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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2General SciencesSIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION BY THE ISOLATES OF FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS
English0107Sujatha N.English Ammani K.EnglishProduction of secondary metabolites including siderophores is yet another mechanism by which fluorescent pseudomonads acts as a biocontrol agent. Siderophores are secreted under iron limitation and have a very high affinity for ferric iron. The resulting ferric-siderophore complex is unavailable to other organisms, but the producing strain can utilize this complex via a specific receptor in its outer cell membrane. In this way, siderophore producing fluorescent Pseudomonads may restrict the growth of phytopathogens. In the present study the siderophore production by the isolated strains of fluorescent pseudomonads has been reviewed. Of the 22 isolates which showed the abilty to produce siderophores, 6 isolates were shown to produce catecholate type of siderophores and the remaining 16 isolates showed the presence of hydroxamate siderophores.
EnglishCatecholate siderophores, hydroxamate siderophores, FeCl3 Test, Arnow’s Test, Tetrazolium Test, CAS assay and Spectrophotometric assay.INTRODUCTION
Iron, is a vital micronutrient needed for metabolism by many plants, due to its diverse role in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, redox reactions and many physiological activities. The availability of iron to plants in neutral and alkaline soils are very limited. Due to iron starvation, the productivity of the crops is decreasing and this would lead to a severe damage to the economy. Microbial siderophores are one of the major sources of iron in plants. Siderophores are low molecular-weight compounds which are produced under iron-limiting conditions and change iron to soluble and absorbable form for plants and microoganisms. Siderophore producing Pseudmonads play vital role in stimulating the growth of the plant and in controlling phytopathogens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Siderophore Production
The cultures were inoculated in King’s B broth medium and incubated for 48 h at room temperature. After the incubation period, the cultures were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min. The cell-free culture filtrate was used for the following tests for siderophore production.
CAS method
Production of siderophore was determined by Chromazurol Sulphonate (CAS) agar method [1]. The bacterial inoculum was spotted onto the center of a CAS agar plate. After incubation at 28°C for 5 days, siderophore production was assayed by the change in the colour of the medium from blue to orange.
FeCl3 Test [2]
To 0.5 ml of culture filtrate, 0.5 ml of 2% aqueous FeCl3 solution was added and examined for the appearance of orange or reddish brown colour which was positive indication of siderophore production.
Spectrophotometric assay
Cultured bacterial cells were harvested by centrifuging at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was subjected to Neiland’s spectrophotometric analysis to confirm siderophore production.
The hydroxamate nature of siderophore was detected by Neilands spectrophotometric assay [3] where a peak between 420-450 nm on addition of 3ml of freshly prepared 2% aqueous solution of FeCl3 to 1 ml of supernatant indicated presence of Ferrate hydroxamate. Catecholate nature of siderophore was detected by the method of Jalal and Vander Helm [3] using spectrophotometric assay where a peak at 490 nm on addition of 2% aqueous solution of FeCl3 to 1ml of supernatant indicated the presence of siderophores of catecholate nature.
Determinations of the chemical nature of the siderophores were also done by Arnow’s test and Tetrazolium test.
Arnow’s Test for catecholate siderophores [4]
To 1 ml of culture filtrate, 1 ml of 0.5 N HCl, and 1 ml of nitrite molybdate reagent were added. Then 1 ml of 1N NaOH was added. The formation of red coloured solution which was the indication of the presence of catechol type of siderophore was examined.
Preparation of nitrite molybdate reagent
To 10 g of sodium nitrite was added 10 g of sodium molybdate. The mixture was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water.
Tetrazolium test for hydroxamate siderophores [2]
To a pinch of tetrazolium salt, two drops of 2N NaOH and 0.1 ml of the culture filtrate were added. Then the appearance of a deep red colour which was an indication of hydroxymate type of siderophore was examined.
Estimation of Total cell protein
Total cell proteins were estimated by Lowry method [5]. An aliquot (0.5 ml) of the bacterial suspension was mixed with 0.5 ml of 1 N NaOH and kept in boiling water for 10 min. After cooling, 5 ml of copper carbonate reagent (50 ml of 2% sodium carbonate, 1 ml of 0.5 % copper sulphate and 1 ml of 1% sodium potassium tartarate) were added. The solution was allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 min. Then 0.5 ml of diluted (1:1 dilution with water) Folin Phenol reagent was added with vigorous shaking. After 30 min. the absorbance of the coloured solution was read at 660 nm against reagent blank. Bovine serum albumin was used as standard.
Estimation of Hydroxymate type siderophore [6]
The culture was grown in succinate minimal medium for 48 h at 120 rpm. An aliquot of 2ml of culture filtrate was mixed with 2 ml of 3M H2SO4 and hydrolysed by autoclaving it for 4h. After cooling, the hydrolysed solution was transferred into a 50 ml volumetric flask and 7 ml of 2 M sodium acetate solution was added. Then 2 ml of sulfanilamide solution (1% in 30% acetic acid) and 2 ml of iodine solution (0.65% in 1% KI solution) were added. The mixture was swirled and allowed to react for 5 min. The excess iodine was removed by the addition of 2 ml of sodium arsenite solution (1.5%), and 2 ml of N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylene diamine (NNEDA) solution (0.05%). The reaction mixture was left at room temperature for 30 min and made up to 50 ml with distilled water. The absorbance of the coloured solution was read at 543 nm. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride was used as standard.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Siderophore Production
All the fluorescent pseudomonads isolate produced siderophores as evidenced by CAS assay, FeCl3 test and Spectrophotometric assay.
CAS assay
The secretion of siderophores was surveyed by CAS assay. The isolates were tested positive for CAS assay (Plate 1)
CAS is a method that can be used to detect the mobilization of iron. It is a universal test for detection and determination of siderophores, as even 0.02 μm of siderophores can be determined [7]. Alexander and Zeeberer [1] demonstrated that CAS agar effectively differentiated bacteria that were able to excrete large amounts of siderophore. The Fe (III) gives the agar a rich blue color and concentration of siderophores excreted by iron starved organisms results in a color change to orange [8].
FeCl3 Test
The formation of purple colour on addition of 1-5ml of 2% Fecl3 indicated the presence of siderophores. All the 22 isolates were detected to be Fecl3 test positive (Plate1)
Spectrophotometric assay
Spectrophotometric assay was performed to determine the nature of siderophores produced by the isolates. Hydroxamate, Catecholate and carboxylate nature of siderophores was ascertained by examining the absorption maxima in Hitachi UV-Vis 160 A spectrophotometer. The values of the maximum absorption peaks of the spectrophotometric assay of the isolates were documented in Table: 1.
The maximum absorption peaks between 420-450nm on addition of 1 ml of 2% Fecl3 to 1 ml of cell-free culture filtrate indicated the presence of hydroxamates. Among the 22 isolates, 16 isolates showed a peak between 420-450 nm and were identified as hydroxamate siderophores. A maximum absorption peak at 490 nm indicated the presence of catecholate siderophores which were observed in the remaining 6 isolates and were thus identified as catecholate type.
Determination of the chemical nature of the siderophores was also done by Arnow’s test and Tetrazolium test.
Arnow’s Test for catecholate siderophores
Catecholate siderophores on reaction, in sucession with nitrous acid, molybdate and alkali, yield a pink chromogen that absorbs maximally at 515 nm. Of the 22 isolates which showed the abilty to produce siderophores, 6 isolates were shown to produce catecholate type of siderophores (Table 1).
Tetrazolium test for hydroxamate siderophores
This test is based on the capacity of hydroxamic acids to reduce tetrazolium salts by hydrolysis of hydroxamate group in the presence of strong alkai [7]. Instant appearance of deep red colour on addition of tetrazolium salt and NaOH to the test sample indicated the presence of hydroxamate type of siderophores. Apart from the 6 isolates which have the ability to produce catecholate sideroohores, the remaining 16 isolates showed the presence of hydroxamate siderophores (Table 1).
Quantitative assay of hydroxamate siderophores
Hydroxamate type siderophore production was assayed quantitatively and it was found that different isolates produced varying amounts of siderophores. Among the hydroxamate siderophore producing isolates, six isolates produced high levels of siderophores that ranged between 32.73 to 24.12 μg hydroxymate / mg protein. The isolate P. fluorescens Os25 was found to produce highest quantity of siderophore, which was followed by P. fluorescens So5. The isolate P. fluorescens So5 produced 29.16 μg hydroxymate / mg protein. The isolates P. fluorescens Os32 and P. fluorescens Os34 produced less quantity of siderophores amounting to 17.46 μg hydroxymate / mg protein and 16.75 μg hydroxymate / mg protein respectively (Table 2 and Fig 1).
Growth and pyoverdine production kinetics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 under uncontrolled pH condition were studied in an experimental fermentor by Fallahzadeh et al. [9] and they found that the yield of the pyoverdine production was 11.44 µMs pyoverdine / g glucose. Siderophore production of strains 35Q and 113 on 8-HQ+KB medium, was investigated by Fallahzadeh-Mamaghani et al. [10] and they found that siderophore production by both 35Q was significantly higher with final concentration of siderophore produced being 381.7 µM. and siderophore production by strain 113 was lower because it was not able to grow on KB medium with high concentrations of 8-HQ.
Most known siderophores can be grouped into hydroxamate and catecholate type structures and has different affinities for ferric iron. Metzanke [11] reported that Catecholate type siderophores generally have higher formation constants with ferric iron and the stability of these iron complexes is highly pH dependent. Neilands [12] observed that the hydroxamate complex is much more stable and hence potentially more significant in the rhizosphere.
Kloepper et al. [13] reported that siderophore production by fluorescent pseudomonads is partially responsible for enhanced plant growth. Leong [14] observed that the siderophores synthesized by fluorescent pseudomonads reduced the population of deleterious microorganisms in rhizoplane and in rhizosphere of plants, and made the roots healthier. Siderophore producing Pseudomonas putida induced better root development in potato, but not the mutant strains defective in the biosynthesis of siderophores [15, 16]. Siderophore mediated biological control has been reported in several instances.
Fluorescent pseudomonads are capable of producing hydroxymate and catecholate type of siderophores. In the present study 6 isolates were capable of producing catecholate type and 16 have the ability to produce hydroxamate type of siderophores.
CONCLUSION
Many experiments suggest that production of siderophores when iron is limited is responsible for the antagonism of the phytopathogens. The use of bioinoculants based on fluorescent pseudomonads appears as a worthy approach for disease management. Also Application of siderophore producing microorganisms in roots would significantly amend the iron insufficiency in plants.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1052http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1052
Alexander, D.B. and Zuberer, D.A. (1991). Use of chrome azurol S reagents to evaluate siderophore production by rhizosphere bacteria. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 12 : 39-45.
Snow, G. A. (1954) . Mycobactin. A growth factor for Mycobacterium jhnei. II. Degradation and identification of fragments. J. Chem. Soc. 10 : 2588-2596.
Jalal, M. A. F. and Vander Helm, D. (1990). Isolation and spectroscopic identification of fungal siderophores. In: Handbook of microbial iron chelates. Winklemann, G. (ed.), Pegamon Press, Oxford, pp. 235-269.
Arnow, L. E. (1937). Colorimetric determination of the components of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylanine tyrosine mixtures. J. Biol. Chem. 118 : 531-537.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275.
Csaky, T. Z. (1948). On the estimation of bound hydroxamines in biological materials. Acta Chem. 2 : 450-454.
Dave, B. P., Kene Anshuman and Puja Hajela. (2006). Siderophores of Halophilia archaea and their chemical characterization. Idian Journal of Experimental Biology. 44 : 340-344.
Schwyn, B. and Neilands, J. B. (1987). Universal Chemical Assay for the Detection and Determination of Siderophores. Analytical Biochemistry. 160 : 47-56.
Fallahzadeh, V., Ahmadzadeh, M. and Sharifi, R. (2010). Growth and pyoverdine production kinetics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 in an experimental fermentor. Journal of Agricultural Technology .6(1) : 107-115.
Fallahzadeh-Mamaghani, V., Ahmadzadeh, M. and Sharifi, R. (2009). Screening systemic resistance-inducing fluorescent pseudomonads for control of bacterial blight of cotton caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv.malvacearum. Journal of Plant Pathology. 91(3) : 663-670.
Metzanke, B. F. (1987). Mossbauer spectroscopy of microbial iron metabolism, p. 251-284. In G. Winkelmann, D. van der Hehn, and J. B. Neilands;(ed.), Iron transport in microbes, plants and animals. Verlagsgeselischaft mbH, Weinheim.
Neilands, J. B. (1981). Microbial iron compounds. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50 : 715-731.
Kloepper, J. W., Leong, J. Teintze, M., and Schroth, M. N. (1980). Enhanced plant growth by siderophores produced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Nature. 286 : 885-886.
Leong, J. (1986). Siderophores: Their biochemistry and possible role in the biocontrol of plant pathogens. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 24 : 187-209.
Baker, R., Elad, Y. and Sneh, B. (1986). Physical, biological and host factors in iron competition in soils. In : Swinburne, T. R. (ed). Iron siderophores and plant diseases. Plenum Press, New York, pp 77–84.
Schippers, B., Geels, F. P., Bakker, P. A. H. M., Bakker, A. W., and Weisbeek, P. J. (1986). Methods of studying plant growth promoting pseudomonads-problems and progress. NATO, Adv. Res. Workshop: Iron, siderophores and plant disease. Ashford, Kent, U. K .
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2General SciencesEFFECT OF MN/NI/CU DOPING ON THE STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ZNS THIN FILMS
English0815C. GunasekaranEnglish V. Senthil KumarEnglishZnS films were deposited by spray pyrolysis at 450 0C on glass substrates. In order to study the influence of manganese, nickel and copper on the properties of ZnS film, undoped and Mn/Ni/Cu – doped films were synthesized and investigated using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, ultra violet–visible absorption transmission spectroscopy and photoluminescence studies. The absorption coefficient was measured and correlated with the photon energy to estimate the energy gap, which varies with the different dopant. x-ray diffraction analysis revealed the polycrystalline zinc sulphide film with cubic structure and a preferential orientation along (111) plane. The size of the zinc crystallites was determined using the full width half maximum values of Bragg peak. The crystallite size and the refractive index of the films increased when the film thickness increased. The absorption edge shifting towards visible region on doping.
EnglishZinc sulphide, Spray pyrolysis, Dopant, Optical properties, Refractive index.INTRODUCTION
Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) is a wide-band-gap semiconductor and n-type conductivity which crystallises in both cubic and hexagonal forms, with a range of potential applications in optoelectronic devices, such as electroluminescent devices and photovoltaic cells. It is an excellent host material for electroluminescent phosphors and is being commercially used in emitting layers for electroluminescent displays[1,2]. In the opto-electronics, it can be used as light emitting diode in the blue to ultraviolet spectral region due to its band gap (3.7 eV) at room temperature. It is Known that the electrical conductivity of ZnS films is too low to act as a substrate for transistors, however it can be used as light source display screens and buffer layer films for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells[3,4]. Several techniques such as sputtering[5], metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy [6], spray pyrolysis [7], and chemical bath deposition(CBD) [8] have been used to ZnS thin films.
Among them, the chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) is especially suitable, since it has been proved to be a simple and inexpensive method, particularly useful for large area coating applications. CSP technique has been developed in 1966 by Chamberlin and Skarman for the deposition of CdS and CdSe films. Nowadays it is widely used to synthesize a variety of metals oxides as well as binary and ternary chalcogenides in different forms like dense or porous thin films and powders [14]. Materials obtained by CSP find a wide range of applications in solar cells, optoelectronic devices, and in emitting,reflective coatings, sensors, etc.,
Mn/Ni/F doping has been applied to some transparent semiconducting films such as CdO[9], CdS[10], ZnO[11], SnO2[12]. It was reported by the references indicated above that the electro-optical properties of these films improved by fluorine-doping. The use of ZnS thin films is still limited to UV light due to its large band gap, 3.6 eV [13]. Therefore, many studies have been carried out to develop a visible –light active ZnS thin films through the doping of metal ions. Doping of ZnS thin films by the transition metal ions Mn2+[14,15], Cu2+ [16,17] and Ni2+ [18], has received considerable attention in applications in electroluminescence devices, phosphors, light emitting displays and optical sensors. The present research work deals with the fabrication and characterization of ZnS thin films doped with Mn/Ni/Cu by spray pyrolysis technique. The observed optical, structural and morphological properties are discussed in detail.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Computerized spray pyrolysis technique was employed for the synthesis of zinc sulphide thin films in air. For undoped ZnS films, the initial solution is prepared from zinc chloride (Zncl2) at 0.2 M and thiourea [SC(HN2)2] at 0.2 M in deionized water. One drop of ammonia is added for good mixing of solution. The solution is stirred for two hours using magnetic stirrer. The prepared solution was sprayed with a steel needle onto the glass substrates with a spray rate of about 2ml/min and a growth rate in the range of few nm/min using air as a carrier gas. The needle-to-substrate distance was maintained at approximately 15 cm. The substrate temperature was maintained at 450? C at atmospheric pressure. The thermocouples and heating elements are connected with a temperature controller. The compressed air was allowed to atomize the solution containing the precursor compounds through a needle onto the heated glass substrate. The motion of the needle was controlled by stepper motor, which is connected to the computer system. The harmful fumes evolved during the deposition were expelled out using external exhaust system. Undoped ZnS films obtained in this manner had thickness ranging from approximately 500 – 800 nm and exhibited good adherence to the substrate surfaces.
Synthesis of Mn/Ni/Cu doped Zns thinfilms: For this doped ZnS films, (i) Mn: The cationic solution is prepared from zinc chloride(0.2 M) and thiourea(0.2M) and manganous chloride at 6 wt% were dissolved separately in de-ionised water. One drop of ammonia is added for complete dissolution. The solution is stirred for two hours using magnetic stirrer. (ii) Ni:The solution is prepared from zinc nitrate(0.1M), nickel nitrate (0.1M), ammonium nitrate(0.1M, buffer solution), sodium citrate(0.1M, complexing agent) and thiourea (0.1M) were added sequentially under constant stirring for two hours using magnetic stirrer. (iii)Cu: The initial solution is prepared from 1.36g Zinc chloride and 0.76g thiourea in 100ml of deionized water. Copper-doping was achieved by adding copper sulphate(Cu2SO4) to the starting solution. Thus prepared solutions are sprayed onto the glass substrates using the above procedure.
The crystal structural study of these films were examined by the XPERT PRO diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation(k = 1.5406 A0). The scanning angle 2θ was varied in the range of 10-80 in steps of 0.050 at room temperature. From the X-Ray Diffraction studies, grain size, dislocation density, strain, interplanar spacing, absorption coefficient (α) of these thin films were determined using a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 35 UV/Vis Spectrometer with 300-1100 nm wavelength range using non-polarized light by recording the absorption spectrum in the above wavelength range. The spectral data was used to determine the type of optical transition, the extinction coefficient, refractive index, optical conductivity and the band gap present in the sample. The surface morphology was studied using JEOL JSM-6390 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Scanning Electron Microscope operation voltage was 3 kV. The thickness of the films are measured using PYROHELIOMETER , the calibration is carried out at the room temperature.
The compositional analysis of the films were carried out using Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX) equipment , which works as an integrated feature of JEOL JSM-6390 Scanning Electron Microscope system.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth Mechanism of ZnS
The formation of ZnS thin films using computerized spray pyrolysis method can be explained that Zn2+, resulting from the dissociation of ZnCl2 complex ions, would combine with S2- ions, resulting from the hydrolysis of the thiourea in a basic aqueous solution, to form ZnS on the substrate, followed by a heterogeneous reaction and precipitation[19]. After the deposition, a bright silvery ZnS film was observed on the glass substrates.
The following chemical reaction leads to the formation of ZnS:
The decomposition of the zinc chloride is given by,
ZnCl2 à Zn2+ + Cl2-
The decomposition of the thiourea is given by,
SC(HN2)2 +OH-àSH- +CH2 N2 +H2O
SH- +OH-à S2- + H2O
The formation of ZnS is as follows:
Zn2++ S2-àZnS
Fig.1 (a) – Fig.1 (d) shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of undoped and Mn/Ni/Cu doped ZnS thin films grown by spray pyrolysis technique. The diffraction pattern arising from the film has a single intense peak at ~ 29? due to the zinc blende (111) reflection. For Mn/Ni/Cu doped ZnS thin films , the peaks are at around 29?, 29.6?, 28.7? respectively. Additional x-ray diffraction peaks have been found to correspond to (200),(220) and (311) planes of the pure ZnS cubic phase(JCPDS 05-0566). The lattice constant a, is calculated from the peak position and is determined to be a=5.4060 A?. This indicates that the crystallites in the film have a single preferred orientation (111) and the zinc blende (111) plane was parallel to the substrate surface. This was expected since the cubic (111) lattice planes has the lowest surface energy [20]. In general, for a ZnS crystal, the zinc blende structural phase is stable at low temperature and the wurtzite structural phase is stable at temperature higher than 10230 C [21]. According to Scherrer formula, D = 0.94λ / βcosθ, Where D is the grain diameter, λ is the wavelength of the x-ray, β is the full width half maximum of the diffraction peak expressed in radians and θ is the Bragg diffraction angle. Using this expression, one can calculate the grain size for undoped and Mn/Ni/Cu doped ZnS thin films. The magnitude of the crystallite size does not change significantly with Mn/Cu doping in the ZnS thin films. The grain size values are on the order of 8 nm in all cases. The grain size increases on Ni doping and is of the order of 57 nm. Since the ionic radius of Ni2+ (0.69 A0 ) is smaller than that of Zn2+ (0.74 A0), it can be inferred that nickel ions might insert into the structure of ZnS and located at interstices or occupied some of the lattice sites of ZnS. From the x-ray diffraction studies, the following values are calculated using the corresponding formulas, and tabulated in the below table.
To study the optical properties of the thin films, the optical absorption spectra of the film is recorded in the wavelength range 300-1100 nm from which the absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, reflectance, optical conductivity and the band gap are calculated from the respective formulas and plotted(fig 2). The determined values are tabulated in table 2. To quantify the optical band gap(Eg) of films, the following formula is employed in the high absorbance region of the transmittance spectra,
(αhγ)n = A(hγ - Eg)
Where α is the absorption coefficient, A is a constant which is independent of photon energy and hγ is the photon energy, Eg is the optical band gap and n has numeric values (1/2 for allowed direct, 2 for allowed indirect, 3 for forbidden direct and 3/2 forbidden indirect optical transitions). In this work, direct bandgap was determined by plotting (αhγ)2 versus hγ curves respectively, with the extrapolation of linear region to low energies.The following values relating to optical properties are calculated using the corresponding formulas and are tabulated.
The crystallographic structure of doped Ni/Cu/Mn may result in a change of electronic structure, which enables the absorption edge to shift towards longer wavelengths after the addition of Ni/Cu/Mn. The absorption edge shifting towards visible region explained the yellowish colour for the Ni doped ZnS thin films. The red shift in the absorption spectra may be due to larger grain size. The bandgap value of Ni/Mn doped ZnS thin films decreases thus makes it to use it in the visible region. The bandgap value of Cu doped ZnS thin films does not change appreciably.
Thickness Measurements
Thickness is one of the most important thin film parameter since it largely determines the properties of the films. Any physical quantity related to film thickness can in principle be used to measure film thickness. Methods of monitoring thickness can be categorized as mechanical, electrical, magnetic, radiation, optical, mass diffraction methods etc., of which mass difference methods are most commonly used for measuring thickness of chemically deposited. Electrical methods of film thickness measurements involve film resistance method, capacitance monitor method and ionization method. Important optical methods are photometric, ellipsometric, spectrometer beam interferometer, including fizeau, FECO and Michelson beam interferometer and polarization interferometer methods. Stylus methods and sectioning are important mechanical methods for thickness determination. Two important mass methods for film thickness measurements are microbalance (gravimetric) method and crystal oscillator methods. In crystal oscillator method thickness measurement depends on the oscillation of quartz crystal when excites and the frequency of its oscillation depend on thickness change in frequency is due to the change in mass due to the deposition of a film on the quartz surface. For our study the thickness of the samples are measured with the help of Pyroheliometer. The calibration is carried out at the room temperature. In our study, the thickness of the undoped ZnS and Ni,Cu and Mn doped ZnS thin films are 853nm, 1.5μm, 53nm and 279nm respectively.
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies
Figure (3a-d) shows that the surface of the undoped ZnS thin film is composed of clusters and few particles are found in some ware of cubic and hexagonal shaped nano crystals different dimensions and sizes. The surface of the Ni/Mn doped ZnS film is composed of the rods and sticks shaped nano crystals of different dimensions and sizes. The surface of the Cu doped ZnS film is composed of the small clusters and small rods. It should be noted that the average D values deduced from the scherrer formula are much lower than the sizes observable in the scanning electron microscope pictures. However, grains in the sizes less than a 100nm are also evident in the micrographs. The observed discrepancy can be probably due to the non spherical geometry of the nano crystallities. Infact, it is anticipated in the case of nano crystalline thin films that the domains have a tendancy to increase its size near the film surface, thus scanning electron microscope images representing the surface features of the film give the maximum possible size of the grains. On the other hand, the D values calculated using the x-ray diffraction data is thickness averaged magnitude, which usually dominated by the smallest crystallities. Similar discrepancy has been reported for various thin films. Grain sizes of these images are not homogeneously distributed as seen from this figure. Larger clusters of about 360nm and 650nm in size are formed; the clusters themselves are aggregate of grains. The apparent smaller size of ZnS grain and clusters in the thin films compared to that of the precipitate may be attributed to the geometric restriction in the aggregation process in the case of the film growth and that the smaller grains or clusters have high energy surface enough to stick to the surface of the substrate, due to this reason, the boundaries can’t be seen in the distinguished manner. It is good looking to note that the particles are regular and are of uniform sized distribution of about some nanometers. The morphological characterization revealed that the deposition temperature has an important role on the growth mechanism of both the thin films, so that with increasing temperature, the size of the building units(grains and clusters) of the films increases. It is to note that x-ray diffraction analysis reaveals the fact that grains themselves must be coalescene of nanocrystals of about 4-12 nm in the size as given in table.
