writer and right-handed writer. The outcomes in the study from table alongside the figures, it has been concluded that left-handed writer made strokes in right-to-left direction and the slope of letters has an inclination in backward direction where as right-handed writer made stokes in left-to-right direction and the inclination of slope was in forward direction. Thus, this differentiation and comparison of left handed and right handed writers on the basis of slope and stroke of letters plays an important role to identify an individual in document cases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to a large number of anonymous subjects from Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh, India who voluntarily participated in this study and provided the handwriting samples for the present study. Authors also acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1218http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12181. Saran Vaibhav, Kumar Suneet, Gupta A. K., Ahmad Syeed., Differentiation of Handedness of Writer Based on their Strokes and Characteristic Features. Journal of Forensic Research, 2013; 4(5)
2. Huber A. Roy., Headrick M. A., Handwriting Identification: Facts and Fundamentals, CRC Press, Boca Raton New York. 1999.
3. Sharma B. R., Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and Trials, Fourth Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 2005
4. Koppenhaver M. Katherine, Forensic Document Examination, Humana Press. 2007
5. Ordway. Hilton., Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 1982
6. Jay. Siegal, Geoffery Knupfer, Pekka Saukko., Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Three volumes set. Elsevier. 2000
7. Grabowska1 Anna., Gut Malgorzata., Binder Marek., Forsberg Lars., Rymarczyk1 Krystyna., Urbanik Andrzej., Switching handedness: MRI study of hand motor control in right-handers, left-handers and converted left-handers, Acta Neurobiol Experimentals, 2012;(72) 439-451
8. J. E. Franks., T. R. Davis., Variability of stroke direction between left and right handed writer, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1985;(28) 353-370.
9. J. L. Smart., C. Jeffery., B. Richards., A retrospective of relationship between birth history and handedness at six years. Early Human Development, 1956; (10) 56-60
10. Sharma B. R., Handwriting Forensics, Second Edition, Universal law Publishing, 2017
11. Stangohr, Gordon R., Opposite-hand writings. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1968, (13) 376-89
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12General SciencesWater Quality Assessment of Pit-Lakes in Raniganj Coalfields Area, West Bengal, India
English1015Debnath PalitEnglish Debalina KarEnglish Sharmila RoychoudhuryEnglish Aparajita MukherjeeEnglishAim: The aim of the study was to monitor the water quality of ten pitlakes which were located in Raniganj coal field area, West Bengal for three successive seasons during April 2014 to March 2015.
Methodology: In this study, physicochemical parameters of water samples were analyzed following standard methods. Statistical analyses were used to indicate the role of each parameter.
Result: Significant positive correlation was noted within hardness and chloride. The nature of the pitlakes is generally alkaline. A mean value of pH 7.65 were recorded which ranged between 6.70 and 9.10 during the study period. Significant variation found among other parameters of pitlakes. PCA reveals three most important and key influential parameters – Hardness, Chloride and Nitrate Nitrogen content of pitlake water.
Conclusion: This observation indicates that mine waters differ in its composition with seasonal changes and having capability to change their nature with time.
EnglishWater quality, Pitlakes, Raniganj coal field, Physico-chemical charactersINTRODUCTION
The opencast coal extraction method is one of the best and appropriate in the mining industries of India resulting into a void or pit which is eventually filled up by surface runoff and groundwater seepage becoming a pit-lake, the potential water reservoir (Ghosh, 2012). In India, coal is a major resource and most important primary source of energy. Coal mining activities changes drastically different sectors of our environment. The major environmental impacts on the surrounding areas and on human health are well documented by several authors’ in different times (Dhar, 1993; Ripley et al., 1996; Peplow and Edmonds, 2002; Younger, 2004; Pal et al., 2013).
Pit lakes have unique physical property than other water body. Nevertheless, pit lake waters often constitute a vast resource but of limited beneficial use (due to water quality issues); with a potential to contaminate regional surface and ground water resources (Kumar et al., 2009). Their value as resources for recreation, fisheries, water supply, and wildlife habitat depends mostly on their topography, their safety. Pit lakes may have long-term benefits as a water source for industrial activities rather than relying on natural systems. Several records were available on the assessment of the water quality of different pitlakes in India (Ghosh et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2009 and Singh et al., 2010)
Thus quality assessments of selected pit lakes in RCF has been carried out during 2014 -2015 in order to assess the present hydrological conditions, bio-profile and efficacy to evolve strategies for an ecological restoration, conservation and management.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Raniganj Coalfield is the birth place of coal mining in the country. Area of Raniganj Coalfield is 1530 Km-2 spreading over Burdwan, Birbhum, Bankura and Purulia Districts in West Bengal and Dhanbad District in Jharkhand. Heart of Raniganj Coal Field (RCF) is, however, in Burdwan District bounded by Ajoy River in North and Damodar River in South. On the basis of geographic distribution and use pattern, 10 pitlakes were selected for studying the physico- chemical properties of their water in premonsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon, comprising the three principal seasons of a year.
Water sample analysis
Water samples were collected from 10 pitlakes in premonsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons during 2014-2015 using standard protocols and guidelines. The value of each parameter was expressed as mean with standard deviations in the results.
Tests for physicochemical parameters of water samples were performed by following standard methods given by American Public Health Association (APHA, 2005) and Black (1965).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package XLSTAT (Addinsoft, 2010). Graphs are drawn using Sci DAvis 1.D005 (Benkert et. al. 2014).
RESULTS
The physic-chemical variables of the ten selected mine pit lakes (PL01, PL02, PL03, PL04, PL05, PL06, PL07, PL08, PL09, PL10) water are represented as the annual mean along with standard deviations, minimum and maximum value in Table 2.
A mean value of pH 7.65 were recorded which ranged between 6.70 (Western Kajora pitlake) to 9.10 (Real Kajora) during the study period. With a mean value of 0.250 µS/cm the maximum value for conductivity was recorded in PL16 (1.024 µS/cm) and minimum was recorded in PL25 (0.062 µS/cm). The highest value of alkalinity (48 mg/L) was recorded in PL 26 (Chakrambati) with the lowest value (3mg/L) in PL 17 (Khadan kali) respectively. Total hardness value varied between 58 mg/L (Babuisol Colony) to 278 mg/L (Chakrambati) with a mean value of 156.43 mg/L. Chloride concentration ranged between 9.92 mg/L (Babuisol colony) to 69.97 mg/L (Chakrambati) with a mean value of 33.11 mg/L. Nitrate Nitrogen value varied between 0.01 mg/L to 109.20 mg/L with a mean value of 22.26 mg/L. Highest value of Phosphate phosphorous (24.58 mg/L) was recorded in Western Kajora pitlake with the lowest value (0.08 mg/L) in Babuisol colony respectively. The variation of water parameters according to seasonal mean value in different pitlakes are shown in Figure 1 to 7.
Correlation Coefficients computed among the chemical parameters of ten pit lakes showed in Table 3. Significant positive correlation was noted within hardness and chloride. Total hardness is also positively correlated with alkalinity in pit lakes. Positive correlations of chloride and alkalinity were also revealed.
Principal components analysis is a multivariate data analytic technique. It reduces a large number of variables to a small number of variables, without sacrificing too much of the information. The PCA was used to reduce water chemical parameters (variables).The contribution of the variables (%) and squared cosines of the variables of PCA analysis is represented in Table 4 and 5.
Figure 1 depicts the dendrogram plot derived from AHC analysis depending on the water quality variables. Three clusters shows the similarity above 90% among the pitlakes they include i.e. Cluster 1 and 2 contain PL 5, 6, 7, 8 and PL 2, 3, 9 having similar limno-chemical environment.
DISCUSSIONS
Variation of physicochemical parameters of ten pitlakes of Raniganj coalfield found with their mean value. Similar findings were also reported by (Palit et al., 2014; Singh, 2006). PCA reveals three most important and key influencial parameters – Hardness, Chloride and Nitrate Nitrogen content of pitlake water. Parameters are positively correlated that indicate their effect on water quality. Hierarchical clustering designates similarity and dissimilarity among pitlakes in respect to their physicochemical parameters. These may be due to the site specific complex hydrological and biological interactions which naturally occur in these ecosystems (Soni, 2007; Kido et al, 2009).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of present studies of the pitlakes of Raniganj coalfield it can be concluded that water quality shows a prominent change in their quality. It revealed that all pitlakes changes with seasonal variation. Such changes were found in pH, Cnductivity, Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Nitrate nitrogen and Phosphate phosphorous also. Major factors indicate that pitlake water quality have the potentiality to improve and restore itself with due course of time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors express their deep sense of gratitude to Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal for financial support. Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/ editors/ publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
As an author we do not have any conflict of interest in the present communication.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1219http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1219
Addinsoft. XLSTAT- Statistical Analysis tool; 2010. www.xlstst.com
APHA. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water 21 ed. American Public Health Association Washington DC. USA; 2005.
Benkert T, Franke K, Pozitron D, Standish R. SciDAvis 1.D005 (Free Software Foundation, Inc: 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA); 2014.
Black CA. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 & Part 2. American Society of Agronomy Inc. Publishers, Madison, Wisconsin, U. S. A. 1965.
Dhar BB. Environmental scenario in Indian mining industry. In: Chowdhury RN, Shivkumar SM, editors. Environmental Management, Geo-Water and Engineering Aspects. Balkema, Rotterdam; 1993. p. 615-619.
Ghosh AR. Coal mining and climate change: an environmental vista. In: Saha GK, editor. Climate change-man and environment. New Delhi: Daya publishing house; 2012. p. 56-64.
Ghosh AR, Pal S, Mukherjee AK. Sustainability opportunity for potential aquaculture in OCPS as a post-mining land use for rural economic development in Raniganj Coalfield areas. In: Khare D, Mishra SK, Tripathi SK, Chauhan G, Sharma N, editors. Recent advances in water resources development and management. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Allied Publishers; 2005. p. 140-155.
Kido M, Yustiawati S, Hosokawa T, Tanaka S, Saito T, Iwakuma T, et al. Comparison of general water quality of rivers in Indonesia and Japan. Environmental monitoring and assessment 2009; 156: 317-329.
Kumar N, McCullough CD, Lund MA. Water resources in Australian mine pit lakes. Mining Technology 2009; 118(3-4): 205-211.
Pal S, Mukherjee AK, Senapati T, Samanta P, Mondal S, Ghosh AR. Surface water quality assessment of abandoned opencast coal pit-lakes in Raniganj coalfields area, India. The Ecoscan 2013; Special issue, Vol. IV: 175-188.
Palit D, Kar D, Mukherjee A, Gupta S. Pitlakes of Raniganj Coal Field, WB, India. Inventory and Water Quality Status 2014; 9(1): 1-6.
Peplow D, Edmonds R. The effect of mine waste contamination on fish and wildlife habitat at multiple levels of biological organization, Mathow River, Washington. Project No. 1998- 03501 (BPA report DOE/BP-00004710-2). 2002.
Ripley EA, Redmann RE, Crowder AA. Environmental effects of mining. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach. 1996.
Singh AK, Mahato MK, Neogi B, Singh KK. Quality Assessment of Mine Water in the Raniganj Coalfield Area, India. Mine Water Environment 2010; 29: 248–262.
Singh AK, Mondal GC, Tewary BK, Sinha A. Major ion chemistry, solute acquisition processes and quality assessment of mine water in Damodar Valley Coalfields, India. Abstracts of the international mine water conference 19th – 23rd October 2009, Proceedings ISBN Number: 978-0-9802623-5-3. Document Transformation Technologies, Pretoria. 2009; 267-276.
Singh G. Impact of coal mining on mine water quality. International journal of mine water 2006; 7(3): 49-59.
Soni AK. Evaluation of hydrogeological parameters associated with lime stone mining: a case study from Chandrapur, India. Mine water environment 2007; 26: 110-118.
Younger PL. Environmental impacts of coal mining and associated wastes: A geochemical perspective. Geological Society, London 2004; 236: 169-209.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12General SciencesMagnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Forced Convective Flow and Heat Transfer Over a Porous Plate in a Darcy-Forchheimer Porous Medium in Presence of Radiation
English1623A. K. JhankalEnglish R. N. JatEnglish Deepak KumarEnglishAim and Objective: An analysis is made to study the problem of boundary layer forced convective flow and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid past a plate embedded in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium in presence of transverse magnetic field. Thermal radiation term is considered in the energy equation.
Methodology: The governing partial differential equations are transformed into self-similar ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations, which are then solved using Runge-Kutta fourth order method along with shooting technique.
Results: The numerical results are plotted in some figures and the variations in physical characteristics of the flow dynamics and heat transfer for several parameters involved in the equations are discussed. It is found that these parameters have significantly effects on the flow and heat transfer.
