International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 6(1), January, 2014

Pages: 44-52

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PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN GUJARAT REGION

Author: Maharshi Trivedi

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Patients with diabetes are more likely to experience depression than the population in general. Any level of depression is associated with worse diabetes outcomes, poorer quality of life, increased functional impairment, increase in death rate and increased rate of complications like blindness and heart disease. Any patient who is having poor diabetes control should be screened for depression. Objective: To find out the score of Patient Health Questionnaire to assess the depressive symptoms in the type 2 diabetes mellitus patient and the association between fasting blood sugar and depressive symptoms and between age and depressive symptoms. Materials and Methodology: 200 patients having diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus filled the PHQ form. The PHQ score was assessed for the prevalence of depression in the patients. Result: Result showed that 54% patients have minimal depressive symptoms. 27% patients have minor depression and 12% have moderately major depression. 2% of the patients have severe major depression. Conclusion: There was significant prevalence of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The depressive symptoms are associated with age and fasting blood sugar of the patients.

Keywords: depression, diabetes mellitus

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Diabetes mellitus may present with characteristic symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, and weight loss(1)International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported that the total number of diabetic subjects in India is 41 million in 2006 and that this would rise to 70 million by the year 2025. (3) (4) Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus are following; (6)(7)(8) Age >45 years Gestational Diabetes Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2(48) Family history of diabetes HDL cholesterol 250 mg/dL Blood pressure >140/90 mmHg Impaired glucose tolerance Impaired fasting glucose: FPG from 110 to <126 (6.1 to 7.0 mmol / L) Impaired glucose tolerance: 2hr PPG from 140 to <200 (7.75 to <11.1 mmol /L)(48) Low activity level (exercising <3 times a week) A condition called acanthosisnigricans.(2) Micro vascular complications are Retinopathy, Nephropathy, and Neuropathy. Macro vascular complications are Coronary artery disease (CAD),  Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), Cerebrovascular events (CVA). Other complications are psychological complications, includes depression and anxiety.(9) Type 2 diabetes has been associated with reduced performance on multiple domains of cognitive function, including memory, psychomotor efficiency and executive function.(14) Glucose is the predominant substrate of the brain, and its consumption is tightly linked to neuronal activity, leaving neuronal function highly dependent on a continual supply of glucose. Changes in higher brain functions, such as memory and mood are associated with fluctuations in the circulating glucose concentration. (15) Compared with patients with diabetes alone, patients with depression and diabetes have been shown to have poorer selfmanagement and poor adherence to anti-diabetic, lipid-lowering and antihypertensive treatment. Depression may be an important barrier to effective diabetes management. Patients with depression and diabetes are more likely to have higher macro vascular and micro vascular complications and higher mortality rates.(5) Depression is twice as much common in people with diabetes as in the general population and major depression is present in at least 15% of patients with diabetes. Depression is associated with poorer glycaemic control, health complications, poor quality of life and increased healthcare costs. People with diabetes should be screened for depression regularly (9) The occurrence of depression in individuals with diabetes mellitus seems to be related to socioeconomic status, family status, obesity, smoking habits, physical activity, and sedentary life(10)People with type 2 diabetes are 52% more likely to become depressed than people without the condition.(11) Objective of the study is to explore the risk of depressive disorder in the type 2 diabetes patients in Ahmadabad. Depression leads to the poor outcome of the treatment of impaired glucose tolerance. (13) Compared to subjects with normal individual: Depression alone increased risk of all-cause mortality by 53%, and cardiovascular mortality by 56%. Diabetes alone increased risk of all-cause mortality by 52%, and cardiovascular mortality by 146%. Those who had lived with diabetes for more than ten years combined with depression more than tripled their risk of death from cardiovascular disease. (13) Depression, in this survey, is assessed by administering nine items PHQ-9, a self report version of questionnaire, which assess the presence of depressive disorder. (5)

MATERIAL AND METHADOLOGY

Source of data - Population of Ahmadabad ? Study design - Survey study ? Study duration - The total duration of the study was 6 months ? Sample size - 200 subjects

Inclusion CriteriaInclusion Criteria

1. Age group of 40-70 years 2. Patients with laboratory diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus 3. Both genders (male and female)

Exclusion Criteria

1. History of any psychological illness 2. Associated medical condition

Data collection and procedure Material

Consent form Data collection sheet

Outcome measure

A Patient Health related Questionnaire (PHQ) in local language (Gujarati) (16)

PROCEDURE A

Patient Health related Questionnaire (PHQ) in local language (Gujarati) was filled by the patients regarding the symptoms of depression. 200 subjects of diabetes mellitus had filled the PHQ-9 form. This questionnaire includes questions about depressive symptoms and effective screening tool exists to aid recognizing depression in the primary care setting. (16) Data will be collected from different areas of Ahmadabad city in Gujarat. Data was analyzed using Graph pad Prism 5.1. Prevalence of depression was figured out. Correlation between age, fasting blood sugar and depressive tendency was calculated p<0.05