Composition Analysis [EDAX]
Chemical composition of undoped and Ni doped ZnS thin films was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis[EDAX]. Composition Analysis conforms the presence of Zn and S in Undoped ZnS thin films and also conforms the presence of Ni/Cu/Mn in the doped ZnS thinfilms. The atomic ratio(x) of Ni to ZnS determined from the relation, X= [(Ni/Mn/Cu)/(ZnS+(Ni/Mn/Cu))] to be x=0.1% for Ni/Mn and x=0.02% for Cu. Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis shows how much amount of Ni atom has really entered into the ZnS thin films. Both atomic percentage(at%) and weight percentage(wt%) shown in the table proves the ratio of Ni/Mn/Cu dopant in the film. Therefore composition analysis conforms the incorporation of Ni element in the film. The composition of the pure ZnS films there is found to be more or less the same as doped ZnS and there was no significant variation in the composition.
CONCLUSION
Thin films of undoped and Ni/Mn/Cu doped ZnS are successfully prepared on glass substrates using spray pyrolysis technique. The films are characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, composition analysis(energy dispersive x-ray analysis) and thickness measurements. x-ray diffraction studies show that ZnS films grown on glass preferentially orientation along the (111) direction. scanning electron microscope images confirm the formation of uniform grains for all samples. It has been established that the addition of Ni/Mn/Cu affects the growth mechanisms of films, the crystallographic structure and the absorption spectra. In the case of undoped ZnS thin film, sphere, hexagonal like branches are found, with the cubic structure have been absorbed by scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction. The composition analysis confirms the presence of Ni/Mn/Cu, Zn and S. The grain size is found to be 8nm and 57nm for undoped and Ni doped thin films and remained unchanged on doping with Cu/Mn, from x-ray diffraction analysis. The band gap is found to be 3.94eV and 3.23eV, 3.18eV, 3.96eV for undoped and Ni,Mn,Cu doped thin films respectively as calculated from UV studies.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1053http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1053
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2General SciencesGULNAR (FLOWER OF PUNICA GRANATUM LIN): PRECIOUS MEDICINAL HERB OF UNANI MEDICINE- AN OVERVIEW
English1621NazamuddinEnglish Wadud AbdulEnglish Najeeb JahanEnglish Tanwir Alam M. English Nafis M IqbalAsim Mohammad KhanEnglishPlant origin drugs play very important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases and it becomes popular day by day due to its low cost and less side effect. Unani medicine is an oldest system of traditional medicines, in which 80% plant origin drugs are used. Gulnar (flower of Punica granatum Linn) is very important drug which has been used in Unani medicine since centuries for its great medicinal values. In the last few decades, many works have been done on the phytochemistry and biological activities of the drug. This review describes about the Unani literature of the drug, like temperament, action, uses, formulations and dose of the drug followed by modern description like taxonomic classification, macroscopic and microscopic features, phytochemical studies, chemical constituent and pharmacological action of the drug and its medicinal uses.
EnglishAnar, Traditional medicine, Pomegranate, Temperament of drug, Unani Literature.
INTRODUCTION
Gulnar is a Persian word used fort flower of Anar (Punica granatum Linn.). It is in use as medicine in various doses form among Unani as well as other traditional medicine practitioner throughout the world; especially among Asia-sub continent. Gulnar is a shrub and claimed as native of Iran and Afghanistan. But now it is being cultivated throughout the India and its neighbour countries. Its wild varieties are found abundantly along warm valleys and outer hills of the Himalayas. In Unani literature Gulnar is claimed for having astringent and haemostatic activities and also being used as remedy for diabetes. In this article authors try to sum up the medicinal claims of Gulnar in Unani literature along with few recent studies done on same drug 1,2
Taxonomical Classification3
Kingdom: Plantae
Sub kingdom: Tracheobionta
Super division:Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliophyta
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Myrtales
Family: Punicaceae
Genus: Punica
Species: Punica granatum Linn
Vernacular names 2, 4
Gulnar is flower of Anar; both are known by different names worldwide including Indian sub continent as follows:
Roman: Carthage (Punica)
Italian: Melogranato, melogranogranato, pomogranato, pomopunico
Spanish: Granada (the fruit), granado (the plant)
French: Grenade
German: Granatapfel.
India: Dadima or dalima or dalim or Anar.
Persian: Dulim or dulima, Gulnar.
English: Pomegranate.
Hindi: Anar.
Urdu: Gulnar.
Kannda: Dalimba.
Tamil: Madalai.
Arabic: Julnar.
Habita and Geographical Distribution5,6
The tree is found in Persia, Arabia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan and cultivated nearly all over India. It grows in vast tract of the hills slopes of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh between 900 m. and 1,800 m.
Botanical Description2
It is an attractive shrub or small tree 20-30 ft height, bark smooth grey, thin, branched less or more spiny. Leaves are evergreen or deciduous, opposite or in whorls of 5 or 6, short stem, oblong, lanceolate 3/8 to 4 inch long and leathery. Blowers are borne on the branch tips singly or as many as 5 in a cluster. Fruit 3.5- 7.5cm in diameter, globose, tipped with the calyx, rind coriaceous, woody, the interior septate with membranous walls of the carpels, each carpel containing numerous seeds, angular from mutual pressure. Seeds with a watery outer coat contain pink juicy and a horny inner coat. Flowers are 3.8-5cm long and as much across, mostly solitary, sometimes 2-4 together, terminating short shoots, sometimes apparently axillary sessile or nearly so. Calyx-tube campanulate, adnate to and produced beyond the ovary, coriaceous, lobes 5-7, valvate. Petals 5-7, obovate, scarlet, wrinkled, inserted between the calyx lobes, Stamens are numerous, inserted on the calyx below the petals at various levels; anthers elliptic, dehiscing longitudinally, ovary inferior, many celled, the cells arranged in two concentric circles; style long, bent; stigma capitates. Carpel early coalescing and owing to unequal growth becoming arranged in 2 tires, 3 in the lower and 5-9 in the upper
Macroscopic Features
The flowers of Gulnar are described as bell-shaped and red in colour. The calyx is bell shaped generally with shallow thalamus. The lobes of calyx are 5-7 in numbers, ovoid in shape and conspicuously gland-tipped. The calyx encloses a dense crumpled mass of petals. The corolla is indefinite in number, spirally arranged in the calyx cup. The petals are actually the modified stamens. The petals in the outermost whorl are longer, their size getting towards the periphery. The gynoecium is yellow in colour with three locules, the style is yellowish with pink tinge, where as the epigynous disc is absent.6
Microscopic Features
Microscopically, the main diagnostic characteristic of Gulnar powder are the presence of abundant fragments of the corollas, the outer epidermis consisting thin walled, irregularly outlined polygonal cells with striations running through the entire length of cells . The vascular strands from the main vein of the petals consist of annulary thickened vessels. The styles are mainly composed of thin walled cells. On the inner surface of many of these cells crystals of calcium oxylate are found.6
Description of Gulnar as reported in Unani Literature
The history Anar (Pomegranate) is mentioned among ancient fruit. The height of Anar tree is 15 feet. The leaves are arrow shape and upto 3 inch long. The colour of flower is light orange and some are deep red which looks very beautiful is called as Gulnar. Najmul Ghani, in his book Khazainul Advia describes that this is a flower of a tree. The tree of Gulnar is similar to pomegranate tree. The Gulnar tree produces no or very few fruits. The taste of fruit is khat-mitha (sweet-sour) taste. The colour of flower is red, white and sometime black. It is of two types, one is cultivated and other is wild. The wild variety is known as Gulnar and is medicinaly more effective then cultivated variety. Especially wild variety is known as Gulnar7. Hakim IA Qasmi in his book Kitabul Mufridat describes that the tree is just like pomegranate tree. The shape and size of flower is large. The colour of flower is red and looks beautiful and sometime pink in colour. The taste is afas (astringent) and badmaja (unpleasant). Some people consider that, the pomegranate tree which does not give fruit, flower of that tree is known as Gulnar, are used medicinally.8 In book Adviyae Mufrida Hakeem Syed Saifuddin Ali has also describes it as a famous and common flower which is produced on that pomegranate tree which doesn’t produce fruit.9 In Moghzanul Mufradath, Hakim Kabiruddin has mentioned that it is a bud of wild variety of pomegranate tree which are used medicinally.10
Mizaj (Temperament)6,7.8,9
Cold 10 dry 20, Cold 20 dry 20, Cold 30 dry 30
ACTION AND USE
Pharmacological action6,7,8,9
Qabiz (Astringent), Mujafif (Siccative), Habis-e-dam (Haemostyptic), Rade (Derivative), Muqawi sanoon wa lissa (Tonic for tooth and gum), Muqawi aza raisa (Tonic for vital organs), Mudamil (Cicatrizant), Qatil-e-didan am’a (Anthelmintic)
Therapeutic Uses6,7,8,9
In Unani System of Medicine, Gulnar is used as a medicine in various forms like decoction, powder, syrup, infusion, nasal drop, gargle, pessery etc. for different ailments. These flowers possess different pharmacological activities and hence being used as astringent, haemostatic, antihelminthic, stomachic, desiccant, Cicatizant etc.
Gastro-intestinal tract
Gulnar possess astringent property hence it is used in diarrhoea, dysentery especially in bleeding type and peptic ulcer. It is also used in the treatment of intestinal worm infestation. Unripe flowers are dried and pounded to make a snuff which is considered to be the best astringent; its internal use is very effective for infantile diarrhoea and dysentery.5 The flowers are styptic to the gums; check vomiting; useful in biliousness.11
Respiratory System
Flower buds powdered and given in doses of 4 to5 grains are useful in bronchitis.5
Urogenital system
Due to its siccative property its passery is used in leucorrhoea, uterine and rectal ulcer and haemorrhages.5
Special Indication
Haemostyptic activity
Gulnar also has haemostyptic action. So it is used to control the internal bleeding, epistaxis, bleeding dysentery, haematemesis, bleeding gum and menorrhagia. Decoction of Gulnar is used as gargle in disease of oral cavity and bleeding gum. The Gulnar is used in compound powder, composed of dried Gulnar, Gum acacia, Dragon’s blood (Sanguin dracoins), and Opium. This formulation is useful in haematuria, haemorrhoidal flux, haemoptysis etc.5
Wound healing activity
Due to its derivative effect it is used in inflamation and its cicatizent property it is used in the treatment of ulcer for wound healing. Gulnar also possess astringent property due to this property it is used in peptic ulcer.5
Murakabat (Compound formulations).7,8,9,12, 13
There are many more compound formulations having Gulnar as an important gradient, being used unanimously by Unani physicians; few of them are mentioned as follows:
Sharbat Habbis, Qurs Kharoba, Majoon Busd, Qurs Gulnar, Qurs Tabasheer, Sharbate Anar, Jawarise Anarain etc.
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Biochemical Constituents
Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in establishing the pharmacological mechanisms of pomegranate flower and the individual constituents responsible its action. The Pomegranate flower contains gallic acid, ursolic acid, triterpenoids, including maslinic and asiatic acid.11
Phytochemical Studies6
The flowers of Punica granatum contained a pigment pelagonidin 3, 5-diglucoside.
The petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of P.granatum flowers have also yielded sitosterol and ursolic acid apart from maslinic acid, asiatic acid and sitosterol-β-D-glucoside as the minor components.
The alcoholic extract gave D-manitol, allagic acid and gallic acid.
The fruit rind yield ellagic acid.
Punica granatum (Lucknow sample) have been reported to contain floouride (0.2-03ppm), calcium (11.3), magnesium (3.6), phosphate (70.9), and vitamin c (3.8) content mg percent
Examination of P. granatum sample from Delhi, revealed the presence of malvidin pentose glycoside in the seeds, and mixture of pentose glycoside of which the major fraction was malvidin derivative (along with pentunidin as minor components) in the rind.
Pharmacological report
Jafri et al reported that oral administration of aqueous-ethanolic (50%, v:v) extract of Punica granatum Linn flower has significantly lower the blood glucose level in normal, glucose-fed hyperglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats1.
Manoharan et al claims that oral administration of Punica granatum flower extract (400mg/kg b.w.) to diabetic animals significantly reduced the level of blood glucose and increased the level of plasma insulin as well as revert the disturbed activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes to near normal pattern.14
Dhawan et al reported analgesic activity of hydro alcoholic extract of aerial parts of pomegranate in mice at a dose of 0.125 mg/kg.15
In another study it was found that; oral administration of Punica granatum Lin. peel extract in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats shows a significant decrease the post parandial hyperglycemia.16
Hung et al reported that the oral administration of Pomegranate flower extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg improves cardic lipid metabolism in diabetic rat mode.17
In an another study topical application of pomegranate preparations found effective for controlling oral inflammation, as well as bacterial and fungal counts in periodontal disease and Candida-associated denture stomatitis.18
The oral administration of pomegranate flower extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg diminishes cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.19
Xu et al found that the oral administration of pomegranate flower extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg to the Zucker diabetic fatty rats for 6 weeks, ameliorates diabetes and obesity-associated fatty liver.20
Ahangarpour et al claims the antispasmodic effect of aqueous and hydroalcohlic extracts of Punica granatum flower on the uterus of non-pregnant rats. These results support the clinical efficacy and use of Punica granatum flower in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea and other uterine spasmodic disorder.21
Gulnar as an important ingredients of compound formulation namely “Qurs Tabasheer” shows hypoglycaemic effect in streptozotocin induced Diabetes in animal model.13
CONCLUSION
As per Unani literature, Gulnar is effective in a wide variety of disease, such as diarrhoea, dysentery, peptic ulcer, worm infestation, epistaxis, bronchitis, wound healing, leucorrhoea, passive haemorrhages, uterine, rectal ulcer and many more but only few studies done on modern parameter to support the above claimed. The Gulnar contains various ingredients like gallic acid, ursolic acid, triterpenoids, maslinic and asiatic acid which may be responsible for its medicinal values but more specific research yet to come to support the claim made by Unani literature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am greatly thanks to my guides Prof. Abdul Wadud and Dr. Najeeb Jahan whose encouragement, supervision and support from the preliminary to the concluding level ease my work to write this review paper. I am heartily thankful to Dr Md Tanwir Alam for his suggestion and support in compiling and shaping this paper. The authors are also grateful to librarian and authors/editors/publishers of all those books, article and treaties from where the reference for this article has been taken.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
FUNDING: Nil
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1054http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1054
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Nazamuddin M. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of Qurs Tabasheer in experimentally induced diabetes in animal model [dissertation]. Dept. of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), NIUM, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.; 2013.
Manoharan S, Kumar RA, Mary A.L, Singh R.B, Balakrishnan .S, Silvan. Effects of Punica granatum Flowers on Carbohydrate Enzymes, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidants Status in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats: The Open Nutraceuticals Journal 2009; 2: 113-117.
Dhawan BN, Patnaik GK, Rastogi RP, Singh KK, Tandon JS. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Indian j exp Biol 1977;15: 208-219.
Belkacem N, Djaziri R, Imad A, El-Haci, Lahfa F, Boucherit K. Anti-hyperglycaemic effect of hydroalcoholic extract from Punica granatum L. peels in normal and streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats and its potent α-amylase inhibitory: Der Pharma Chemica 2010;2(6): 416-428.
Hung TH, Peng G, Kota BP, Li GQ, Yamahara J, Roufogalis BD et al. Pomegranate flower extract improves cardic lipid metabolism in diabetic rat model: role of lowering circulating lipids. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 145: 767-774.
Jurenka J, MT (ASP). Theraputic Applications of Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.): A Review. Alternative Medicine Review 2008; 13(2): 128-144.
Huang TH, Yang Q, Harada M, Li GQ, Yamahara J, Roufogalis BD et al. Pomegranate flower extract diminishes cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: modulation of cardiac endothelin-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005;46: 856-862.
Xu KZ, Zhu C, Kim MS, Yamhara j, Li Y. Pomegranate flower ameliorates fatty liver in an animal model of type-2 diabetes and obesity. J Ethenopharmacol 2009;123 (2): 280-7.
Ahangarpour A, Heidari R, Oroojan AK. Antispasmodic Effects of Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Punica granatum Flower Extracts on the Uterus of Non-pregnant Rats. J Reprod and Infertil 2012; 13(3): 138-142.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2General SciencesMIKANIA SCANDENS (L.) WILLD. - A PLANT BASED FUNGICIDE AGAINST ALTERNARIA LEAF SPOT DISEASE IN SESAMUM ORIENTALE L. : SOME OBSERVATIONS
English2231Lubaina A.S.English Murugan K.EnglishBackground: Phytochemicals are a large group of plant-derived compounds responsible for several physiological functions including defence. Polyphenols are ubiquitous in plants. Aim: Formulation of a plant based control in sesame against Alternaria leaf spot disease. Methodology: Methodologies include culturing of pathogen, aqueous extraction of Mikkania scadens by hydrodistillation, quantification of phenols and IR finger printing of infected plants. Results: Inoculation of 20 μl conidial suspension of Altenaria sesami followed by treatment of sesame plants with 7.5% M. scandens extract delayed the disease outbreak and increased the resistance. Remarkable level of free and cell wall-bound phenolics was noticed in the M. Scadens treated sesame plants. Subsequently, the total phenol was fractionated revealed the presence of a pool of phenolic acids and were identified by comparing with the peaks of the internal standards. Infra-red spectral analysis showed the bands around 3370 cm-1 represent O-H and N-H stretching vibrations that are mainly generated by alkaloids. The bands between 3000 and 2800 cm-1 represent C-H stretching vibrations of triglycerides. Bands between 1800 and 1500 cm-1 contained amide-I, amide-II bands, but overlapped with other absorption bands within this region. Amide-III, the functional group of nucleic acids also contributed to these absorption bands in the leaves. Conclusion: Plant based control measures are an eco-friendly method that effectively induce resistance in the plants.
EnglishAlternaria sesami, Sesamum orientale, Mikania scandens, Biocontrol, Phenolic acids.INTRODUCTION
Phenolics are low molecular secondary metabolite, essential for growth, development and defense in plants1. Wound, pest, pathogen attack, herbivory, and infection by symbionts such as Rhizobium, mycorrhiza can induce the synthesis and release of different types of phenolics. These metabolites are potential to function as phytoalexins, phytoanticipins and gene inducers related with many physiological events including nodulation in legumes2-3.
Defences include constitutive barriers such as thick lignified cell walls, waxy coating or cuticularization, sclerification, suberification and formation of trichomes. These modifications not only protect the plant from microbial invasion, but also provide strength and rigidity. In addition to these, plants have the ability to sense invading organisms and react with inducible defences including the formation of toxic chemicals such as quinones, catabolic enzymes like NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, reactive oxygen species/free radical formation and cellular oxidative burst. In some cases, pathogen is capable of suppressing the initial defence, plants may respond with another line of defence: the hypersensitive response (HR). The HR is characterized by deliberate plant cell suicide at the site of infection4-5.
Alternaria leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria sesami a single major threat to sesame leads to poor growth followed by reduction in yield. The common practice to control the disease is the application of chemical fungicides causing environmental problem. This has stimulated the investigation to find an alternative strategy for the control of the disease6. Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae), a herbaceous climbing weed growing throughout the plains of India. Aqueous leaf extracts of this plant have been used in folk medicine to treat many skin disorders7. The present study aims to evaluate the induction of induced resistance in Sesamum orientale against A.sesami by the application of plant based control by- Mikania scandens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant materials
Sesame cultivar Thilarani (susceptible to A. sesami) and Sesamum orientale L. var. malabaricum, wild species seeds are collected from Regional Agriculture Research Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala.
Collection and isolation of the fungus
Leaves of sesame showing typical symptoms mainly on leaf blades as small, brown, round to irregular spots caused by A. sesami were collected from University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. The fungal pathogen was isolated from the infected tissue and made pure culture using standard protocols and the identity was confirmed from Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
Preparation of Mikania scandens leaf extract
Healthy leaves of Mikania scandens collected were thoroughly washed in running water followed by rinsing with distilled water and were shade dried at room temperature. 10 g of powdered dried leaves of Mikania scandens were hydro distilled in 100 ml sterile distilled water at 100?C for an hour and allowed to stand for 24 hrs at 4?C. The mixture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. and the extract (10%) was filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper into a sterile filter flask and stored in sterile condition for further use.
Mikania scandens leaf extracts treatment
Mature sesame plants were inoculated with 20 µl of A. sesami conidial suspension (1×103 conidia ml-1) from pure culture and were covered with plastic bags for 24 h and placed under darkness to provide maximum humidity for penetration of fungus into host cells. This is followed by spraying 7.5% M. scandens aqueous leaf extract using a pneumatic hand sprayer from one week after fungal inoculation and repeated once in every 7 days for a period of 21 days. Control was maintained by infecting the Thilarani and wild sesame with 20 µl conidial suspension of A. sesami without any plant extract treatments. After the treatment, the leaves were harvested for all analysis.
Isolation and estimation of total phenolics
Free and cell wall-bound phenolics were extracted from (0.5g) leaves of M. scandens treated sesame (both the cultivar and wild) and control plants in 50% methanol (12 v/v) for 90 min at 80 oC according to the methodology of Haddadchi and Gerivani8. The absorbance of samples was measured at 725 nm.
Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) of phenols Phenolic components of the extract were further fractionated following the method of Sara Canas et al9 with appropriate standard phenolic acids. Phenolic acids in the sample were identified by comparing with the retention time of the standards.
IR spectroscopy
The leaves of each accession (approximately 3-4 cm) taken from fresh plants were pooled as one sample. The samples were immediately dried in an oven for 2 days at 60°C. Tablets for FTIR spectroscopy were prepared in an agate mortars, by mixing leaves powder (2 mg) with KBr (1:100 p/p). At least three spectra were obtained for each sample10. The band position of functional groups was monitored with Knowitall 7.8 software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Free and wall bound phenolic content
Aerial application of M. scandens leaf extract led to remarkable increase in both free and wall bound phenolics compared to control. Maximum free (1288 and 1394 μg gallic acid /g fresh wt. in Thilarani and wild respectively) and bound phenolics (1139 and 1278 μg gallic acid /g fresh wt. in Thilarani and wild respectively) were observed in sesame leaves treated with the aqueous extract. The results suggest that the topical application of the extract induce host secondary metabolism i.e. activating the phenyl propanoid pathway leading to the synthesis of polyphenols and there by activating defence mechanism in the host against infection. Bordbar et al11 reported a time dependent formation of phenolics in apple upon treatment with Trichoderma isolates.
Fractionation of total Phenols
HPLC chromatogram of the treated wild and cultivar sesame showed a significant increase in the levels of phenolic acids such as sinapate, cinnamate, vanillic, gallic acid, chlorogenate, ferulate, p-hydroxybenzoic acids, paracatechol and coumarate compared to control suggesting its potentiality towards resistance (Table-1). It is evident from the chromatogram that (Fig- A & B) phenolic extracts of leaf samples contain the peaks of most of the standards indicating the functional compartmentation of phenolic acids induced by the plant based extract.
Pre-formed antibiotic compounds such as phenolic and polyphenolic compounds are common in plants and play an important role in defence against pest and pathogens12. The first proven report of phenolics providing disease resistance was the case of onion scales accumulating sufficient quantities of catechol (I) and protocatechuic acid (II) to prevent onion smudge disease caused by Colletotrichum circinans. The coloured outer scale of resistant onion varieties contain surplus of these phenolics to inhibit spore germination of C. circinans to below 2%, while susceptible varieties lack these compounds with high % of germination rate (90%) 13 . Similarly, adequate levels of chlorogenic acid account for the resistance of potato tubers against Streptomyces scabies, Verticillium alboatrum and Phytophthora infestans 14, while, its lower profile accelerate P. infestans and Fusarium solani var. Coeruleum growth. Low concentrations of benzaldehyde inhibited spore germination of Botrytis cinerea and Monilia fructicola 15
Hydroxycinnamates such as p-coumaric acid are major components of plant cell walls and are esterified with lignin, a key cell wall component16. Hydroxybenzoides have widespread application in food, pharmaceutical, fragrance and flavour industries17. Rot fungi are able to convert p-coumaric to p-hydroxybenzoate which has considerable ecophysiological and defence related implications18. Ferulic acid has immense role in plant cell wall formation and also an effective antioxidant and anticancer compound19.
Furthermore, fungicidal activity by phenolics leads to condensation reactions with proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids forming brown non palatable melanin like compounds. This reaction results in the formation of an impermeable barrier in the host plant, and also a decrease of nutrients essential to the fungal development. Beckman et al20 showed that oxidation products of 3-hydroxy-tryptamine, leads to inhibition of invasion of Fusarium oxysporum. Secondary responses also include the release of toxic phenols that are normally stored as less toxic glycosides in the vacuoles of the plant cells, lignin synthesis, trichomes, and phytoalexins.
Peters and Verma 21 reported that plant phenolics induce gene leading to the transfer of genetic information to the entire plant. Stachel et al22. identified monocyclic phenolics that induce expression of several virulence genes of A. tumefaciens. Induction was also found to depend on the structure of the phenolic compounds. Compounds related to acetosyringone were found to be effective inducers including chalcones. So the application of M. scandens leaf extract induces the phenyl propanoid pathway in sesame with the production of phenols which in turn induce resistance. Singh et al 23. reported that treatment of chickpea with Pseudomonas spp. increased the synthesis of cinnamic, ferulic and chlorogenate which showed antifungal effects against Sclerotium rolfsii.
IR spectral analysis
Specific spectral signatures and re?ectances are characteristic feature of plant – pathogen interaction. A strong broad absorption band around 3360-3390/ cm found in all samples may be due to the presence of hydrogen bond N-H stretching, characteristic of amino acids. The absorption band 2924 / cm, corresponding to C-H stretching of the CH2 groups, indicates the presence of various amino acids, this band may also be characteristic for the presence of aliphatic CH groups in these compounds. The absorption band at 1735/ cm, characteristic of C=O stretching, indicates the carbonyl groups. Bands 1643 /cm and 1560 /cm coupled with the presence of the band around 3368 /cm may be taken as indication of the presence of amino acids. The absorption band appears at 1439 /cm due to the aromatic ring C-C stretching. The absorption bands 1240/ cm and 1052 / cm are due to the stretching vibration of C-O group of esters and phenols. The band 606 / cm belong to C-C ring bending coumarin structure. Unique spectral biomarkers were found in M. scandens treated sesame compared to infected (Fig-2A, B, C & D).