Conclusion: It is found that the influence of the physical parameters viz. Porous medium parameter, the Inertial parameter, the Magnetic parameter, the Prandtl number, and the Radiation parameter have significantly effects on the flow and heat transfer
EnglishMHD, Forced convective flow, Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium, Thermal radiation
INTRODUCTION
The study of boundary layer flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics of a Newtonian fluid past a plate embedded in a fluid saturated porous medium is important because the analysis of such flows finds extensive applications in engineering processes, especially in the enhanced recovery of petroleum resources and packed bed reactors (Pal and Shivakumara [1]). A better understanding of convection through porous medium can benefit several areas like geophysical flow problems, grain storage, catalytic reactor, insulation design, material handling conveyers, geothermal system, filtering devices etc. In recent years, MHD flow problem have become more important industrially. Indeed, MHD boundary layer flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics of a Newtonian fluid past a vertical plate embedded in a fluid saturated porous medium is significant type of flow having considerable practical application in engineering processes. The MHD boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting fluid is encountered in many problems in geophysics, astrophysics, engineering applications and other industrial areas. Hydromagnetic free convection flows have great significance for the applications in the fields of stellar and planetary magnetospheres, aeronautics. Engineers apply MHD principle in the design of heat exchangers, pumps, in space vehicle propulsion, thermal protection, control and re-entry and in creating novel power generating systems. However, hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer problems have become more important industrially. In many metallurgical processes involve the cooling of many continuous strips or filaments by drawing them through an electrically conducting fluid subject to a magnetic field, the rate of cooling can be controlled. Convective heat transfers with thermal radiation are very important in the process involving high temperature such as gas turbines, nuclear power plant and thermal energy storage etc. in light of these various applications, Hossain and Takhar [2] studied the effect of thermal radiation using Rosseland diffusion approximation on mixed convection along a vertical plate with uniform free stream velocity and surface temperature. Furthermore Hossain et al. [3-4] studied the thermal radiation of a grey fluid which is emitting and absorbing radiation in a non-scattering medium. Free convective flows in a saturated porous medium were made by Cheng and Minkowycz [5] and Cheng [6]. Wilks [7] discussed the combined forced and free convection flow along a semi-infinite plate extending vertically upwards. Lai and Kulacki [8] investigated the coupled heat and mass transfer by mixed convection from a vertical plate in a saturated porous medium. Furthermore, some important contribution in Darcian and non-Darcian mixed convection about a vertical plate were made by Hsu and Cheng [9], Vafai and Tien [10]. Soundalgekaret et al. [11] discussed the combined free and forced convection flow past a semi-infinite plate with variable surface temperature. The problem of Darcy–Forchheimer mixed convection heat and mass transfer in fluid-saturated porous media was studied by Rami et al. [12]. Goren [13] was one of the first to study the role of thermophoresis in the laminar flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid. Most previous studies of the same problem neglected viscous dissipation and thermophoresis. But Gebhart [14] has shown that the viscous dissipation effect plays an important role in natural convection in various devices that are subjected to large variations of gravitational force or that operate at high rotational speeds. Analytically study of the non-Darcian effects on a vertical plate natural convection in porous media was made by Hong et al. [15]. Kaviany [16] studied the Darcy-Brinkman model to study the effects of boundary and inertia forces on forced convection over a fixed impermeable heated plate embedded in a porous medium. Chen and Ho [17] discussed the effects of flow inertia on vertical, natural convection in saturated porous media. Kumari et al. [18] investigated the non-Darcian effects on forced convection heat transfer over a flat plate in a highly porous medium. Anghel et al. [19] studied the Dufour and Soret effects on free convection boundary layer over a vertical surface embedded in a porous medium. The effects of magnetic field and thermal radiation on forced convection flow were made by Damesh et al. [20]. Samad and Rahman [21] investigated the thermal radiation interaction media considering Soret and Dufour effects. Srinivasacharya and Upendar [23] examined the free convection in MHD micropolar fluid under the influence of Dufour and Soret effects. Duwairi and Damesh [24] studied the natural convection heat and mass transfer by steady laminar boundary layer flow over an isothermal vertical flat plate embedded in a porous medium. Mukhopadhyay et al. [25] investigated the forced convection flow and heat transfer in a porous medium using the Darcy-Forchheimer model. A new dimension is added to the abovementioned study by considering the effects of Darcy-Forchheimer porous media. It is well known that Darcy’s law is an empirical formula relating the pressure gradient, the bulk viscous fluid resistance and the gravitational force for a forced convective flow in a porous medium. Deviations from Darcy’s law occur when the Reynolds number based on the pore diameter is within the range of 1 to 10 (Ishak et al. [26]). For flow through porous medium with high permeability, Brinkman [27] as well as Chen et al. [28] argue that the momentum equation must reduce to the viscous flow limit and advocate that classical frictional terms be added in Darcy’s law. Mishra and Jena [29] find numerical Solution of MHD flow with viscous dissipation. Vidyasagar et al. [30] discussed heat and mass Transfer effects on MHD boundary layer flow over a moving vertical porous plate. Mukhopadhyay et al. [31] investigated forced convective flow and heat transfer over a porous plate in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium in presence of radiation. Kankanala and Bandari [32] studied mixed convection flow of a casson fluid over an exponentially stretching surface with the effects of soret, dufour, thermal radiation and chemical reaction in presence of magnetic field. Jena [33] discussed numerical solution of boundary layer flow with viscous dissipation in presence of magnetic field. Venkateswarlu et al [34] studied effects of chemical reaction and heat Generation on boundary layer flow of a moving vertical plate with suction and dissipation in presence of magnetic field. In the present paper, motivated by works mentioned above and practical applications, an analysis is made to study the problem of two dimensional MHD boundary layer forced convective flow and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid past a plate embedded in a DarcyForchheimer porous. Thermal radiation term is considered in the energy equation. Using similarity transformation, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of self-similar ordinary differential equations, which are then solved using Runge-Kutta fourth order method along with shooting technique. The numerical results are plotted in some figures and the variations in physical characteristics of the flow dynamics and heat transfer for several parameters involved in the equations are discussed. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM Consider a forced convective, two-dimensional steady laminar boundary-layer flow of a viscous, incompressible, radiating, electrically conducting fluid over a flat plate of very small thickness and much larger breadth, embedded in a porous medium. The x-coordinate is measured along the plate from its leading edge and the y-coordinate is normal to it. A magnetic field of uniform strength is applied transversely to the direction of the flow. In the analysis of flow in porous media, the differential equation governing the fluid motion is based on Darcy-Forchheimer model, which accounts for the drag (represented by the Darcy term) exerted by the porous media as well as the inertia effect (represented by the nonlinear Forchheimer term). The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small so that the induced magnetic field is neglected. The Hall effects, the viscous dissipation and the joule heating terms are also neglected. Taking into account the thermal radiation term and under the usual boundary layer approximations, the governing equations that are based on balance laws of mass, linear momentum and energy (Pai [35], Schlichting [36], Bansal [37]) under the influence of externally imposed transverse magnetic field (Jeffery [38], Bansal [39]) for this investigation can be written as:with unsteady MHD boundary layer flow past a continuous moving vertical porous plate immerse in a porous medium with time dependent suction and temperature, in presence of magnetic field with radiation. Postelnicu [22] analyzed the influence of magnetic field on heat and mass transfer from vertical surfaces in porous media considering Soret and Dufour effects. Srinivasacharya and Upendar [23] examined the free convection in MHD micropolar fluid under the influence of Dufour and Soret effects. Duwairi and Damesh [24] studied the natural convection heat and mass transfer by steady laminar boundary layer flow over an isothermal vertical flat plate embedded in a porous medium. Mukhopadhyay et al. [25] investigated the forced convection flow and heat transfer in a porous medium using the Darcy-Forchheimer model. A new dimension is added to the abovementioned study by considering the effects of Darcy-Forchheimer porous media. It is well known that Darcy’s law is an empirical formula relating the pressure gradient, the bulk viscous fluid resistance and the gravitational force for a forced convective flow in a porous medium. Deviations from Darcy’s law occur when the Reynolds number based on the pore diameter is within the range of 1 to 10 (Ishak et al. [26]). For flow through porous medium with high permeability, Brinkman [27] as well as Chen et al. [28] argue that the momentum equation must reduce to the viscous flow limit and advocate that classical frictional terms be added in Darcy’s law. Mishra and Jena [29] find numerical Solution of MHD flow with viscous dissipation. Vidyasagar et al. [30] discussed heat and mass Transfer effects on MHD boundary layer flow over a moving vertical porous plate. Mukhopadhyay et al. [31] investigated forced convective flow and heat transfer over a porous plate in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium in presence of radiation. Kankanala and Bandari [32] studied mixed convection flow of a casson fluid over an exponentially stretching surface with the effects of soret, dufour, thermal radiation and chemical reaction in presence of magnetic field. Jena [33] discussed numerical solution of boundary layer flow with viscous dissipation in presence of magnetic field. Venkateswarlu et al [34] studied effects of chemical reaction and heat Generation on boundary layer flow of a moving vertical plate with suction and dissipation in presence of magnetic field. In the present paper, motivated by works mentioned above and practical applications, an analysis is made to study the problem of two dimensional MHD boundary layer forced convective flow and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid past a plate embedded in a DarcyForchheimer porous. Thermal radiation term is considered in the energy equation. Using similarity transformation, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of self-similar ordinary differential equations, which are then solved using Runge-Kutta fourth order method along with shooting technique. The numerical results are plotted in some figures and the variations in physical characteristics of the flow dynamics and heat transfer for several parameters involved in the equations are discussed.
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
Consider a forced convective, two-dimensional steady laminar boundary-layer flow of a viscous, incompressible, radiating, electrically conducting fluid over a flat plate of very small thickness and much larger breadth, embedded in a porous medium. The x-coordinate is measured along the plate from its leading edge and the y-coordinate is normal to it. A magnetic field of uniform strength is applied transversely to the direction of the flow. In the analysis of flow in porous media, the differential equation governing the fluid motion is based on Darcy-Forchheimer model, which accounts for the drag (represented by the Darcy term) exerted by the porous media as well as the inertia effect (represented by the nonlinear Forchheimer term). The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small so that the induced magnetic field is neglected. The Hall effects, the viscous dissipation and the joule heating terms are also neglected. Taking into account the thermal radiation term and under the usual boundary layer approximations, the governing equations that are based on balance laws of mass, linear momentum and energy (Pai [35], Schlichting [36], Bansal [37]) under the influence of externally imposed transverse magnetic field (Jeffery [38], Bansal [39]) for this investigation can be written as:
DISCUSSIONS
The system of governing equations (6)-(7) together with the boundary condition (8) is non-linear ordinary differential equations depending on the various values of the physical parameters viz. Porous medium parameter K1 the Inertial parameter K2 the Magnetic parameter M, , the Prandtl number Pr. and the Radiation parameter N. The system of equations (6)-(7) is solved by Runge-Kutta fourth order scheme with a systematic guessing of ' ' f (0) and (0) θ by the shooting technique until the boundary conditions at infinity are satisfied. The step size ?η = 0.01 is used while obtaining the numerical solution and accuracy upto the seventh decimal place i.e. 1 x 10-4, which is very sufficient for convergence. The computations were done by a program which uses a symbolic and computer language Matlab.
RESULTS
Figure 1 shows the effect of porosity parameter ( K1 ) on the velocity profile. From this plot it is observed that the effect of increasing values of porosity parameter is to increases the velocity distribution in the flow region. Accordingly, the thickness of the velocity boundary layer decreases. In this case, horizontal velocity is found to increase with the increasing values of the permeability of the medium. With a rise in permeability of the medium, the Darcian body force decreases in magnitude (as it is inversely proportional to the permeability Darcian resistance acts to decelerate the fluid particles in continua. This resistance diminishes as permeability of the medium increases. So progressively less drag is experienced by the flow and flow retardation is thereby decreased. Hence the velocity of the fluid increases as porosity parameter increases.
Figure 2 shows the effect of inertial parameter (K2) on velocity components of fluid velocity. From this plot it is observed that the effect of increasing values of inertial parameter is to increases the velocity distribution i.e., the thickness of the velocity boundary layer decreases. Thus, the non-Dercian term (i.e. Forchheimer term) has a very significant effect on the velocity profile.
The impact of the magnetic parameter (M) on the fluid flow is very significant in practical point of view. In Figure 3, the variation in velocity distribution for several values of magnetic parameter is presented. The dimensionless velocity f (n) increases with increasing values of magnetic parameter. Accordingly, the thickness of the velocity boundary layer decreases. This happens due to the Lorentz force arising from the interaction of magnetic and electric fields during the motion of the electrically conducting fluid. To reduce velocity boundary layer thickness the generated Lorentz force enhances the fluid motion in the boundary layer region.
In Figures 4 and 5, the effect of suction parameter (S) are presented for non-porous (K1= 0=K2) and porous media (K1=0.1= K2) respectively. We infer from these figures that the horizontal velocity increases with increase in suction parameter i.e. suction causes to increase the velocity of the fluid. Since the effect of suction is to suck away the fluid near the wall, the velocity boundary layer is reduced due to suction S (S>0). Consequently the velocity increases. Hence the velocity gradient increases with increasing values of suction parameter S (S>0).
Figures 6 and 7 are plotted for the temperature profiles for different values of permeability parameter (K1 ) and inertial parameter (K 2) respectively for the given values of N, , M, Pr and S. We observed from both the figures that temperature decreases with increase of permeability parameter and inertial parameter within the boundary layer.
Figure 8, which illustrate the effect of magnetic parameter (M) on the temperature profile. We infer from this figure that the temperature decreases with an increase in magnetic parameter. In this case temperature asymptotically approaches to zero in the free stream region.
Figure 9 (in non-porous media) and Figure 10 (in porous media), which are the graphical representation of the temperature profiles for different values of the radiation parameter N for the given values of the parameters K1, K2, ?r, M, Pr and S. We infer from these figures that temperature of the fluid decreases with increase in radiation parameter. The increase in radiation parameter means the release of heat energy from the flow region and so the fluid temperature decreases as the thermal boundary layer thickness becomes thinner. Figure 11 and 12 depict the effect of suction parameter S when K1=0= K2 and K1 =0.1=K2 respectively for the given values of N, M, and Pr. We infer from these figures that temperature of the fluid decreases with increase in suction parameter in both the cases. The thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with the suction parameter which causes an increase in the rate of heat transfer. The reason of this behavior is that the fluid is brought closer to the surface and reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness.
The effect of temperature ratio parameter Ør on the temperature profiles are presented in Figures 13 and 14, in the case of non-porous media and porous media respectively. We observed from both the figures that the fluid temperature increases with increase of Ør. Ør > 1 when Tw > Tx and this is the usual case that is considered in this problem, 1 represents the case when and this is possible if the porous plate is kept on ice pad. Figure 15, which is a representation of the local dimensionless coefficient of heat transfer , knows as the Nusselt number for different values of Prandtl number (Pr) versus radiation parameter (N) for the given values of , M, S. We observed from this figure that the rate of heat transfer increases with the value of Pr.
CONCLUSION
A mathematical model has been presented for the MHD boundary layer forced convective flow and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid past a plate embedded in a DarcyForchheimer porous medium. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformations. The effect of several parameters controlling the velocity and temperature profiles are shown graphically and discussed briefly. The influence of the physical parameters viz. Porous medium parameter K1, the Inertial parameter K2, the Magnetic parameter M , the Prandtl number Pr, and the Radiation parameter N on dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles were examined. From the study, following conclusion can be drawn:
1. The effect of permeability of the medium on a viscous incompressible fluid is to increase the fluid velocity by reducing the drag on the flow which in turn causes a decrease in the temperature field.
2. It is found that the inertial parameter has a great influence on decreasing the flow field, whereas its influence is reversed on the rate of heat transfer. The non-Darcian term (i.e. Forchheimer term) has a very significant effect on the velocity distribution.
3. As the magnetic parameter M increases, we can find the velocity profile increases in the flow region and to decrease the temperature profile. This happens due to the Lorentz force arising from the interaction of magnetic and electric fields during the motion of the electrically conducting fluid. Thus we conclude that we can control the velocity field and temperature by introducing magnetic field.
4. The velocity gradient increases with increasing values of suction parameter S. Since the effect of suction is to suck away the fluid near the wall, the velocity boundary layer is reduced due to suction. Consequently the velocity increases. Hence the velocity gradient increases with increasing suction.
5. The temperature in the boundary layer decreases due to suction. Due to thermal radiation, temperature is found to decrease. This effect is more pronounced in presence of porous media. The combined effects of suction and thermal radiation can be used as means of cooling.
6. The fluid temperature increases with increase of temperature ratio parameter .
7. The rate of heat transfer increases with the increasing values of Prandtl number. This heat transfer is very important in production engineering to improve the quality of the final product.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/ editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Conflict of Interest: None Source of Funding: One of the authors (D.K.) is grateful to the UGC for providing financial support in the form of BSR Fellowship, India.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12HealthcareNeedle Stick Injury: A Study Among Interns and Post Graduate Scholars at a Tertiary Level Care Hospital
English2429Shakeel AhmadEnglish Abdul GhaniEnglish Aamir YaqoobEnglish Omeshwar SinghEnglishIntroduction: Needle stick injury is an underestimated problem among health care personnel all over the world.More than 20 types of blood borne pathogens especially Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus and Human immune deficiency (HIV) virus can be transmitted through needle stick injuries.
Aim of Study: The main aim of our study was to assess awareness regarding needle stick injuries with risk of serious infections and awareness regarding first aid and post exposure prophylaxis.
Material andMethods: Data was collected in the form of pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. 100 students participated in the study. The response to questionnaire was analysed and results were obtained.
Results: The incidence of needle stick injury among students was found to be 24%.47% of students were not aware of recommended first aid after needle or sharp injury.Regarding Hepatitis B vaccination, 65% were not vaccinated, only 35% were vaccinated. 94% of students had never received any training regarding sharps.
Conclusion: This study showed a high rate of needle stick injuries among interns and post graduate students. Still the incidence is on lower side, owing to non-reporting of injuries. The strong predictor for needle stick injury was lack of training and work load. Recapping of needles was found to be the most common reason for needle stick injuries.
EnglishNeedle sticks injury, Hepatitis B virus, HIV, Interns, PEPINTRODUCTION
Needle stick Injury is an inevitable event for hospital staff involved in patient care at a health care facility. The medical profession carries a disproportionate burden of significant exposures (i.e. exposure to a high-risk patient). The risk is profound among medical studentsdue to lack of experience and protective measures being offered at a govt. hospital in a developing country. More than 20 types of blood borne pathogens especially Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus and Human immune deficiency (HIV) virus can be transmitted through needle stick injuries1, 2. The estimated risk of acquiring HIV infection after percutaneous exposure to blood from an HIV-infected patient is 0.3 percent3. According to the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Needle stick injuries are injuries caused by needles such as hypodermic needles, blood collection needles, sterile intravenous needles etc4.The activities associated with the majority of needle stick injuries are administering injections, withdrawing blood, recapping needles, disposing off needles, handling trash and dirty linen and missing the target while attempting to transfer blood or any other body fluid from a syringe to a specimen container5, 6.
Economic costs imposed by the treatment and the consequent stress are the other complications of sharp injuries7. Job stress during performing duty is reported to be a contributory factor in this regard8.
The prevalence of blood-borne viruses such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) continue to increase in the general community9, 10. Trend data collected by the Health Protection Agency Centre for Infection Surveillance between 2002 and 2005, reported in The Eye of the Needle11, revealed a 49% overall increase in reported occupational exposures among U.K surgeons.
Due to underreporting, the incidence of sharp injury has been underestimated; although sharps injuries are one of the most common types of injury incurred by health care workers and the consequences to those involved may be catastrophic. It is apparent that current surgical practice has the potential to leave the healthcare worker exposed.
Only a few studies have been published on needle stick injuries from this area or from developing countries in general; although 90% of needle stick injuries occur in developing countries12.