RESULT

Gender division for 200 diabetics is as in table 1. According to the age, the patients are divided into 4 groups. (Table 2) 3% patients were in age group of 30-39 years. 33% patients were in age group of 40-49 years 40% were in the age group of 50-59 years. 24% patients were in the age group of 60-69 years. (As shown in graph 1) The mean Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) of the patients was 123.2 ± 11.32.The average depression score of all 200 diabetics was 8.485±3.779 as shown in table 3.The highest number of diabetics were in age group of 50-59 years as shown in table 3 54% diabetics have PHQ score 5-9. These patients have minimal depressive symptoms. 1% of the diabetics fall in group 5 (PHQ score ≥20) having severe major depression 6% diabetics fall in group 4 (PHQ score 15-19) having moderately severe depression. 27% of the diabetics fall in group 3(PHQ score 10- 14) having minor depression. 12 % diabetics fall in group 1(PHQ score 0-4) having no depressive symptoms as shown in table 4 and in graph 2. Males and females in each group of PHQ score are as shown in table 5. 59 % male having diabetes fall in group 2 (PHQ score 5-9). 47 % female having diabetes fall in group 2 (PHQ score 5-9). 24% of males and 30% of females have minor depression. While 5% of male and 8% of females have moderately severe major depression. (Graph 3) In both gender, p PHQ score ≥10 is the sign of depression. So the prevalence of depression in male is 30% and prevalence of depression in female is 39%, which is higher than males. Correlation of Age vs. Depression (PHQ score) and Correlation of fasting blood sugar vs. depression is analysed by the Pearson correlation test as shown in table 6 and 7. This result suggests a weak but positive correlation between age and depression and weak but a positive correlation between fasting blood sugar and depression score (Graph 4 and 5).(p<0.05)

DISCUSSION

This is the survey study presenting the prevalence of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the age group of 30-70 years (mean age 52.83 years). The findings of the current study showed that 54% of minimal depressive symptoms, 27% minor depression, 6% of major depression and 1% of severe major depression are there in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and depression has been the subject of many researches and meta-analysis. It is debatable whether diabetes causes depression or not. Many studies went further to investigate the possibility of depression as a risk factor for developing diabetes. However, the results are inconsistent. While most studies found that depression is highly prevalent among people with diabetes in different cultural settings when compared to non-diabetics; other large studies found that diabetes does not increase the risk or the risk is increased only in the presence of other co-morbidities. (17) Lustman and his colleagues conducted a metaanalytic review of 24 studies. Their review revealed a strong association between depression and glycaemic control. (18) Ikeda and her associates found a significant relationship between the measures of depression and blood glucose levels in a sample of 113 type 2 diabetic patients. (20) In a study Jameel Nasser et al showed prevalence of depression among the study participants was 33.3%. Author suggested that, there was no association between diabetic control, duration, and most diabetic complications, which is not a supported result to our findings. (49) but population were different from our study. Pirunee Suppaso had done a study on 330 type 2 diabetic patients, prevalence of depression in Phangkhon hospital, Thailand. The study suggested that prevalence of depression among type 2 diabetic patients in Phangkhon hospital was mostly in women and mild depression.(36) The risk of suicidal was mild. The factors of depression were sex, age, coexisting chronic conditions and duration of diabetes. (17) It is suggested in a study by Gonzalez JS et al, patients with diabetes mellitus are more likely to experience depression than the population in general. Up to 20% of diabetics have major depression and over 66% have some degree of depression. (22) This is because of worse diabetes outcomes, poorer quality of life, increased functional impairment, increase in death rate and increased rate of complications like blindness and heart disease. (20)(21)In addition the cost of care is higher, self-care is poorer, and adherence to life style changes. (22) P J Lustman suggested that depression may occur secondary to the advancing diabetes or to diabetesrelated abnormalities in neuro-hormonal or neurotransmitter function. (23) Ryan J. Anderson et al concluded in a met analysis that there are more others factors affect the prevalence of depression in diabetes like ethnicity, age, sex, duration of diabetes and its complications.(14) A recent meta-analysis reviewed 13 articles that predicting onset of diabetes, representing 6,916 cases. The study found that depressed patients have a 1.6 times or 60% greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. (22) A second study demonstrated that for each fivepoint increase in score on a depression questionnaire the risk of developing diabetes increased by 10%. (22) Prevalence of minor depression in females is more than in males in this study, which is supported by a met analysis conducted by Ryan J. Anderson et al. (14) The association between depression and diabetic complications, both macro vascular and micro vascular, has been reviewed by a meta-analysis of 27 studies, which involved both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The analysis demonstrated a significant and consistent association between diabetic complications and depression.(14)(24)(25) In a study done by Wayne Katon et al, it is concluded that smoking and obesity were associated with a higher likelihood of meeting criteria for major and minor depression. Diabetes complications and elevated HbA1C were associated with major depression. Older patients with a higher number of complications had an increased likelihood of minor depression.(26) Similar findings found in study by Nabil Sulaiman et al, that a correlation between mental health status and diabetic complications. (27)According to Palinkas L.A. et al, poor health and age of the patient is associated with the depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus. (28) Thus result of the study showed that there was prevalence of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results also showed that the age and the fasting blood sugar of the patients were associated with depression. Limitations of the study were ? Due to the short duration of the study the sample size was small. ? The data about diabetic complications and duration of diabetes were not assessed. ? Other factors like socio-economic status and lifestyle were not assessed. ? The data about patients taking drugs or on insulin injections was not assessed. Future Research may be on- ? Prevalence of depression in patients with controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. ? Prevalence of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to body mass index and sex. ? Effects of aerobic exercise in patients with depression induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus