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has the ability to quickly identify the presence of specific metabolites in plant materials.In FT-IR spectral peaks corresponding to diseased leaves, absorption bands occur at 3368/ cm, 3359/ cm, 2925/ cm, 1735 /cm, 1643/ cm, 1549/ cm, 1439/ cm, 1425 /cm, 1246/ cm, 1035 /cm and 606/cm (Table 2). Recently, the use of FT-IR spectroscopy in metabolomics has become increasingly important within the phytopathology field.
CONCLUSION
Plants respond to diverse environmental signals with a bewildering array of responses, which use constitutive and induced resistance affecting the susceptibility/resistance of the infected plant. Plant based products can induce the secondary metabolic pathway by activating the corresponding genomes. FTIR spectroscopy shows these changes of the plant before visible symptoms in the plants and therefore, can be used as a predictive method in the future.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1055http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1055
Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol. Plant. 2010;3:2–20
Mandal S.M, Mandal M, Das A.K, Pati B.R, Ghosh A.K. Stimulation of indoleacetic acid production in a Rhizobium isolate of Vigna mungo by root nodule phenolic acids. Arch Microbiol. 2009; 191: 389-393.
Mandal S.M, Chakraborty D, Dey S. Phenolic acids act as signaling molecules in plant-microbe symbioses Plant Signal Behav. 2010; 5(4) 359-368.
Khurana P.S.M, Pandey S. K, Sarkar D, Chanemougasoundharam A. Apoptosis in plant disease response: A close encounter of the pathogen kind . Curr. Sci. 2005; 88: 740-752.
Jeandet P, Clément C, Cordelier S. Modulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis in engineered plants for disease resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013 14 (7) 14136-14170.
Itako A.T, Schwan-Estrada K.R.F, Stangarlin J.R, Tolentino J.B, Cruz M.E.S. Control of Cladosporium fulvum in tomato plants by extracts of medicinal plants. Arquivos Do Instituto Biológico. 2009; 76: 75-83.
Perez-Amador M.C, Ocotero V.M, Balcazar R.I, Jiménez F.G. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Mikania micrantha H.B.K. (Asteraceae). Int. J. Exp. Bot. 2010; 79: 77-80.
Haddadchi G.R, Gerivani Z. Effects of phenolic extracts of canola (Brassica napuse L.) on germination and physiological responses of soybean (Glycin max L.) seedlings. Int. J. Plant Prod. 2009; 3(1): 63-73.
Sara Canas, Nelson Grazina, Pedro Belchior A, Isabel Spranger M, Bruno de Sousa R. Modelisation of heat treatment of portuguese oak wood (Quercus pyrenaica L.). Analysis of the behaviour of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, Ciencia Tec Vitiv. 2000; 15: 75.
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Singh U.P, Samara B.K, Singh D.P. Effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and culture filtrate of Sclerotium rolfsii on phenolic and salicylic acid contents in chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.). Curr. Microbiol. 2003; 46: 131-140.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareCOMPARISON OF LEVELS OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ENZYME [LDH] IN SALIVA OF THE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION [AMI] AND CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS [CP]-A BIOCHEMICAL STUDY
English3240Uma SudhakarEnglish M. ManimekalaiEnglish Anu VargeseEnglishBackground: Literature reveals that Periodontal disease could be a risk factor for cardio vascular disease. Available meta-analyses find significant heterogeneity which lead to the need for further observational and interventional studies. Host response to periodontal disease include the production of number of enzymes that are released by stromal, epithelial or inflammatory cells. They are associated with either cell injury or cell death. Lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] is the one among those enzymes and it is an intracellular enzyme released by the inflammatory cells during tissue destructive phases. Metabolic changes in the periodontium could be regulated by these enzymatic changes. LDH enzyme activities are higher in chronic periodontitis and in myocardial infarction. Estimation of the iso-enzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in serum is a well-established laboratory procedure for helping diagnose acute myocardial infarction. Objective: The present study was designed to compare the levels of LDH in saliva of the patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction with Chronic Peridontitis, [G-A], Systemically healthy with Chronic Periodontitis [G-B], and Systemically and Periodontally healthy subjects [G-C]. Materials and methods: A total of 30 subiects 10 AMI with Chronic Periodontitis, and 10 Systemically healthy with Chronic Periodontitis and 10 Systemically and Periodontally healthy were recruited. Clinical Periodontal measurements were recorded and stimulated whole saliva was collected. The patients with AMI were examined after 3-4 days after admission to the coronary care unit. The activities of LDH enzyme levels were measured spectrometrically after centrifuging the collected salivary samples, by the optimized kinetic method of deutsche Gesselschaft Fur Klinische Cheime [DCKC]. RESULTS: The saliva of patients with AMI and Periodontitis had significantly higher LDH enzyme activities.Similarly the saliva of patients with Chronic Periodontitis also have higher levels of LDH enzyme activities. LDH enzyme activities correlated significantly in both test groups. LDH enzyme levels are significantly lower in saliva of Systemically and Periodontally healthy patients. CONCLUSION: The present study showed higher levels of LDH in both Acute myocardial infarction [AMI] patients and Chronic Periodontitis [CP] patients. This could prove strong association between the two diseases. Number of samples in this study was less which could be a limitation. Further longitudinal studies with larger number of samples could confirm the association. Hence this estimation of LDH levels in saliva could be an non invasive method to detect acute myocardial infarction [AMI] and chronic periodontitis [CP].
EnglishHost Response, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Confounding factor, Thrombo embolic events, Acute Coronary Syndrome.INTRODUCTION
Periodontal diseases are the second most common oral diseases next to dental caries and are considered as an inflammatory disorder that damages tissue through the complex interaction between periodontopathic bacteria and the host defense system. Microbial biofilm adhering to teeth, serves as a slow delivery system of oral pathogens into the systemic circulation loading to a chronic microbial challenge and downstream effects as a consequence of an altered immune response.
Cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease is a major contributor to the global disease burden.[1] Its pathogenesis is an area of intensive research. Inflammation is a major contributor to the risk for CVD. Destructive periodontal disease is also associated with chronic inflammation and has drawn the interest of the dental researchers towards identifying a link between this disorder and CVD[1]
Lactate dehydrogenase is a tetrameric protein found in all living cells and acts in the glycolytic cycle catalyzing the reversible reaction between pyruvate and lactate .It is elevated during tissue destructive phases, like myocardial infarction, rheumatic disease and acute leukemia.LDH activities are also higher in chronic periodontitis.[2] The present study was designed to compare the levels of LDH in saliva of patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction[AMI] and Chronic Periodontitis[CP] and to explore the possibility of using LDH as a biochemical marker of Periodontal disease and Myocardial infarction and as a reliable diagnostic aid.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 30 subjects [10 AMI with Chronic Periodontitis, 10 systemically healthy with Chronic Periodontitis and 10 systemically and periodontally healthy patients] were recruited. AMI patients were recruited from coronary care unit in government medical college, Chennai. The other patients were recruited from the pool of patients presenting at the department of Periodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental college, Chennai. The subjects were briefed about the study and informed concern was obtained and ethical committee approval was obtained. The subjects were assigned in three groups as,
Group A — AMI patients with Chonic Periodontitis.
Group B — Systemically healthy patients with Chronic Periodontitis.
Group C — Systemically and Periodontally healthy patients.
The patients with AMI were examined after 3-4 days after admission to the Coronary Care Unit,Govt.General hospital ,Chennai. Patients with Systemic disorders like diabetes, immunological disorders and pregnant and lactating females were excluded from the study. Clinical Parameters like Plaque index [PI], Bleeding on Probing [BOP] and Probing pocket depth [PPD] were recorded for all the groups and stimulated whole saliva was collected. The activities of LDH enzyme levels were measured spectrometrically after centrifuging the collected salivary samples,by optimized kinetic method of deutsche Gesselschaft Fur Klinische Cheime [DCKC].
STATISTICAL ANALYSES
One sample Kolmogorov Smirnov test was employed to show that the samples were drawn from normal population except the variable BOP. To compare the mean values between two groups, Students’ t-test was employed for the variables LDH, PI and PPD. As BOP does not follow a normal distribution, to compare the mean value, Mann Whitney test was employed. The significance level was fixed at 5%.
RESULTS
Table no. 1 describes the Students t-Test to compare the mean values between group A and group B. The mean values of LDH – U/I in Group A was 1137.3 ± 221.6 and in Group B was 1014.5 ± 115.5. Even though group A had a higher mean LDH value than group B, the mean values were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The mean PI value in Group A is 2.53± 0.39 and in Group B it is 2.40 ± 0.32, the mean was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
Table no. 2 explains the Students t-Test which compares the mean values between group A and group C. The mean values of LDH – U/I in Group A was 1137.3 ± 221.6 and in Group C was 95.6 ± 14.55. The mean values were statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). The mean PI value in Group A was 2.53 ± 0.39 and in Group C it was 0.87± 0.40, the mean was statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Table no. 3 describes the Students t-Test which compares the mean values between group B and group C. The mean values of LDH – U/I in Group A was 1014.5 ± 115.41 and in Group C was 95.6 ± 14.55. The mean values were statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). The mean PI value in Group A was 2.40 ± 0.323 and in Group C , it was 0.87± 0.403. The mean were statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Table no. 4 explains the results of Mann-Whitney Test (Non Parametric) which was done to compare the BOP mean values between groups. The mean BOP values for group A and C was 3.853 and its P value was Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1056http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1056
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareDIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS AS AN INITIAL PRESENTATION OF TYPE-1 DIABETIC CHILDREN IN ASEER REGION OF SAUDI ARABIA
English4146Mohammad A. Al QahtaniEnglish Ayed A. ShatiEnglish Ali M. AlsuheelEnglish Fuad I. AbbagEnglishObjective: This study aimed to determine the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as initial presentation among patients with type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM-1) following in Aseer Diabetes Center of Aseer Region, Southwestern of Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods: Retrospectively we reviewed and analyzed medical records of type-1 DM children who were less than 15 years and diagnosed with DKA at initial presentation, over period of 7 years from February 2006 till January 2013. Results: Out of 508 diabetic patients, 244 (48%) patients had DKA at the initial presentation. The mean age was 8.5 years. 120 (49.1%) with DKA were males and 124 (50.9%) females. Six patients with type-1 DM were less than one year and 5 (83.3%) of them were in DKA, compared with the 239 patients (47.6%) of the remaining 502 patients beyond this age. Generally, frequency of DKA among patients from (1-5) year was 51.7% (N=176) and more than 5 years was 46.9% (N=153). No death, renal failure or permanent neurological damage was reported at the initial presentation. Conclusion: A significantly high percentage of children with newly diagnosed DM-1 still have DKA at the onset of DM. This calls for health education and awareness of the parents / public and primary health care physicians through continuous medical education and mass media to achieve early diagnosis of type-1 DM before the development of DKA.
EnglishType-1 DM, Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), Cerebral edema, Autoimmune, Beta-cells.INTRODUCTION
Worldwide, diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently a major health problem. Type-1 DM is the most common type of diabetes in children and may present initially as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Patients with type-1 DM are more susceptible to develop DKA than those with type-2 DM. DKA is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, acidosis and ketosis which occur in the presence of low levels of circulating insulin. The underlying cause of type-1 DM is insulinopenia (low or absolute zero levels of insulin) due to either autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B-cells or idiopathic1,4. This type of diabetes and its association with DKA carries high rate of morbidity, mortality and health cost5,6. WHO DIAMOND project group and other studies have clearly mentioned that type-1 DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is the most prevalent and common chronic childhood disease in industrialized countries7,8. DKA as initial presentation in type-1 DM has been reported worldwide with varying prevalence as high as 67% and also up to 80% have been reported9,12. High rate of DKA, morbidity, and complications are due to the fact that most of the families are unaware of the symptoms of DKA. Parents and public awareness of these symptoms will lead to timely diagnosis of DM and prevention of DKA which is considered as acute complication of DM-1. The classic symptoms at initial presentation of type-1 DM are usually gradual, and include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and weight loss. The symptoms of DKA may be mild starting with vomiting, polyuria and dehydration symptoms. DKA in severe cases may present with abdominal pain mimicking acute appendicitis or pancreatitis and sometimes presents with rapid breathing and Kaussmaul’s breathing followed by obtundation of consciousness and ultimately coma. In Saudi Arabia, families with inadequate knowledge about diabetes, especially in pediatric age groups, fail to recognize symptoms of DM. Hence, their children may persist to suffer from the disease and fail to seek medical advice until they present with DKA. Furthermore the primary health care providers may miss these symptoms especially in the presence of common acute infections such as URTI, GE or UTI. This is alarming as DKA carries high risk and complications if not timely diagnosed13,15. There are few studies from Saudi Arabia (Northwest and Madina Regions) and also Gulf Region for DKA at initial presentation16,19. However, there are no large scale studies at tertiary care diabetes center from Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia. So, we aimed from this study is to review the patients in Aseer Region who presented with DKA as an initial presentation of type-1 DM.
METHODS
This is a retrospective analytical study done in Aseer Diabetes Center of Aseer Central Hospital which is the largest tertiary care diabetes center in Aseer Region (Southwestern) of Saudi Arabia. Diabetic patients from all primary health care centers (PHCCs) are usually referred to Aseer Diabetes Center (ADC) for follow up after initial diagnosis. ADC has catchment area of 20 secondary care hospitals and 285 primary health care centers. ADC is equipped with all modern health care facilities.
In this 7 year study, retrospectively we reviewed and analyzed the records of diabetic patients seen regularly in Aseer Diabetes Center, from February 2006 till January 2013. The study was approved by the hospital research committee.
Only type-1 DM children (aged Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1057http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1057
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareAN EXTREMELY RARE AND A VERY INTERESTING REPORT OF ENDOSCOPIC IMAGES OF Y-SHAPED MATING OF MALE AND FEMALE HOOKWORMS
English4751Govindarajalu GanesanEnglishEndoscopic images of mating of male and female hookworms have not been reported so far and are reported here for the first time. The endoscopic images clearly show important differences between the male and female hookworms. The images show that the male hookworm is shorter than the female hookworm. The images also show that the tail of the male hookworm is broad and expanded while the tail of the female hookworm is narrow and pointed. This is due to the presence of broad, expanded copulatory bursa in male’s tail which absent in the female’s tail. The endoscopic images clearly show that mating of male and female hookworms occur at a y-shaped angle. This is due to the difference in the position of male and female genital openings. Also, dorsal bend of the head (hook) and S-shape of the hookworm are clearly seen in the endoscopic images.
EnglishEndoscopic images, male and female hookworms, y- shaped mating, copulatory bursa in male hookworm.INTRODUCTION
There has been many reports of finding hookworms in duodenum while doing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (1-5) Rarely hookworm is also reported to occur in stomach while doing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (6,7). But endoscopic images of mating of male and female hookworms has not been reported so far, Hence an extremely rare and a very interesting report of endoscopic images of Y- shaped mating of male and female hookworms is reported here.
CASE REPORT
When upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done for a 45 year old female patient with epigastric pain who had undergone Truncal Vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy, hookworms were seen mating with one another in the gastrojejunostomy stoma (Fig 1a, 2a). Two such mating hookworms were retrieved out using biopsy forceps and immediately sent for microbiological examiniation. The microbiological examiniation identified these two hookworms as male and female Ancylostoma duodenale.
DISCUSSION
Male Ancylostoma duodenale (8 to 11 mm) is shorter than the female Ancylostoma duodenale (10 to 13 mm) (8-11) (Fig 2b). The head and its mouth is bent backwards dorsally like a hook giving the name hookworm to it (8,10) (Fig 2b). Its bent mouth gives the name Ancylostoma (Ancylo means bent, stoma means mouth) to it. Hookworm is S-shaped (Fig 1a) due to the bend at its head end. The dorsal bend of the head (hook) is seen more distinctly in the female hookworm (8)
(Fig 2b).
Due to the presence of broad, expanded copulatory bursa in male’s tail which is absent in the female’s tail, the tail of the male hookworm is broad and expanded while the tail of the female hookworm is narrow and pointed with tapered end (8-14) (Fig 1a,1b,2b). Hence, even without the aid of light microscope, just by looking at the endoscopic images of the tail of the hookworm, we can easily identify whether the hookworm is a male or female hookworm (Fig 1a,1b). This simple, but important scientific fact of identifying gender of the hookworm just by looking at the endoscopic images of the tail of the hookworm is not reported so far in the literature and is reported here for the first time.
Also, male genital opening along with the copulatory bursa is present in the tail of the male hookworm (12,14). But female genital opening or vulva is not present in the tail of the female hookworm (8,9,11,12,14). (Fig 1a) In Ancylostoma duodenale the female genital opening or vulva is located higher up in the posterior half of the body of the female hookworm. (8,9,11,12.) (Fig 1a) Thus, female’s tail neither has copulatory bursa nor has female genital opening or vulva and is narrow and pointed (8-14) (Fig1a,2b). But male’s tail has both copulatory bursa and male genital opening and is broad and expanded. (8-14) (Fig1a,1b)
The endoscopic images clearly show that mating of hookworms occur at a y-shaped angle (Fig1a, 2a). This is due to the difference in the position of male and female genital openings (8). Male genital opening along with the copulatory bursa is present in the tail of the male Ancylostoma duodenale (12,14) But, female genital opening or vulva is located higher up in the in the junction of middle 1/3rd and posterior 1/3rd of the body of the female Ancylostoma duodenale (9,12)(Fig.1b,2b). Since the male’s tail contacts the female’s body where vulva is located mating occurs at a y-shaped angle ( 8,9,12,13) (Fig 1a,1b) . Thus in Ancylostoma duodenale, male’s expanded tail with copulatory bursa envelops the vulva located in the junction of middle 1/3rd and posterior 1/3rd of the female’s body during mating assuming a Y-shaped figure
( 8,9,12,13 )(Fig 1b,2b).
The copulatory bursa is an extremely important reproductive organ present in the tail of the male hookworm and gives the characteristic expanded shape to the tail of the male hookworm (8-14) (Fig1a,1b). Structurally the copulatory bursa is made up of muscular rays (12,14) and the function of the copulatory bursa is to catch and grasp the female firmly during mating with the help of its muscular rays (12-14)(fig1b). Thus, during mating the copulatory bursa with its muscular rays expands over and envelops the vulva (14)(Fig 1b) and the sperms are inserted into the vulva . The fertilized ova (eggs) are expelled out in the human faeces.
CONCLUSION
By doing stool examination only, hookworm ova and its larvae can be seen (after culturing the ova). Hence upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is not only useful to diagnose the presence of adult hookworms, but also very useful to study the various morphological features of hookworm like its S-shape, dorsal bend of the head (hook), expanded tail of the shorter male hookworm, pointed tail of the longer female hookworm and the very interesting Y-shaped pattern of mating of hookworms as clearly shown in this present study.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1058http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1058
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareBACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF OSTEOMYELITIS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL AT VISAKHAPATNAM, ANDHRA PRADESH
English5258G. SuguneswariEnglish A. Heraman SinghEnglish Ranjan BasuEnglishObjectives: Osteomyelitis has been continuing as the most important cause of morbidity among patients with bone infections. Even though early detection of cases and advanced treatments are in process, osteomyelitis is still continued as a major problem due to treatment failures and multidrug resistance. This study was conducted to determine the bacteriological profile of osteomyelitis and their susceptibility pattern to various antimicrobial drugs. The information would guide clinicians in treating osteomyelitis at the initial level so that chronic osteomyelitis can be prevented. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 clinically diagnosed cases of osteomyelitis were included in the study. Clinical specimens like pus, pus swabs, sequestrum of bone and synovial fluid were taken and cultured aerobically. The organisms isolated were identified by routine standard operative procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Modified Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method and the results were interpreted following CLSI guidelines. Methicillin resistance was screened by using Oxacillin disks (1 mcg). Statistical analysis used: Data obtained was presented in counts and percentages and analysed with Fisher’s Exact Probability test as applicable. Results: The predominant organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (53.48%) followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (13.95%), Pseudomonas areuginosa (10.46%), Proteus mirabilis (9.30%), Acinetobacter anitratus (6.97%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.82%). Cultures were sterile in 14 % of the cases. Among the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 30.33%. were methicillin resistant (MRSA). Most of the Gram positive bacteria were susceptible to Vancomycin, Levofloxacin, Piperacillin/ Tazobactam and Imipenem whereas Gram negative bacteria were susceptible to Piperacillin / Tazobactam, Imipenem, Levofloxacin, Amikacin and Tobramycin. All Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were sensitive to Vancomycin. Conclusion: Emerging multidrug resistant strains is a major concern to treat Osteomyelitis. Appropriate selection of antibiotic would help to treat the disease successfully and limit the emergence of drug resistant strains to prevent morbidity and mortality.
EnglishOsteomyelitis, MRSA, Antimicrobial susceptibility, Multi drug resistance.INTRODCUTION
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection which occurs due to the extension from an infected joint or by direct invasion as a result of trauma or instrumentation (1). Introduction of microorganisms into the bone may occur during stabilization of the fracture, implanting prosthesis or due to trauma. Prosthetic implants create an environment which favors microbial colonization and establishment of infection successfully in the bone (2). The infective agents adhere to foreign material in the body and secrete glycocalyx that inhibits the host defense mechanism and action of antibiotics so that infection can be established which would be difficult to eradicate (3).
The incidence of osteomyelitis has been lowered to a certain extent due to the rapid diagnosis and the availability of multiple antibiotics along with modern treatment facilities(4); but still, osteomyelitis is an ongoing problem due to emergence of multi drug resistant strains among bacterial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas areuginosa .Inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics is considered as the main cause of development of drug resistance. Diagnosing the etiological agent and appropriate use of antibiotics are crucial in the treatment of infection preventing further complications (5). The present study was conducted to study the bacteriological profile of osteomyelitis along with the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns so as to establish empiric therapy guidelines at the hospital set up.
MATRIAL AND METHODS
A total of 100 clinically diagnosed cases of osteomyelitis attending the Orthopedic OPD and IPD of Andhra Medical College, a teaching and tertiary care government hospital at Visakhapatnam, during the period between Nov 2002 and Nov 2005 were included in this study. The important factors taken into consideration were the patient's age, sex, occupation, bone involved, signs, symptoms, duration of the illness and predisposing risk factors. Specimens like pus, pus swabs, sequestrum of bone, synovial fluid were collected under aseptic precautions. The samples were processed aerobically using routine standard operative procedures. The culture isolates were identified by Gram stain morphology, colony characters and biochemical reactions(6,7) . The isolates were then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the results were interpreted as per CLSI guidelines (8). Antibiotics tested were Penicillin G (10 IU ), Ampicillin (10 ug), Pipercillin (30ug), Pipercillin / Tazobactum (100/10 ug), Oxacillin (1ug), Vancomycin (30ug) , clindamycin (2 mcg), levofloxacin (5 ug), Ciprofloxacin (5ug), Erythromycin (5ug), Amikacin (30ug), Gentamycin (30 ug), tobramycin (10 ug), Co-trimoxazole (1.25/23.75 ug), Tetracycline (30 ug), ceftazidime (30 ug), cefotaxime (30 ug), ceftriaxone ( 30 ug), cefepime (30 ug), aztreonam (30 ug), imipenem (10 ug). Screenings of methicillin resistant strains was done by using Oxacillin (1ug) discs. ( HI MEDIA , MUMBAI )
Data obtained in the study is presented with counts and percentages and Fisher’s Exact Probability test was used to calculate p value.
RESULTS
Male preponderance was observed in this study and accounted for 87.5%. The age group which involved majorly with osteomyelitis was between 30-40 years ( 29 % ) followed by 20-30 years ( 23 % ) , 10-20 ( 17 % ) , 40-50 ( 15 % ) , 1-10 ( 8 % ) and 50 and above (7%). The major predisposing factor identified was accidents (53 %) , followed by post surgical wounds (26 % ) , and prosthesis and others (20 %) as shown in Table –1 and observed to be statistically significant [P value – 0.0134 ( < 0.05 ) ].
The commonest bone affected in this study was tibia with 58%, followed by femur, 31%, humerus, 3% , ulna, calcaneum, and phalanx of each 2% and radius, front temporal bones of 1% each respectively ( Table – 2 ).
Socioeconomic status of the cases was analyzed and almost 63% cases affected were from the lower income group and 37 % were from the middle income group; no involvement of higher income group with osteomyelitis was observed in this study. This could explain how the lower socioeconomic group has a relation between the occupation and the disease.
Among the hundred cases studied, culture positivity was obtained in 86 cases (86 % ). The dominant organism obtained in the present study was Staphylococcus aureus (53.48 %), and the rest of the isolates were Staphylococcus epidermidis (13.95%), Pseudomonas areuginosa (10.46 %), Proteus mirabilis (9.30 %), Acinetobacter anitratus (6.97%), Klebsiella pneumonia (5.82%) (Table –3). Among Staphylococcus species, 23.92 % were MRSA and 76.08 % were MSSA (Table – 4).
Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus species, MRSA, Gram negative bacilli / fermenter and Gram negative bacilli / non-fermenter have been presented in Table – 5 ,Table – 6, Table – 7 and Table – 8, respectively .
DISCUSSION
Osteomyelitis is one of the most inconvenient diseases among most of the developing countries like India. An increase in the emergence of drug resistant strains makes treatment even more complicated. Hence, area-wise studies on bacteriological profiles and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern are essential to guide policy on the appropriate use of antibiotics.
The incidence of osteomyelitis was observed high among males and in age groups between 20-40 years which states that the younger age groups are more accident prone in relation to their occupation. Accidents were observed to be the most common predisposing factor in this study and leads to epiphysial cell destruction and hemorrhage which in turn decreases tissue resistance (4). Postoperative wounds and prosthesis were the other risk factors observed in this study. In relation to age wise distribution, our study collaborates with the studies by Muggeridge E. Et al and differs with the study by Waldvogel F. et al which were reported maximum and minimum incidence respectively (9, 10 ).