In India, relatively few studies have addressed the issue of needle stick injury among medical students. Our study mainly focuses on calculating the incidence, identifying risk factors and awareness about needle stick injury and about precautionary measures and post exposure prophylaxis(PEP) being offered at a govt. hospital.
AIM OF STUDY
The aim of this study was to:
To study about awareness of any risk associated with needle or sharp injury andpost exposure prophylaxis.
To establish the true incidence of needle-stick injury among medical students; and
To assess the knowledge of universal precautions, risk perception of needle stick injury among medical students.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our study is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014- 2015 at Govt medical collegeJammu. The study was conducted among interns and post graduate students.100 students participatedin our study.All the participants were explained the objective of the study and written informed consent was taken from each of them
Inclusion criteria
Being working as intern and postgraduate student for more than 6 months
The consent to participate in thestudy
Exclusion criteria
Interns and medical students with less than 6 months of practice at themoment
Lack of cooperation and proper completion of the questionnaire
Data was collected in the form of pre-tested self-administered questionnaires as depicted below. The pre-tested structured questionnaire was distributed to all the students. The questionnaire included characteristics related to the study (cause of the incident, time of incident, injured member and cause of injury) and sectionrelated to the explanation of how the incident had happened. The confidentiality of information was explained to the students. They were assured thatthe information was going be used in a research work.
QUESTIONAIRRE
DESIGNATION:SPECIALITY:
Are you aware of any risk associated with needle or sharp injury? (yes/no)
Did you have any needle stick injury or needle prick in last 6 months? (yes/no)
How many times.
How did you get the needle prick? (before/while/afterusing or while operating)
Did you report it?
Are you aware of any recommended first aid after needle or sharp injury?
Are you vaccinated against Hepatitis B? (no, partial, full)
Are you aware of post exposure prophylaxis (procedure, duration and place)? (yes/no)
Are you aware of ideal time to start PEP? (yes/no)
What is the maximum time to start prophylaxis after exposure? (know/don’t know)
Have you ever taken PEP?
Do you regularly use gloves while using syringes or needles?
What prohibits you to use gloves regularly? (non availability or cumbersome activity)
How do you dispose of the sharps?
Have you ever received training related sharps disposal? (yes/no)
Do you do recapping of needles? (Yes/no).
RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS
A total of 100questionnaires were distributed among interns(n = 50) and post graduate students(n = 50). The response to questionnaires was collected after 1 week. The data was analysed and the results obtained. Out of 100, 96 students were aware of risk associated with needle or sharp injury, whereas 4 students were unaware of any risk associated with sharps. The incidence of needle stick injury among students was 24%. Of these 24Needle stick injuries, 20 had injury onceand 4 students had history of injury twice. The incidence of needle stick injury was maximum while recapping of needles after use. 22% of injuries were reported while as, 78% of injuries were not reported.
47% of students were not aware of recommended first aid after needle or sharp injury. Regarding Hepatitis B vaccination, 65% were not vaccinated, only 35% were vaccinated. Only 85% of students were aware of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), whereas 15% were not aware of PEP. Only 23% of cases were aware of ideal time to start post exposure prophylaxis. Of the students reporting needle stick injury, only 3 students had taken post exposure prophylaxis. Routinely, only 63% of students use gloves while dealing with syringes and sharps. From the study, students reported that 87% dispose off sharps in the nearest dust bin available. 94% of students had never received any training regarding sharp disposal. 38% of students would do recapping of needles after use.
DISCUSSION
Our study supports previously published work demonstrating that needle-stick injury is common and significantly an under-reported problem13, 14; also it demonstrated that students are particularly a high risk group. With the rising population prevalence of bloodborne viruses15and the increasing incidence of all exposures, we believe that the risks to the health care personnel are increasing. We propose that the students before joining the hospital should receive a proper training regarding use of sharps, their disposal, about first aid in case of needle stick injury, about PEP and Hepatitis B vaccination. While training of users will always be important in prevention, engineering and administrative controls are likely to be effective as well.
The constant use of sharps in theemergency department, wards and operation theatre creates an environment where the incidence of needle stick injury has increased to a significant extent. By establishing the true incidence of the needle stick injury, the next step is to tackle the circumstances surrounding the incidents and the subsequent post event behaviour. To do so, we must look at the on-spot decision making that goes on at the time of an incident.Also, further studies are advised to estimate the incidence and address the problem of needle stick injury properly.
Our experience and findings in this study suggest that the use of gloves is viewed as cumbersome activity while dealing with the sharps. Due to huge work load, the needle stick injury is mostly not reported.Recapping of used needles, suturing especially during long working hours and cleaning after patient care were related to higher incidence of the injuries.
We set out in this study to establish the true incidence of needle-stick injury by anonymously questioning interns and postgraduate students of all grades and specialities in our centre. The 24% who anonymously admitted to needle-stick injury over our studyis lower as compared to previously reported incidences by Chen et al16 (71.3%), Holla R et al17 (71.9%) and Maryam Amini et al18 (67.8%). This difference could be explained by the fact that our study population included only interns and postgraduates, while the other studies have included all health care workers. Some of the other studies indicated that the rates are higher for nurses than for other health care worker groups. Work by Elmiyeh et al13studying all healthcare workers showed an incidence of 38% per year. In their study, 51% of respondents reported all of their injuries. Wallis et al.25 found a mean rate of 1.4 sharps or eye exposures per year (range 0–12 exposures per year) in consultant orthopaedic surgeons with a reporting rate of 33% (their overall questionnaire response rate was 34%).
In developing countries, high patient-to-doctor ratio results in junior staff having to take on some of the senior doctors’ responsibilities e.g. carrying out minor surgical procedures. They may not be adequately trained for these and consequently are exposed to a high risk of needle stick injuries.
We feel these post-exposure response rates particularly in the intern cohort are unacceptably low. Our study is small, retrospective and confined to one centre, but we have no reason to believe that its findings are not accurate or representative of the wider problem. These under-reporting rates fall significantly short of any study reported before.
Training was found to be the crucial factor in predicting the occurrence of needle stick injuries among the interns and post graduates in our study. This finding has great importance for planning preventive measures in developing countries where arranging proper training is a more feasible target than buying expensive equipment.
Hand washing after patient contact, use of personal protective equipment such as gloves and minimization of manual manipulation of sharp instruments and devices and safe disposal of used sharp items can reduce the incidence of needle stick injuries. Use of gloves while handling sharp instruments is a precautionary measure recommended and compliance with this seemed to be an indicator for risk behaviour. Muralidhar et al20 in their study reported that majority of health care workers (74%) were wearing gloves at the time of Needle Stick Injury. Majority of orthopaedic surgeons prefer wearing double gloves to prevent hazards of needle stick injuries.
Our study showed a significantly increased risk of needle stick injuries among those who were recapping needles most or all of the time compared with those who were not recapping. This finding is consistent with earlier studies. Sharma et al19 and Muralidhar et al20 reported recapping as the most common procedure responsible for Needle Stick Injuries with 34% and 39% NSIs respectively associated with recapping. Location of the sharps containers may explain a part of this high rate of recapping needles.
Working excessive hours can result in stress and emotional and physical exhaustion which are likely to increase the chance of human error and contribute to a tendency towards high risk behaviours such as recapping needles and poor compliance with the precautions in general21. Long working hours is also an indicator of understaffing, a common phenomenon in developing countries22.
We found out that needle stick injury by a needle contaminated with a low risk patient is unlikely to raise an alarm in the mind of the treating doctor. There is a sense of security arising from the Hepatitis B vaccination. The only cases reported in The Eye of the Needle where Hepatitis B transmission had occurred in healthcare workers who were not immunised or only mounted a partial response to the vaccine11. Furthermore, HIV post-exposure prophylaxis using anti-retroviral agents is unpleasant and not without its own risks. We doubt, however, that any surgeon would question the benefits of post-exposure prophylaxis following a known transmission. For Hepatitis C, there is no effective post-exposure prophylaxis currently available.
We also postulate that each hospital should establish a centre, where these needle stick injuries would be reported immediately by the health care personnel and necessary action being taken to prevent catastrophic consequences on the sufferer. The reporting system should be kept simple. The main reasons behind non-reporting of cases was the lack of knowledge, how to report the needle stick injury. Other factors implicated are very low risk patient, afraid of a positive result which may affect career13.
In a study by Jagger et al, disposable syringes accounted for 35 percent, intravenous tubing and needle assemblies for 26 percent, prefilled cartridge syringes for 12 percent, winged steel-needle intravenous sets for 7 percent, phlebotomy needles for 5 percent, intravenous catheter stylets for 2 percent, and other devices for 13 percent. Devices that required disassembly had rates of injury of up to 5.3 times the rate for disposable syringes23.
Testing of the source blood allows the surgeon to receive post-exposure prophylaxis for as short a period as possible, a full course in the event of a HIV exposure or follow-up with a view to early treatment when indicated following a Hepatitis C exposure. If the source is found to be without blood-borne infections, the post-exposure prophylaxis can usually be stopped after a short period (24–48 h). In a study by Anjum et al24on needle stick injuries, majority (92.6%) of employees immediately washed the exposed part, 5% of the employees washed exposed part, reported to the authorities and took PEP while as a small percentage 0.5% took only PEP.
Lastly, we suspect that surgeon apathy and other perceived priorities cause significant under-reporting. Wallis et al25found that the most common reason for not reporting exposures by orthopaedic consultants was that the reporting system was too complex.
CONCLUSION
The hospital administration has a duty to provide a safe environment, to create awareness and educate all medical students about the risk of viral transmission and PEP and to enforce reporting of all incidents.
Recapping of needles should be discouraged and sharp containers should be provided in each ward.
Practice safe use of sharps and adhere to recommended guidelines while using sharps.
Post-exposure tests must be made readily available in all the hospitals. Post Exposure Prophylaxis should be readily made available as well.
Use of gloves preferably double gloves should be strictly followed.
Hepatitis B vaccination should be provided free to all the staff working in the hospital. The procedure should be repeated every year to provide vaccination to fresh candidates.
Acknowledgement
We are thankful to all those students of the institute who participated in the study. Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Ethical Clearance:Taken
Informed Consent:Taken individually
Financial support:Nil
Conflict of interest: Nil
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1221http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1221
Yang YH, Liou SH, Chen CJ, Yang CY, Wang CL, Chen CY, Wu TN. The effectiveness of a training program on reducing needle stick injury among graduate vocational nursing school student’s southern Taiwan. Journal of Occup Health. 2007; 49:424-9.
Hasselhorn HM. The hepatitis B, hepatitis C or HIV infectious health care workers. In: Hasselhorn HM, Toomingsas A, Lagerstrom M (Eds). Occupational health for health care workers: a practice guide. The Netherlands: Elsevier Science. 1999; 44-9.
Heptonstall J, Porter K, Gill ON. Occupational transmission of HIV: summary of published reports — December 1995. London: Public Health Laboratory Service, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, 1995.
C Doig: Education of medical student and house staff to prevent hazardous occupational exposure. CMAJ. 2000; 162, 344-345.
C Shen, J Jagger and RD Pearson. Risk of needle stick and sharp object injuries among medical students. Am J Infect control 27, 435 – 437(1999).
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Zanni, G. R., and Wick, J. Y. (2007). Preventing needlestick injuries. The Consultant Pharmacist, 22(5), 400-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2007.400.
Makary, M. A., Al-Attar, A., Holzmueller, C. G., Sexton, J. B., Syin, D., Gilson, M. M., Sulkowski, M. S., and Pronovost, P. J. (2007). Needle sticks injuries among surgeons in training. New England Journal of Medicine,356(26): 2693-2699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070378.
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Chen L, Zhang M, YanY, MiaoJ, Lin H, ZhangY, et al. Sharp object injuries among health care workers in a Chinese Province. AAOHN J.2009;57(1):13-16.
Holla R, Unikrishnan B, Ram P, Thapar R, Mithra P, Kumar N et al. Occupational exposure to needle stick injuries among health care personnel in a tertiary care hospital: A cross sectional study. J. Community Med Health Education S2:004.doi:10.4172/2161- 0711,S2-004.
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Sharma R, Rasania SK, Verma A and Singh S. Study of prevalence and response to needlestick injuries among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. Indian J Community Med 2010;35(1):74-77.
Muralidhar S, Singh PK, Jain RK, Malhotra M and Bala M. Needle stick injuries among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital of India. Indian J Med Res 131, March 2010:405-410.
Grosch JW, Gershon RR, Murphy LR and DeJoy DM (1999) Safety climate dimensions associated with occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens in nurses. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Supplement 1, 122–124.
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Janine Jagger, Ella H. Hunt, and Richard D. Pearson, M.D.: Rates of Needle-Stick Injury Caused by Various Devices in a University Hospital(Aug 1988). N Engl J Med 1988; 319:284-288.
Anjum B. Fazili, Rohul J. Shah, Qazi M. Iqbal, Feroz A. Wani. Occupational Exposure and Needlestick Injuries among Employees of a Tertiary Care Institute in Kashmir. Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 9 • Issue 7 • April 2017: 44 – 48.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12HealthcareMyocardial Bridges as a Risk Factor for Coronary Atherosclerosis
English3035Lujinovic AlmiraEnglish Kapur EldanEnglishIntroduction: The presence of a myocardial bridge on the ramus interventricularis anterior can lead to myocardial ischemia and changes in the structure of the vessel wall, especially in the segment proximal to the bridge.
Objectives: Examine the wall structure of the ramus interventricularis anterior and estimate the atherosclerosis in its intramyocardial, proximal, and distal segments with an atherosclerosis index.
Materials and Methods: Sections of the ramus interventricularis anterior and its branches were prepared at autopsy from 20 hearts with myocardial bridges. Sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin or elastica van Gieson were examined microscopically, and the thickness of the intima and media was determined with ocularmicrometric measuring to establish an atherosclerosis index (a quotient of intima to media thickness).
Results: In histopathologic analysis, atherosclerotic changes of varying intensity were present in segments proximal to the myocardial bridge. In contrast, no histopathologic evidence of atherosclerosis was present in any intramyocardial segment, and distal segments had only mild atherosclerotic changes. In agreement with the histopathologic findings, the atherosclerosis index value of the proximal segment of the ramus interventricularis anterior was significantly higher than that of the intramyocardial segment and the distal segment of the artery (p EnglishCoronary arteries, Myocardial bridges, Atherosclerosis, Histomorphometry
INTRODUCTION
Human coronary arteries and their branches are located in the subepicardial adipose tissue. In some hearts, coronary arteries coursing subepicardially, travel shallowly or deeply into the myocardium to reappear on its surface after an intramyocardial course of variable length [1].
The intramyocardial portion of the coronary artery is named the “tunneled” segment. Bunches of myocardial fibers that pass over the segment and cover it, usually only on one part, shall be designated as myocardial bridge [2]. Reyman was the first, as early as 1737 in autopsy examination, to detect myocardial bridges. In 1960, Portmann and Iwig [3] detected systolic narrowing of the lumen of the ramus interventricularis anterior on coronary angiograms and presumed that the narrowing was caused by contraction of myocardial bridge fibers with consequent compression of the tunnel segment. Scientists who dissected the myocardial bridges found their high frequency (30-60%) and their most frequent location to be in the ramus interventricularis anterior [4-7].
Geiringer [8] reported that atherosclerosis did not develop in the tunnel segment of the coronary descending artery, an observation that prompted attention to the relationship between myocardial bridges and the development and location of atherosclerotic changes. Results of histopathological studies [11-13] have confirmed Geiringer’s opinion that the myocardial bridge protects the tunnel-segment intima from developing atherosclerosis, while favoring the development of intense atherosclerosis proximal to the bridge. The autopsy findings have been supported by in vivo diagnostic methods. Thus, atherosclerotic changes proximal to the tunnel segment were seen in computed tomographic coronary angiograms in about 70% of patients [14-16], but no changes was seen in the wall of the tunnel segment. Also, intravascular ultrasound studies have revealed atherosclerotic changes proximal to myocardial bridges in about 90% of cases 17, 18]. Intravascular ultrasound has been advocated for study of the relationships between myocardial bridges and atherosclerotic changes because it is more sensitive than coronary angiograms in detecting mild atherosclerotic changes [17, 18].
However, not all authors agree there is a relationship between the presence of myocardial bridges and the development or location of atherosclerosis, and claim that atherosclerosis develops about equally often under the myocardial bridge as in other parts of coronary arteries [19-21].