CONCLUSION

  • Study concludes that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more prone to develop depression.
  • Study also concludes that females are more prone to develop depression compared to male, having type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • Results of the study showed that there is weak but a positive correlation between age and depression and also between fasting blood sugar and depression.
  • This study concludes that the prevalence of depression in diabetes increases risk of co morbidity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to Dr. Pankaj Patel, Dean N.H.L. Medical College for giving me an opportunity to do the study. I am grateful to Dr. Neeta Vyas, Principal of S.B.B.College of Physiotherapy, for providing me all facilities for my work, without which it would not have been possible to complete this project. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected teacher Dr. Neepa Talati, Lecturer; for her invaluable guidance. I also express my gratitude to all the staff members of S.B.B. College of Physiotherapy for their assistance and help in carrying out this project work I will be failing in my duty if I do not thank my all the subjects, who participated in my study and spent their valuable time. I owe thanks to my family andfriends who shared my anxiety and believed in my abilities specially Amruta Chauhan, Foram dhebar for their support in carrying out this study. I acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles cited and included in references of this manuscript. I am also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. I am grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript

 

References:

REFERENCES

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2. Emanuel Rubin, Howard M. Reisner, Essentials of Rubin's pathology, page 491

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8. Rajbharan Yadav, Pramil Tiwari et al, Risk factors and complications of type 2 diabetes in Asians, CRIPS Vol. 9 No. 2 April-June 2008

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11. V Mohan, S. Sandeep et al, Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes- Indian scenario, India j med res 125, march 2007 pp217-230

12. Buffie Clodfelder-Miller, Patrizia De Sarno et al, Physiological and Pathological Changes in Glucose Regulate Brain Akt and Glycogen Synthase Kinase, The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, August 10, 2005

13. Amit Raval, Ethiraj Dhanaraj et al, Prevalence and determinants of depression in type 2 diabetes patients in a tertiary care centre, Indian J Med Res 132, August 2010, pp 195-200

14. Ryan J Anderson, Kenneth E. Freedland et al, The Prevalence of Co morbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes, the met analysis, diabetes care, vol 24, no 6, June 2001

15. Jennifer Warner, WebMD Health News, Negative Life Events, Obesity, Poor Disease Control May Raise Depression Risk in People With Diabetes, march,2011

16. Prasuna Reddy, Benjamin Philpot, Grad Dip, Dale Ford and James A Dunbar, Identification of depression in diabetes: the efficacy of PHQ-9 and HADS-D, Br J Gen Pract. 2010 June 1; 60(575): e239–e245.

17. Pirunee Suppaso, The Prevalence of Depression among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in PhangKhon Hospital, PhangKhon, Sakonnakhon, Thailand, Srinagarind Med J 2010; 25(4) 279

18. Pouwer F, Geelhoed-Duijvestijn PH, Tack CJ, Bazelmans E, Beekman AJ, Heine RJ, Snoek F J. Diabet Med. Prevalence of co morbid depression is high in out-patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from three out-patient clinics in the Netherlands.2010 Feb; 27(2):217-24.

19. Pibernik-Okanovic M, Peros K, Szabo S, et al. Depression in Croatian Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Prevalence and Risk Factors. A Croatian Survey from the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 942-5.

20. Lustman, P. J., Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., De Groot, M., Carney, R. M., and Clouse, R. E. (2000). Depression and poor glycaemic control. Diabetes Care, 23,934- 942.

21. Ikeda, K., Aoki, H., Saito, K., Muramatsu, Y., and Suzuki, T. (2003). Associations of blood glucose control with self-efficacy and rated anxiety/depression in type II diabetes mellitus patients. Psychological Reports, 92, 540-544.

22. Katon WJ, Rutter C, Simon G, Lin EH, et al: The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:2668– 2670, 2005

23. de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ: Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 63:619– 630, 2001

24. Gonzalez JS, Safren SA, Cagliero E, et al: Depression, Self-Care, and Medication Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes: relationships across the full range of symptom severity. Diabetes Care 30:2222–2227, 2007

25. Lustman PJ, Skor DA, Carney RM, Santiago JV, Cryer PE: Stress and diabetic control. Lancet 1:588, 1983

26. Black SA, Markides KS, Ray LA. Depression Predicts Increased Incidence of Adverse Health Outcomes in Older Mexican Americans with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2822-28.

27. Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Rutter C et al, Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventative care. Diabetes Care 27:2154– 2160, 2004

28. Katon, W., Simon, G., Von Korff, M., Ludman, E., Ciechanowski, P., Walker, E.,

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A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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