The common bones involved in this study were lower extremities which are similar to the studies by Kaur J. et al (4) and Muggeridge E. et al (9).
Staphylococcus was the major isolate in this study which coincides with different studies by Rao PS. et al (11), Along TO. et al. (12), Fernandez E.et al (13) and Muggeridge E. et al (9) but differed by the study with Kaur, J et al (4) who observed a lower incidence in children .
Even though the gram negative organisms are increasing rapidly since longer time, still staphylococcus remained the most common isolate of osteomyelitis. On the other hand, methicillin resistant strains are aggravating the disease further. All the MRSA strains were resistant to beta-lactum drugs and multiple antibiotics. The high resistance of MRSA was observed for Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin which correlates with studies by Kaur, J et al (4) . All the MRSA strains showed 100% sensitivity to Vancomycin and 91.66 % sensitivity to Levofloxacin which correlates with the study by Kaur, J et al (4).
Our study revealed that overall Piperacillin / Tazobactum combination was the most sensitive drug among all the Gram negative bacilli followed by Imipenem, Levofloxacin, Amikacin and Aztreonam. Among the Enterobacteriaceae, Imipenem was more sensitive whereas among Non – fermenters Aztreonam and Levofloxacin were the most active drugs.
Most of the Enterobacteriaceae and GNB, Non-fermenters showed resistance against 3rd generation cephalosporins like Cephotaxim, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone etc.
The MRSA isolates showed extensive resistance to most of the commonly used antibiotics like Cefepime (100%), Erythromycin (90.9%), Tetracycline (90.9%), Co-trimoxazole (90.9%), Piperacillin / Tazobactum (81.82%), Ciprofloxacin (72.73%), and Levofloxacin ( 54.55%) .
CONCLUSION
Osteomyelitis has been the major cause of morbidity since long. Emerging multidrug resistant strains is of major concern to treat the disease. Even though gram negative bacteria are being increased significantly but still Staphylococcus aureus is being continued as a major etiological agent of osteomyelitis. Betalactamase production and methicillin resistance pose challenge in the treatment of osteomyelitis. Appropriate and judicious selection of antibiotic by using antibiotic sensitivity data would limit the emerging drug resistant strains in the future to treat the disease successfully. Our study thereby will guide the clinician in choosing appropriate antibiotics which not only contribute to better treatment but there judicious use will also help in preventing emergence of resistance to the drug which are still sensitive .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Dr. Y. Narayana Rao, Principal, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, Dr. M. Subhadra Devi, Professor and Head of the Department of Microbiology and Dr. Ambedkar, Professor and Head of the Department of Orthopedics for their constant encouragement and kind help throughout the period of work.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1059http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1059
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareSAFETY AND QUALITY ASPECTS OF REDUCING SALT CONTENT IN FOODS
English5965Ismail Balarabe BilyaminuEnglishSalt has been used since ancient times as an additive with many benefits such as preservative and antimicrobial agent and for impacting desirable sensory attributes in foods. Reports from various organisations shows that its consumption in recent times has been above the recommended daily intake and this has been linked with the rising cases of high blood pressure leading to cardiovascular diseases. Salt reduction strategies have been developed by various organisations and governments to ensure significant salt reduction while not compromising the safety and quality purposes of its use in foods.
Englishrecommended daily allowance, safety, salt reductionINTRODUCTION Salt is defined as a pure white crystalline dietary mineral use as a condiment on the dining table (Jacobson, 2005). Salt is the most popular seasoning found in many foods occurring either naturally or added during food processing to give the desirable taste and texture (Shee et al., 2010). Nutritionally, salt is a regulator of extracellular volume, maintain acid-base balance, neural transmission, renal functions, cardiac output and mycotoxic contractions (Dotsch et al., 2009). Chloride and sodium ions form the two major constituents of salt and are needed by living creatures in trace amounts for regulating fluid equilibrium of the body and sodium itself is useful in the nervous system for electrical signalling (Caldwell et al., 2000).
The use of salt for food preservation was an empirically developed practice dating back thousands of years (Stringer and Pin 2005). Salt acts as a food preservative which inhibits growth pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms allowing the nutritional value of foods such as meat, fish and vegetables to be prolonged from times of abundance to times of shortage [Stringer and Pin 2005; Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of United States (CDC) 2009]. However, the consumption of salt has been on the increase in this modern time and concerns have risen over the years on the health risks associated with its high intake which includes increase in blood pressure to the consuming individuals. Some health authorities such as American Heart Association (AHA) (2010) looking at the increasing trend in salt intake have recommended a reduction of dietary salt to avoid the aforementioned health risks. The United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (2010) recommends a daily intake of not higher than 3750-5750mg of salt (1500-2300mg of Sodium) while in the UK it is targeted at not more than 6g/day [Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) 2003].
The reduction of salt content in foods has been a topic of extreme international interest discussed under various platforms by the world health organisations to review its link with the health related issues (WHO, 2007; Dolye and Glass, 2010). The aim of these strategies was to make sure that member countries are aware of the
prospects and constraints of the use of salt in foods and to take measures which will alleviate the perceived negative effects. It is very crucial however to understand that all efforts aiming at reducing salt content in foods must be balanced with novel purpose of salting in many foods.
The purpose of this review is to critically overview the effects of salt reduction on food safety and quality with a view of finding suitable approach to follow to achieve the desired objectives. It will also look at various policies and strategies formulated by governments and stakeholders to ensure that the perceived health effects of high salt intake in foods has been minimised while not compromising the safety and quality of foods.
Effects of salt reduction in foods to human health
There has been a renewal of interest in recent times in the reduction of salt in foods driven by convincing evidence that its excessive intake is a major cause of high blood pressure (Karppanen and Mervaala 2005; Dickinson and Havas, 2007; He and MacGregor, 2008) and by decreasing intake of salt in the diet, hypertension which lead to cardiovascular disease could be prevented (Cutler and Roccella, 2006; Cook et al., 2007; Liem et al., 2011)
It has been estimated that, 62% of Cardiovascular Disease and 49% Schaemic Heart Disease was reported to be caused by high blood pressure (WHO, 2006; He and MacGregor, 2010). High salt consumption has also been connected with other health effects like gastric cancer (Tsugane et al., 2004); decrease of bone mineral concentration (Devine et al., 1995) and certainly obesity (He and MacGregor, 2008).
Asaria et al., (2007) estimated that 8.5 million cardiovascular- related death incidences could be prevented globally with 15% decrease in population salt consumption for ten years. Additionally, analysis conducted by the World Health Organisation concluded that salt intake reduction is the most cost effective method of preventing cardiovascular disease world-wide (WHO, 2006; WHO, 2007).
Effects of salt reduction from the food safety point of view
The prevention and control of foodborne disease causing pathogens is mandatory especially for higher risk people such as the young and elderly, pregnant women and immunocompromised. Over 5000 deaths were estimated to occur annually due to foodborne illness (Mead et al., 1999).
Taormina (2010) reported that the microbiological food safety and quality effects of salt reduction in foods obtain little attention in both peer-reviewed literature and media in comparison to that dedicated to cardiovascular health potential impacts. His claim was that food safety could be weakened accidentally as a result of salt reduction in foods which in turn decrease a key barrier against foodborne pathogens. The removal or reduction of salt could have effects that will not be present till after the system is applied (Taormina, 2010).
Antimicrobial function of salt in foods
In addition to flavour and other sensory quality improvement, salt plays a vital role in regulating microbial growth especially in refrigerated “ready-to-eat” (RTE) foods. The shelf-life stability of RTE foods is due to salt and moisture content (Taormina, 2010).The antimicrobial function of salt helps in shelf-life extension of foods by exerting drying effects and as a result water is drawn out of the cells of both microbes and food by the process of osmosis (Doyle and Glass 2010). The amount of salt required for the antimicrobial functions varies with species with Campylobacter being highly sensitive (Dolye and Roman, 1982). The minimum aw for growth of foodborne pathogens and the effect of salt in aw as before reduction in comparison with the other humectants is presented in Tables I and II, respectively.
Effect of salt reduction on food quality
Although high salt intake has been linked to hypertension leading to cardiovascular diseases, there have been deliberations on the effects of salt reduction on the quality attributes of food products. These attributes include taste, texture and consumer acceptability of the products; other quality parameters include moisture, fat and pH; and also processing conditions would be affected (Dotsch et al., 2009).
Salt plays a vital role in the food manufacturing process as an additive which enhances flavours, increases consumer acceptability and performs desirable functions in foods (Kilcast and den Ridder, 2007). These desirable functions can be dough formation in bread production, preservation and binding of water in meats and primarily for sensory improvement in some foods (Hutton, 2002).
In addition, in bread production, salt minimises yeast growth and allow for gluten development and therefore its reduction could lead to increase in yeast growth and negatively affects the texture of bread. However, by changing the mixing and mechanical operations as well as reduction in yeast used, these effects could be reduced to some extent (Cauvain, 2007). Analysis of rheological effects of salt reduction on dough and baking quality or organoleptic attributes showed no significant change at reduced salt concentrations (Cauvain, 2007), but complete removal may result in bad flavours and reduce dough and baking qualities (Lynch et al., 2009). All these facts must therefore be taken into consideration before significant reduction of salt to a safer level becomes possible.
Current improvements in salt reduction and proposed substitute methods
Various governments and other stakeholders in the food industry are highly concerned about salt reduction and these resulted in modelling of various innovative approaches for significant reduction of salt intake by consumers and the development of substitute methods which pose no health risks. These include initiatives on using ingredients such as different mineral salts like potassium chloride, extract from yeast and flavour improvers which give similar organoleptic attributes (Wallis and Chapman, 2012).
Many methods of salt reduction have been developed which may include gradual reduction of salt in foods over a period of time “reduction by stealth”, changing the matrix of food or emulsions and introduction of aroma that give an identical salty taste to consumers (Kilcast and denRidder, 2007; Wallis and Chapman, 2012). The strategy for salt reduction by stealth has recorded achievements with significant reduction of salt in processed foods been successful in the past three years by 20-30% and more is expected to meet the target of 6g/day by 2012 (He and MacGregor, 2008). It is also generally effective as no attitudinal change is needed from consumers and this has led to a more significant reduction by approximately 1g/day in the UK population (Kilcast and denRidder, 2007).
Various achievements in salt reduction have been recorded in the UK. This is presented in Table III.
FDF- Food and Drink Federation; BCCC- British Chocolate, Cake and Confectionery; SNACMA- Snacks Nuts and Crisps Manufacturers Association; ACMF-Association of Cereal Foods Manufacturers; N/A: Information not available. Sources: [European Commission (2008) and Food Standards Agency (2010)] CONCLUSION Salt is an essential nutrient and important ingredient for the production of safe foods with an acceptable organoleptic attributes and extended shelf life. However, analysis has indicated that its consumption in recent times has been above the recommended amount and therefore reduction is essential to reduce the occurrence of health related diseases (Dolye and Glass, 2010). Salt preserves foods by reducing water activity and inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and therefore its reduction in foods may have adverse results on food safety. It is therefore essential to reformulate foods, adjust processing and storage conditions and reduce shelf-life of food products to ensure the safety (Stringer and Pin 2005). The use of substitutes to replace salt has also been established to be an effective approach to reducing salt in foods. Example is the use of potassium chloride which acts like salt giving the desirable attributes and inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in a similar way to salt (Guardia et al. 2006). The importance of salt in ensuring safety and quality of foods is an essential factor to be considered. Hence this review recommends the following:
I.Need for research to identify the real implication of reducing salt in preparation and serving of foods on its shelf life and microbial safety.
II. Determine the efficiency of the proposed substitutes and cost implications on the overall food processing and supply chain. This will give a clear direction to follow without
compromising any of the effects of salt reduction on the quality and safety of foods.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1060http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1060
American Heart Association (2010) Dietary Guidelines. Available from:http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/publications/DietaryGuidelines/meeting2/commentAttachement/AHA-220.pdf (accessed 20 February 2013).
Asaria P, Chishlom D, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Beaglehole R. Chronic disease prevention: health effects and financial cost of strategies to reduce salt intake and control tobacco use.The Lancet 2007; 370: 2044-2053.
Caldwell JH, Scaller KL, Lasher RS, Peles E, Levinson SR. Sodium channel Nav1.6 is localized at nodes of Ranvier, dendrites and synapse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000; 97: 5616-5620.
Cauvain SP. Reduced salt in bread and other baked products. In Kilcast D, Angus F, editors. Reducing Salt in Foods. USA: CRC Press; 2007. p. 283-295.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2009) Application of lower sodium intake recommendations to adults-United States, 1999-2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 2009; 58:281-3.
Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SM, Appel LJ, et al. Long-terms effects of dietary sodium reductions on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention. British Medical Journal 2007; 334:885-892.
Cutler JA, Rocella EJ. Salt reduction for preventing hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a population approach should include children. Journal of Hypertension 2006; 48:818-19.
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Dolye ME, Glass KA. Sodium reduction and its effect on food safety, food quality and human health.Comprehensive Review in Food Science and Food Safety 2010; 9: 44-56.
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Dotsch M, Busch J, Batenburg M, Liem G, Tareilus E, Mueller R, et al. Strategies to reduce sodium consumption: a food industry perspective. Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition 2009; 49: 841-51.
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Guardia MD, Guerrero L, Gelabert J, Gou P, Arnau J. Consumer attitude towards sodium reduction in meat products and acceptability of fermented sausages with reduced sodium content. Journal of Meat Science 2006; 73:484-90.
He, F. MacGregor GA. A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of world-wide salt reduction programmes. Journal of Human Hypertension 2008; 23:1-22.
He F, MacGregor, GA. Reducing population salt intake world-wide: from evidence to implementation. Progress on Cardiovascular Disease 2010; 52:363-82.
Hutton T. Sodium technological functions of salt in the manufacture of food and drink products. British Food Journal 2002; 104:126-52.
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Kilcast D, danRidder C. Sensory issues in reducing salt in food products. In Kilcast D, Angus F. Reducing Salt in Foods- Practical Strategies. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing; 2007. p. 201-20,
Liem DG, Miremadi F, Keast RSJ. Reducing salt in foods: the effect on flavour. Journal of Nutrients 2011; 3: 694-711.
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Stringer SC, Pin C. Microbial risks associated with salt reduction in certain foods and alternative options for preservation. Technical Report. Norwich: Institute of Food Research; 2004. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/acm740a.pdf (accessed 5 March 2013).
Taormina PJ. Implication of salt and sodium reduction on microbial food safety. Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition 2010; 50:209-27.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareEFFECT OF PYRIPROXYFEN ON FUNCTION AND TISSUE OF TESTIS IN ADULT RAT
English6674Ghavami Mehrnoush English Shariati Mehrdad English Khatamsaz SaeidEnglishObjective: Pyriproxyfen is a pyridine insecticide and used in agriculture widely. Extensive application
of pyriproxyfen to control annual insect pest in agriculture, horticulture and horn garden, leads to
environmental pollution and its entrance into the food chain could have determined effects on human
and other species. In this research the effects of pyriproxyfen on reproductive parameters of the male
rats including serum LH, FSH, testosterone levels, and changes in testicular tissue and body weight
were investigated.
Methods: For this purpose 250 ? 5g male Wistar strain rats (n = 50) were randomly collected and
divided into 5 group of 10, including control, sham (received distilled water 70%+ethanol 20%+aceton
10%as a solvent), and three experimental groups which received 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg/bw
pyriproxyfen orally. After 28 days, body and testis weight were measured and blood samples were
taken from heart and used for measurement of LH, FSH and testosterone levels. To evaluate
histological changes, testes were removed and weighed and, after obtaining tissue section, stained by H
and E method.
Results: Serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels showed significant decreasing in experimental groups
(p ? 0.05). There was significant decreasing in the number of germinal and somatic cells in testis in
experimental groups. There was also a significant decreasing in body and testis weight in experimental
groups, as compared to control group.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that oral administration of pyriproxyfen could reduction
gonadotropins and testosterone hormone levels and also this insecticide might have hazardous effects
on testis tissue.
EnglishPyriproxyfen,Testosterone, Gonadotropins, Testis, RatINTRODUCTION
One of the most disquieting discoveries in recent years concerns the possible roles of environmental chemicals on endocrine systems (1-3). Endocrine systems coordinate and regulate many important body functions such as growth and maturation, behavior, reproduction and embryo development. They do this by making and releasing hormones which act as "chemical messengers"(1-3)
Endocrine systems can be affected by certain substances outside of the body, both naturally-occurring and artificial. By interfering with the normal communication between the messenger and the cell receptors, the chemical message is misinterpreted, generating abnormal response(s) in the body.
The number of substances believed to act as endocrine disruptors is wide and varied, including both natural and synthetic materials. Concern arises because potential endocrine disruptors may be present in the environment, unrecognized but possibly able to cause effects at low concentrations.
Synthetic chemicals suspected as endocrine disruptors may reach humans and animals in a variety of ways. Some, such as insecticides, are released intentionally (1-3).
These days insecticide usage has become more widespread as new ways to harvest more crops and control weed are used so humans are exposed to a wide variety of insecticides. Therefore it is necessary to notice the possible hazardous effects of these insecticides on human health.
In this article we have investigated the effects of one of the most current insecticides, called pyriproxyfen, on LH, FSH and testosterone hormone levels and testis histological changes in adult rats. Pyriproxyfen is a pyridine insecticide used in agriculture widely. It enters insects and inhibits insect maturation process from cell division to elongation (a juvenile hormone mimic). Extensive application of pyriproxyfen to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in agriculture, horticulture and home gardens leads to environmental pollution and its entrance into the food chain could have detrimental effects on human and other species.
We selected pyriproxyfen because of the following important points:
1- Excessive usage of this pesticide in recent years.
2- Low solubility in water and high stability in the environment may lead pyriproxyfen entering into the body via fruits and vegetable feeding by human and domestics.
3- Potential effects of as pyriproxyfen an endocrine disrupting chemical.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In our experimental study, the effects of pyriproxyfen on reproductive parameters of male Wistar strain rats were investigated. For this purpose, 40 adult male rats with the average age of 2.5-3 months and 250 grams weight were randomly divided in 5 groups of 10: control, sham and three experimental groups 1, 2, and 3.
The 5 groups of rats were kept in special polycarbonate cages under the same conditions of unlimited water and special squeezed food. The temperature range and light and dark cycle were between 20-25°C and 12 hours respectively.
The rats in the experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 received 1000, 2000 and 4000 grams pyriproxyfen per kilograms live weight per day (mg⁄kg/day) respectively. The control group left untreated and the sham received solvent (distilled water 70%+ethanol 20%+aceton 10%). Everyday pyriproxyfen was administered orally via syringes equipped with feeder.
The rats were weighed at the end of day 28 and then under anesthesia by ether, blood was taken from the heart. Each group's blood samples were centrifuged at the rate of 5000 per min. in order to separate blood serum.
Serum concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by special rat kits using the ELISA method. For histological studies of testis tissue, the testes were removed, weighed and kept in formalin for 17-18 hours and then microscopic slides were prepared and stained by Hematoxylin – Eosin method.
Finally, the data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS software. The means of the sham and experimental groups were compared with the control group using the ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests. PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1061http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1061
Bervini TA, Zanetto SB, Cillo F. Effect of endocrine disruptors on developmental and reproductive functions .Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2005;5(1):1-10.
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Elobeid MA, Allison DB. Putative environmental endocrine disruptors and obesity .Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008;15 (5):403-408.
Zitzmann M. Effect of testosterone replacement and its pharmacogenetics on physical performance and metabolism .Asian J Andrology 2008;10(3):364-372.
Wade AP, Wilkinson GS, Davis JC, Jeffcoate TN. The metabolism of testosterone, androstendione and oesterone by testes from a case of testicular feminization .J Endocrinol 1968;42(3):391-403.
Franc M, Genchi C, Bouhsira E, Warin S, Kaltsatos V, Baduel L, Genchi M. Efficacy of dinotefuran,permithin and pyriproxyfen combination spot-on against Ades aegypti mosquitoes on dogs .Vet Parasitol 2012;189(2-4): 333-337.
Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Zappaterreno A, Iannucci CV, Leonetti F. Relationship of thyroid function with body mass index ,leptin, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin in euthyroid obese woman .Clin Endocrinol(Oxf) 2005;62(4):487-491.
Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Rasmussen LB, Bulow I, Perrild H, Ovesen L, et al. Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population .J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(7):4019-4024.
Fraser R, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, Morrison C, Davies E, Connell JM. Cortisol effect on body mass, blood pressure and cholesterol in the general population. Hypertension 1999;33(6):1364-1368.
Choi SM, Lee BM. An alternative mode of action of endocrine disrupting chemicals and chemoprevention. J Toxicol Environ Health 2004;7(6):451-463.
Sial AA, Brunner JF. Lethal and sublethal effects of an insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, on Obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidopetra Torti). J Econ Entomol 2010;103 (2):340-347.
Toppari J, Larsen GC, Christiansen P, Giwercman A, Grandjean P, Guillette LJ, et al. Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environ Health Perspect 1996;104 (4):741-803.
Debus N, Breen KM, Barrell GK, Billings HJ, Brown M, Young EA, et al. Does cortisol mediate endotoxin induced inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion? Endocrinology 2002;143(10):3748-3758.
Tassou KT, Schulz R. Effect of the insect growth regulatory pyriproxyfen in a two-generation test with chironomus riparius. Ecotoxicol environment 2009;72 (4):1058-1062.
Breen KM, Billings HJ, Wagenmaker ER, Wessinger EW, Karsch FG. Endocrine basis for disruptive effects of cortisol on preovulatory events. Endocrinology 2005;146(4):2107-2115.
Bambino TH, Hsueh AJ. Direct inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids upon testicular luteinizing hormone receptor and steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 1981; 108(6): 2142-2148.
Juinewicz PE, Johnson BH, Bolt DJ. Effect of adrenal steroids on testosterone and luteinizing hormone secretion in the ram. Andrology 1987; 8(3): 190-196.
Norman RL. Effect of corticotropin- releasing hormone on luteinizing hormone, testosterone and cortisol secretion in intact male rhesus macaques.Biol Reprod 1993; 79(1): 148-153.
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Shanker DS, Kulkarni RS. Effects of cortisol on testis freshwater fish Notopterus notopterus (pallas).Indian J Expl Biol 2000; 38(12): 1227-1230.
Consten D, Keuning ED, Terlou M, Lambert JGD, Goos HJT. Cortisol effects on the testicular androgen synthesizing capacity in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Fish Physiol Biochem 2001; 25(2): 91-98.
Mikamo E, Harada S, Nishikawa J, Nishihara T. Endocrine disruptors induce cytochrome P450 by affecting transcriptional regulation via pregnane X receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003;193(1): 66-72.
Tabb MM, Blumberg B. New modes of action for endocrine-disrupting chemicals .Mol Endocrinol 2006;20(3):475-482.
Guillette LJ. Endocrine disrupting contaminants beyond the Dogma. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114(1):9-12.
Toell A, Kroncke KD, Kleinert H, Carlberg C. Orphan nuclear receptor binding site in the human inducible nitric oxide synthesis promoter mediats responsiveness to steroid and xenobiotic ligands. J Cell Biochem 2002; 85(1): 72-82.
Del Punta K, Charreau EH, Pignataro OP. Nitric oxide inhibits leydig cell steroidogenesis.Endocrinology 1996; 137(12): 5337-5343.
Pomerantz DK, Pitelka V. Nitric oxide is a mediator of the inhibitory effect of activated macrophages on production of androgen by the leydig cell of the mouse. Endocrinology 1998; 139(3): 3922-3931.
O’Bryan MK, Schlatt S, Gerdprasert O, Phillips DJ, Kretser DM, Hedger MP. Inducible nitric oxide synthesis in the rat testis: evidence for potential roles in both normal function and inflammation- mediated infertility. Biol Reprod 2000; 63(5): 1285-1293.
Pontecorvo G, Fantaccione S. Recombinogenic activity of 10 chemical compounds in male germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2006; 65(1): 93-101.
Ishikawa T, Kondo Y, Goda K, Fujisawa M. Overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis in transgenic mice accelerates testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by experimental cryptorchidism.J Androl 2005; 26(2):281-288.
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Lee NP, Cheng CY. Nitric oxide/nitric oxide synthesis, spermatogenesis and tight junction dynamics. Biol Reprod 2004;70(2):267-276.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareTRICHOSPORON ASAHII, AN EMERGING NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGEN: ARE WE AWARE?
English7580Sanjay Kumar MallickEnglish Silpi BasakEnglish Monali N. RajurkarEnglishBackground and Objective: Trichosporon asahii are basidiomycetous yeast-like anamorphic organisms and presently that are widely distributed in nature and found predominantly in tropical and temperate areas. Now it has been considered as an emerging nosoocomial pathogen with increasing morbidity and mortality. Urinary tract infections due to Trichosporon asahii, are frequently associated with indwelling medical devices. Very few studies have reported Trichosporon asahii infections from India. Here, we present four cases of nosocomial urinary tract infections due to Trichosporon asahii, with an update on Trichosporon asahii. Methods: All 4 patients were admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and were catheterized. The patient’s urine samples were sent to Microbiology department for microscopical examination and culture. The urine samples were cultured on blood agar, Mac Conkey’s agar and Sabbouraud’s dextrose agar. Results: The growth on culture was identified as T. asahii by conventional tests and VITEK ID – YST card test. Conclusion: The diagnosis of Trichosporon asahii is likely to be missed particularly in developing countries, because of a general lack of awareness and lack of acquaintance with its salient diagnostic features. All budding yeast cells observed in urine is not due to Candida species and there lie the importance of culture and different diagnostic test for Trochosporonosis.