The difference of opinions on the possible influence of myocardial bridges on the occurrence and localization of coronary atherosclerosis has led us to examine the structure of the bridge walls, and to determine, through use of an atherosclerosis index, the degree of atherosclerosis in the intramyocardial segment of the ramus interventricularis anterior as well as proximally and distally to the bridge.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used cadaveric hearts from 60 patients (36 male, 24 female; mean age 45.2 ±16.2 years) for this study. When a myocardial bridge was found on dissection, a branch of the ramus interventricularis anterior was sectioned transversely at intervals of 0.5 cm, up to 3 cm proximally and 3 cm distally to the bridge. The sections were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehydeand embedded in paraffin. Paraffin blocks were sectioned at 5 µm thickness and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and elastica van Gieson. Cross-sections of the ramus interventricularis anterior were examined by light microscopy, with careful inspection of the arterial wall for atherosclerotic changes and oculometric measurement of intima and media thickness. The intima was measured at its thickest and thinnest areas, and the mean value was calculated. The atherosclerosis index was expressed as a quotient of intima and media thickness (intima thickness/media thickness). The number of necessary measurements for each segment was determined on the basis of De Hoff’s formula. The total number of measurements for all proximal (P) segments was 162 (40 measurements for each P1 and P2 segment, 20 measurements for each P3 and P4 segment, 18 measurements for P5, and 24 measurements for P6 segments). The number of measurements for the myocardial bridge region, ie, the tunnel segment, was 48. The total number of measurements for distal (D) segments was 99 (20 measurements for each D1, D2 and D3 segments, 17 measurements for D4 segment and 11 measurements for each D5 and D6 segment).
The mean values of the degree of atherosclerosis in the myocardial bridge region and proximal and distal segments were compared with Anova statistical project. The atherosclerosis index in the tunnel segment region and each proximal and distal segment, were also compared with Anova. P value of Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1222http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1222
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12HealthcareDoor to Door Survey cum Health Camp in Tribal Population of Northern India
English3639S. Muhammad Salim KhanEnglish Ruqia QuansarEnglish Sheikh Mohd SaleemEnglishContext: In India, a Sub-Centre is the most peripheral and the lowest rung of the three-tier health care delivery system. As part of the various services offered by the Sub-Centre, Door to door surveys and field camp are important activities that bring the health care system to the door step of the community. Door to door surveys and health camps in the adjoining areas of Sub-centres which are located in backward, far flung or tribal areas is a good method to reach the tribal population in particular.
Methods and Material: The door to door survey cum health camp which was conducted by the department of community medicine in collaboration with NSS in the field practise area of Government Medical College, Srinagar. With an intention to organise the health camp for the tribal population, Sub-Centre Faqeer Gujree was selected purposively so as to evaluate the health standards of the tribal population in particular.
Results: Socio-demographic characteristics of the community subject’s show male predominant population with a ratio of 89 women to 100 men. 40% of the population is illiterate and only 4% individuals having acquired education above higher secondary. 90% of the total households belong to upper lower to upper middle class socioeconomic status. The community has 247 eligible couples with 23 pregnant women. Total births in the year 2016 were 40. 30% of the population uses contraceptive methods for birth spacing with 100% immunization coverage in the area. Crude death rate of the area is 4.71 per 1000 population and infant mortality rate is 50.00 per 1000 live births with 9.83 per 1000 population as hospitalization ratio. Conclusions: Door to door surveys is a good method to reach the tribal community in particular and such surveys should be carried out every year to determine the health status and health care delivery services provided to the tribal community.
EnglishTribal health, Door to door survey, Health camp, Northern India, Sub-centreIntroduction:
In India, a Sub-Centre (SC) is the most peripheral and the lowest rung of the three-tier health care delivery system.[1] The subcentre caters 5000 population in plains and 3000 in hilly and tribal areas as per the population norms.[1] Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs)/Female multipurpose health workers (FMPHW) are the key health field level workers who operate from the Sub-Centres and deliver services related to prevention and control of the disease.[1] Health workers at the sub-centre have the responsibility to encompass preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative health care services. These workers act as an interface between the needs of the community and services provided to them. As part of the various services offered by the Sub-Centre, Door to door surveys and field camp are important activities that bring the health care system to the doorstep of the community.[1] Conducting door to door surveys and interviewing the tribal population is not an easy task, as the team faces multiple challenges. The physical demand of travelling long distances over rough terrain and interpersonal challenges of interviewing tribal people can be even more daunting, but for collecting health and environment-related information in tribal areas, door to door surveys are regarded as a valuable tool based on community participatory research principles.[2] The door to door surveys and health camps in the adjoining areas of Sub-centres which are located in backward, far-flung or tribal areas is a good method to reach the tribal population in particular.[2] This will help us in knowing the health standards of the people living in tribal areas as the tribal population has an ethnic, traditional andcultural identity, distinctive language, they are economically backward and live in seclusion governed by their own social norm and largely having a self-contained economy.[3] The health problems prevailing in the tribal areas may be due to socio-cultural norms of practicing ancient heath practices, use of herbal medicines, taboos andsuperstition. Environmental conditions like forest dwelling may pose a risk of vector-borne diseases. Tribal people are reluctant to adapt maternal and child health services, Nutritional problems are common and there is inaccessibility to safe drinking water and sanitation. So there is a need to direct more health attention towards this group of population in order to improve the health status of the community as a whole. Department of community medicine in partnership with National Sample Survey (NSS) conducted a health care screening, medical camp, and door to door survey at a Sub-Centre Faqeer Gujree, a tribal area located in the lap of mountainous ranges of Mahadev, just 25 km's from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu andKashmir.
Subjects and Methods:
This paper is based on the data which was collected as a part of the door to door survey cum health camp which was conducted by the department of community medicine in collaboration with National sample survey (NSS) in the field practice area of Government Medical College, Srinagar. With an intention to organize the health camp for the tribal population, Sub-Centre Faqeer Gujree was selected purposively so as to evaluate the health standards of the tribal population in particular. Sub-Centre Faqeer Gujree has a total population of 1900 individuals and it lies in close proximity to district Srinagar, approximately 1500 meters above sea level, in the lap of mountainous range of Mahadev and just 25 kilometres from Government Medical College, Srinagar.
This cross-sectional study started with micro planning in the Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar followed by assigning job assessments to various health professional according to the plan. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical committee and institutional Head was informed about the survey. In the first step, the village heads were informed about the door to door survey and health camp, who in turn informed the community members. A fixed date for the door to door survey and health camp was communicated to the village heads. All the households gave consent to be part of the survey. Finally on 21st March 2016 door to door survey was conducted in the adjoining areas of the Sub-Centre by postgraduate scholars, intern doctors and pre-final students of the department of community medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar. A total of 1696 people participated in the house to house survey cum health camp. The survey continued for 3 days i.e: till 23rd March 2016. Data was collected on the predesigned proforma after taking informed consent from the family members. Demographic characteristics include name, age, sex, socioeconomic status, number of eligible couples in the family, use of contraceptive by any family member, number of under five children in the family, immunization status of all the family members, antenatal facilities availed by pregnant women in the family, status of overcrowding, general housing standards, availability of safe and whole some water, and sanitation methods used by individual houses were the variables included in the proforma. On 24th March 2016, a health camp was organized at the Sub-Centre Faqeer Gujree in which most of the community members participated. Qualified doctors examined the community members and provided free treatment for their ailments with the provision of free medicines. The whole survey was conducted under the strict supervision of Head, Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Srinagar.
Results:
Socio-demographic characteristics of the community subject’s shows male predominant population with men outnumber women by a ratio of 89 women to 100 men. 57% of the population is in the adult age group. Among the total households (320), most are joint families with 100% non-vegetarian diet pattern see in the community. 40% of the population is illiterate and only 4% individuals having acquired education above higher secondary. 90% of the total households belong to upper lower to upper-middle-class socioeconomic status. 70% of the community households have the provision of safe drinking water, >80% have smoking vent in the kitchen and > 90% population use sanitary latrine for excreta disposal. Prevalence of Smoking behaviour was observed in 14.39% community population [Table 1].
The community has 247 eligible couples with 23 pregnant women. Total births in the year 2016 were 40. 30% of the population uses contraceptive methods for birth spacing with 100% immunization coverage in the area. The crude death rate of the area is 4.71 per 1000 population and infant mortality rate is 50.00 per 1000 live births with 9.83 per 1000 population as hospitalization ratio.[Table 2]
Discussion:
The present paper discusses the door to door survey cum health camp which was organized by the department of community medicine, government medical college, Srinagar. The survey cum health camp was one of its kinds as it solely concentrated on the tribal population, their demographic attributes and health indicators in particular. As we know that the tribal community has a distinct ethnic, traditional andcultural identity, distinctive language, they are economically backward and live in seclusion governed by their own social norm and largely having a self-contained economy. There is the probability of underlying health problems in the tribal community which may be due to socio-cultural norms of practicing ancient heath practices, use of herbal medicines, taboos andsuperstition. Environmental conditions like forest dwelling may pose a risk of vector-borne diseases. Tribal people are reluctant to adapt maternal and child health services, Nutritional problems are common and there is inaccessibility to safe drinking water and sanitation. The present study was conducted in a tribal area which happens to be the field practice area of the department of community medicine, government medical college. The area has a total population of 1696 individuals with 895 men and 801 women with a male-female ratio of 894 females to 1000 men, which is far behind than the national figures.[4] The age structure of the tribal population is on par with the national figures.[5] Most of the household’s live in nuclear families and half of the tribal population is illiterate, the literacy rate of the tribal community is far below than the state and national figures, which is an alarming issue and needs to be looked after in future researches. Sanitation and safe drinking water plays a vital role in maintaining good health of the people. In our study, 70 % of the tribal population had access to the safe drinking water and more than 90% use the sanitary latrine, still, these figures are not compromising and a threat of gastroenteritis or hepatitis outbreak will continue for the future until proper measures by the government authorities will be taken.
The health care services provided to the tribal community is another dimension that will determine the quality of health among the population, and indirectly determine the acceptability of health care services among them. The presence of a sub-centre in the tribal community along with the allocation of the local ASHAs has significantly contributed to the acceptance of the health services by the tribal community. About 30% of the population is using contraceptive methods for child spacing which shows the acceptability of the health services by the tribal population and indirectly determines the role of ASHA’s in counselling people for such services.
Constrained by data, we have considered three health indicators namely infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, and crude death rate. The infant mortality rate of the study area is 50 per 1000 while of the J&K state is 34 and India are 39 per 1000 respectively.[7] There was no recorded death of any mother in the year 2016 showing better maternal and child health delivery services in the area. The crude death rate of the tribal population for the year 2016 was 4.71 per 1000, better than the state and national figures.[7] The house to house survey cum health camp was organized with the view to foresee the health status of the tribal community and the progress of the health delivery services provided by the Sub-Centre which is located in the close vicinity. The authors have following recommendations for the policy makers for the said tribal community. An adequate number of schools should be built in the area and people should be encouraged to admit their children in them. Local leaders should facilitate and encourage swachh bharat abhiyan and promote the building of latrines. Health education about personal hygiene and provision of safe drinking water should be given to people. Locals should be encouraged to build houses according to housing standards.
Conclusion: Door to door surveys is a good method to reach the tribal community in particular and such surveys should be carried out every year to determine the health status and health care delivery services provided to the tribal community. These surveys acknowledge health authorities and policy makers about the use of health care facilities by the tribal population and help to oversee the barriers in-between tribal community. Further research is warned in future to study different socio-cultural aspects prevailing in the tribal community which acts as a barriers from seeking Health for all behaviour
Acknowledgement: Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1223http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1223
Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) Guidelines for Sub-Centres 2012
The value of conducting door-to-door surveys Hillier A, Cannuscio C, Griffin L, Thomas N, Glanz K International Journal of Social Research Methodology, vol. 17, issue April (2014) pp. 285-302
PANIGRAHI, Sandeep Kumar; PADHI, Asutosh. Maternity Waiting Home – A light of hope for pregnant women in tribal areas?Annals of community Health, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 3, p. 2-3, sep. 2014.
Available at: http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/sex-ratio-of-india.html[Accessed on 02-03-2017 01:33:20]
Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/india/age_structure.html[Accessed on 01-03-2017 03:15:21]
Available at: http://www.census2011.co.in [Accessed on 01-03-2017 05:30:24]
Available at:
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletin_2014.pdf
Accessed on 03-03-2017 15:34:34
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12HealthcareA Comparative Study on the Teaching Effectiveness of Chalk & Talk Versus Microsoft Powerpoint Presentation-An Institution Based Pilot Study of Physiotherapy Students
English4043Tarpan ShahEnglish Megha A. PatelEnglish Hiral ShahEnglishBackground: In traditional classrooms, a teacher’s basic tools for displaying lectures are through chalkboards, pegboards, bulletin boards and walk and talk. To project instructional materials, transparencies with an overhead projector (TOHP) can be used. In recent times PowerPoint Presentation method is used as a teaching tool, it helps organize the class instructions. This aid has ability to present the information in a clear, organized & understandable manner. So in the present study we aim to find out the best method of teaching PPT or Chalk and Talk amongst the undergraduate Physiotherapy students.
Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study of 246 students. They belonged to the age group of 18-23 years. They were recruited and the questionnaire was given. The questions were related to the effectiveness of Chalk & Talk or PowerPoint. From this questionnaire data was collected and analysis was done.
Result: This study suggests that PowerPoint Presentation is a better teaching aid for the undergraduate students of Physiotherapy. 82.60% students have reported PowerPoint Presentation to be a good teaching tool for learning.
Discussion: Instructors should have enough knowledge and ability about how to prepare PowerPoint presentations for appropriate paper presentation. Instructors can encourage student participation either by asking discussion questions or having the students participate in activities. Here we take Undergraduate Physiotherapy students of only one college but this sample study can be done with different colleges, fields, Postgraduate students and cities.
Conclusion: After analysis of collected data, it concludes that PowerPoint Presentation method is the effective form of lecture delivery
EnglishINTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Teaching method is one of the significant components of curriculum and is an important stage of instructional design. Good teaching methods are useful tools to make helpful and meaningful learning. If teachers are familiar with different teaching methods then several useful tools are available for them to give desired content and materials to learners. Instructors in decision making to use teaching methods and select the most appropriate factors such as their expectations and the educational system expectations of learners, facilities, space, time, number of learners. Each of the methods has its own approach but the elements and their components can be used in combination, which requires good creativity, more experience and professional skills of teachers. Over the years, different approaches have been developed for teaching.(1) Lectures can be traced long back from the Greeks of the fifth century BC, lectures were the most common form of teaching. Therefore, the lecture has its merits. Research comparing lecturing with other teaching methods has not provided sufficient evidence to favor one method over another. (2)
The study of Lowry had shown a marked improvement in examination results when Transparencies with an Overhead Projector (TOHP), TOHP is replaced by the PowerPoint. Therefore, there is a mixed view that emerges from current studies. In this investigation students’ opinions on the impact of electronic presentations in lectures in undergraduate chemistry compared with TOHP and other conventional non-electronic approaches, and compare the impact it had on examination results. (3)
The use of PPT has become a routine affair in teaching and 99.9% teachers use it rather than any other instructional technology. (4) Lectures presented via computerized digital presentation attract students because they provide them a different atmosphere for the study. On the other hand, they impart some advantages to lecturer as saving or updating the lecture materials. At the same time teaching with PPT enforce the learning effectiveness by stimulating student’s imagery systems.(5)
The most crucial factor in the social and the economic development of a country is knowledge, which is the key requirement to prepare students to participate in an interactive society. The idea of new Information Technologies and Communication leads to changes in both the structure and the functionality of education. The Electronic learning (e-learning) is more preferable than distance learning courses which offers a new dimension to the provision and content of education. Indeed, the use of new technologies of Information and Communication transforms traditional teaching and assists the adaptation of new curricula and new courses in existing applications.(6) A very interesting by-effect of the pursuit of teaching effectiveness by instructors is that this enhances their core scientific research. (7)
PowerPoint is a commonly used presentation program in business world but these days it is commonly used in the field of education. The use of PowerPoint on the basis of educational level has a supportive as well as negative impact. Proper use of PowerPoint can improve the teaching and learning experience for both staff and students. It provides support to staff by facilitating the structuring of a presentation in a proper manner. (8)
For Effective teaching learning process, the teacher must determine the process of innovations, as to identify the reform and innovation pioneers, and to examine how institutions identify problems related to teaching and learning and then make fundamental changes for better results, to explore how assessment, student diversity and the use of new technologies are incorporated into reform and innovation movements. During lecture, both the visual and auditory senses are available to absorb information and assistance in the form of a visual aid is useful.(9) A chalkboard is uniquely effective as a medium of classroom instruction and has been used commonly in the lectures, while the use of transparencies with an overhead projector is also popular.(10) In traditional classrooms, a teacher’s basic instructional tools for displaying information are chalkboards, pegboards, bulletin boards and chalk and talk.(11) One study was done to compare PowerPoint and TOHP had shown there was no difference in student performance in exams. (12) While in another study which shows there was marked improvement in examination results when PPT replaced the use of TOHP. (13) So there is a mixture of views based on the recent studies and it is not clear whether the use of a particular lecture delivery method is superior to others. Therefore, this study was undertaken to find out students opinions of the impact of PowerPoint presentations in lectures compared with the traditional chalkboard teaching. (4)
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Study design: In this experimental study samples were selected by simple random sampling from students of Shree Swaminarayan Physiotherapy College and study was performed in same institution. Duration for the study was 6 months and total 246 subjects were included in the study. Exclusively only the students studying in physiotherapy belonging to age group of 18-23 years were recruited. Students not belonging to undergraduate courses, those who did not belong to physiotherapy and who were pursuing post-graduation in physiotherapy were excluded from the study. Questionnaire forms were used for collecting data.