EnglishTrichosporon asahii, Nosocomial urinary tract infection, Antifungal therapy, Emerging pathogenINTRODUCTION
The genus Trichosporon has a long and controversial history. It was first designated in 1865 by Beigel, who observed this microorganism causing a benign hair infection. The word Trichosporon has been derived from the Greekword and represents a combination of Trichos (hair) and sporon (spores). Trichosporon is a genus of anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast widely distributed in nature and which can form part of normal flora of oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and genital tract [1]. Recently, Silvestre et al. have found that 11% of their 1,004 healthy male volunteers were colonized by Trichosporon species on their normal perigenital skin (scrotal, perianal and inguinal site of the body) [2]. Trichosporon sp belongs to a medically important fungus that is associated with mucosa-associated and superficial infections in immunocompetent host [3,4]. These arthroconidial yeasts are well known as causative agents of white piedra (meaning “stone” in Spanish), and
onychomycosis, but they are also reported to be opportunistic pathogens causing deep-seated and widely disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients [5,6]. Disseminated infection due to Trichosporon species is one of the emerging mycoses in neutropenic patients, particularly when they are treated for haematological malignancy with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive therapy [7, 8]. Diagnosis of trichosporonosis is difficult and is often not confirmed until autopsy.
The diagnosis of Trichosporonosis is likely to be missed, particularly in developing countries, because of a general lack of awareness and lack of acquaintance with the salient diagnostic features of the etiologic agent. In the past, only one species Trichosporon beigelli was considered as pathogenic for man. But with DNA studies and ultrastructural studies taxonomic classification includes several species of Trichosporon. Identification of species from the Trichosporon genus by conventional methods is often difficult and is frequently inconclusive. This situation is further complicated by the lack of in vitro standardized antifungal sensitivity tests. These obstacles have resulted in the limited availability of information on the epidemiology, diagnosis and therapeutics of trichosporonosis [4,5]. Barring a few sporadic case reports, there is no information on the prevalence of trichosporonosis in India [9,10,11]. Here, we report four cases of nosocomial urinary tract infections caused by Trichosporon asahii with an update.
CASE REPORT
Patient 1: An 81-year-old hypertensive woman with cerebral infarct leading to right sided hemiplegia was admitted to Medicine ICU. As per medical records she was a diabetic and hypertensive, not on any sort of immunosuppressive medication and was HIV seronegative. On admission the patient was catheterized immediately and put on intravenous ceftriaxone therapy and placed on mechanical ventilation. Her hospital course was subsequently complicated by upper respiratory infection with Acinetobacter baumannii, which was treated with ceftazidime followed by imipenem.
Patient 2: A 52-year-old woman having accidental insecticide poisoning was admitted to Medicine ICU. After four days of stay in the intensive care unit, her general condition was deteriorated and she had pyrexia of 102o F. Her blood parameters were as follows: Haemoglobin (Hb) 6.8 g/dL, Total leucocyte count (TLC) 12,840/mL (neutrophil 78%, lymphocyte 14%, monocyte 8% and eosinophil 0%). Serum urea 48 mg/dL, serum creatinine 2.1 mg/dL. Routine examination of urine, revealed pus cells in clumps and leucocyte esterase was positive. Her blood culture and urine culture was sent to Microbiology laboratory.
Patient 3: A 45-year-old man with a history of Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was admitted to Trauma ICU following an accident. The patient was also catheterized on admission. On physical examination his general condition was found satisfactory but he had pyrexia of 1010F. His blood parameters were as follows: Hb 12.8g/dL, TLC 8700/mL (Neutrophil 54%, Lymphocyte 40%, Monocyte 02%, Eosinophil 04%). Serum urea 36 mg/dL, serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL, Plasma Glucose level fasting was 230 mg/dl and serum electrolytes (Na+ 137 mmol/L and Cl 92 mmol/L).
Patient 4: A 73-year-old man with a history of NIDDM, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease was admitted to Medicine ICU in a comatose state following cerebellar hemorrhage and placed on mechanical ventilation along with IV fluids infusion and catheterization. On physical examination he was found to be severely ill, dyspnoeic at rest, anaemic and had pyrexia of 102o F. His haemoglobin was 7.2 gm/dL, leucocyte count 9800/mL, platelets 41000/mL. The patient’s
blood culture was sent and serological tests for Dengue were done which was negative.
As a routine, on 7th day of ICU stay all those three (no.1, 3 and 4) patients’ urine sample was sent for routine microscopical examination and culture andsensitivity tests. The 2nd patient’s urne sample was sent to Microbiology laboratory on 4th day of ICU stay for the same tests. Under microscopical examination all the 4 patients’ urine sample showed plenty of pus cells and budding yeast like cells. Hence, urine samples were inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey’s agar, Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide and Hi chrome Candida agar and the plates were incubated at 370 C. Another SDA plate was incubated at 220 C also.
After overnight incubation, on Blood agar, tiny creamy white colonies were observed and on MacConkey’s agar there was no growth. On SDA plates (at 220C and 370C) tiny creamy white, wrinkled yeast like colonies were grown [Figure-1]. On 5th day deep furrow was observed in the colonies grown on SDA plates. On chrome agar dry wrinkled colonies which were light blue in colour was observed. Gram’s staining of the colony grown on all the plates were done which revealed Gram positive budding yeast cells with septate hyphae and arthrospores [Figure 2]. The diagnosis of Trichosporon sp was established by demonstration of yeast forms in the microscopical examination of urine and budding yeast cells and arthroconidia in the cultures.
The species identification of Trichosporon asahii was based upon verification of its salient diagnostic morphological and physiological characteristics, employing the standard techniques [12]. Slide culture on 2% malt agar showed budding yeast like cells and true hyphae forming abundant rectangular arthroconidia. The isolates were also tested for (i) resistance to 0.1% cycloheximide, (ii) growth at 37oC, and 45oC on SDA. (iii) Diazonium blue B colour reaction (iv) urease activity on Christensen’s urea medium, (v) carbohydrate and nitrogen assimilation profiles as determined by the Vitek 2 (BioMerieux, France) yeast identification system [13].
The VITEK ID-YST card consists of 64 wells with 47 fluorescent biochemical tests. They comprise 20 carbohydrate assimilation tests: adonitol (ribitol), D-trehalose, D-cellobiose, dulcitol, D-galactose, D-glucose, lactose, D-maltose, D-mannitol, D-melibiose, D-melezitose, palatinose, D-raffinose, L-rhamnose, sucrose, salicine, L-sorbose, D-sorbitol, D-L-lactate, and succinate. The six organic acid assimilation tests are N-acetyl-glucosamine, methyl- a-D-glucopyranoside, citrate, D-galacturonate, D-gluconate, and mono-methylester- succinate. The eight substrates for the detection of the oxidases are coupled with 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU).
The isolates were grown in presence of 0.1% cyloheximide, hydrolysed urea, Diazonium blue B reaction positive and grown at 370 C but not at 450C (2). Slide culture on 50% glucose peptone agar showed thick walled structure resembling chlamydoconidia.
Trichosporon species differ from Candida species in several respects that they do not produce a germ tube, as does Candida albicans; they can form both hyaline septate hyphae as well as pseudohyphae; and they produce arthroconidia [14]. It is very important that Trichosporon and Geotrichum species both can produce arthroconidia. But Trichosporon sp. differ from Geotrichum sp. that Trichosporon sp. can hydrolyse urea but Geotrichum sp. cannot [15].
Two more consecutive urine samples of the patients were obtained and analyzed. Isolation of Trichosporon asahii in these two consecutive urine samples with a significant number of pus cells (15-20/HPF) and absence of any bacteria isolated established Trichosporon asahii as an etiological agent of UTI in these patients. All the 4 patients’ blood culture was sterile. Out of these 4 patients, 3 patients recovered after antifungal treatment.
DISCUSSION
The source of superficial and deep-seated Trichosporon infections is still the subject of considerable debate. The mode of transmission increase in profoundly immunocompromized patients. Trichosporon spp. is one of the emerging mycoses, and Urinary tract infections by Trichosporon asahii may also occur, especially in patients with urinary tract obstruction or those undergoing catheterization and on prolonged antibiotic therapy. These infections represent a challenge for clinicians, as there are no clear and specific indications for the clinical interpretation of Trichosporon spp. Recovery in urine, although unusual, renal damage and aggravation of renal dysfunction may occur [16]. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report from India implicating Trichosporon asahii as an agent of urinary tract infection in catheterized patient. Isolation of the same yeast in three consecutive urine samples and the fact that no bacteria was isolated, establishes Trichosporon asahii as an etiological agent of urinary tract infection in those patients. The fact that there was clearance of organisms from the urinary tract with recovery of three patients following antifungal treatment strongly associates the fungi as a cause of UTI.
Factors that enhance mucosal colonization and subsequent invasion of Trichosporon spp. include morphological switching, the ability to adhere to abiotic surfaces by biofilm formation around the catheter, thermotolerance, the expression of cell wall components, enzyme production and broad spectrum antibiotic treatment, breaks in mucosal barriers etc. [17]. All the 4 patients exhibited risk factors such as low immune status, presence of indwelling catheter and prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics etc.
Trichosporon spp. are occasionally a part of normal flora of human skin. In fact this yeast has been documented on intact perigenital skin in 12.4% of the population in one study [18]. Therefore, it is possible that the organism colonized the catheter from the human flora during catheterization and subsequently progressed towards invasive trichosporonosis. Nosocomial urinary tract infection due to Trichosporon asahii has been reported from Chile also [19].
Trichosporonosis is usually an insidious disease but it can present as an acute opportunistic infection in susceptible persons. Clinicians, therefore, need to have an increased awareness of this organism and to note that trichosporonosis may appear similar to disseminated candidiasis both in its clinical and histopathologic appearance and in the type of patient infected. Treatment at this time appears to be less effective, and the mortality rate is high. Its diagnosis is likely to be missed particularly in developing countries, because of a general lack of awareness and lack of acquaintance with the salient diagnostic features of the etiological agent.
CONCLUSION
We hereby conclude, that as a Clinical Microbiologists we must be aware that Trichosporon asahii is an emerging pathogen to cause Nosocomial or Health Care Associated Infection (HAI) which is difficult to treat and can only be detected if specific tests are done to differentiate it from Candida species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to The Director of Anandalok Sonoscan center Pvt. Ltd. Siliguri, West Bengal, for allowing them to use Vitek2 compact system for this work.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1062http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1062
Middelhoven, W.J.; Scorzetti, G.; Fell, J.W. (1999). Trichosporon guehoae sp nov., an anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast. Can J Microbiol. 45, 686-690.
Silvestre A.M., Miranda M.A.R. and Camargo Z.P. (2010) Trichosporon species isolated from the perigenital region, urineand catheters of a Brazilian population. Braz. J. Microbiol. 41:628-634
Hoy, J.; Hsu, K.C.; Rolston, K.; Hopfer, R.L.; Luna, M.; Bodey, G.P. (1986) Trichosporon beigelii infection: a review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 8, 959-967.
Gueho, E.; Smith, M.T.; de Hoog, G.S.; Billon-Grand, G.; Christen, R.; Batenburg-van der Vegte, W.H. (1992). Contributions to a revision of the genus Trichosporon. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 61, 289-316.
Chagas-Neto, T.C.; Chaves G.M.; Melo, A.S.A.; Colombo, A.L. (2009). Bloodstream infections due to Trichosporon spp.: Species distribution, Trichosporon asahii genotypes determined on the basis of ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer 1 sequencing, and antifungal susceptibility testing. J. Clin. Microbiol., 47, 1074-1081
Gross, J.W.; Kan, V.L. (2008). Trichosporon asahii infection in an advanced AIDS patient and literature review. AIDS. 22, 793-795.
Walsh TJ, Newman KR, Moody M, Wharton RC, Wade JC. Trichosporonosis in patients with neoplastic disease. Medicine 1986;65:268-279
Herbrecht R, Koenig H, Waller J, Liu KL, Gueho E. Trichosporon infections: clinical manifestations and treatment. J Mycol Med 1993;3:129-136
Mussa AY, Singh VK, Randhawa HS, Khan ZU. Disseminated fatal trichosporonosis: First case due to Trichosporon inkin. J Mycol Med 1998;8:196-199
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Wolf DG, Falk R, Hacham M, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Scorzetti G, et al. Multidrug-Resistant Trichosporon asahii Infection of Nongranulocytic Patients in Three Intensive Care Units . J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39 :4420-5.
Pini G, Faggi E, Donato R, Fanci R. Isolation of Trichosporon in a hematology ward. Mycoses 2005; 48 :45-9.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareUTILIZATION OF THE KISHORI SHAKTI YOJANA SERVICES BY THE ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN URBAN SLUM OF MUMBAI
English8188Shobha KowliEnglish Padmavathi DyavarishettyEnglishObjectives: Kishori Shakti Yojana, a programme under the Integrated Child Development Scheme aims to improve nutritional status of the girls and empower the adolescent girls through life skills education. The aim of the study was to assess the utilization of the Kishori Shakti Yojana by the adolescent girls and identify reasons for non-participation. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study in urban slum using a systematic random sampling method of households to obtain a sample size of 10% of adolescent girls (11-18 years). Results: The mean age of the 943 adolescent girls interviewed was 14.21 years. Eighty eight percent were currently studying. Around 52% girls were aware about ICDS but only 15% were registered. The ever utilisation of the services by the girls is extremely low at 8%. Reasons for poor utilisation of the services were lack of awareness about the services, community’s perception that the services are not needed by them, and lack of suitable timings. Girls explicitly suggested Saturday and Sunday afternoons as being the most suitable time. Conclusions: The programme strategies should be designed taking into account the rural and urban difference for a succesful implementation. In the urban areas where majority girls are school going the programme could be well implemented by the educational institutes rather than the anganwadi centres.
EnglishAdolescent Girls, Kishori Shakti Yojana, Integrated Child Development SchemeINTRODUCTION
Studies across India have shown that health and nutritional status of adolescent girls (10-19 years of age) is poor. The girls also face greater social disadvantge and generally are lesser educated. Adolescent girls do not have adequate access to vital health and nutrition information or services; generally get married at an early age and are caught in the cycle of early pregnancy, childbearing and child rearing. Girls usually drop-out of school after completing primary education because of responsibility of household chores, to take care of younger siblings, distance from school, lack of female teachers and fear for safety. National Family Health Survey – 3 (NFHS-3) has found that 11.7% of the girls between 15-19 years are stunted, 47% are underweight and 56% are anaemic(1). Most girls have little knowledge of menstruation, sexuality and reproduction as shown by several studies (2-6).
A special intervention called as ‘Kishori Shakti Yojana’ (KSY)(7) was devised for adolescent girls using the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Scheme) infrastructure based on the experiences of empowerment programmes conducted by NGOs and researchers in India.
Kishori Shakti Yojana aims to improve the nutritional and health status of girls in the age group of 11-18 years and promote awareness of health, hygiene, nutrition and family welfare, home management and child care through the nutrition health education programme and administration of iron folic acid tablets as supplement(7). Life Skills education programme is another important component of the KSY(7). Non-formal Education of adolescent girls with particular attention to school dropouts and ensuring functional literacy among illiterate adolescent girls is another major component of KSY(7). Vocational training activities are undertaken for adolescent girls for their economic empowerment through this scheme. A large number of adolescent girls have utilised the various components of the Kishori Shakti Yojana as evident from the last three years performance report of the Kishori Shakti Yojana programme(8).
However it was observed that the girls in the community were not consuming Iron Folic Acid (IFA) tablets. Those who received the IFA tablets would just discard it. Knowledge about nutrition and health was also poor. The proposed study therefore aims to assess the utilization of the Kishori Shakti Yojana by the adolescent girls and identify reasons for non-participation of the adolescent girls in the Programme.
MATERIALA AND METHODS
The present study conducted in an urban slum of Mumbai in the F/N ward with the help of ICDS supervisors and the health post staff comprised of 1,07,817 population; 25309 households and 7297 adolescent girls. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted. The study participants were the adolescent girls aged between 11-18 years old. A written informed consent was obtained either from the girl or from their mother/ guardian in cases of girls below 18 years of age.
Sample size was calculated as 10% of the adolescent girls population in the study area which worked out to be 880 adolescent girls assuming a non-response rate of 20%. It was estimated that 3052 houses would need to be visited in the study area so as to meet the target of 880 adolescent girls. Sampling technique was the Systematic Random Sampling with household as the unit of sampling. If a particular household had more than one girl then the youngest adolescent girl was interviewed. The study was conducted over a period of one year between 2011-2012.
The survey was carried out as per ICDS supervisor’s area. The first household was selected by randomly picking a ten rupee currency note and noting its last digit number to select the first household for survey. All the subsequent households were selected as the eighth household from the last enumerated. If any eighth household was locked then the next eighth household was selected and the procedure repeated. The total respondents for the survey were 943 adolescent girls. A pre-tested structured questionnaire with open and closed type of questions in Hindi language was used for interviewing the adolescent girls. Questionnaire explored aspects regarding participation, knowledge, and suggestions for improving the Kishori Shakti Yojana.
RESULTS
Demographic and Social characteristics of study group
A total of 943 adolescent girls were interviewed amongst the 3082 households visited. The mean age of the girls was 14.21 years. Majority of the girls belonged to the age group of 11-14 years (55.8%) and were predominantly Hindus (74.4%).
Almost 88% girls (829) were currently studying. Of the 114 girls not currently studying, almost all perceived education as important, however only 43.9% girls desired to continue their studies. Majority of the 104 girls, who had received 10 or less than 10 years of schooling, discontinued their education primarily due to poor scholastic performance (25%) and family reasons (21%). Family reasons included poor economic status of the family, responsibility of house hold chores and siblings, death of parent etc. Almost 8% of the girls cited health reasons like suffering from TB as a reason for discontinuing their education. A substantial number of girls (12%) were not interested in studies. Only three girls were married; one was married at the age of 12 years and the other two at the age of 17 years. None of them had children.
Awareness about Anganwadi centre and its services
Only 2 adolescent girls were aware about the Kishori Shakti Yojana who had obtained the information from the school. It is seen from Table 1 that Anganwadi centre and its location was known only to 50% girls. Anganwadi centres are synonymous with the Balwadis and are known for its preschool education and food supplementation programme for the underfive children. Awareness about services for the pregnant and lactating mothers was very low.
Table 2 shows that only 15% girls have registered with anganwadi centre. Most of them had received information from the anganwadi worker (96%). Of the unregistered 798 girls, only half of the girls were willing to register their names with the anganwadi centre. The reason given by majority of the girls who were not willing to register in anganwadi was the belief that the services of anganwadi were not required by them. Other reasons included reluctance from the family to send them to the anganwadi centre, lack of time and unsuitable timings.
Utilisation of Anganwadi services
The ever utilization of the anganwadi services was only 7.8%. Thirty Five adolescent girls were currently visiting anganwadi and 49 had visited the centre in the past. From table 3, it is seen that the most commonly utilised services were supplementary nutrition programme and health education programmes/meetings.
Supplementary nutrition programme
Only 7% (62) of the adolescent girls were availing supplementary food services provided by anganwadi. About 70% of these 62 girls utilized the services in the last six months. A majority of the girls (53) were satisfied with the services.
Iron Folic Acid (IFA) Supplementation Programme
The percentage of adolescent girls consuming IFA tablets from anganwadi was very low. Only 7 girls said that they were consuming IFA tablets. All the adolescent girls were consuming these tablets for less than 6 months on the advice of the Anganwadi worker. The pattern of consumption was mostly daily. None complained about side-effects.
Health Education Programmes/Meetings
The topics on which health education was imparted were nutrition, menstrual hygiene and personal hygiene. Sixteen of the twenty girls attending health education programmes reported satisfaction with the programmes conducted for them.
Vocational Training
Vocational skills training programmes such as computer training, mehendi and English speaking courses were organised through ICDS and were attended by only 5 girls. Out of them, 3 were satisfied with the training. The suggestions from the girls regarding vocational training were that classes should be conducted on beautician course (37%), tailoring (17%) and computer classs (10%).
Reasons for not participating in the various service components
It is seen from table 4 that lack of awareness is the predominant reason for the non-utilisation of the services. Around 63%-73% girls cited lack of awareness for non-utilisation of supplementary nutrition, iron folic acid supplementation, nutrition and health education and vocational training programmes.
Nutrition and Iron Folic Acid supplementation was perceived as not required by 32%-33% of the girls. Another 244 girls reported that the iron folic acid (IFA) tablets were not available at the anganwadi centre. Thirty two girls reported receiving IFA tablets from schools and therefore did not require to take it from anganwadi. Other reasons for not consuming IFA were side-effects, lack of time and discouragement from family members for consuming IFA tablets.
Suggestions for improving the ICDS/KSY
A few important suggestions for improving the anganwadi services were; to use television to publicise anganwadi; anganwadi should have its own premises; facility should be clean, bigger and open on time. Medicines should be provided. No concrete suggestions were given by girls for supplementary nutrition, except one girl who said quality of food in terms of cleanliness and taste should improve.
Suitable Timing for Girls to attend Anganwadi Centre
It is seen from Table 5, that the majority of the respondents felt that Saturday and Sunday afternoon was the most convenient time to visit the AWC.
DISCUSSION
The study aimed at finding out utilization of services of Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY) specially designed to serve the prospective mothers of the society. The adolescent girls in the age group 11 – 18 years contributed to about 10% of urban population which matches with Indian average figure of 10%(9.10).The predominant religion in this area is Hindus followed by Muslims. Only three girls are found to be married but none of them had children. Thus the age of marriage atleast in the urban slums is above 18 years of age.
The present study found that 88% girls are studying currently as compared to the findings of the evaluation of KSY programme in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan(11) where almost 65% girls were not studying. The educational status of urban girls is thus better compared to their rural counterparts in northern India. Those girls who had discontinued their studies before or after 10th standard had given reasons like poor scholastic performance or disinterest in the studies. Economic reasons and family responsibilities were the reasons for discontinuation of studies in about one-fifth of the girls. Partnerships with Non-Governmental Organizations to support educational coaching classes will probably be able to reduce school drop-out.
The girls were not aware about Kishori Shakti Yojana in the present study. This is in contrast to the awareness about the scheme in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan where more than 50% were aware about the scheme(11). Even though the awareness about KSY is poor a large number of girls knew about anganwadi centre and its location. Anganwadi is however more known for its nutrition supplementation and non-formal education to children below 6 years of age. Growth monitoring, Nutrition and health education programmes were known only to few girls.
Only 15% girls were registered with local anganwadi in contrast to 90% observed in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan(11). However almost half of the unregistered girls showed their willingness to get registered. Amongst the registered girls, only a few were currently visiting the anganwadi either for food supplementation or meetings. Majority of these girls were satisfied with the work of anganwadi. Thus in urban area if adolescent services are desired to be delivered properly, ICDS will have to market them through social media.
The few who were attending were satisfied with the services and could be used as motivators to get their peers to anganwadi. Ignorance about Nutrition Health Education sessions, IFA supplementation programme, food supplementation and vocational training provided by anganwadi was the major contributory factor for poor utilisation.
About one-third girls also felt that services of anganwadi were not needed. There were many complaints like lack of information regarding services available, unclean surroundings, centre not opening on time, medicines not being available, lack of space etc. Lack of time was the reason given by hardly a few beneficiaries.
Thus it is seen that inadequate propaganda is the main reason behind non-utilization of the services. Nutrition and health education sessions if promoted in the community will sensitize the mothers and girls about the need of IFA and food supplementation. Advertising about Anganwadi centre and its services on television was one of the suggestions given by the girls. Mass media and community mobilization efforts that engage influential adults such as parents, teachers, community and religious leaders, as well as pop stars and sports stars can positively affect the norms of behavior of the adolescents and youth (12).
One-fourth of the girls who had availed the services in the past said that the reason for discontinuation was lack of suitable timings. A similar proportion of girls who had never visited the anganwadi cited the same reason. Anganwadis function only in the morning time when majority of girls(88%) go to schools or colleges. So it is obvious that anganwadi timings were not suitable to them. Many of the girls suggested saturday and sunday afternoons as more suitable timing. Logistics of this arrangement will have to be seen by ICDS scheme. But certainly community based organization and local NGOs can join hands.
The consumption of IFA tablets by the girls is extremely low. As large number of girls are attending either school or colleges, colloboration between the health departmental and educational institutes would be a cost-effective intervention. The education department could make it mandatory for all the public and private institutes to implement the IFA supplementation programme. This colloboration will take care of a large proportion of adolescents who are still studying and only a few adolescents girls who are not attending school will need to be covered by the health department.
As far as Food supplementation is concerned, the girls have expressed concern about cleanliness and quality of food. They suggested that milk, eggs, fruits, and rawa should be given. More number of Nutrition and Health education programmmes should be conducted in the community so as to improve their participation in the IFA supplementation, supplementary nutrition and vocational skills training programmes.
The girls are interested in vocational skill development services. Suggested courses like beautician course, tailoring and computer training reflects the girls preference for self employment or work from home opportunities. Thus providing them with much needed vocational training programme, the utilization of other service components will increase.
Kishori Shakti Yojana is now converted to the more ambitious SABALA yojana which also involves field visits of the girls to different institutions like banks and post office etc. The idea is indeed very praiseworthy but blind duplication of rural setting in urban slums will be very dangerous and futile. The urban areas need a different approach. There is multiplicity of services for primary health and empowerment of girls through local health and education agencies. However the coordination between these agencies is unfortunately lacking. The problem is complicated by private health and education service providers in urban areas. Thus in an urban area, with a political will, the education and the health departments could make more relevant and coordinated efforts to empower the women of India and make them SABALA in true sense.
CONCLUSIONS
The services of ICDS for the adolescent girls namely the Kishori Shakti Yojana is poorly utilised by the girls in urban slums of Mumbai. The three common reasons for poor utilisation were lack of awareness about the services; perception that the services are not required by them and lack of suitable timings. In urban areas, where majority of the adolescent girls are studying, Kishori Shakti Yojana/SABALA, could be implemented in colloboration with the education department in the schools and colleges, which is a feasible option. The Anganwadi Centres could focus only on the small segment of non-school/non-college going adolescent girls. The participation of these girls could be improved by active propoganda of the ICDS services, creating a demand for the services and organizing the services at a time that is suitable and convenient for the girls. Vocational skills training can be augmented by linking with other community based NGOs with special emphasis on beautician`s training, tailoring and computer training. Thus a strategic plan to complement the availability of services and increase demand of the services can improve utilization of services.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to Indian Council of Medical Research for financial support to conduct the research (ICMR File No. 5/11/17/2010-SBR).