Method: Shree Swaminarayan Physiotherapy College at Kadodara is one of the popular undergraduate women’s residential teaching institutes for Physiotherapy in India. This work is based on data collected from interns of B.P.T. Students of this college belonging to each of the four years of instruction in course of 2015-16 academic year. We first circulated a questionnaire which was based on the effectiveness of teaching tools like chalk & talk and PowerPoint. Since our objective is to compare the effectiveness of chalk & talk and PowerPoint, we intentionally removed the option having both the teaching tools in the questionnaire and the students were asked and allowed to select only one option either chalk & talk or PowerPoint. We instructed them to answer it based on their experience without revealing their identity. The students were invited to include specific comments or suggestions if any. We proceeded further in our study with 246 feedback questionnaire forms.
RESULTS
Out of 246 Physiotherapy students,
245 voted PowerPoint as better and effective tool to explain the subject efficiently.
245 choose PowerPoint as more creative than chalk and talk to create interest in the subject.
213 choose PowerPoint as a better teaching tool to improve public speaking and presentation skills than chalk and talk.
103 wanted to retain chalk and talk for teaching their subject instead of replacing it with PowerPoint.
239 felt PowerPoint as more useful and appropriate tool for teaching than chalk and talk.
229 agreed and accepted PowerPoint has the basic teaching components like “Inspire, influence and inform” in a better way than chalk and talk.
Only 24 felt PowerPoint is relatively more boring than chalk and talk.
218 experienced more involvement and active participation in the class when PowerPoint is used as the teaching tool.
239 stated that PowerPoint has most of the features needed for teaching.
237 recommended PowerPoint to be continued as the teaching tool.
One of the limitations of our study is that our sample is taken only from a single institution and deals with the experience of undergraduate students. It may be done in different institutions and among Postgraduate students as well.
DISCUSSION
The present study aims to compare the teaching effectiveness of chalk & talk versus Microsoft PowerPoint presentation for the undergraduate physiotherapy students. Our study concluded that the dominant form of lecture delivery is the PowerPoint presentation method. The quality of PowerPoint presentations depends mainly on the instructor. Instructors should have enough knowledge and ability how to prepare PowerPoint presentations in terms of not only physical structure but also the content, Visuals including pictures, animations or videos related to content may be helpful to keep student attentive in lecture. According to students, clarity of words, illustrations, real pictures and summarizations were some of the attributes best deal with on PPT. PowerPoint presentations could be turned to typical teacher–centered instruction if instructors do not provide student participation by discussion, asking questions or having students participate in activities. This study can also be done with different colleges, fields, professors with various degrees & in different cities.
CONCLUSION
After analysis of the data which was collected from undergraduate students of physiotherapy, it was concluded that PowerPoint presentation method is better than the chalk & talk method as a teaching aid. Most of the students choose PowerPoint as a more creative tool which is effective to explain the subject efficiently, to improve public speaking and presentation skills and to teach the basic components like “inspire, influence and inform” in a better way. Because of all these features, students recommended PowerPoint to be continued as the preferred teaching tool.
ETHICAL CLEARANCE
Ethical clearance for the present study was obtained from ethical committee of Shree Swaminarayan Physiotherapy College.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author acknowledges the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. The authors are extremely grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript.
Source of Funding
There was no source of funding.
Conflict of Interest
There was no conflict of interest.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1224http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1224
Belias Dimitrios, Dr. Sdrolias Labros, Dr. Kakkos Nikolaos, Koutiva Maria, Dr. KousteliosAthanasios (2013) European Scientific Journal Edition Vol.9, No.28 ISSN: 1857–7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431, 73-10
Krishna et al (2012) Comparative study on the teaching effectiveness of Chalk & Talk and Microsoft PowerPoint presentation from the students’ perspective, International Journal Pharm Science, Vol 4, Suppl 1, 191-193.
D. E. Shall cross and T. G. Harrison (2007) Lectures: Electronic presentations versus chalk and talk – a chemist’s view, Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 8(1), 73-79.
P. Aranhaet al. (2013)Chalk and Talk versus PowerPoint-perception of Nursing faculty in India, American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(2), pp. 264-267.
Mann, Sandi, Robinson, Andrew (2009), Boredom in the lecture theatre. British Educational Research Journal, Vol 35 (2) 243-258.
Costas Siriopoulos, Alternatives to “chalk and talk”: Active vs. passive learning – a literature review of the debate, 1-45,http://ssm.com/abstract=977283.
Braun, R.L., & Simpson, W.R. (2004), the pause method in undergraduate auditing: An analysis of student assessments and relative effectiveness. Advances in Accounting Education, 6, 69–85.
Allan M Jones (2003), the use and abuse of PowerPoint in Teaching and Learning in the Life Sciences: A Personal Overview, Bioscience education E-Journal Volume 2: November 2003.
Vikas Seth, Prerna Upadhyaya, Mushtaq Ahmad and Virendra Kumar (2010), an assessment of teachers’ preference for lecture delivery methods in medical education, Educational Research and Review Vol. 5 (9), pp. 533-537.
Sujata Biswas, Jharna Mukharjee, Salil Mondal, (2013) Impact of Electronic and Non-Electronic Teaching Methods in Medical Physiology, Indian Medical Gazette, 431-433.
Robert a reiser, A history of instructional design and technology :education technology research and development .June 2001,Volume 49,issue 2,pp57-67.
Szabo A. & Hastings N. (2000), Using IT in the undergraduate classroom: Should we replace the blackboard with PowerPoint? Computers & Education 35(3), 175-187.
Lowry, R. B. (1999). Electronic presentation of lectures-Effect upon student performance, University Chemistry Education, 3, 18-21.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12HealthcareAnthropometric Measurements, Body Composition and Somatotyping among University Level High and Low Performer Triple Jumpers
English4447Karanjit SinghEnglishIn the present study, the anthropometric measurements, body composition and somatotying components of the triple jumpers (n= 20; 10 high performer and 10 low performer) was studied. The players were all male (18-25 years) triple jumpers participating in the Inter-university Athletic Competition. The height, weight, body lengths, diameters, circumferences and skinfold thicknesses were measured of the subjects. From these variables, the body composition and somatotyping components were calculated. The high performer triple jumpers were significantly taller (pEnglishAnthropometry, Somatotyping, Triple Jumpers, Percent Body Fat, Lean Body MassINTRODUCTION
Sports performance is a phenomenon which is considerably affected by many factors. Although skill, psychological variables as well as capacious energy-production systems are important components of sports performance, the body size, shape and morphology play a remarkable role in various sport performances (Claessens et al., 1994). The earlier studies on athletes reported that mostly the sprinters are muscular, marathoners are smaller and leaner and throwers are taller and heavier with higher levels of fat. Hence morphological parameters therefore might be associated with success in different sports (Norton et al., 1996).
It is a well-established that a relationship exists between morphology and performance. But still there are some lacunae regarding morphological necessities which are required to be assessed for some sports. There exist some contradictions, as Ross et al. (1982) reported individual’s somatotype to be the best component and Carter (1985) stressed on morphological factors being a better component which may affect sport performance. Among athletes, the body size, shape and proportions play an important role in player’s performance and usually stronger the performance, the more strong is the relation (Bell and Rhodes, 1975; Toriola et al., 1987). The studies also report that inappropriate physique affects the sports’ performance strongly (Tanner 1964, Carter 1984).
Physical characteristics are unique for every individual. A very strong variation exists among humans that two individuals differ from each other. In regard to this variation, the sports performance is greatly dependable on specific physique characteristics. Physical components comprising body composition, size, type and structure are therefore important variables influencing performance in various sports events.
Physique signifies the shape, the size and development of an individual. These factors are interrelated and are indices of the internal structure and tissue components which are pretentious by the environmental as well as the genetic factors (Sodhi and Sidhu, 1984). Somatotype analysis is an informative picture of the kinanthropometric characteristics of high level athlete. In this sense, the somatotyping method is believed to be adequate parameters than simple linear anthropometric measurements (Rienzi et al., 1999), as it constitutes adiposity, musculo-skeletal robustness and linearity variables. Hence, the present study aimed at assessment of differences in anthropometric measurements, somatotyping and body composition of university level high and low performer triple jumpers.
METHODOLOGY
University level triple jumpers (n=20) formed the study group. They were selected from Inter-university Athletic competition held at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Tirunelveli (Tamilnadu). Only the male triple jumpers of age ranging 18 to 25 years were included in the study. On the basis of performance in the athletic competition, the study subjects were classified into two different groups. The high performance group comprised the players those qualified for finals in triple jump event or remained in first ten positions whereas those who could not qualify for the finals or did not qualify for first ten positions were included in low performance group.
Data Collection
The portable weighing machine was used to record the body weight of the subjects. Height and lengths of upper and lower extremities were measured using the standard anthropometric rod. Digital sliding caliper was used to record the widths and diameters of body parts of the subjects. Flexible steel tape was used to measure the circumferences of the body parts of the subjects. Harpenden skinfold caliper was used to measure the skinfold thicknesses of the body parts of the subjects.
Body Composition
Siri (1956) and Durnin and Womersley (1974) equations were used to calculate the percentage body fat from the sum of skinfolds. Body density was calculated using the following regression equations
For 17 to 19 years age group:
Body Density (gm/cc) = 1.1620-0.0630 (X) (Durnin and Womersley, 1974)
For 20 to 29 years age group:
Body Density (gm/cc) = 1.1631-0.0632 (X) (Durnin and Womersley, 1974)
Where X = log (biceps+triceps+Subscapular+suprailliac).
% Body Fat = [4.95/ body density-4.5] ´ 100 (Siri, 1956)
Total Body Fat (kg) = (%body fat/100) ´ body mass (kg)
Lean Body Mass (kg) = body mass (kg) – total body fat (kg)
Somatotyping
Somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) were calculated by Carter and Heath (1990) method using the equations given following
Endomorphy = - 0.7182 + 0.1451 (X) - 0.00068 (X2) + 0.0000014 (X3)
where X = (sum of triceps, subscapular and supraspinale skinfolds) multiplied by (170.18/height in cm).
Mesomorphy = 0.858 ´ humerus breadth + 0.601 ´ femur breadth + 0.188 ´ corrected arm girth + 0.161 ´ corrected calf girth – height 0.131 + 4.5.
Where corrected arm girth =flexed arm girth - triceps skinfold/10
corrected calf girth = maximal calf girth - calf skinfold/10.
Ectomorphy = 0.732 HWR - 28.58
Where HWR = height / cube root of weight
If HWR is less than 40.75 but greater than 38.25 then
Ectomorphy = 0.463 HWR - 17.63
If HWR is equal to or less than 38.25 then
Ectomorphy = 0.1
Statistical analysis
SPSS Version 16.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16.0, SSPS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for analysis of the data. Data were presented as mean values and standard deviation. Student’s t-test for independent samples was used to compare the means within the groups groups. Significance levels were set at pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1225http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1225
Bell W, Rhodes G. The Morphological characteristics of the association football player. Brit. J. Sports Med., 1975; 9:195-200.
Carter JEL, Heath HB. Somatotyping—Development and Application. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Carter JEL. Morphological factors limiting human performance. In: Clarke DH. Eckert HM.eds. Limits of Human Performance, American Academic of Physical Education Papers No 18 Human Kinetics Champaing, 1985; 106-117.
Carter JEL. Physical Structure of Olympic Atheletes Part- I. The Montreal Olympic Anthropological Project. S. Karger, Basel, 16. 1982.
Carter JEL. Somatotypes of Olympic athletes. From 1948-1976 Med. Sport Science. In : Carter, J.E.L. (eds) Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes, Part – II, Kinanthropometry of Olympic athletes, Karger Basel, 1984; 80-109.
Claessens AL, Hlatkey S, Lefevre J, Holdhaus H. (1994) The role of anthropometric characteristics in modern pentathlon performance in female athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1994; 12:391-401.
Cureton TK Jr. Physical Fitness of Champion Athletes. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1951.
De Garay AL, Levine, Carter JEL. Genetic and Anthropological Studies of Olympic Athletes, Academic Press, New York, 1974.
Durnin JVGA, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness measurements of 481 men and women aged from 16-72 years. British Journal of Nutrition, 1974; 32:77-97.
Eiben OG. The Physique of Women Athlete. The Hungarian Scientific Council for Physical Education, Budapest, 1972.
Guimaraes ACS, De Rose EH. Somatotype of Brazilian student track and field athletes of 1976. Kinanthropometry II Blatimere, University Park Press, 1980; 231-238.
Norton KI, Olds TS, Olive SL, Craig NP. Anthropometry and sports performance. In: Anthropometrica (edited by Norton, K.I. and Olds, T.S.) Sydney, UNSW Press, 1996; 287-364.
Rienzi E, Reilly T, Malkin C. Investigation of anthropometric and work-rate profiles of Rugby Sevens players. J. Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1999; 39: (2), 160-164.
Ross WD, Marfell-jones MJ, Stirling DR. Prospects in Kinanthropometry. In : Jackson JJ. Wenger HA, eds. The Sport Science Physical Education Series:4, University of Victoria, Victoria. 1982; 134–150.
Siri WE. The gross composition of the body. Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, 1956; 4:256–280.
Sodhi HS, Sidhu LS. Physique and Selection of Sportsmen. Punjab Publishing House, Patiala, 1984.
Sodhi HS. Sports Anthropometry (A Kinanthropometric Approach) Anova Publications, Mohali, 1991.
Tanner JM. The Physique of the Olympic Athletes (Allen and Unwin London), 1964.
Toriola AL, Adeniran S, Ogunremi RT. Body Composition and anthropometric characteristics of elite male basketball and volleyball players. J Sports Med. Phy. Fitness, 1987; 27:235-239.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12HealthcareSignificance of Aldose Reductase in Diabetic cataract
English4852Geeta BhatiaEnglish Subodhini AbhangEnglish A. N. SontakkeEnglishBackground: Cataract is a major cause of blindness. Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for the development of cataract. Diabetic patients have 25 times higher risk of cataract than non-diabetic population. The metabolic changes accompanying hyperglycemia is increased activity of the polyol pathway and aldose reductase (AR) is a key enzyme of polyol pathway. Aldose reductase is responsible for generation of more oxidative stress by decreasing GSH in diabetic patients which is thought to be a major factor to initiate the process of cataractogenesis. The present study was designed to determine significance of aldose reductase diabetic cataract and its correlation with reduced glutathione (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in diabetic cataract patients.
Methods: In this study we measured MDA as oxidative stress marker andGlycated Hb (HbA1c) glycemic index marker levels of GSH and AR in erythrocytes of Type2 diabetic cataract patients (n = 30) and non diabetic senile cataract patients (n=30) compared with age matched normal controls(n=30).
Results: We found increased levels of AR, HbA1c and MDA, and decreased levels of GSH in diabetic cataract patients compared to non diabetic senile cataract patients and normal controls.
Conclusions: From the result it is concluded that AR play a major role in generation of more oxidative stress in diabetic patients which may be the cause of early cataractogenesis in diabetic patients as compared to non diabetic senile cataract patients.