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1063http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1063
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareEXERCISE INDUCED ASTHMA (EIA),EXERCISE INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM (EIB), AIRWAY HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS (AHR) AND EXERCISE INDUCED BRONCHIAL LABILITY (EIBL): ARE THEY SAME?
English8993Rajani Bala JasrotiaEnglish Arvind KanchanEnglishThe relationship between asthma and physical activity is very interesting and complex. The terms like exercise, asthma, airway dynamics, bronchospasm, bronchoconstriction, hyper-responsiveness, hyper-reactive, bronchial lability are being very frequently used in medical literature. These terms are very confusing sometimes due to their interchanging use. This review article was attempted to define and describe the phrases which contains these terms, with special attention towards their pathophysiology for better understanding. It was found that although sounds very similar, the terms like ?Exercise induced asthma?, ?Exercise induced bronchospasm?, ?Airway hyper-responsiveness? and ??Exercise induced bronchial lability? are very different in their pathophysiology, and should be used very appropriately.
Englishexercise, asthma, hyper-responsiveness, labilityINTRODUCTION
Since many years, physical exercise has been used to understand the airway dynamics in asthma patients, thus developed as an important tool to diagnose the asthma and, whereas at another side it is as being used as a patient management tool for preventive, therapeutic as well as prognostic purpose. This composite relation between exercise and asthma lead to the frequent use of various terms which contain the exercise and airway dynamics in its core. Following is the detailed description of each phenomenon:
Exercise induced asthma
There are many asthmatic patients, who do not have daily symptoms, but they suffer only after exercise; this is called exercise induced asthma (EIA). EIA is characterized by symptoms of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness during / after exercise, and associated with demonstrable airway obstruction as a drop in pulmonary function parameters1. Its definitive diagnosis requires symptoms associated with objective demonstration of a drop in flow rates, typically ≥15% for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and ≥15–20% for peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) after a physical exercise2.
EIA can be seen in subjects at any level of exercise ranges from school children running or playing to elite Olympic-level athletes. This large range is due to differing physical activity protocols and depends on the type of activity, its intensity, duration, environmental conditions, severity of the disease and variations in preventative therapy regimens3. Certain sports activities such as long distance running, jumping, or cycling are considered more problematic in contrast, swimming is considered the relatively safe. The most challenging activity for asthmatics is relatively short and intense spell that may cause a significant rise of heart rate and/or maximal oxygen uptake5. High intensity exercise is mostly related to the induction of asthma attacks6.
Exercise–induced bronchospasm (EIB) is almost a very similar phenomenon, but it may also be seen in normal healthy individuals, without known to be an asthmatic7. The diagnosis after objective exercise challenge methods in conjunction with similar clinical history is must. Objective testing should begin with spirometry at rest, in true EIB the results should be within normal limits. Abnormal resting value is seen in asthma and other chronic lung conditions. There is no reason why asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction should not co-exist, but the distinction is important because without successful treatment of underlying asthma, treatment of an exercise component will likely be unsuccessful.
The pathologic mechanisms that explain EIA or EIB are based on at least two contrasting theories: the airway rewarming theory described by McFadden et al8 and the hyper-osmolarity theory described by Anderson et al9. The cooling of airway was demonstrated by recording temperature in the esophagus, and later by direct recording within the airways. It was found that at identical levels of respiratory heat loss (RHL) all exercise produces equal bronchospasm and there was a significant linear relationship between the quantum of RHL and alterations in lung mechanics. Mc Fadden et al10 and Gilbert et al11 explained that the airways cool during exercise or hyperventilation and rewarm once the exercise or hyperventilation stops. The rewarming of these cooled airways causes reactive hyperemia which directly affects bronchial caliber and obstructs the airflow. However, some researchers found that responses to exercise at various levels are not significantly different despite the large RHL differences12. This led to proposal of a hypothesis that respiratory water loss and not only heat loss is also the triggering event13,14. It was proposed that hyperventilation induced hyperosmolarity of the airway membrane (due to water loss) as another operating mechanism. Bar-Yishay15 studied that children who made to swim while breathing dry air, developed more bronchoconstriction than swimming breathing humid air from pool surface, still they developed significantly less airway obstruction than after running with breathing dry air. Studies also showed that asthma closely resembling EIA could be provoked by inhaling hypotonic or hypertonic salt solutions16.
The possibility that chemical mediators are involved in the intermediary pathway seems more likely, although much of the evidence in favor is highly circumstantial. Neutrophil chemotactic factor and mast cell-derived mediator which rise in blood during exercise in patients developing EIA and that rise could be prevented by pretreatment with Sodium Chromoglycate.17 One of the characteristic features of EIA is being refractory to a subsequent challenge for some time after the initial attack. Therefore it was thought the depletion of the presumed stores of mediators which were liberated by the trigger and cause bronchospasm and sufficient time is required to resynthesize these stores18. Stearns et al suggested that refractoriness was due to the secretion of endogenous catecholamines19. Recently, Tahan et al hypothesized that the development of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children may be in relation to a reduced endogenous lipoxin activity. Lipoxin mimetic and related compounds could provide novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma20.
Airway hyper-responsive or hyper-reactivity:
Airway hyper-reactivity or hyper-responsiveness (AHR) is used to describe the exaggerated response to any trivial stimuli, commonly seen in patients with asthma. This reactivity may be seen with cold air, pollen, mold, animal exposure, upper respiratory infections and laboratory testing (e.g. histamine or methacholine). In patients with asthma, airway inflammation is the primary underlying disease process, even when patients are asymptomatic and this inflammation is associated with AHR.
Both genetic predispositions (associated with atopy) and environmental factors could be involved in its pathogenesis21,21. AHR is a composite physiological disorder, determined by a heterogeneous mechanism in asthma23 as well as in other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)24 e.g. chronic bronchitis and peripheral airway diseases. It is associated with inflammatory disorders in the airways in all these disease entities. In asthma, the mucosal inflammation comprises epithelial desquamation, thickening of the sub-epithelial reticular layer, micro-vascular congestion, plasma exudates and edema and sub-mucosal infiltration with mast cells, activated lymphocytes and eosinophils25, 26. In COPDs the inflammatory disorders differ between the various subtypes of the disease26, 27. Activated T-lymphocytes and macrophages seem to be the predominant infiltrating cells, without concomitant basement membrane thickening28, 29. Several of the above mentioned inflammatory abnormalities were correlated with the results of inhalation challenge tests. Therefore, the degree of AHR indirectly reflects the severity of the disease process in the airways in asthma and COPDs. Exercise is one of the trigger stimuli like others, which interact with hyper-responsive airway to precipitate the asthmatic attack.
Exercise induced bronchial Lability
Bronchial lability is an important feature of asthmatic patient which demonstrate in response to various apparently unrelated factors, such as allergy, infection, emotion, exercise and drugs30. This is a different entity than just airway or bronchial responsiveness. There are many bronchial challenges devised or understood which could test the bronchial lability. Exercise has been used as a stimulus to test bronchial lability because it can be produced in a controlled and reasonably repeatable reaction which mimics clinical asthma in a number of aspects31. The response of the airway or bronchi to a short bout of exercise is biphasic: initial airway dilation followed by a constriction. The cause of the initial bronchodilation during exercise may be related to an increase in sympathetic activity33.
The bronchial lability is expressed in terms of rise in peak flow rate during exercise and fall in peak flow rate after exercise, each given as a proportion of the pre-exercise, resting peak flow rate and also in term of the total bronchial lability or exercise lability index (ELI) which is the sum of the percent rise and fall. The ELI is thus, the measure of total change in airway caliber i.e. bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction32.
(ELI = Highest PEFR during exercise – Lowest PEFR after exercise / Initial PEFR x 100); ELI > 22 is being considered abnormal34.
Exercise testing is also being used for another two important reasons – awareness that resting cardiopulmonary measurements do not provide a dependable estimation of functional capacity and impact of physical exertion in the clinical decision making process. Several modalities of exercise testing are being used in clinical practice. The following are the most popular clinical exercise tests, in order of increasing complexity35: Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Shuttle Walk Test, Exercise Induced Bronchial Lability (EIB), Cardiac Stress Test and Cardio-pulmonary Exercise Test (CPET).
Silverman and Anderson32 showed that 70% of asthmatic children had a significant fall in peak expiratory flow rate after treadmill running. They suggested that this increased lability was a feature of asthmatics and that it was not closely related to the clinical condition in individual patients. Konig et al36 demonstrated that there was a significant increase in bronchial lability among the wheezy bronchitis group compared with the controls. In the mildly asthmatics children who had wheezy bronchitis as infants, majority had an abnormal post exercise fall of FEV1 and abnormal total bronchial lability35. Balfour et al37 found that exercise induced bronchial lability was a sensitive indicator of clinical asthma, which disappeared when the patient was symptom free. Thus bronchial lability is an intrinsic characteristic of an individuals’ broncho-pulmonary system.
CONCLUSION
Exercise-induced asthma, occurs when the airways narrow as a result of exercise. The exercise does not cause asthma, but is an asthma trigger. So, the preferred term for this condition is exercise-induced bronchoconstriction or bronchospasm. Bronchospasm can occur in healthy individual with normal airway, however, asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction frequently co-exist. Airway hyper-reactivity or hyper-responsiveness is a state characterized by easily triggered bronchospasm. The hyper-responsiveness is an important feature of asthma but also occurs frequently in people suffering from COPD. Bronchial lability is an inherited characteristic of airway, which must combine with a triggering mechanism to result in clinical asthma. Thus the terms like EIA, EIB, AHR and EIBL are very different in their pathophysiology and should be used with caution during writing of research paper, academic teaching-learning activities, clinical practice and finally in management.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1064http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1064
Mahler DA. Exercise-induced asthma. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1993; 25:554–561.
Weiler JM. Exercise-induced asthma: A practical guide to definitions, diagnosis, prevalence, and treatment. Allergy Asthma Proc. 1996; 17(6):315-25.
Nemet D, Wolach B, Yacobovich J, Eliakim A. Exercise in Childhood asthma Provoking Agent, Diagnostic Tool and Therapeutic Measure. IMAJ. 2000; 2: 99–103.
Bar-Or O, Inbar O. Swimming and asthma. Benefits and deleterious effects. Sports Med. 1992; 14(6): 397–405.
Godfrey S, Silverman M, Anderson S. The use of treadmill for assessing exercise induced asthma and the effect of varying the severity and duration. Pediatrics. 1975; 56: 893–8.
Inbar O, Alvarez D, Lyons H. Exercise-induced asthma — a comparison between two modes of exercise stress. Eur J Respir Dis.1981; 62:160–7.
Storms WW. Review of Exercise-induced asthma. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(9):1464–1470.
McFadden ER and Gilbert IA. Vascular responses and thermally induced asthma. In: Asthma: Physiology, Immunopharmacology and treatment. Holgate ST, Austen KF, Lichtenstein AM, and Kay AB. Editors. San Diego: Academic Press. 1993; 337-355.
Anderson SD, Argyros GJ, Magnussen H et al. Provacation by eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea to identify exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Br. J. Sports Med. 2001; 35: 334-347.
McFadden ER, Lenner KAM, Strohl KP. Post-exertional airway rewarming and thermally induced asthma. New insights into pathophysiology and possible pathogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 1986; 78: 18-25.
Gilbert IA, Fouke JM, McFadden ER. Heat and water flux in the intrathoracic airways and exercise-induced asthma. J Appl Physiol. 1987; 63:1681-1691.
Lee TH. Anderson SD. Heterogeneity of mechanisms in EIA. Thorax 1985;40: 481.
Anderson SD. Is there a unifying hypothesis for EIB? J Allergy Clinical Immunology. 1984; 73: 660.
Smith CM Anderson SD. Hyperosmolarity as a stimulus to asthma induced by hyperventilation. J Allergy Clinical Immunology. 1986; 77: 729.
Bar-Yishay E, Gur I, Inbar O et al. Differences between running and swimming as stimuli for exercise induced asthma. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982; 48; 387-397.
Schoeffel RE, Anderson SD, Altounyan RE. Bronchial hyper reactivity in response to inhalation of ultrasonically nebulised solutions of distilled water and saline. Br. Med. J. 1981; 283: 1285-1287.
Lee TH, Brown MJ, Nagy L et al. Exercise induced release of histamine and neutrophil chemotactic factor in atopic asthmatics. J Allergy Clinical Immunology 1982; 70:73-81.
Edmonds AT, Tooley M, Godfrey S. The refractory period after exercise induced asthma, its duration and relation to severity of exercise. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1978; 117:247-254.
Stearns DR, McFadden ER, Breslin FJ et al. Reanalysis of the refractory period in exertional asthma. J. Appl. Physiol. 1981; 50: 503-508.
Tahan F, Saraymen R, Gumus H. The Role of Lipoxin. A4 in Exercise- induced Bronchoconstriction in Asthma. Journal of. Asthma. 2008; 45(2): 161-164.
Holgate ST, Beasley R, Twentyman OP. The pathogenesis and significance of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in airways disease. Clin Sci. 1987; 73: 561-572.
Paoletti P, Viegi G, Carrozzi L. Bronchial hyper responsiveness, genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Eur Respi J.1992; 5: 910-912.
Barnes PJ. New concepts in the pathogenesis of bronchial responsiveness and asthma. J Allergy Clinical Immunology. 1989; 83: 1013-1026.
O’Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weis ST. The role of allergy and nonspecific airway hyper responsiveness in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1989; 140: 225-252.
Djukanovic R, Roche WR, Wilson JW et al. Mucosal inflammation in asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1990; 142: 434-457.
Jeffery PK. Morphology of the airway wall in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Review of Respiratory Disease.1991; 143:1152-1158.
Thurlbeck WM. Pathophysiology of chronic obstructive lung disease. Clin Chest Med 1990; 11: 389-403.
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Konig P, Godfrey S. Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchial lability in families of children with asthma. Archives of diseases in childhood.1973; 48:513.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareUNICYSTIC AMELOBLASTOMA IN 40 YEAR OLD MALE:A RARE CASE REPORT
English94100Gopal SharmaEnglish Deepa DasEnglish Reema RaoEnglish Sameer ZopeEnglishThe ameloblastoma is a true neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium which has been described as persistent, locally invasive tumor having aggressive but benign growth characteristics. Several clinico-radiological and histological types are included in the ameloblastoma. Apart from the most commonly encountered clinico - pathologic models there are few variants, whose biological profile is unknown or not elicited. Unicystic ameloblastoma (UCA) is one of the types which refers to those cystic lesions that show clinical, radiographic, or gross features of a mandibular cyst, but on histological examination show a typical ameloblastous epithelium lining part of the cystic cavity, with or without luminal and/or mural tumor growth. Here we report a case of UA in a 40-year-old male with detailed clinical, radiographical and histopathological features with differential diagnosis and treatment.
EnglishMultilocular appearance, Non- dentigerous variant, Mural, Unicystic ameloblastoma.INTRODUCTION
Many benign lesions cause mandibular swellings, whose origin can be, attributed to odontogenic or non-odontogenic causes. The most commonly encountered are ameloblastomas, radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, central giant cell granulomas, fibro-osseous lesions and osteomas.(1) The most common tumor of odontogenic origin is ameloblastoma, which develops from epithelial cellular elements and dental tissues in their various phases of development.(2) The term ameloblastoma was coined by Churchill in 1934. It represents 1% of all oral odontogenic epithelial tumors and 18% of all odontogenic tumors.(3)
As per the WHO system of 2003, ameloblastoma is classified based on differences in biologic behavior, treatment plan and recurrence rate as follows: classic solid / multicystic ameloblastoma, unicystic ameloblastoma, peripheral ameloblastoma, and desmoplastic ameloblastoma, including the so-called hybrid lesions.(3)
Solid or multicystic variants of ameloblastomas are locally aggressive, and recur if inadequately excised. However, unicystic ameloblastoma was identified as a prognostically distinct entity with less aggressive behavior.(4)
More than 80% of all ameloblastomas are solid or multicystic variants, with unicystic ameloblastoma being an important clinicopathologic form of ameloblastoma and occupying the remaining 20% of the cases along with peripheral ameloblastoma. Peripheral tumors are odontogenic tumors, with the histological characteristics of intraosseous ameloblastoma that occur solely in the soft tissues covering the tooth-bearing parts of the jaws. Unicystic tumors include those that have been variously referred to as mural ameloblastomas, luminal ameloblastomas, and ameloblastomas arising in dentigerous cysts (DCs).(2) It is a less aggressive variant and it has a low rate of recurrence, although lesions showing mural invasion are an exception and should be treated more aggressively.(5)
Here we are presenting a case of UCA in a 40-year-old male in left body of the mandible.
CASE REPORT
A 40 year old male had reported to the Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis, and Radiology, Y.M.T Dental college and Hospital, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India with a chief complaint of swelling on left side of the face since 4 months. History revealed that the swelling was gradual in onset and slowly increased to the present size with mild, intermittent pain. Swelling was not associated with fever, malaise or any other symptoms. No history of paraesthesia, weight loss or loss of appetite was reported.
Past dental history of the patient revealed surgical extraction of a tooth in lower left side of the jaw 10 years back. Medical, social and family history were not contributory. On general examination, he was moderately built and nourished with normal vital signs.
Clinical examination
A solitary swelling was seen over left side of the face of about 6x4cm size extending antero-posteriorly from symphysis menti to the angle of mandible and supero-inferiorly from corner of the lip to about 1cm below the lower border of mandible. The skin over the swelling was normal without any change in the colour. On palpation, temperature over the swelling was not raised. The swelling was hard in consistency and slightly tender. Single left submandibular lymph node was palpable, about 2x2 cm in size, firm, mobile and slightly tender. (Figure 1)
Intra oral examination revealed a solitary swelling of about 5x2 cm size on lower left buccal vestibule extending antero-posteriorly from mesial of 34 to distal of 38 and obliterating the buccal vestibule in relation with 34, 35, 37, 38 and the edentulous area of 36 with maximum dimension in 36 region. Lingually, the swelling extended in relation with 34, 35, 37, 38 and the edentulous area of 36. The mucosa over the swelling appeared smooth and normal with no sinus tract or any discharge. On palpation, the swelling was bony hard in consistency and tender with fluctuancy elicited in the 36 region.
The teeth in the affected area were immobile and non tender to percussion. 36 was missing, and37 had proximal caries and occlusal facet.(Figure 2)
A provisional diagnosis of benign odontogenic tumor was given on the basis of age and sex of the patient, site, consistency of the swelling and cortical expansion.
The patient was then subjected to following investigations. A complete hemogram was advised which showed all the values to be in the normal range. Electric pulp vitality testing was done for 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37 and 38 which revealed all the teeth to be vital. Intra oral periapical radiograph of 36 region shows missing 36 and well defined multilocular radiolucency in the apical region of 33, 34, 35, and 37 along with root resorption. Lateral mandibular occlusal radiograph revealed a multilocular radiolucency extending from the distal aspect of 32 to the distal aspect of 38 with Buccal and lingual cortical expansion. Orthopantamograph (OPG) revealed a large well-defined multilocular radiolucency on the left body of the mandible, extending antero-posteriorly from the mesial of 31 to the mesial of 38; supero-inferiorly from the alveolar crest region to the lower border of mandible. The internal aspect of the lesion is multilocular with large size locules separated by radiopaque septae giving it as typical soap bubble appearance. The lesion is causing resorption of the roots of 33, 34, 35, and 37 and displacement of the inferior alveolar nerve downwards. The inferior border of the mandible is intact. (Figure 3)
Cone beam computed tomography revealed expansile lesion on the posterior aspect of left side of the mandible, extending antero-posteriorly from the distal of 31 to the distal of 38; supero-inferiorly from the alveolar crest region to the lower border of mandible. The margins of the lesion are well defined. The internal aspect of the lesion is multilocular separated by few septae. Expansion, thinning and discontinuity of the buccal and lingual cortical plates is noted. Thinning and discontinuity of the lower border of mandible is noted along the lingual aspect of 37 and 38 region (Figure 4). The lesion was then aspirated; a thin straw color fluid was obtained from the lesion, which was then sent for the pathological evaluation. The report of it stated as mixed inflammatory lesion.
The differential diagnosis included ameloblastoma, odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), and odontogenic myxoma. Bone biopsy was done. The sample was then sent for the histopathological analysis and a diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma is obtained.
En bloc resection of the mandible from mesial of 42 to the distal of 38 was done with peripheral osteotomy sparing the lower border of the mandible. Reconstruction surgery was advised. The post operative specimen measured about 4x5 cm approximately.(Figure 5) The post operative specimen was also subjected for the histopathological analysis and a confirmed diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma with mural proliferation was obtained. Post operative OPG after 3 weeks was taken. (Figure 6)
DISCUSSION
Unicystic ameloblastoma, a variant of ameloblastoma, was first described by Robinson and Martinez in 1977. Unicystic ameloblastoma (UCA) is a rare type of ameloblastoma, accounting for about 5-10% of intraosseous ameloblastomas.(6-8) It usually occurs in the second and third decades of life. More than 90% are located in the mandible in the posterior region, followed by the parasymphysis region, the anterior maxilla, and the posterior maxilla(3).
UCA is usually asymptomatic, although a large tumor may cause painless swelling of the jaws with facial asymmetry. This swelling is the result of an expansion of the cortical plates of the jaw and can be identified by palpation as hard and bony.(10) In our case study, patient exhibits slightly tender swelling. The clinical and radiographic findings in most cases of unicystic ameloblastoma suggest that the lesion is an odontogenic cyst, particularly dentigerous cyst. However, few are not associated with impacted teeth which are called non-dentigerous variant. Most of the UCAs are associated with an impacted tooth, the mandibular third molar being involved most often.(1)
The ratio of the maxilla: Mandible is 1:7 for the dentigerous variant, versus 1:4.7 for the non-dentigerous type.(11) Gender distribution shows a slight male predilection with a male: female ratio of 1.6:1 for dentigerous variant. However, when the tumor is not associated with an unerupted tooth, the gender ratio is reversed to a male to female ratio of 1:1.8.(1) In our case, the patient was a male, and the lesion was on the left body of the mandible and a non-dentigerous type.
The pathogenesis of cystic ameloblastomas remains obscure. There have been many debates regarding whether unicystic ameloblastoma develops de novo or arises in an existing cyst. Leider et al, proposed three pathogenic mechanisms for the evolution of Unicystic ameloblastoma: reduced enamel epithelium, from dentigerous cyst and due to cystic degeneration of solid ameloblastoma.(3)
The 2 main radiographic appearance of UCAs has been divided into : unilocular and multilocular, and these have clear preponderance for the unilocular pattern.(5) This preponderance is predominantly marked for the dentigerous variant, where the unilocular to multilocular ratio is 4.3 : 1, and for the nondentigerous type, this ratio is 1.1 : 1 (7). In UCA, involved teeth show varying degrees of root resorption.(12 ) Eversole et al., identified predominant radiographical patterns for UCA: Unilocular, scalloped, macromultilocular, pericoronal, interradicular, or periapical expansile radiolucencies.(11) In this case, the patient was a 40 year old, male and the lesion on radiographs shows multilocular appearance which was not associated with impacted teeth and hence, non-dentigerous type. This makes this case a unique report in the literature of UCA.
The present case was differentiated from other multilocular lesions like solid ameloblastoma, central giant cell granuloma, odontogenic myxoma, and cystic lesions like odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), dentigerous cyst (DC), and residual cyst. Based on fluctuant nature from which gave a positive aspirate, the multilocular lesions like solid ameloblastoma, central giant cell granuloma, odontogenic myxoma was ruled out. OKC produces thick cheesy material instead of thin straw color fluid which is seen in this case. DC is ruled out as there was no impacted tooth present. Residual cyst will not produce so much of expansion as seen in this case.
The early ameloblastic changes within the cyst wall were first described by Vickers and Gorlin in 1970, and their histological criteria for the diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma includes a cyst lined by ameloblastic epithelium with a tall columnar basal layer, sub nuclear vacuoles, reverse polarity of hyper chromatic nucleus, and a thin layer of oedematous, degenerating stellate reticulum-like cells on the surface.(13) The mural extension into the cystic wall is the frequently seen feature, and the term mural UCA is used when the thickened lining (either plexiform or follicular) penetrates the adjacent capsular tissue.(12)
In a clinicopathologic study of 57 cases of unicystic ameloblastoma, Ackermann classified this entity into the following three histological groups: (14)
Group I— luminal (tumor confined to the luminal surface of the cyst);
Group II— intraluminal/plexiform (nodular proliferation into the lumen without infiltration of tumor cells into the connective tissue wall);
Group III— mural (invasive islands of ameloblastomatous epithelium in the connective tissue wall not involving the entire epithelium).
Another histologic subgrouping by Philipsen and Reichart has also been described as: (7)
Subgroup 1— luminal;
Subgroup 1.2— luminal and intraluminal;
Subgroup 1.2.3— luminal, intraluminal and intramural;
Subgroup 1.3— luminal and intramural.
The mural variety is seen to be more often associated with the ‘nondentigerous’ type of these lesions, while the intraluminal proliferations are more than twice as frequent in UCAs of the ‘dentigerous’ type.(15)
A definitive diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma can only be done by histological examination of the entire lesion and cannot be predicted preoperatively on clinical or radiographic grounds. The epithelial lining of a UCA is not always uniformly characteristic and is often lined partly by a nonspecific thin epithelium that mimics the dentigerous cyst lining. Thus, true nature of the lesion becomes evident only after enucleation when the entire specimen is available for microscopy.(15)
Treatment planning depends on the histological type of UCA. The UCA which is diagnosed as subgroups 1 and 1.2 may be treated conservatively (careful enucleation), whereas Subgroups 1.2.3 and 1.3 should be treated aggressively.(3) As UCA tends to affect young adolescent patients, the concern to minimize surgical trauma and permit jaw function and tooth development to proceed reasonably unimpaired.(15) According to Ackermann et al. classification, this case belongs to Type 3 and the excised specimen was also subjected to histopathological analysis, which confirmed the diagnosis of UCA with mural proliferations.
Whatever surgical approach the surgeon decides to take, long-term follow-up is mandatory as recurrence of unicystic ameloblastoma may be long delayed. However, recent emerging clinical evidence have indicated the aggressive nature of the so-called unicystic ameloblastoma.(17) Lau and Samman reported recurrence rates of 3.6% for resection, 30.5% for enucleation alone, 16% for enucleation followed by Carnoy’s solution application, and 18% by marsupialisation followed by enucleation for UCA.(16)
CONCLUSION
Ameloblastoma is a tumor with a strong propensity of recurrence, especially when the ameloblastic focus penetrates the adjacent tissue from the wall of the cyst. Radiographically, most of ameloblastoma show multilocularity, whereas unicystic ameloblastoma show a single large unilocular radiolucency. Very rarely, we come across a case with presentation of multilocular, non dentigerous variant and unicystic type in the male patient. Unicystic variant of ameloblastoma with aggressive histological behaviour also might be successfully treated with marsupialisation with subsequent enucleation, and this approach should be considered as an alternative to resection.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1065http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1065
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Li TJ, Kitano M, Arimura K, Sugihara K. Recurrence of unicystic ameloblatoma: A case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998; 122: 371–4.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareSTUDY OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM FRUIT IN RATS
English101104Savita PatilEnglish Kashinath GummaEnglish Md MateenuddinEnglishObjectives: To evaluate aqueous extract of Semecarpus Anacardium fruit for acute and sub-acute anti-inflammatory property in albino rats and compared with the reference drug indomethacin. Methods: For acute anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema inhibition method was used and for sub-acute anti-inflammatory activity, cotton pellet granuloma method was used. Results: It was found that percentage reduction in the paw- oedema was 58.13% with Indomethacin, 48.83% and 53.48% with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg Semecarpus Anacardium extract. Reduction in the granuloma formation was 60.2% with Indomethacin, 54.7% and 56% with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg Semecarpus Anacardium extract respectively. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of Semecarpus Anacardium fruit showed significant anti-inflammatory effect.
EnglishSemecarpus Anacardium fruit extract; anti-inflammatory; Rat paw oedema method; Cotton pellet granuloma methodINTRODUCTION
Inflammatory diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity. Inflammation is the dynamic process by which living tissue reacts to injury [1].Though standard drugs like aspirin, indomethacin are available but these drugs are not entirely free from side effects and have their own limitations [2,3 ]. It is believed that current analgesia inducing drugs such as opiates and NSAIDS are not useful in all cases, because of their side effects like gastrointestinal irritation, liver dysfunction and many others [4]. Thus there is still a need to develop newer and safer anti-inflammatory drugs.
Semecarpus Anacardium (Family: Anacardiaceae) also called the “marking nut” has found many applications in Indian medicine in the treatment of gout, rheumatic pain and cancer [5].A variety of nut extract preparations of semecarpus are effective against many diseases like arthritis, tumours, infections etc and non toxic even at high dose of 2000mg/kg [6]. However systematic study of this plant has not been carried out for these properties. The present study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity of Semecarpus Anacardium fruit in albino rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of extract: The fruits of Semecarpus anacardium were shade dried and powdered. Subsequently aqueous extract was obtained using maceration process. The extract obtained was used for oral administration in albino rats.
Selection of animals, caring and handling: Healthy Wistar rats (150–200 g), aged twelve weeks of either sex, bred locally in the animal house of Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bidar were selected for the study. They were housed under the temperature of 23±20C, relative humidity of 30–70% and 12 h light–12 h dark cycle. All animals were fed with standard diet and had free access to water. The study was done after obtaining approval of Institutional Animal Ethics.
Study design
Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema inhibition: Albino rats were divided into 4 groups, each containing 6 rats.
Group I: Control treated with normal saline per orally (0.1 ml).
Group II: Indomethacin (20 mg /kg) p.o.
Group III: Test group A: Aqueous extract of Semecarpus anacardium fruit (100 mg/kg) p.o.
Group IV: Test group B: Aqueous extract of Semecarpus anacardium fruit (200 mg/kg) p.o.
Acute inflammation was produced by injecting 0.1ml of 1% carrageenan suspension in normal saline into the subplantar region of right hind paw after 30 minutes of drug administration. A mark was made on the leg at the malleous to facilitate uniform dipping at subsequent readings. The volume of paw oedema volume was measured with the help of plethysmograph by mercury displacement method immediately before and three hours after the drug administration. The percentage inhibition of oedema in various treated groups was then calculated by using statistical analysis.
COTTON PELLET GRANULOMA METHOD
Rats were divided into 4 groups, each group containing 6 rats. Under ether anaesthesia, the the axillary and groin region hairs were cut and sterile cotton pellets of 10mg each were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue on either sides of axilla and sterile grass pith (25 x 2mm) in the groin region .Wounds were then sutured and animals were caged individually after recovery from anaesthesia. The rats then received treatments as described earlier. The test drug administration was started on the day of implantation and given daily for 7 days. During this period any change in the behaviour like food intake, motor activity and diarrhoea, were noted.
On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed and cotton pellets and grass piths removed. The pellets free from the tissue were dried overnight. Net granuloma formation was determined by subtracting the initially weight noted (i.e.10 mg).
Statistical analysis: One factor ANOVA followed by Newman – Keul’s studentized range test was used for comparing with control. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare ulcer incidence.
RESULTS
Effect on carrageenan induced paw edema inhibition test (Table -1)
In carrageenan induced rat paw edema test, the doses of 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg aqueous extract of Semecarpus Anacardium fruit showed statistically significant (PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1066http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1066
MacFarlane PS, Reid R, Collander R. Pathology illustrated. 5th edn. London: Churchill; Livingstone,2001. P.31.
Reynold JEF, editor. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Martendale the Extra Pharmaco Piea. 30th edn.London: Pharmacological press; 1993. P.1.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareVARIATIONS IN THE BRANCHING PATTERN OF CAROTID ARTERIAL SYSTEM: CASE REPORT
English105108Sharmadha K.L. Sujana M.English Arvind yadavEnglish Pushpalatha M.English Meenakshi ParthasarathiEnglishThe external carotid arterial system is a complex vascular system constituting the nourishment to territorial areas of the head, face and neck tissues. Though the variation in the carotid arteries and their branches are common in the carotid triangle, it is important for the clinicians, surgeons and the radiologists to be aware of all possible variations of these arteries. This paper is an endeavor to bring to notice a rare variation which has immense radiological and surgical importance. In present case – Left superior laryngeal artery (SLA) was arising from External Carotid Artery (ECA) instead of Superior Thyroid Artery (STA) in the cadaver of an approximately 70 year old Asian male. In addition STA arose from Common Carotid Artery (CCA) 2cm before bifurcation instead of ECA. From ECA the lingual and facial arteries arose from common facio-lingual trunk.
EnglishSTA, SLA, ECA, CCA, Hemodynamics, facio-lingual trunk.INTRODUCTION
It is important for surgeons and radiologist to be aware of the normal anatomy of CCA, ECA and their branches. Variations among these vessels are quite common, it became further essential to know and report all the probable variations [1].
The detail knowledge of the gross and radiologic anatomy of ECA with its branches is essential for application of angiography in the diagnosis of lesion affecting the neck, face, scalp and dura. The abnormalities most readily diagnosed are tumors, vascular malformations or bony disorders [2].
Understanding the surgical anatomy of STA is necessary for successful radical neck dissection and to minimize postoperative complications in the bloodless surgical field such as emergency cricothyroidotomy, radical neck dissection, catheterization, reconstruction of aneurysms and carotid endarterectomy [3].
CASE REPORT
During routine dissection for medical undergraduate teaching in the department of Anatomy, faculty of medicine, BMCRI, Bangalore. We found 3 variations in the arteries of left aortic arch of an approximately 70 year old Asian man.
The CCA was divided into ECA & ICA at the level of lamina of the thyroid cartilage. STA was arising from CCA about 2cm proximal to the bifurcation, SLA was arising from ECA 6mm distal to the bifurcation of CCA. The lingual and facial arteries originated from ECA as a facio-lingual trunk. The remaining branches of ECA were normal in origin. The arterial system was dissected carefully and photographed. Other structures of carotid triangle were normal. The CCA was 10cm long.
DISCUSSION
It is universally accepted that CCA divided into ECA & ICA at the level of superior border of thyroid cartilage.
Ilic found this to be true in 58% of cases, in 25% carotid bifurcation is at the level of inferior border of hyoid bone. A higher bifurcation opposite to superior border of hyoid bone was found in 12.5%, bifurcation appeared at the level of inferior of the thyroid cartilage in 12.5% [5].
In this cadaver the CCA bifurcation was found to be almost at the level of lamina of superior border of throid cartilage.
The STA is frequently used as a recipient vessel for microvascular free tissue transfer in head and neck surgery, for selective embolization of thyroid and head and neck tumors, and as a landmark for identifying the external branch of SLA in thyroid surgery [6].
Lo et al. reported that the origin of STA appeared to be related to the level of the CCA bifurcation [7]. When CCA had a relatively low bifurcation, such as at the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, the STA tended to originate from the ECA. In contrast, when the CCA had a high bifurcation, the STA tended to originate from the CCA. In the present case CCA was 10cm long. But, the mean length of the left CCA has been reported to be 12.1 ± 0.2 cm [8]. This suggests that the CCA in our case was short, which means there was a low bifurcation. This finding is not consistent with the observations of Lo et al. [7].
In rare cases, the SLA might arise from the lingual, facial or ascending pharyngeal arteries [9]. The distance of origin of the SLA from the carotid bifurcation in cases in which the artery arises from ECA has been reported by Vazquez et al. [6]. In their study they have reported 4 different origins for the SLA, the most frequent type being from the carotid bifurcation (49%). Similarly, they have reported 4 different origins for the SLA and most frequent type is one in which the artery arose from STA (78%). Lucev et al. reported that STA arise more often from CCA (47.5%) than from ECA (30%) [5].
In this case first branch of ECA is SLA, so this variation must be kept in mind. The accepted site of ECA ligation is inferior to the origin of STA. However its closeness with CCA bifurcation might cause difficulty in surgery and it is accepted that ligation above STA may preserve good collateral circulation [6].
Developmental aspect
The development of the ECA system is a complicated process of angiogenesis and remodeling which includes annexation and regression of vessels. The development of hypostapedial artery which links the neural crest arterial system to the ventral pharyngeal artery marks an important event in the development of ECA system [10].
The dorsal remnant of the second aortic arch forms hyoid artery, at 9mm stage of the embryo. It arises from the dorsal aorta which later forms the petrous segment of ICA.
At 16mm stage of the embryo, the hyoid artery gives of an ascending branch called stapedial artery.
At this stage the various ventral vestigies of the first and second aortic arch arteries and ventral aorta form ventral pharyngeal artery which later forms the stem of external carotid system [10].
Varients will result from deviations in this program. The signals involved in annexations and regressions are not always synchronized and as a result the vascularization varies.
Hemodynamic aspect
The hemodynamic balances in the maxillofacial and submandibular regions which are nourished by the anterior extracranial carotid branches require to be analyzed [2].
Linguofacial collateral pattern
Three principal arterial trunks are distributed to these regions: facial artery, lingual artery and superior thyroid artery [2]. These arteries form an arterial circle arpund the sublingual gland. In case, simultaneously if both the facial and lingual arteries or a common faciolingual trunk is not congenitally developed and unable to nourish there territory the blood supply will be recruited by ipsilateral collateral pathways from superior thyroid branches.
Clinical importance And Conclusions
Profound knowledge of the anatomical characteristics and variations of the carotid artery, such as its branching pattern and position is essential to avoid complications which catheter insertion of carotid arteries in various procedures. Variations in patterns of origin, courses and branching pattern of the STA during surgical procedures in the neck region, such as during emergency cricothyroidotomy, radical neck dissection, carotid catheterization, reconstruction of aneurysm and carotid endarterectomy.
Abnormalities observed in our case, adds to the long list of known variations of these arteries and could help avoid serious implications during radiological examinations, interventions, ultrasound examination, exploration of the neck, thyroid and parathyroid surgery, tracheotomy, surgery of the larynx, pharynx and upper esophagus and microvascular surgeries [5].
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1067http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1067
Mohan Rao KG,Vincent Rodrigues, Koshy Shajan. Unilateral high origin of facial artery associated with a variant origin of the glandular branch to the submandibular gland.IJAV.(2008) 2; 136-137.
Madhuri Avinash Mahendrakar. Variation in the branching pattern of external carotid artery: a case report. J.anat.soc.india2007, 56(2); 47-51.
BV. Murulimanju,et al. Variations in carotid arterial system. Chang gung Med j.(2012) 35(3);281-284.
Rao Mohandas KG, Rao Asutosh S. Unusual origin of the arteries in the carotid triangle of neck. The open Anatomy journal.2009,1,24-27.
Lucev N, Bobinac D, Maric I, Variations of the great arteriesin the carotid triangle. Otolaryngol Head Neck 2000;122:590-1.
Vazquez T, Cobiella R, Maranillo E.Anatomical variations of the superior thyroid and superior laryngeal arteries. Head neck 2009;31:1078-85.
Lo A, Oehley M, Bartlett A. Anatomical variations of the common carotid artery bifurcation. ANZ J Surg 2006;76:970-2.
Ribeiro RA, Ribeiro JAS, Rodrigues Filho OA. Caetanoels related to clinical relevant anatomical landmarks. Int J Morphol 2006;24:413-6.
Nayak SB, Soumya KV. Neurovascular variations in the carotid triangle. IJAV 2008;1:17-8.
Larsen WJ: Human embroyology. 2nd Edn; Churchill Livingstone New York, Edinburgh, London,1997.191-195.
Mohan Rao KG,Vincent Rodrigues, Koshy Shajan. Unilateral high origin of facial artery associated with a variant origin of the glandular branch to the submandibular gland. IJAV. (2008) 2; 136-137.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareMORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF HUMAN ADULT CADAVERIC KIDNEYS-RESEARCH ARTICLE
English109115Sivanageswara Rao Sundara SettyEnglish Raja Sekhar KatikireddiEnglishAim: The main aim of the study was to perform morphometric analysis of right and left kidney specimens and compare findings with the previous reports. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 human adult cadaveric kidneys (25 right and 25 left) were studied. Morphometric features like length, breadth, width and weight were measured. Hilum and lobulation of kidneys were observed. Results: The weight of right kidneys varied from 57 to 190 gms with an average of 103.04 gms. The weight of left kidney ranged from 60 to 220 gms with an average of 114.48 gms. The length of right kidney varied between 8 and 14 cms with an average of 10.92 cms. The length of left kidney varied between 9.5 and 14.5 cms with an average of 11.32 cms. The breadth of the right kidney ranged between 5 and 8 cms with an average of 6.2 cms. The breadth of left kidneys was in the range of 5 to 9 cms with an average of 6.62 cms. The width of right kidney varied between 2 and 5 cms with an average of 3.34 cms. The width of left kidney varied between 2 and 5 cms with an average of 3.54 cms. Lobulation is present in 8% of right kidney and 16% of left kidney specimens. Variations in hilar structures were found in 8% of right kidney and 24% of left kidney specimens. Conclusion: Anatomical variations of kidney rely on morphological findings. Clinically, this could play an important role in improving the knowledge of anatomists, surgeons and radiologists.
EnglishKidney, Hilum, Length, Breadth, Width.INTRODUCTION
Kidneys are a pair of chief excretory organs that not only maintain the electrolyte and water balance but also serve as endocrine organs [1]. They are considered as retroperitoneal organs and are situated in the posterior abdominal wall beside the vertebral column and extend from T1 to L3 vertebra [2].
Each kidney is bean shaped and has a length of 11 cms, breadth of 6 cms and width of 3 cms. The left kidney is 1.5 cm longer than the right. The average weight of a kidney is 150 grams [1, 2]. Kidneys are characterized by a circular and thick superior pole and a pointed and thin inferior pole. The anterior surface is convex and posterior surface is flat [2]. The lateral border is convex, medial border is concave with a hilum that consists of renal vein, renal artery and pelvis of the ureter, anterio-posteriorly [2]. Foetal lobulation could persist in the adult life such that the renal outline appears larger than the normal [3].
In the recent period, morphometric studies have gained much research attention as they are believed to possess significant clinical importance. Most probably, variations related to renal dimensions observed in such studies are anticipated to furnish better insights on anomalies.
For instance, conditions like systemic diseases, urinary tract diseases, congenital anamolies, neoplasia, micro and macrovascular diseases were reported to significantly influence kidney sizes [4]. With the advent of imaging technology, small renal tumors were also being identified [5]. In addition, structural arrangements or alterations at the hilum also possess medical significance, as per the available case reports [5-8].
But, studies related to morphometirc determination of renal dimensions and hilum structures still appear limited and need to be strengthened with the additional findings. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to carry out morphometric study of human adult cadaveric kidneys and compare with the data reported elsewhere.
Materials and Methods
The present study was conducted in the Anatomy Department of Bhaskar Medical College, Yenkapally Village, Moinabad Mandal, Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh. A total of 25 right and 25 left human adult cadaveric kidneys were included. Initially, the shapes of kidneys were noted. Then using an electronic weighing machine, kidneys were weighed.
Length, breadth and width of kidneys were measured with the help of digital sliding calipers and noted. We studied the structures present at the hilum of the kidneys. We considered the maximum distance between the two poles of the kidneys as its length, maximum distance between two points at the same level between the medial and lateral borders as its breadth and maximum width as the width of kidneys. We also studied the lobulation of the kidneys. The data obtained was tabulated, analysed statistically and compared with the previous studies.
Results
Out of 50 kidneys studied, 25 were right kidneys and 25 were left kidneys. All the 50 kidney specimens were bean shaped. Among the 25 right kidneys, weight ranged from 57 to 190 gms and the average weight was found to be 103.04 gms (Table 1.) The length of right kidney varied between 8 and 14 cms with an average length of 10.92 cms (Table 1). The breadth of right kidneys was in the range of 5 to 8 cms, with an average breadth of 6.2 cms (Table 1). The width of the right kidney varied between 2 and 5 cms with an average width of 3.34 cms (Table 1).
Among 25 right kidney specimens, 2 (8%) showed lobulation (Table 4). We observed hilum of the right kidney with an arrangement of renal vein, renal artery and renal pelvis anterio-posteriorly in 23 (92%) specimens. In contrast, 2 (8%) specimens showed renal artery, renal vein and renal pelvis anterio-posteriorly (Table 4).
Among the 25 left kidneys, the weight ranged from 60 to 220 grams and the average weight was found to be 114.48 gms (Table 2). The length of left kidneys varied between 9.5 and 14.5 cms with an average length of 11.32 cms (Table 2). The breadth of left kidneys was in the range of 5 to 9 cms with an average breadth of 6.62 cms (Table 2). The width of left kidneys varied between 2 and 5 cms with an average width of 3.54 cms (Table 2). Among 25 left kidney specimens, 4(16%) showed lobulation (Table 4). We observed the hilum of left kidney with an arrangement of renal vein, renal artery and renal pelvis anterio-posteriorly in 19 (76%) of specimens. The remaining 6(24%) left kidney specimens showed renal artery, renal vein and renal pelvis anterio-posteriorly at the hilum (Table 4). The normal and variational renal hilar structures are represented in figures 1-3 and lobulation of kidneys are represented in the figure 4.
Discussion
Kidneys are the important organs to maintain the homeostatic function of the body and act as endocrine organs [1]. The present study was done to explore morphological variations of right and left kidneys and describe their significance. We noted several variations in the kidney morphology.
In the present study, all the 50 (100%) kidneys were bean shaped as mentioned in the standard text books of Anatomy [1,2]. The average weight of right kidneys was 103.04 gms and the average weight of the left kidneys was 114.48 gms. This is not coinciding with the earlier studies that described the average weight to be 108.7 +/- 22.6 g and 111.8 +/- 23.3 g for right and left kidneys, respectively [9]. This is also not in agreement with some studies where the average weight was taken into consideration commonly for both kidneys [1, 10]. This could indicate that our present study showed a variation in the weight of kidneys when compared with the earlier findings.
Next, kidney size is considered as an important indication for many clinical signs and hence it is worth studying. Previous studies showed that aging leads to a progressive decrease in kidney size, especially after middle age [11,12]. Recently, a significant correlation between kidney size and kidney function was observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) [13].
In the present study, right kidney size measurements revealed an average length of 10.92 cms, average breadth of 6.2 cms and the average width of 3.34cms. These are closer to earlier findings [4, 14] but varied with some other [10]. Similarly, left kidney size measurements revealed
an average length of 11.32 cms, breadth of 6.62 cms and the width of 3.54 cms which are closer to the previous findings [1] but differed from some other studies [10]. So, this indicated variations in the renal dimensions and could generate considerable medical interest.
It could be possible that the renal dimensions might also vary among population of different geographical origin. However, as not much data is available, renal variations need further exploration. Our further emphasis was on lobulation and renal hilum. We observed lobulation in 8% of right kidney specimens and 16% of left kidney specimens. Normally, the foetal kidneys are subdivided into lobules which disappear during infancy as the nephrons increase and grow [15]. Patil and his associates reported a rare congenital condition of kidney where bilateral lobulation and malrotation were observed in association with the open hilar structure of kidney [16]. The lobulation observed in the present study although had no associations with any other structural variations or defects, it might highlight certain clinical significance.
We observed variations in the renal hilar structures both in the right and left kidneys, but more at the left kidney (24%). Generally, renal hilum variant patterns were reported to be frequent on the left kidney [5]. This could be attributed to the developmental defects of the renal veins.
From the embryological view point, right renal vein develops from one channel whereas
left renal vein develops from several anastomotic channels. Any abnormality during these channel developments could alter the arrangement of renal hilar structures with regard to the renal vein [5]. So, our findings related to renal hilar structural variation is supported by the previous studies [5-8].
Overall, we observed that weight, dimensions, hilar structural variations and lobulations of left kidney were larger than the right kidney (Table 3). This could indicate that left kidney is more susceptible to anatomical variations than the right kidney.
Conclusion
In conclusion, renal dimensions and hilar structural arrangements could possess significant clinical value. It is necessary to distinguish a pathological kidney from a normal sized healthy kidney. Determination of renal anatomical variants should be greatly encouraged to strengthen the current literature and improve the knowledge needed for surgical and radiological interventions.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Dr. K. V. Vijayasaradhi (Prof.), Dr. Mahopatra (Prof.), Dr. Hima Bindu (Assoc. Prof), Dr. Mohd. Abid Ali (Asst. Prof), Dr. S. Parimala (Asst. Prof) and Dr. B. Sirisha (Asst. Prof), Bhaskar Medical College, for their kind cooperation and coordination.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1068http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1068
Standring S: Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of the Clinical Practice, 39th edition. Edinburg: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2006; 1269-84.
Datta AK. Essentials of Human Anatomy (Thorax and Abdomen) part I, 7th ed., Calcutta: Current books international, 2006; 301-320.
Datta AK. Essentials of Human Embryology part, 5th ed., Calcutta: Current books international, 2005; 220-224.
Raza, M, Hameed, A and Khan, I. Ultrasonographic Assessment of Renal Size and its Correlation with Body Mass Index in Adults Without known Renal Disease. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2011;23(3):64-68
Trivedi, S.; Athavale, S. & Kotgiriwar, S.Normal and Variant Anatomy of Renal HilarStructures and its Clinical Significance. Int. J. Morphol, 2011;29(4):1379-1383.
Das S, Paul S,. Variation of renal hilar structures: A cadaveric case.Eur J Anat 2006;10 (1): 41-43
Naveen Kumar, Ashwini P, Aithal, Anitha Guru, Nayak Satheesha B. Bilateral vascular variations at the renal hilum: a case report. Case Rep Vasc Med 2012;2012:968506.
Verma P, Arora AK, Sharma P, Mahajan A. Variations in branching pattern of renal artery and arrangement of hilar structures in the left kidney: clinical correlations, a case report. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2012;117(2):118-22.
Sahni D, Jit I, Sodhi L. Weight and measurements of kidneys in northwest Indian adults. Am J Hum Biol13 (6):726-32.
Khatun, H, Sultana Z, Islam, N, Kibria, Chy, T. Morphological Study of the Kidney in Relation to Age. Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 2009;7(1):19-21
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Akpinar IN, Altun E, Avcu S, Tüney D, Ekinci G, Biren T. Sonographic measurement of kidney size in geriatric patients. J Clin Ultrasound, 2003;31(6):315-8.
Jovanovi? D, Gasic B, Pavlovic S, Naumovic R.Correlation of kidney size with kidney function and anthropometric parameters in healthy subjects and patients with chronic kidney diseases.Renal Failure 2013;35(6): 896-900
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Patil ST, Meshram MM, Kasote AP. Bilateral malrotation and lobulation of kidney with altered hilar anatomy: a rare congenital variation. Surg Radiol Anat 2011;33(10):941-4.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareCHILDHOOD OCULAR EMERGENCIES: 5 YEARS RETROSPECTIVE CLINICAL AUDIT IN A RURAL MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL
English116120Saumen Kumar ChowdhuriEnglish Subhasis JanaEnglishPurpose: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of childhood ocular emergency. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive retrospective review was carried out over a period of 5 years from January 2008 to December 2012 at the Dept. of Ophthalmology, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India. A total 330 children (aged 15 years or less) was hospitalized with ocular emergencies and included in this study. Results: Total 330 children (aged 15 years or less) were admitted in the inpatient Department of Ophthalmology. Male and female child was 242(73.33%) and 88(26.67%) respectively. Traumatic ocular emergencies was 210(63.64%) where as non-traumatic was 120(36.36%). Male predominance was seen in both group, traumatic 126(60%) and non-traumatic 83(69.2%). Close globe injury 86(40.95%) and open globe injury was 66(31.43%). Hyphema 48(55.81%) was the most common among close globe injury. Corneal rupture 42(63.63%) was most common among open globe injury. Vegetable material was the most common causative agent for traumatic ocular emergency. Non-traumatic ocular emergency was managed with conservative medications and primary repair was done in traumatic open globe injury. Visual outcome was poor in cases of traumatic open globe injury than traumatic close globe injury and non-traumatic group. Conclusion: Childhood ocular emergency is a common cause of ophthalmic consultation. Majority patients are young boys and commonly presented with ocular trauma. There is need for increasing awareness.