EnglishCataract, Aldose Reductase (AR), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Glycated Hb (HbA1c).INTRODUCTION:
Population growth, ageing, urbanization, sedentary lifestyles and an increasing prevalence of obesity are increasing the number of people with diabetes mellitus. The global prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and is expected to reach 4.4% by 2030. Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world, responsible for 48% of blindness worldwide. A putative cause for age-related cataract is oxidative stress 1 . Chronic hyperglycemia is a major determinant in the development of secondary complications of diabetes, such as diabetic cataract. Evidence indicate that both the duration of diabetes and the quality of glycemic control are the most important risk factors for cataract formation 2. According to WHO survey, India will be the world’s diabetic capital in near future. Globally, cataract remains the leading cause of blindness, affecting approximately 18 million people. Cataract occurs at an earlier age and is 2–5 times more frequent in patients with diabetes, thus the visual loss has a significant impact on the working population 3
Diabetes mellitus is recognized as a leading located in the eye (cornea, retina, lens) is a key enzyme of polyol pathway. Under normal glycemic conditions, only a small fraction of glucose is metabolized through the polyol pathway, as the majority is phosphorylated by hexokinase, and the resulting product, glucose-6-phosphate, is utilized a substrate for glycolysis or pentose phosphate metabolism4. However, in response to the chronic hyperglycemia found in diabetics, glucose flux through the polyol pathway is significantly increased. Up to 33% of total glucose utilization in some tissues e.g. eye can be through the polyol pathway5.
In hyperglycemia excessive amount of glucose is diverted to the polyol pathway, where AR reduces glucose into sorbitol at the expense of NADPH. Sorbitol is as an osmolyte leads to osmotic swelling ,changes in the membrane permeability ,leakage of glutathione, myoinositol ,the generation of free radicals and hydrogen peroxide which primarily causing the diabetic complications such as cataract, retinopathy and neuropathy6. Since NADPH is essential for generation of GSH (intracellular antioxidant) from GSSG, the depletion of NADPH by the AR pathway may impair intracellular antioxidant defence. Sorbitol is then converted to fructose by SDH with the production of NADH, potentially leading to increased ROS via NADH oxidase Activity of aldose reductase is dependent on NADPH. GSH is required for regeneration of NADPH. So indirectly the activity of AR is in turn depends on GSH. So in present study was designed to determine the levels of aldose reductase and GSH and their role in contribution of oxidative stress to diabetic cataract.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The study comprises of total 90 subjects were divided into three groups aged between
50 -80 years. The subjects were selected from ophthalmic OPD of B. J. Medical College and Sassoon Hospitals Pune
GROUP I - (n = 30) Senile cataract patients.
GROUP II- (n =30) Diabetic cataract patients and
GROUP II- (n =30) Normal healthy controls
Inclusion criteria – Senile cataract subjects had normal fasting blood glucose level with no history of diabetes. Diabetic cataract subjects having diabetes for last 12-15 years and were using oral hypoglycaemic agents
Exclusion criteria: - Patients with ocular surgery, trauma, infection inflammation of eye, known cases of cardiovascular disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and carcinomas where free radical damages has been commonly incriminated were excluded from the study.
The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of B.J. Medical college Pune. A written informed consent was taken from the subjects.10 ml of venous blood was collected during preoperative period in plain vacutainer, EDTA and ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose) bulb under aseptic precaution. Serum and hemolysate was used for investigations.
Blood samples of all three groups were analyzed for following parameters .
Aldose reductase activity (AR) –by Hayman and Kinoshita 1965 7
Glycated Hb (HbA1c) - by Ion exchange resin method 8
Reduced glutathione (GSH) - by Beutler et al.1963 9
Malondialdehyde (MDA) - by Buege and Aust. 1978 method 10
Statistical analysis: The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Mean values were compared by one-way ANNOVA . Differences between comparison groups were considered to be significant where pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1226http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1226
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047-1053.
World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/blindness/causes. Accessed7 September 2006.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12HealthcareThe Vitamin D Status in 6-14 Year Old Children Attending Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in South India
English5358Bindusha S.English Riaz I.English Sujith K. R.English Lalitha KailasEnglishIntroduction: Vitamin D insufficiency among healthy children and adolescents is reported to be highly prevalent in the different parts of world.
Objective: To assess the Vitamin D status in children in the age group of 6-14 years attending a tertiary care teaching institute of South India and to analyze the factors which can contribute to Vitamin D deficiency in these children.
Methods: Cross-sectional study. 6 – 14 year old children attending the outpatient department were included in the study. Children with co – morbid conditions that affect Vitamin D metabolism and those children on chronic drug treatment and on Vitamin D supplementation were excluded from the study.
Results: Average age of study population was 8.93± 2.02. In the study 48 (52.2%) children among a total of 92 had a normal Vitamin D status while the rest 44 children (47.9%) had insufficient Vitamin D status (25 hydroxy vitamin D < 30 ng/ml). Among these children 21 (22.8%) had sub-optimal vitamin D levels, 19 (20.7%) were deficient, 3 (3.3%) had severe and 1 (1.1%) had very severe deficiency of Vitamin D. The average Vitamin D level among the study population was 31±14.13 ng/ml. There was significant statistical association between Vitamin D deficiency and stunting (p=0.003). No statistically significant association was found between outdoor activity, clothing and skin colour with Vitamin D deficiency in this study.
Conclusions: Vitamin D insufficiency was documented in 47.9% of 6 – 14 year old children and there is a significant association between stunting and Vitamin D deficiency.
EnglishVitamin D status, Hypovitaminosis D, VDD, Stunting, Outdoor activityIntroduction
Vitamin D Deficiency is on a rise as a major public health problem in India. Majority of the population in India resides in areas receiving ample sunlight throughout the year; still vitamin D deficiency is a problem of growing concern 1, 2, 3. Skin complexion, poor sun exposure, vegetarian food habits and lower intake of vitamin D fortified foods could be attributing to the high prevalence of VDD in India 4. However till the early 1990s, VDD was considered to be rare in India. Such belief was based on studies measuring serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase in Indian population. A study conducted in 2000 by Goswami et al among apparently healthy subjects to measure their serum 25 hydroxy D level documented that significant hypovitaminosis D was present in all groups, except those with maximal sunlight exposure2. Subsequently, studies conducted in different parts of the country have documented a widespread prevalence of VDD in all age groups including toddlers, school children, pregnant women, neonates, adult males and females residing in rural or urban areas5, 6,7,8,9.
Data on vitamin D deficiency among children and adolescents of Kerala is scarce. Children in the school going age group more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency disorders. This is the age group in which there is a tremendous increase in the bone growth and high vitamin D requirement. Hence this study was undertaken for estimating the Vitamin D status in children of the age group 6-14 years attending the outpatient department of tertiary care teaching hospital in Kerala.
Materials & Methods
Objectives:
To assess the Vitamin D status in children aged 6 – 14 years
To analyze the factors which can contribute to Vitamin D deficiency in these children
Study design
This was a tertiary hospital based, cross sectional descriptive study.
Study population
Children aged 6 to 14 years attending the Outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital
Study period
One year - From October 2013 to October 2014
Inclusion criteria
Children in the age group of 6-14 years attending the local Outpatient department
Exclusion criteria
Children with co – morbid conditions that affect Vitamin D metabolism like chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, heart disease and chronic neurological diseases were excluded from the study. Children on Vitamin D supplementation and children on chronic drug treatment including multivitamins, anticonvulsants, steroids, thyroxin, antituberculous treatment and antimetabolites were also excluded from the study.
Methodology
Sanction of Institutional Ethical committee was obtained before starting the study. Parents and children were interviewed with the help of a detailed questionnaire prepared to assess the personal information of the children. The questionnaire also included their pattern of clothing, time spent for outdoor and physical activity. The nutritional status of the children was assessed with respect to height, weight and BMI. They were examined for clinical features of Vitamin D deficiency. Biochemical investigations including Serum Calcium, Serum Phosphorus, Serum Alkaline phosphatase, Serum Albumin and 25 hydroxy Vitamin D were done.
Hypovitaminosis D was defined on the basis of the measurement of serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D concentrations. The kit used for the study was the 25 hydroxy Vitamin D ELISA kit manufactured by Biovendor research and diagnostics Products, Hamburg, Germany (Cat No. REA 300/96), a monoclonal anti 25 hydroxy Vitamin D antibody based ELISA test. Serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D level more than 80nmol/L (>30ng/ml) by enzyme linked immunoassay was considered as optimum level9. Concentrations of 20-30 ng/ml, 10–20 ng/ml, 5–10 ng/ml and less than 5 ng/ml 25 hydroxy vitamin D were classified as Suboptimal Vitamin D, Vitamin D deficiency, Severe and Very Severe hypovitaminosis D respectively9. 30-50 ng/ml was taken as Optimal Vitamin D and 50-70 ng/ml as Upper Normal vitamin D. The data was analyzed to find out the factors which affect the Vitamin D concentration in the children.
Data is presented as mean ± SD. The chi-square test was used for the analysis of categorical variables. Fisher’s exact test was used for the analysis of categorical variables, when more than 20% cells had value less than 5. A p-value Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1227http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12271.Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy DRHK, Aggarwal R, Singh R, Sawhney RC, et al. Vitamin D and Bone mineral density of healthy school children in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82:477-82.
2.Goswami R, Gupta N, Goswami D, Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Kochupillai N. Prevalence and significance of low 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy subjects in Delhi. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72:472-5.
3. Goswami R, Kochupillai N, Gupta N, Goswami D, Singh N, Dudha AJ. Presence of 25(OH) D deficiency in a rural north Indian village despite abundant sunshine. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008; 56:755-7.
4. Hodgkin P, Kay GH, Hine PM, Lumb GA, Stanbury SW. Vitamin D deficiency in Asians at home and in Britain. Lancet. 1973; 2:167-72.
5. Arya V, Bhambri R, Godbole MM, Mithal A. Vitamin D status and its relationship with bone mineral density in healthy Asian Indians. Osteoporos Int. 2004; 15:56-61.
6. Harinarayan CV. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal south Indian women. Osteoporos Int. 2005; 16:397-402.
7. Marwaha RK, Sripathy G.Vitamin D and Bone mineral density of healthy school children in northern India. Indian J Med Res. 2008; 12:239-44.
8.Harinarayan CV, Ramalakshmi T, Prasad UV, Sudhakar D, Srinivasarao PV, Sarma KV, et al. High prevalence of low dietary calcium, high phytate consumption, and vitamin D deficiency in healthy south Indians. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85:1062-7.
9. Lips P. Worldwide status of vitamin D nutrition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2010; 121(1–2): 297–300.
10. G Das, S Crocombe, M McGrath, J L Berry, M Z Mughal. Hypovitaminosis D among healthy adolescent girls attending an inner city school. Arch Dis Child. 2006; 91:569–572.
11.Puri S, Marwaha RK, Agarwal N, Tandon N, Agarwal R, Grewal K et al. Vitamin D status of apparently healthy schoolgirls from two different socioeconomic strata in Delhi: relation to nutrition and lifestyle. Br J Nutr. 2008; 99:876-82.
12.Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Agarwal N, Puri S, Agarwal R, Singh S et al. Impact of two regimens of Vitamin D supplementation on calcium - Vitamin D – PTH axis of schoolgirls of Delhi. Indian Pediatr. 2010; 47(9):761-9.
13. Kapil U, Pandey RM, Goswami R, Sharma B, Sharma N, Ramakrishnan L et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and associated risk factors among children residing at high altitude in Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017?21 (1):178–183.
14.Khadgawat R, Thomas T, Gahlot M, Tandon N, Tangpricha V, Khandelwal D, et al. The effect of puberty on interaction between Vitamin D status and insulin resistance in obese Asian-Indian children. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2012; Article ID173581
15. Gordon CM, De Peter KC, Feldman HA, Grace E, Emans SJ. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Healthy Adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004; 158(6):531-537.
16. Gordon CM, Feldman HA, Sinclair L et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Healthy Infants and Toddlers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.2008; 162(6): 505-512.
17. Kremer R, Campbell PP, Reinhardt T, Gilsanz V. Vitamin D Status and its Relationship to Body Fat, Final Height and Peak Bone Mass in Young Women. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2008;doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1575
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12TechnologyDiagenesis of Sandstones in a Part of the Tichna Structure of Tripura Fold Belt, India
English5963Chayanika BorahEnglishAim: The aim of the present research work is to study the petrography and diagenesis of the sandstones in a part of the Surma Group of the Tichna field located in the western part of the Tripura Fold Belt.
Methodology: The standard petrographic microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used for studying the rock thin sections and in identifying the various diagenetic imprints in the sandstones.
Result: The study reveals that the samples are fine to medium grained, sub-angular to sub-rounded, mostly moderately sorted to well sorted and belong to sublithic-arenite, lithic arenite to feldspathic-arenite varieties. Quartz is the dominant mineral in all the samples followed by rock fragments and feldspar. Authigenic clay minerals observed are Illite, Chlorite, Kaolinite and mixed clay types. Important diagenetic changes include compaction, cementation and dissolution of detrital grains.
Discussion: Compaction of the framework grains lead to the development of different type of grain contacts, bending of flexible mica flakes and fracturing of detrital grains. Quartz cementation is observed by the development of euhedral secondary overgrowths of quartz. Authigenic clay minerals either form coating over the detrital grains or occupies the intergranular pores. At restricted depth intervals, calcite cement completely fills the pore spaces. The study shows several detrital grains including quartz, feldspar and lithic grains undergoing dissolution and subsequent replacement either partially or fully.
Conclusion: The analysed sandstones are mostly composed of quartz, rock fragments and feldspar. Compaction effects indicated by bending of mica flakes, grain fracturing, pressure solution and quartz overgrowth; clay authigenesis, cement precipitation, partial dissolution and replacement are the diagenetic signatures observed from thin section and Scanning Electron Microscope analyses.
EnglishPetrography, Diagenesis, Surma group, Tripura fold beltINTRODUCTION
Tripura comprises a part of the Frontal Thrust and Fold Belt of the Assam-Arakan Basin. The geological map of Tripura fold belt is shown in Fig. 1. The Tichna structure which is a north-south trending, doubly plunging anticline is located in the western most part of Tripura state. To the North-West of Tichna lies the gas bearing Rokhia structure, in the East & North-East it is surrounded by Baramura, to the South-East lies Gojalia and in the western part it is bordered by Bangladesh. As per the ONGC project report, June 2015 [1], the thickness of the Neogene sediments exposed in the Tichna anticline is approximately 1150m. Bokabil sediments of the Surma Group are the oldest sediment exposed at the core of the anticline, while in the flanks and the plunge part, Tipam and younger sediments are exposed. The generalised stratigraphic succession in Tripura is shown in Table 1. Sandstone properties like mineralogy, grain shape, packing, grain size, sorting, controls the grain-pore relationships and pore–pore throat characteristics [2]. Diagenesis comprises all post-depositional physical, chemical and biological modifications to sediments occurring right from the moment of deposition and continuing through compaction, lithification and beyond [3]. According to Schmid, et al., 2004 [4] and Morad et al., 2010 [5], diagenetic alterations affects the quality and heterogeneity of petroleum reservoirs to a great extent. In this paper, petrographic and diagenetic studies of a part of the Surma Group of the Tichna Structure are being presented. The objective of this study is to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the mineralogical composition, texture and diagenetic history of the sediments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The standard petrographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used in the current study. Fifteen numbers of core and cutting samples (depth range 800 m to 2296m) collected from four wells of the study area were selected for petrographic and diagenetic studies. For petrographic study, rock thin section slides have been prepared by cutting and grinding the samples to a standard 30 mm thickness. A Leica DM 750 P Microscope with Leica DFC 295 digital camera attachment was used for capturing the images of the core and cutting samples studied. For SEM analysis the samples were prepared by removing small freshly fractured rock fragment measuring less than 1 cm diameter. Samples were analyzed using a HITACHI S-3600N Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam. High resolution SEM images were used for identifying the mineral morphology, authigenic clays and various diagenetic imprints like dissolution effect, quartz overgrowth, etc.