EnglishAudit, childhood emergency, Ophthalmology.INTRODUCTION
The term audit is “a means of quality control for medical practice by which the profession shall regulate its activities with the intention of improving overall patient care”1. Childhood ocular emergency, commonly ocular trauma is a major cause of acquired monocular visual impairment and blindness in children. Childhood Ocular injuries account for approximately 8-14% of total injury and are the most common type requiring hospitalization2,3. Ocular injury was the 2nd common cause of preventable monocular visual loss in children, next to amblyopia4. Injury was more common in children because of their inability to avoid hazards5. Injury was less frequent in infants and children less than 3 years of age due to close parental supervision6. Accidental injury was more common in older children by toys, pencils, arrows, needles, thorns and stone. Sports related injury was more common in 5-15 years of age7.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comprehensive retrospective review was carried out over a period of 5 years from January 2008 to December 2012 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India. All children (aged 15 years or less) admitted with ocular emergency were included in this study. The data was collected from inpatients registers and recorded as traumatic and non-traumatic group. Traumatic ocular injury was further classified as lid injury, closed globe injury, open globe injury, chemical and thermal injury.
Initial visual acuity was measured at the time of presentation. For school-aged children visual acuity was recorded with E chart from 6 meters distance. For preschool children, visual acuity was assessed with the fixation and light follow test pattern.
RESULTS
Between January 2008 – December 2012, a total 330 children (aged 15years or less) admitted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital. Out of these 330 children, 242(73.33%) was male and 88(26.67%) was female. Minimum age of the study patient was 2 month. Traumatic ocular emergencies was 210(63.64%) where as non-traumatic was 120(36.36%). Male predominance was seen in both group, traumatic 126(60%) and non-traumatic 83(69.2%). Table 1 and Table 2 shows the age and sex distribution of traumatic and non-traumatic ocular emergencies respectively. Penetrating trauma was the most frequent mode of injury observed in children. Close globe injury 86(40.95%) and open globe injury was 66(31.43%). Hyphema 48(55.81%) was the most common among close globe injury followed by Irido-lenticular dialysis 11(12.79%). Corneal rupture 42(63.63%) was most common among open globe injury. Fig.1 and Fig.2 shows the distributions of traumatic and non-traumatic childhood ocular emergency respectively. Stone-chip was the most common causative agent for traumatic ocular emergency. Table 3 shows the etiologic agents of traumatic ocular injury. Non-traumatic ocular emergency was managed with conservative medications and primary repair was done in traumatic open globe injury. Visual outcome was poor in cases of traumatic open globe injury than traumatic close globe injury and non-traumatic group.
DISCUSSION
The term audit of surgical outcome could be seen as the final step in what had termed the “journey of care” for the individual patient and for the population as a whole8. Childhood ocular trauma was a leading cause of acquired monocular visual morbidity, accounts for 8-14% of total injury2,3. Because of their immature motor skills and curious nature children are more susceptible to ocular trauma and it was seen that 6-10 years of age was more susceptible9. In the present study we found that male 242(73.33%) was more frequently admitted than female 88(26.67%) Traumatic ocular emergencies was 210(63.64%) more common than non-traumatic 120(36.36%) emergency. Male predominance was seen in both group, traumatic 126(60%) and non-traumatic 83(69.2%). Adhikari et al10 reported that 57% children was male. Penetrating trauma was the most frequent mode of injury observed in this study. Open globe injury 86(40.95%) and close globe injury was 66(31.43%) respectively. Krishnan et al11 reported that 69.20% of traumatic ocular injury was open globe injury and stick (40.31%) was the commonest cause of followed by stone (19.37%). Cornea (89.01%) was the commonest site of perforation followed by sclera (22.54%) and a large proportion of patients had uveal prolapse (78.03%), they also reported that subluxation of lens (38.96%) was commonest than hyphema (27.27%) in blunt injury. Similarly in our study we found that stone 42(20%) was the commonest cause followed by wooden stick 21(10%). Stone was the commonest agent as many stone chips manufacturing industries are located nearby districts and adjacent part of state of Jharkhand. Corneal rupture was seen in 42(63.63%), sclero-corneal rupture was 18(27.27%) and uveal prolapse was seen in 48(72.73%) but in contrast hyphema 48(55.81%) was the commonest finding followed by irido-lenticular dialysis 11(12.79%) in our series. In another study Bukhari et al12 reported that male child (72.25%) was more frequently involved than female child(27.75%). Blunt trauma was most common mode of injury and vegetative material (14.4%) and wooden stick (13.2%). Most common finding was sub-conjunctival hemorrhage (11.5%). Similarly Kaur et al13 reported that penetrating trauma (73.67%) was the most common mode of ocular injury in their study.
Thermal and Chemical injuries, though relatively less frequent are very devastating to the eye. In our study 16 (7.62%) cases were due to thermal or chemical injury.
All cases of lid injury and open globe injury, primary repair was done. Closed globe and thermal/ chemical injuries was managed medically.
Jackson H14 concluded that valid estimation of the annual incidence of infective ulceration was difficult to obtain in most countries. In this study we found that corneal ulcer 56(46.67%) was the most common non-traumatic ocular emergency. Followed by orbit/ adnexal infection 28(23.33%), neuro-ophthalmological 12(10%), endophthalmitis 6(5%), painful red eye 5(4.17%), uveitis 2(1.67%), vitreo-retinal 3(2.5%) causes were in decreasing order of incidence. Majority of the corneal ulcer was due to bacterial 29(51.78%) origin followed by fungus 13(23.21%) and virus 8(14.3%). Gonzales et al15 reported that annual incidence of corneal ulcer in Madurai district, South India was 11.3% per 10,000 populations. Bharathi et al16 found that 32.77% corneal ulcer was due to bacterial agent followed by fungus 34.4% in their study.
In all cases of non-traumatic ocular emergencies, conservative medical management was given.
CONCLUSION
Our study indicates a large number of childhood ocular emergency was admitted in this rural based Medical College and Hospital. Majority was young male who had not received any management before attending the hospital. The prevalence of traumatic ocular injury was higher than non-traumatic group. There is need for increasing awareness among parents, care giver and vulnerable group to reduce ocular morbidity and strict prohibition of child labour in the field of stone chip manufacturing industries.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors of this article gratefully acknowledge the inspiration and help received from the scholars whose articles have been cited in the reference section. The authors pay their gratitude to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles/journals/books from where the reviews and literatures for the discussion have been collected.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1069http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1069
Alam SN, Rehman S, Raza SM, Manzar S. Audit of a general surgical unit: Need for self evaluation. Pak J of surgery 2007; 23: 141-4.
Scribano PV, Nance M, Reilly P, Ronald FS, Steven M. Pediatric Nonpowder Firearm injuries: Outcomes in an Urban Pediatric setting. Pediatrics 1997; 100; e5.
Takvam JA, Midelfart A. Survey of eye injuries in Norwegian children. Acta Ophthalmol 1993; 71: 500-5.
Lithander J, Al Kindi H, Tanjum AM. Loss of visual acuity due to eye injuries among 6292 school children in the sultanate of Oman. Acta Ophthalmol 1999; 77: 697-9.
Negral AD, Thlefors B. The global impact of eye injuries. Ophthalmic epidemiology 1996; 5: 143-69.
Neranen M, Raivio I. Eye injuries in Children. Br J Ophthalmol 1981; 65: 436-8.
Mac Ewen CJ, Baines PS, Desai T. Eye injuries in children: The current picture. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83:933-6.
Herbert MA, Prina SL, William SJL. Are unaudited records forming an outcome registry database accurate? Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77: 1960-4.
Al-Bdour MD, Azab M. A childhood eye injuries in north Jordan. Int. Ophthalmol 1998; 22: 269-73.
Adhikari RK, Pokhrel H, Chaudhury H, Chaudhury B.Ocular trauma among children in western Nepal: agents of trauma and visual outcome. Nep J Oph 2010; 2: 164-5.
Krishnan M, Sreenivasan R. Ocular injuries in union territory of Pondicherry. Clinical presentation. Indian J Ophthalmol 1998; 36: 82-5.
Kaur A, Agrawal A. Paediatric ocular trauma. Current Science 2005; 89: 43-6.
Jackson H. Bilateral blindness due to trauma in Combodia. Eye 1996; 10: 517-20.
Bharathi MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Vasu S, Meenakshi R, Shivkumar C, Palaniappan R. Epidemiology of bacterial keratitis in a referral centre in south India. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2003; 21: 239-45.
Bukhari S, Mahar PS, Qidwai U, Bhutto IA, Memon AS. Ocular Trauma in Children. Pak J Ophthalmol 2011; 27: 208-13.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2HealthcareUNUSUAL LOCATION OF CORACOBRACHIALIS MUSCLE AND COURSE OF MUSCULO CUTANEOUS NERVE - A CASE REPORT
English121124Kalpana T.English Udaya Kumar P.English Murali Krishna S.English Rajesh V.English Chandra Mohan M.English Naveen Kumar B.EnglishMusculocutaneous nerve typically pierces the coracobrachialis muscle. During gross anatomy dissections of the upper extremities, for freshman undergraduates, in the department of Anatomy, Mamata Medical College, Andhra Pradesh, the coracobrachialis muscle was found to be innervated by a nerve branch arising from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. The musculocutaneous nerve was found to course downwards medial to coracobrchialis and biceps brachii muscles and then pierce the bceps brachii instead of coracobrachialis muscle. The coracobrachialis was found in deeper plane, posterior to short head of biceps brachii rather than medial to it. No other abnormality was observed in the branching pattern of the brachial plexus on both sides. Knowledge of the anatomical variations of the location of coracobrachialis and peripheral nervous system is important to clinicians and surgeons in interpreting unusual clinical presentations.
EnglishCoracobrachialis, Biceps brachii, Musculocutaenous nerve, Brachial plexus.INTRODUCTION
Coracobrachialis takes origin from the coracoid process, together with the tendon of the short head of biceps and inserts on to the medial border of the shaft of the humerus. This muscle forms an inconspicuous rounded ridge on the upper medial side of the arm. Usually the muscle is perforated by the musculocutaneous nerve. Biceps and brachialis muscles are related laterally to this muscle whereas pectoralis major, brachial vessels and median nerve are related anteriorly1.
The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord (C5–7) of brachial plexus. It pierces coracobrachialis and descends laterally between biceps and brachialis to the lateral side of the arm. Just below the elbow it pierces the deep fascia lateral to the tendon of biceps, and continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. It supplies coracobrachialis, both heads of biceps and most of brachialis muscle1.
CASE REPORT
During routine dissection labs for freshman undergraduate students of Mamata Medical College, Andhra Pradesh, a variation of abnormal location of coracobachialis muscle and unusual course of musculo cutaneous nerve in relation the muscle is observed in 60 yr old male cadaver.
Morphological variations of coracobrahialis muscle are common but the variation in the location of muscle was not reported so far. In this present case coracobrachialis muscle was found originating from the medial border of coracoid process of scapula along with the tendon of short head of biceps. Then muscle coursed unusually deep and posterior to short head of biceps brachii muscle rather than descending medial to it. Insertion of the muscle was observed on the anterior surface of mid shaft of humerus instead of medial surface. A nerve branch from the lateral cord was found to innervate the muscle near its origin rather than from musculocutaneous nerve.
Musulo cutaneous nerve was observed arising from lateral cord of brachial plexus as usual. Interestingly the nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis, instead continued downwards medial to it and then passed between the biceps and brachialis muscles after giving nerve branches to both (Picture No 1). Nerve supply to coraco brachialis was derived from lateral cord of brachial plexus rather than from musculo cutaneous nerve. The muscular braches to biceps and brachialis were originated from musculocutaneous nerve. Finally the musculocutaneous nerve continued as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm).
DISCUSSION
This case report presents the abnormal location of coracobrachialis muscle and unusual continuation of musculo cutaneous nerve without piercing the coracobrachialis muscle in right upper limb of 60 yr old Indian male cadaver.
Jakubowicz2, Kopuz C3, Mehmet4, Nakatani5, Lee6, Mostafa7 and Sargon8 observed an accessory head of coracobrachialis but loactation of coracobrachialis as deep and posterior to biceps short head and its insertion on the anterior surface of shaft of humerus has not been reported previously.
Absence of musculocutaneous has been reported by many authors. Prasad rao et al9, Pacholczak R et al10, Guerry Guttenberg RA11, Natakani et al12, Jamuna et al13, Uzel AP14 reported unilateral absence of musculocutaneous nerve and Ihunwo et al15 observed the same bilaterally. In the present case the nerve was observed to be arising from the lateral cord as usual.
Authors Guerry Guttenberg11, Gumusalan16, Himabindu17, Jamuna13, Chitra18, Nayak19and Natakani20 observed that the musculo cutaneous nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis in its course, rather found it passing downwards and medial to the muscle. They observed that the nerve either ended up by joining the median nerve or continued as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. In the present study also musculo cutaneous nerve did not pierce the muscle instead continued downwards medial to the biceps muscle then entered it and finally continued as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. No communicating branches were observed between musculo cutaneous nerve and median nerve.
CONCLUSION
Upper extremity is a frequent site of injury and various surgical and invasive procedures. Coracobrachialis muscle has been suggested for use in coverage in infraclavicular defects of postmastectomy reconstructive patients21 and also in free vascularized muscle transfer for treatment of longstanding facial paralysis22. So knowledge of such anatomical variations in muscles and nerves of upper limb is of utmost importance to clinicians.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that we have no competing interests
Ethical committee clearance
As the study included only human cadavers, ethical committee clearance was not taken into consideration. Authors will take the responsibility of any further allegations regarding ethical clearance that arise from the study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank my colleagues and supporting staff for their valuable suggestions and support. I extend my gratitude to all the scholars / authors / editors / publishers whose articles, journals are reviewed, cited and included in the references of this manuscript.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1070http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1070
Standring S, Borley NR, Collins P, Crossman AR, Gatzoulis MA, Healy JC, et al., Gray’s anatomy. 40th Ed. Londaon; Churchill Livingstoe, 2008.
Jakubowicz M, Ratajczak W., Variation in morphology of the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis muscles associated with abnormal course of blood vessels and nerves. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2000; 58(4):255-8.
Kopuz C, Içten N, Yildirim M., A rare accessory coracobrachialis muscle: a review of the literature. Surg Radiol Anat. 2003 Feb; 24(6):406-10.
Taylor GI, Cichowitz A, Ang SG, Seneviratne S, Ashton M., Comparative anatomical study of the gracilis and coracobrachialis muscles: implications for facial reanimation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Jul; 112(1):20-30.Mehmet Mutlu Catli, Umut Ozsoy, Yasemin Kaya, Arzu Hizay, Fatos Belgin Yildirim, and Levent Sarikcioglu., Four-headed biceps brachii, three-headed coracobrachialis muscles associated with arterial and nervous anomalies in the upper limb, Anat Cell Biol. 2012 June; 45(2): 136–139.
Nakatani T, Tanaka S, Mizukami S., Bilateral four-headed biceps brachii muscles: the median nerve and brachial artery passing through a tunnel formed by a muscle slip from the accessory head. Clin Anat. 1998;11: 209–212.
Lee SE, Jung C, Ahn KY, Nam KI., Bilateral asymmetric supernumerary heads of biceps brachii. Anat Cell Biol. 2011;44:238–240.
Mostafa M El-Naggar., A study on the morphology of the coracobrachialis muscle and its relation with the musculocutaneous nerve, Folia Morphol; Vol,60, No.3, pp.217-224
Sargon MF, Tuncali D, Celik HH., An unusual origin for the accessory head of biceps brachii muscle. Clin Anat. 1996;9:160–162
Prasada Rao PVV, Chaudahary SC., Absence of musculocutaneous nerve: two case reports. Clin Anat 2001: 14:31-5
Pacholczak R, Klimek - Piotrowska W, Walocha J A., Absence of the musculocutaneous nerve associated with a supernumerary head of biceps brachii: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011 Aug; 33(6):551-4.
Guerri - Guttenberg R A, Ingolotti M., Classifying musculocutaneous nerve variations., Clin Anat. 2009 Sep;22(6):671-83.
Nakatni T, Mizukami S, Tanaka S., Absence of the musculocutaneous nerve with innervation of coracobrachialis, the biceps brachii, the brachialis and lateral border of the forearm by the branches from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. J Anat 1997b; 191:459-60
Jamuna M, Amudha G., A cadaveric Study on the anatomic variations of musculocutaneous nerve in the infra clavicular part of brachial plexus, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research (2011) Nov (suppl-1), Vol 5(6): 1144-1147
Uzel AP, Bulla A, Steinmann G, LaurentJoye M, Caix P., Absence of the musculocutaneous nerve and its distribution from median nerve: About two cases and literature review, Morphologie. 2011 Dec; 95(311):146-50.
Ihunwo AO, Osinde SP, Mukhtar AU., Disstribution of median nerve to the muscles of the anterior compartment of rhe arm. Cent Afr J Med 1997;43:359-60
Gümü?alan Y, Yazar F, Ozan H, Variant innervation of the coracobrachialis muscle and unusual course of the musculocutaneous nerve in man, Kaibogaku Zasshi. 1998 Jun; 73(3):269-72.
Himabindu.A, Narsinga Rao. B., short musculocutaneous nerve and unusual innervations of median nerve., Int J of BAMS, 2012 may, Vol 2 (2): 166-169
Chitra R. Multiple bilateral neuroanatomical variations of the nerves of the arm. Neuroanatomy 2007; 6:43-5
Nayak S, Samuel VP, Somayaji N: Concurrent variations of the median, the musculo cutaneous nerve and the biceps brachii muscle. Neuroanatomy 2006; 5:30-2
Nakatani T, Mizukami S, Tanaka S., Three cases of the musculocutaneous nerve not perforating the coracobrachialis muscle. Kaibogaku Zasshi. 1997 Jun;72(3):191-4.
P C Hobar, R J Rohrich, T J Mickel., The Coracobrachialis muscle flap for coverage of exposed axillary vessels; a salvage procedure. Plastic and amp. recon. surg 06/1990; 85(5): 801-4
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241520EnglishN2013November2TechnologySTUDY OF EFFECTS OF SOME CATALYSTS IN BIOMASS PYROLYSIS
English125130M. BardalaiEnglish D. K. MahantaEnglishTo convert biomass into gas and liquid for efficient utilization of bioenergy is getting very interest now a day. In this regard several researches have been carried out on the biomass pyrolysis to produce bio-oil. In this work main aim is to see the effect of some catalysts like Al2O3, CaCO3 and ZnO on the biomasses like saw dust and rice husk pyrolysis in terms of thermal degradation as the rate of thermal degradation effects the product of the pyrolysis of the biomass sample. Proximate analysis of the samples have been done to see the ash content, moisture content, volatile matter etc. that contained in the biomass sample. The ultimate analysis is carried out to check the elemental components like C, H, N, O, S etc. using CHN (Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen) analyzer. The Bomb calorimeter is used to determine the calorific value of the biomass sample. The calorific value of both the samples are found to be around 16.32 MJ/kg which is lower than the high grade fossil fuel like anthracite coal having calorific value of 27MJ/kg. In TGA (Thermo gravimetric analysis) the behavior of the thermal degradation of the biomasses with and without the mixing of catalysts where significant differences were found by the help of curves obtained. It has been observed that the total time required for complete vaporization of the biomasses is more as compared to the bare biomass samples on heating although by the mix of some catalysts with some biomasses, there is negligible changes occur in the thermal degradation.
Englishbiomass, catalyst, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis, pyrolysis.INTRODUCTION
As the crisis of fossil fuel all over the world is increasing, the utilization of renewable energy and its up gradation is also a big source of research and development. Biomass is one of the sources of renewable energy. In the country like India comprises lots of biomass which are wasted in most of the cases. In place of wasting the biomass it can be used as a good resource of renewable energy directly or by making some conversion. If it is directly used then its efficiency is quite less and some difficulties occur like storing and transportation. So, now days the research has been progressed to convert biomass from solid into gas or liquid in various ways to make it as an effective source of renewable energy. Pyrolysis is the thermo chemical process where biomass is converted into liquid. It is the thermal degradation of solid in the absence of oxygen in the temperature range of 5000C to 8000 C and then condensed the vapor to make it liquid. The up gradation of bio oil produced by pyrolysis is very essential as this oil is not suitable for direct use in engines. In most of the cases it contains more water, more acidic, more oxygen etc. Upgradation can be done in many ways which is already shown by many researchers. Catalytic pyrolysis is one of the processes which can be used to upgrade the bio oil. Every catalyst has some different effects on the biomass conversion process and ultimately on the bio oil. In this work a comparative study of effects of 3 types of catalysts on two different biomasses has been analyzed.
FEEDSTOCKS AND CATALYSTS
In this work two types of feedstock are taken- teak tree (Tectona Grandis) saw dust which is easily found in the powder form in the size of 0.5 to 1mm because the teak tree is mostly cut for the furniture purpose. The collected dust in this work is found in the size of 0.5 to 1 mm. The another feed stock taken here is the rice (Oryza Sativa/ Asian Rice) husk which is also easily available in small or large size rice mill. These are found in the size of 1 to 2mm. Since many works has already been done on saw dust and rice husk pyrolysis, here it is tried to observe the effect of catalyst on these feed stocks. The catalysts taken here for the mixing with the biomasses are – CaCO3, ZnO and Al2O3. The catalysts can be taken at different proportions with the biomass sample.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODLOGY
The proximate and ultimate analysis of the biomass samples before mixing with the catalysts are carried out to determine its characteristics. For proximate analysis a Muffle furnace (vertical type) is used. A hot air oven and a moisture cane are used for heating up to 1100 C to determine the moisture contents. A silica crucible is used to determine the ash content (heating up to 7500C) and volatile matter (heating up to 9000C). The tests are carried out as per the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards.
The results of the proximate analysis are shown in the table 1. The heating value, i.e. the HHV (Higher Heating Value or Gross Calorific Value) is calculated by using bomb calorimeter (company: RICO, model: RBC) in ASTM method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The calorific values of the Segun tree saw dust and rice husk are almost same with the fossil fuel like lignite (coal), the range of calorific value of which is around 16.32 MJ/Kg. These values are small as compared to the high grade coal like anthracite (HHV=27MJ/Kg). From this study it can be observed that both saw dust and rice husk have the potential for pyrolysis oil production. The ash content and fixed carbon in the rice husk is much greater than those of the teak tree saw dust and this leads to high char content in pyrolysis rather than saw dust. The ultimate analyses of the biomass sample are carried out using a CHN (Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen) analyzer and the results are shown in the table-2. The contents of carbon and hydrogen in percentage in the fuel are shown in the table-2. The oxygen content is the difference of the sum of the hydrogen and carbon contents from 100. The nitrogen content in the Segun tree dust is very small, so it is neglected. The sulphur amounts in both the samples are also found to be very negligible.
From the above results shown in the table-2, the empirical formula of the Segun tree saw dust is found as C1.74H2.78O and for the rice husk as CH1.865O1.08. The oxygen content is higher in rice husk than saw dust. As the oxygen content increases, the liquid will be oxygenated and being acidic and it creates corrosion.
TGA ANALYSIS
The TGA (Thermo gravimetric Analysis) is the technique, where thermal degradation of a sample can be observed. It shows the degradation of weight with the increase in temperature. The analysis is performed at first with the biomass alone, and then it is performed for the mixture in 1:1 ratio of the bio-mass and catalyst. The TGA experiments were carried out at the heating rate of 10oC/min in the nitrogen atmosphere in TGA analyzer (TGA-50, SHIMADZU). The TGA curves obtained from the analysis for the biomass samples with and without the mixing of catalysts are shown in figures 1 to 8. From the fig. 1 to 4, it is seen that the saw dust is stable upto the temperature of around 3070C, after which the abrupt volatilization starts and this continues upto a temperature of around 3800 C. But with the addition of catalyst, the saw dust mixture remains stable upto some higher temperature than 3070C but the abrupt loss of wight does not lust long unlike the single saw dust sample. In the mixture of saw dust and Al2O3, there is no sudden significant change has been observed. The volatilization is being gradual as the increase of temperature. It is also observed that in the mixture of saw dust and ZnO, the sample does not vaporize completely. In case of rice husk the sample remains stable up to the temperature of around 3480C and the sudden decrease in temperature starts from it and continues up to the temperature of around 4230C. But when it is mixed with catalysts its temperature of stability becomes lower. The vaporization of the sample starts from around 280 to 2820 C when it is mixed with the catalysts. Again in case of rice husk the complete volatilization occurs at around 6000C but when it is mixed with catalysts, it requires some higher temperature for complete vaporization. When the saw dust is mixed with the catalyst Al2O3 there is no such drastic change of weight has been observed as the increase in temperature, the loss of weight is very slow. So the rate of vaporization in saw dust with Al2O3 is slow up to the temperature 6000C. So the pyrolysis is not effective in this mixture up to 6000 C. Saw dust with CaCO3 and ZnO shows a very drastic loss of weight within a very short variation of temperature i.e. within 470 C. Within this temperature difference the catalyst CaCO3 reduces almost 45% weight and the catalyst ZnO reduces around 50% weight where as in case of bare saw dust around 86% weight is lost within a temperature difference of 870 C. In case of bare rice husk the maximum weight loss i.e. around 54% weight loss occurs within the temperature difference 750C. Rice husk with Al2O3 get its 50% weight loss within the temperature difference of 570C. Around 45% weight is lost during the temperature difference of 610 C when the rice husk is mixed with CaCO3 and 45% weight is lost in the temperature difference of 880C in case of rice husk and ZnO mixture.
CONCLUSION
From this analysis the thermal behavior or rate of volatilization of the biomass sample with some specific catalysts has been studied. It is found that the rate of decomposition and devolatilisation with the mix up of different catalysts are quite different. It has also been seen that with mixing of catalyst the total time required to make complete vaporization is more as compared to the bare biomass sample. So definitely it will have a significant effect on the pyrolysis process of the biomass which leads to the quality of the bio –oil produced from it.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1071http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1071
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