RESULTS:
The studied Surma Group sandstones are fine to medium grained. The framework grains are predominantly sub-angular to sub-rounded and are mostly moderately-sorted to well-sorted. The samples are found to be texturally sub-mature to mature. The framework grains of the investigated Surma Group sandstones are dominated mostly by the stable mineral quartz, with concentrations up to 58%. Feldspar constitutes on an average 6 %. Rock fragments constitutes on an average 13% of the total framework grains. Detrital mica (average 5 %) is also common. Matrix occupies upto 9.1%. A few heavy minerals are also found in minor amounts in the investigated samples. Following Dott’s classification scheme the sandstones are found to be mostly sublithic arenite to sub-feldspathic arenite and lithic-arenite type (Fig.2). The important diagenetic changes of the present study that have been observed from thin section and Scanning Electron Microscope analyses are compaction of the framework grains leading to pressure solution effect, authigenic development of minerals and overgrowths, alteration and replacement of framework grains, precipitation of different types of cements, development of grain contacts, development of intragranular fracture due to differential compaction, etc.
DISCUSSION:
Petrography:
Quartz occurs predominantly as monocrystalline quartz although polycrystalline varieties have also been recorded. Feldspar includes both potassium (K) and plagioclase feldspar. Rock fragments are dominated by metamorphic and sedimentary varieties with rare volcanic grains. Detrital mica consisting of both muscovite and biotite is commonly observed in most of the samples. A few heavy minerals like zircon, tourmaline etc. have been recorded.
Diagenesis:
Compaction and pressure solution: Due to the overburden pressure physical compaction of sediments was initiated which progressively accelerated with increasing depth of burial. Compaction effects of the investigated samples is documented by packing readjustment, plastic deformation of ductile grains, bending of flexible mica flakes (Fig. 3a), deformation of ductile grains and simple and complex fracturing of detrital grains of quartz (Fig. 3d), feldspar and rock fragments. All type of grain contacts are developed due to compaction (Fig. 3b). The straight and long contacts of the framework grains observed in the present study corresponds to the early stage of diagenesis, while the concavo-concave and sutured contacts (developed due to pressure solution, initiated by compaction) represent the relatively later stage of diagenesis [6] . Pressure solution has also led to some quartz cements to be precipitated along siliceous grain boundaries, as quartz overgrowths (Fig. 3b & 3c). In some samples the effect of compaction was ceased by the precipitation of massive calcite. At certain depth, development of pseudomatrix by crushing of soft lithic fragments is observed.
Cementation: Cement is precipitated during burial diagenesis due to changes in temperature, pressure, and ion concentration in pore water. Quartz cementation is observed by the development of euhedral secondary overgrowths of quartz (Fig. 3c) formed in crystallographic continuity with the quartz framework grains. Very often the boundaries between the quartz framework grains and the overgrowths are commonly marked by thin, dust rims of very fine-grained mineral material (mostly iron oxides and clay minerals). In some cases, incomplete quartz overgrowths are seen which is probably due to inhibition by thin, discontinuous chlorite rims. Calcite cement occurs as intergranular pore-filling cement and sometimes tends to be patchy and irregular suggesting complete or partial replacement of the detrital constituents of the sediment. The origin of early poikilotopic calcite cement (Fig. 3f) may be associated with recrystallization of significant amounts of skeletal debris present at the time of deposition of the sands [7]. Development of calcite cement also took place in the intermediate diagenetic stage as indicated by the closer packing of the surrounding grains due to compactional. In some calcite cement dominated samples, the detrital framework grains appear to be floating in the calcite cement (Fig. 3f) which is due to the displacement of grains owing to calcite precipitation. Traces of pyrite identified as black patches in thin sections are observed in a few samples. Under Scanning Electron Microscope, framboidal pyrites (sometimes partly broken) are seen to occur within intergranular pore networks. Iron cements mostly occur as coatings on the detrital grains and over silica and clayey matrix.
Clay authigenesis: In the present study the authigenic clay minerals, as identified from thin section studies and Scanning Electron Microscope analysis are illite, chlorite and kaolinite. Under Scanning Electron Microscope, authigenic illites occur as flake-like platelets within pore spaces or as thin coating around detrital grains (Fig. 3g). In some cases illite-smectite mixed layer clay was also found to form a mat locally over the detrital grains. From Scanning Electron Microscope analysis, kaolinite is recorded in the form of cluster of books with pseudo hexagonal platelets stacked face-to face, locally distributed within the intergranular pores (Fig. 3h). The identified authigenic kaolinite has been interpreted to be an in-situ alteration product of K-feldspar at temperature greater than 100o C [8]. Authigenic chlorites are identified by their typical euhedral and pseudo hexagonal platelets arranged in rosette, cluster, or face-to-face stacked pattern under Scanning Electron Microscope. They are found to occur as pore filling (Fig. 3i) in intergranular networks or as thin, uniform green rims around the detrital grains. In the present study the direct replacement from detrital biotite or direct precipitation from pore water is the most likely mechanism for chlorite precipitation.
Dissolution and alteration: Both thin section and SEM study of the analysed sandstones show several detrital grains including quartz, feldspar and lithic grains undergoing dissolution (Fig. 3e). These grains are subsequently replaced either partially or fully. Replacement by calcite cement is evidenced by corroded and crenulated boundaries of detrital quartz (Fig. 3f), feldspar and lithic grains. Late diagenetic stage dissolution is indicated by dissolution of authigenic calcite cements [9]. In the present study a few detrital grains of quartz, feldspar and biotite were found to be partially or completely altered. Dissolution and alteration of unstable feldspar grains to kaolinite, vaculization of quartz and alteration of biotite grains to chlorite is observed in a few cases.
Conclusion
The analysed sandstones of the Surma Group are fine to medium grained and are mostly moderately sorted to well sorted and are classified mainly as sublith-arenite, lithic arenite to feldspathic-arenite variety. Detrital framework constituents of the sandstones are dominated by quartz, followed by rock fragments, feldspar and micas. Diagenetic signatures observed from thin section studies in association with Scanning Electron Microscope analyses include compaction, indicated mostly by bending of mica flakes, grain fracturing and pressure solution forming different grain-contacts and quartz overgrowth. Different types of cement precipitated include calcite cement which at restricted depth intervals completely occupies the pore spaces and quartz cement in the form of quartz overgrowths. The commonly recorded authigenic clay minerals include illite, chlorite and kaolinite. Chlorite and illite occur as grain coatings, rims or in pore filling form. Kaolinite the least abundant clay mineral is seen as isolated pore filling and forms as an insitu alteration product of pre-existing feldspar. Partial dissolution and replacement by cementing material are observed in quartz, feldspar and lithic grains.
Acknowledgement
This paper is a part of the PhD research work carried out at Dibrugarh University, Assam, India. The author duly acknowledges the authority of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGCL) for permission and providing subsurface core samples/data for the current research. The author would like to thank the authority of Oil India Limited (OIL) for providing their support on SEM analysis. The author sincerely acknowledges Prof. Minati Das, Department of Petroleum Technology, Dibrugarh University for her valuable guidance in completing the research work. The author is also thankful to Prof. P. Borgohain, Department of Petroleum Technology, Dibrugarh University for providing microscope facility for petrographic analysis. The author acknowledges the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Fig. 3 a. Thin–section photomicrograph showing compacted mica grain (M), b. Thin section photomicrograph showing quartz overgrowth (QO) and the different type of grain contacts viz. long contact (LC), concavo-concave contact (CC) and sutured contact (SC) developed with progressive burial leading to pressure solution, c. SEM photomicrograph showing pyramidal quartz overgrowth, d. Thin–section photomicrograph showing intragranular micro-fracturing (fr) of quartz grains (Q) due to compactional effects, e. SEM photomicrograph showing dissolution of feldspar, f. Thin–section photomicrographs showing framework grains exhibiting floating texture with early poikilotopic calcite cementation (Ca) completely filling the pore spaces. Corrosion (Corr) along the outer margin of the quartz grains (Q) by calcite cement is seen. SEM photomicoraph showing different identified clay minerals viz. g. Authigenic illites coating detrital grains, h. Vermiform kaolinite (K) attached to the pore walls, i. Pore filling chlorite cement
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1228http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1228
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12TechnologyPerformance Visualization of Gnome Sort in Worst Case Implemented Using R in Three Personal Computers
English6467Dipankar DasEnglish Priyanka DasEnglish Rishab DeyEnglish Sreya ModakEnglishAim: To visualize the performances of the Gnome sort in the worst case in three different personal computers and to identify through visual inspection whether the performances of the Gnome Sort in the worst case follows quadratic nature or not.
Methodology: The Gnome sort algorithm is implemented using R. For the purpose of the study, the researchers have used three (3) different personal computers having different configurations. The entire experiment have been carried out for data size one hundred (100) to data size two thousand (2000) with an interval of one hundred (100). The performances (data size versus average run time in seconds) of Gnome sort algorithm in the worst case in all the three personal computers are visualized using scatter plots and quadratic curves.
Results: The performances of Gnome sort in the worst case implemented using R in all the three personal computers under study shows similar patterns which are very close to quadratic curves.
Conclusion: From the study using visual inspections, we may conclude that the performances of Gnome sort in the worst case in all the three (3) cases are approximately following quadratic nature.
EnglishGnome sort, Worst Case, Performance VisualizationIntroduction:
One of the ways to measure the performance of any algorithm is to measure the running time of that algorithm [1] and the performance measurement can be done either empirically or theoretically [1]. In the case of analysis of any algorithm empirically, one of the goals is to find out whether a particular algorithm is having a particular property [2]. Bostock (2014) had pointed out that in the case of algorithm visualization one has to rely on the existing logical rules and that is why this work becomes really interesting [3]. Stupid sort was first described by Hamid Sarbazi-Azad in 2000 [4][5]. Later Dick Grune called it Gnome sort [5].
Literature Review:
The literature review revealed that the comparative study of different sorting algorithms which include Gnome sort also, were performed [6][7][8][9][10]. Demonstration of Gnome sort, Insertion sort and Quicksort on mobile platforms was done [11].
Objective of the Study:
To visualize the performances (data size versus run time in seconds) of Gnome sort in the worst case implemented using R in three (3) different personal computers.
To perform the visual comparisons of all the three (3) performances (data size versus run time in seconds) of Gnome sort in the worst case implemented using R in three (3) different personal computers with quadratic curves.
Methodology:
The Gnome sort algorithm was implemented using R programming language. We had run the algorithm on three (3) different personal computers in the worst case for data size one hundred (100) to data size two thousand (2000) with an interval of one hundred (100) and on each machine for each data size, ten (10) observations were recorded. On each machine, for each data size (data size one hundred (100) to data size two thousand (2000) with an interval of one hundred (100)) we had calculated the average run time in seconds. As a result, we had generated three (3) different datasets named D1 (for Machine1), D2 (for Machine2) & D3 (for Machine3), one each for each of the personal computers under study. The scatter plots were generated for each of these three (3) datasets where ‘data size’ was considered as x axis, ‘average run time in seconds’ was considered as y axis and further to this, for meeting the second objective of the present study, we had taken the highest point as the starting point in each cases and drawn the quadratic curve from that point for each of these three (3) cases to perform the visual comparison. After performing the visual comparisons using these quadratic curves, we had also drawn trend lines to these data sets for the final visualizations of the said performances.
The hardware configurations of the three (3) personal computers are given below:
For Machine 1 (Desktop): Intel(R) Core 2 Duo CPU, E7500 @2.99 GHz, 2 GB of RAM
For Machine 2 (Laptop): Intel(R) Core i5-6200U CPU @2.30 GHz, 8 GB of RAM
For Machine 3 (Laptop): Intel(R) Core i7-4702MQ CPU @2.20 GHz, 8 GB of RAM
Data Analysis, Findings & Visualizations:
The performances (data size versus average run time in seconds) of Gnome sort in the worst case implemented using R in three (3) different personal computers are shown in the following scatter plots:
The performances (data size versus average run time in seconds) of Gnome sort in the worst case implemented using R in all the three (3) cases are shown using a single scatter plot in the following figure:
In the scatter plot (Figure 4) the black circles represent the performance of Machine 1, the red circles represent the performance of Machine 2 and the ‘x’ sign represent the performance of Machine 3.
The scatter plots of the performances (data size versus average run time in seconds) in all the three (3) cases along with the quadratic curves which are obtained by taking the highest points as the starting points in each of the three (3) cases are shown in the following figures:
The scatter plots of the performances (data size versus average run time in seconds) in all the three (3) cases along with the quadratic trend lines are shown in the following figures:
Discussion:
All the scatter plots in the study are drawn by taking ‘Data Size’ as the x axis and ‘Average run time in seconds’ as the y axis. We observe that though for all the three (3) personal computers under study, the quadratic curves (drawn by considering the highest data point as the starting point in each case) do not pass through all the data points (as evident from Figure 5, Figure 6 & Figure 7) but they provide us enough visual hint for exploring the quadratic trend lines in all the three (3) cases. Next, when we have examined the cases using quadratic trend lines, then it has been observed that the quadratic curve in each case passes through most of data points of the respective case (as evident from Figure 8, Figure 9 & Figure 10). We have also observed that the Machine 1 is taking more run time than the other two (2) personal computers (Machine 2 & Machine 3). At the same time we have also observed that the patterns in all the cases are almost similar.
Conclusion:
From Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, we have observed that the performances of Gnome sort in the worst case implemented using R in all the three (3) cases are showing similar pattern. It is also clearly visible from the scatter plot (Figure 4) that with the increase in the data size the first personal computer (Machine 1) is taking more run time in respect to the others (Machine 2 & Machine 3). From Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7, we may conclude that the natures of the performances of all the three (3) cases are very close to quadratic pattern. Taking clue from these we have drawn quadratic trend lines for each of these three (3) cases which are shown in the Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10. From these three (3) figures (Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10) we have observed that in each of these three (3) cases the quadratic trend lines passes through almost all the data points and we may safely conclude that in each of these three (3) cases the performances are following quadratic pattern. The present study is conducted on three (3) personal computers only. In all the three (3) cases, the experiments are carried out from data size one hundred (100) to data size two thousand (2000) and therefore our findings are limited to this study only. It may also be noted that in this study, we have tried (i) to visualize the performances of the Gnome sort in the worst case in three (3) personal computers (having different hardware configurations) & (ii) to compare the performance of the Gnome sort in the worst case with quadratic curves in order to identify the pattern of the performance of Gnome sort in the worst case and have not tried to find out the best curve which passes through the data points in each case. Identification of the best curve which passes through the data points in each cases and discovering the pattern of the performance beyond the experimented range will be our future scope of work.
Acknowledgement:
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1229http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1229[1] Han, B. (n.d.). CSED233: Data Structures (2015F) - Lecture3: Algorithm Analysis [PDF]. Retrieved March 30, 2017, from http://cvlab.postech.ac.kr/~bhhan/class/cse233_2015f/csed233_lecture3.pdf
[2] Hoos, H. H. (n.d.). CPSC 590 (AUTUMN 2003) - INTRODUCTION TO EMPIRICAL ALGORITHMICS [PDF]. Retrieved March 30, 2017, from http://www.sls-book.net/Slides/sls-empalg.pdf
[3] Bostock, M. (2014, June 26). Visualizing Algorithms. Retrieved April 06, 2017, from https://bost.ocks.org/mike/algorithms/
[4] Sarbazi-Azad, H. (2000, October 2). Stupid Sort: A new sorting algorithm. News letter (Computing Science GLASGOW), 599, 4. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://sina.sharif.edu/~azad/stupid-sort.PDF
[5] Grune, D. (n.d.). Gnome Sort - The Simplest Sort Algorithm. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from https://dickgrune.com/Programs/gnomesort.html
[6] Hammad, J. (2015). A Comparative Study between Various Sorting Algorithms. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 15(3), 11-16. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/201503/20150302.pdf
[7] Pandey, R. C. (2008). Study and Comparison of various sorting algorithms. Thapar University, Patiala. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from http://dspace.thapar.edu:8080/jspui/bitstream/10266/583/3/T583.pdf
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Engineering, in Computer Science & Engineering Under the supervision of: Mrs. Shivani Goel, Lecturer, CSED
[8] Mishra, A. D., & Garg, D. (2008). SELECTION OF BEST SORTING ALGORITHM. International Journal of Intelligent Information Processing, 2(2), 363-368. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://gdeepak.com/pubs/Selection%20of%20best%20sorting%20algorithm.pdf
[9] Rao, D. T. V. D., & Ramesh, B. (2012). Experimental Based Selection of Best Sorting Algorithm. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 2(4), 2908-2912. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/295e/e11e71ff42e4d74dbc83d320d462d4695e67.pdf
[10] Kaur, S., Singh, H., & Singh, P. (2013). COMPARISON BASED IDENTIFICATION OF SORTING ALGORITHM FOR A PROBLEM. International Journal of Advanced Computational Engineering and Networking, 1(1), 67-75. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/3-18-139082309867-75.pdf
[11] Meolic, R. (2013). Demonstration of Sorting Algorithms on Mobile Platforms. In CSEDU (pp. 136-141). Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://lms.uni-mb.si/~meolic/papers/meolic-csedu13-extended.pdf
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241911EnglishN2017June12General SciencesBiochemical and Nutritional Analysis of the Leaf Extract of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa.
English0105Samidha M. PawaskarEnglish K. C. SasanganEnglishObjective: The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of biochemical contents viz., proximate and micronutrient analysis in the leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa.
Methods: The proximate and micronutrient content was determined by different biochemical methods.
Results: Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. leaves confirmed the presence of all the essential nutrients, minerals and vitamins in good amounts and possess good nutritive value.
Conclusion: The plant leaf powders can thus be looked forward as the probable sources of food supplementation in future, after further investigation of the anti-nutritive factors present in them and their enzymatic and molecular effect on human health..
EnglishAegle marmelos (L.) Correa., Proximate principles, MicronutrientsINTRODUCTION
The tenet “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food,” espoused by Hippocrates nearly 2,500 years ago, is receiving renewed interest. In particular, there has been an explosion of consumer interest in the health enhancing role of specific foods or physiologically-active food components, so-called functional foods1. Clearly, all foods are functional, as they provide taste, aroma, or nutritive value. Within the last decade, however, the term functional as it applies to food has adopted a different connotation -- that of providing an additional physiological benefit beyond that of meeting basic nutritional needs.
The past decade has witnessed intense interest in “nutraceuticals” (or “functional foods”) in which phytochemical constituents can have long-term health promoting or medicinal qualities. Although the distinction between medicinal plants and nutraceuticals can sometimes be vague, a primary characteristic of the latter is that nutraceuticals have a nutritional role in the diet and the benefits to health may arise from long-term use as foods (i.e. chemoprevention)2.
Some of the plants with promising bioactive properties also contain useful minerals and food value for human The tenet “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food,” espoused by Hippocrates nearly 2,500 years ago, is receiving renewed interest. In particular, there has been an explosion of consumer interest in the health enhancing role of specific foods or physiologically-active food components, so-called functional foods1. Clearly, all foods are functional, as they provide taste, aroma, or nutritive value. Within the last decade, however, the term functional as it applies to food has adopted a different connotation -- that of providing an additional physiological benefit beyond that of meeting basic nutritional needs.
Some of the plants with promising bioactive properties also contain useful minerals and food value for human and animal consumption. Each medicinal plant species has its own nutrient composition besides having pharmacologically important phytochemicals. These nutrients are essential for the physiological functions of human body. Such nutrients and biochemicals like carbohydrates, fats and proteins play an important role in satisfying human needs for energy and life processes.
These medicinal plant species are used either as food or food supplements along with their medicinal benefits. Evaluation of the biochemical and nutritional significance of these plants thus can help to understand the worth of these plants species3. As far herbal drug’s standardization is concerned, WHO also emphasizes on the need and importance of determining proximate and micronutrients analysis. Such herbal formulations must pass through standardization processes4.
In the present study, the medicinal plants species viz Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. was subjected to proximate and micronutrient analysis. The total carbohydrates, reducing sugars, protein and fat were analyzed so also the micronutrient content ie. minerals like Ca, P, Fe and Mg levels were analysed, so also both water soluble and water insoluble vitamins were estimated using biochemical methods.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1) Analysis of proximate principles of diet
a) Determination of Total Carbohydrates by Anthrone Method5
Carbohydrates are the important components of storage and structural materials in the plants. They exist as free sugars and polysaccharides. The basic units of carbohydrates are the monosaccharides which cannot be split by hydrolysis into more simpler sugars. The carbohydrate content can be measured by hydrolyzing the polysaccharides into simple sugars by acid hydrolysis and estimating the resultant monosaccharides.
b) Determination of Total Reducing Sugars by Folin – Wu Method6, 7, 8
c) Determination of Reducing Sugar (Glucose) by Nelson- Somogyi Method5
Sugars with reducing property (arising out of the presence of of a potential aldehyde or keto group) are called reducing sugars. Some of the reducing sugars are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantative determination of reducing sugar especially glucose.
d) Estimation of Cellulose Content5
Cellulose, a major structural polysaccharide in plants, is the most abundant organic compound in nature, and is composed of glucose units joined together (β (1→4) glycosidic linkage) in the form of repeating units of the disaccharides cellobiose with numerous cross linkages.
e) Estimation of Crude Fibre Content5
Crude fibre consist largely of cellulose and lignin (97%) plus some mineral matter. It represents only 60% to 80% of the cellulose and 4% to 6% of the lignin. The crude fibre content is commonly used as a measure of the nutritive value of livestock feeds and also in the analysis of various foods and food
products to detect adulteration, quality and quantity.
f) Estimation of Total Protein content by Folin Lowry’s Method5, 9
Proteins can be estimated by different methods as described by Lowry et al.(1951)10 and also by estimating the total nitrogen content (micro-kjeldahl method). No method is 100% sensitive. Hydrolysing the protein and estimating amino acids alone will give the exact quantification. The method developed by Lowry et al. is sensitive enough to give a moderately constant value and hence largely followed10.
g) Estimation of Total Free Amino acids Content5
The amino acids are colourless ionic compounds that form the basic building blocks of proteins. Apart from being bound as proteins, amino acids also exist in the free form in many tissues and are known as free amino acids. They are mostly water soluble in nature. Very often in plants during disease condition the free amino acid composition exhibits a change and hence, the measurement of the total free amino acids gives the physiological and health status of the plants.
h) Extraction of Total Lipid Content9, 11
Lipids are soluble in some organic solvents. This property of specific solubility in nonpolar solvents is utilized for extracting lipids from tissues. In biological materials, the lipids are generally bound to proteins and they are, therefore, extracted either with a mixture of ethanol and diethyl ether or a mixture of chloroform and methanol. Inclusion of methanol or ethanol in the extraction medium helps in breaking the bonds between the lipids and proteins.
i) Estimation of Free Fatty acids Content5
The free fatty acids in an oil is estimated by titrating it against KOH in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator. The acid number is defined as the mg KOH required to neutralize the free fatty acids present in 1g of sample. However, the free fatty acid content is expressed as oleic acid equivalents.
2) Micro-nutrient analysis
a) Mineral Estimation
Preparation of sample for mineral analysis
Biological samples must be appropriately processed before they can be subjected to mineral analysis. There are three methods generally employed for processing the sample prior to mineral analysis as follows
1. Ashing
2. Wet Digestion
3. Direct solution
The ashing method was employed for the analysis. According to this method the entire organic matter (if the tissue is destroyed) and the non-combustible material is recovered as ash. The minerals are then obtained / collected from the ash with an acid (usually dilute HCL), filterted and diluted to a known volume with deionized water and estimated quantitatively. In this method the organic compounds in the sample are decomposed by incineration at high temperatures (5000C - 6000C) for 4-12 hr using muffle furnace.
i) Estimation of Calcium by EDTA Method12
For the estimation of calcium ions the presence of Mg2+ ions is required. The dye Erichrome black-T preferably combines these Mg2+ ions to form a pink coloured Mg – dye complex. During the titration, EDTA first combines with free Ca2+ ions in the solution, and finally EDTA extracts at endpoint Mg2+
from complex . This results in the formation of free uncomplexed dye which in alkaline medium gives blue colour at the endpoint.
ii) Estimation of Phosphorus by Fiske-Subbarow (ANSA) method9, 13
Ammonium acid molybdate reacts with inorganic phosphorous to form phosphomolybdic acid. The Mo6+ of phospho molybdic acid is then reduced to Mo4+ by means of reducing agent like 1- amino – naphthol – 4- sulfonic acid (ANSA), to give deep blue coloured compound which is estimated
colorimetrically. The reducing agent ANSA has only a negligible effect on the Mo6+ ions present in the unreacted acid molybdate reagent.
iii) Estimation of Iron by Wong’s (KCNS) method14, 15
The ferrous ions present in the sample are oxidized to ferric ions by K2S2O8 solution. The ferric ions give a red coloured ‘ferro-sulphocyanide complex’ with KCNS. The intensity of the coloured complex so formed is then estimated colorimetrically at 425 nm.
iv) Estimation of Magnesium by Titan Yellow method16, 17
Titan yellow reacts with magnesium in alkaline medium and gives an orange red colored complex. The intensity of the coloured complex so formed is then estimated colorimetrically at 540nm. The intensity of the colour produced is proportional to concentration of magnesium. The procedure was
developed by Neil and Neely (1956) 16.
b) Estimation of Vitamins
i) Estimation of Thiamine by Thiochrome method5
Alkaline potassium ferricyanide oxidizes thiamine to thiochrome which is a fluorescent compound. The thiochrome is extracted in isobutyl alcohol and measured in a Fluorimeter.
ii) Estimation of Riboflavin5
Riboflavin is used in veterinary and medical practices for supplementation of animal feeds and as natural coloring agent in food products. It is estimated in urine and with an average diet, the daily losses amount to 12% of the intake. A fall in the level of Riboflavin excretion occurs before deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B2 are noticed. Under protein deficiency the urinary output of Vitamin B2 increases. Riboflavin fluoresces at wavelength 440 nm to 500 nm. The intensity of fluorescence is proportional to the concentration of Riboflavin in the solution. The Riboflavin is measured these Mg2+ ions to form a pink coloured Mg – dye complex. During the titration, EDTA first combines with free Ca2+ ions in the solution, and finally EDTA extracts at endpoint Mg2+ from complex . This results in the formation of free uncomplexed dye which in alkaline medium gives blue colour at the endpoint.
ii) Estimation of Phosphorus by Fiske-Subbarow (ANSA) method9, 13
Ammonium acid molybdate reacts with inorganic phosphorous to form phosphomolybdic acid. The Mo6+ of phospho molybdic acid is then reduced to Mo4+ by means of reducing agent like 1- amino – naphthol – 4- sulfonic acid (ANSA), to give deep blue coloured compound which is estimated
colorimetrically. The reducing agent ANSA has only a negligible effect on the Mo6+ ions present in the unreacted acid molybdate reagent.
iii) Estimation of Iron by Wong’s (KCNS) method14, 15
The ferrous ions present in the sample are oxidized to ferric ions by K2S2O8 solution. The ferric ions give a red coloured ‘ferro-sulphocyanide complex’ with KCNS. The intensity of the coloured complex so formed is then estimated colorimetrically at 425 nm.
iv) Estimation of Magnesium by Titan Yellow method16, 17
Titan yellow reacts with magnesium in alkaline medium and gives an orange red colored complex. The intensity of the coloured complex so formed is then estimated colorimetrically at 540nm. The intensity of the colour produced is proportional to concentration of magnesium. The procedure was
developed by Neil and Neely (1956) 16.
b) Estimation of Vitamins
i) Estimation of Thiamine by Thiochrome method5
Alkaline potassium ferricyanide oxidizes thiamine to thiochrome which is a fluorescent compound. The thiochrome is extracted in isobutyl alcohol and measured in a Fluorimeter.
ii) Estimation of Riboflavin5
Riboflavin is used in veterinary and medical practices for supplementation of animal feeds and as natural coloring agent in food products. It is estimated in urine and with an average diet, the daily losses amount to 12% of the intake. A fall in the level of Riboflavin excretion occurs before deficiency
symptoms of Vitamin B2 are noticed. Under protein deficiency the urinary output of Vitamin B2 increases. Riboflavin fluoresces at wavelength 440 nm to 500 nm. The intensity of fluorescence is proportional to the concentration of Riboflavin in the solution. The Riboflavin is measured these Mg2+ ions to form a pink coloured Mg – dye complex. During the titration, EDTA first combines with free Ca2+ ions in the solution, and finally EDTA extracts at endpoint Mg2+
from complex . This results in the formation of free uncomplexed dye which in alkaline medium gives blue colour at the endpoint.
iv) Estimation of Magnesium by Titan Yellow method16, 17
Titan yellow reacts with magnesium in alkaline medium and
gives an orange red colored complex. The intensity of the
coloured complex so formed is then estimated colorimetrically
at 540nm. The intensity of the colour produced is proportional
to concentration of magnesium. The procedure was
developed by Neil and Neely (1956) 16.
b) Estimation of Vitamins
i) Estimation of Thiamine by Thiochrome method5
Alkaline potassium ferricyanide oxidizes thiamine to thiochrome
which is a fluorescent compound. The thiochrome
is extracted in isobutyl alcohol and measured in a Fluorimeter.
ii) Estimation of Riboflavin5
Riboflavin is used in veterinary and medical practices for
supplementation of animal feeds and as natural coloring
agent in food products. It is estimated in urine and with an
average diet, the daily losses amount to 12% of the intake.
A fall in the level of Riboflavin excretion occurs before deficiency
symptoms of Vitamin B2 are noticed. Under protein
deficiency the urinary output of Vitamin B2 increases. Riboflavin
fluoresces at wavelength 440 nm to 500 nm. The
intensity of fluorescence is proportional to the concentration
of Riboflavin in the solution. The Riboflavin is measured in terms of the difference in fluorescence before and after
chemical reduction.
iii) Estimation of Niacin by Cyanogen bromide method5
Niacin reacts with cyanogen bromide to give a pyridinium
compound which undergoes rearrangement yielding derivatives.
These derivatives couple with aromatic amines to
give yellow colored pigment. Under proper conditions the
intensity of the yellow color produced is proportional to the
amount of Niacin present.
iv) Estimation of Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) by DNPH
method5
Ascorbic acid is first dehydrated by bromination. The dehydroascorbic
acid is then reacted with 2, 4-Dinitriphenyl
hydrazine to form osazones and dissolve in sulphuric acid to
give an orange red color solution which is measured colorimetrically
at 540nm.
v) Estimation of Retinol (Vitamin A) by Carr-Price method12,
18, 19
The retinol and carotenes are extracted into light petroleum
by soxhlet method. It is than evaporated to dryness to obtain
a residue which is reconstituted in n-Heptane. On addition
of chloroform and Carr-price reagent, different intensities of
blue color are obtained which is read at 465nm.
vi) Estimation of Tocopherol (Vitamin E)12, 20
Vitamin E activity is shown by four naturally occurring tocopherols
of which oe -Tocopherol is the most potent tocopherol
give Emmeric-Engel reaction which is based on on a
reduction by tocopherols of ferric to ferrous ions which then
form a red complex with oe, oe’-Dipyridyl. Tocopherols and
carotenes are first extracted into xylene and the extinction
read at 460nm to measure the carotenes. A correction is made
for these after adding ferric chloride and reading at 520nm
RESULTS
The results of the biochemical analysis of various nutritional
parameters viz., proximate principles and micronutrients are
represented in table 1 and table 2, respectively.
DISCUSSION
Since many of the herbal products are used orally, knowledge
of proximate and nutrient analysis of these products and raw
materials used there in plays a crucial role in assessing their
nutritional significance and health effects3, 21, 22.
The biochemical analysis of the leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos
(L.) Correa. (AML) showed considerably high levels of most of the estimated nutritional elements.
The micronutrients analysis of the leaf powders of the Aegle
marmelos (L.) Correa. (AML) showed significant variation
among different micronutrients. Magnesium content was
found to be the highest followed by calcium, as compared
to the rest of the tested minerals. However, phosphorus and
iron contents were found to be comparatively less. Phosphorus
content was found to be the least among all the tested
minerals. Most of the vitamins were also found to be in good
quantity.
No proper previous study reports were found on the nutritional/
biochemical analysis of the leaf powders of Aegle
marmelos (L.) Correa. indicating their essential nutrients,
minerals and vitamins content. Hence our study may be considered
as the first to report the same.
CONCLUSION
From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the
leaf powders of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. was found to
be having all the essential nutrients, minerals and vitamins
in good amounts and possess good nutritive value. These
plant leaf powders can thus be looked forward as the probable
sources of food supplementation in future, after further
investigation of the anti-nutritive factors present in them and
their enzymatic and molecular effect on human health.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the
scholars whose articles are cited and included in references
of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors /
editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books
from where the literature for this article has been reviewed
and discussed.
Financial support and sponsorship: Nil
Conflicts of interest: The author declares no competing interests.
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