International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 6(11), June, 2014

Pages: 91-96

Date of Publication: 13-Jun-2014


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ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Author: Sri Hari Atti, Angirekula Saseekala, Varun Siri A.

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Objective: Diabetic retinopathy is the most commonest form of complications of diabetes mellitus which leads to vision loss if untreated. It has been hypothesized that oxidative damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of development of diabetic retinopathy. The aim of our present study is to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy patients. Methods: We tried to assess the role of oxidative stress in patients by estimating the levels of lipid peroxidation assessing plasma Malondialdehyde(MDA) levels and antioxidant status by reduced glutathione(GSH), Vitamin-E ,Vitamin-C in blood. For this, we have taken 50 cases of diabetic retinopathy compared with 25 age matched controls . Results: There were significant increase in the levels of MDA and significant decreases in the levels of antioxidants like GSH, vitamin-E and Vitamin-C in patients when compared with controls. Conclusion: Our results indicate that oxidative stress is associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy which needs further studies.

Keywords: Diabetes, retinopathy, oxidative stress, antioxidants.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. It is the most common endocrine metabolic disorder, affecting about 170 million people worldwide(1). The incidence of diabetes mellitus and its complications are increasing rapidly in India due to an aging population and the westernization of lifestyles. The ophthalmic complications of diabetes include corneal abnormalities, glaucoma, iris neovascularisation, cataracts and neuropathies. However, the most common and the potentially most blinding of these complications is diabetic retinopathy(2). Diabetic retinopathy is caused primarily by microvascular injury and the duration of diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and Hyperlipidemia have been shown to be risk factors for diabetic retinopathy(3). It is known that 20-50% of the long duration cases show proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In diabetes, the retina experiences increased oxidative stress(4), and reactive oxygen species are considered as a link between elevated glucose and the metabolic abnormalities important in the development of diabetic complications.(5).Oxidative stress increases in diabetes owing to an increase in the production of oxygen free radicals and a deficiency in the antioxidant defense mechanisms. The lipid peroxidation of the cellular structures, a consequence of the increased oxygen free radicals is thought to play an important role in the atherosclerosis and the microvascular complications(6).Elevated glucose causes a hypoxia like imbalance by increasing the NADH to NAD ratio. This altered ratio has been hypothesized to be a mechanism for ischemic retinopathy(7) and a cause of increased production of the superoxide ion(8). Greater ischemia manifested by capillary non perfusion of the retina leads to greater risk of extraretinal neovascularization and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, which is partly in response to up regulation and release of VEGF(9). Increased superoxide ion increases the oxidative load with greater reactive oxidative intermediates and advanced glycation end products, which also lead to increased release of VEGF(10) and the risk of neovascularization(11). Both ischemia and increased oxidation can lead to an increased production of lipid peroxides, which are themselves angiogenic(11). Taking the above facts into consideration, the present study was planned to evaluate the possible role of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted at the Department of Opthalmology and the department of biochemistry at S.V.Medical college, Tirupati. A total of 50 known cases of diabetes mellitus patients of age group 45-75 were selected for this study. Age and sex matched 25 normal healthy adults were selected as controls. Informed consent from all cases and controls were obtained. Ethical clearance was obtained for this study. A detailed medical history was obtained to identify those with known or suspected systemic hypertension, peripheral or coronary artery disease, venous thrombotic events, cerebrovascular disease, alcohol abuse, smoking and current use of cholesterol lowering drugs or vitamin supplements. All subjects underwent a complete opthalmoscopic examination including visual acuity, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure measurement using tonometry, gonioscopy, and dilated fundoscopic examination and systemic examination. Based on ophthalmic and systemic examinations, the study had two groups. Group 1 included 25 age matched healthy adults as controls and Group 2 included 50 patients of type-2 diabetes with retinopathy out of which 23 had non proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 27 had proliferative diabetic retinopathy. 10 ml of fasting blood samples were collected by venipuncture and for the separation of sera, 5ml of blood was centrifuged at 3000rpm for 5min and the remaining 5ml of blood was taken into a plain vial containing EDTA and was centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10min for the separation of plasma. The plasma MDA levels were estimated by using thiobarbituric acid reacting substances(TBARS) by the method of Yagi(12) and Sinnhuber et al(13). Reduced glutathione was determined by the method of Beutler et al(14). Serum Vit-E was measured by the method of Baker on the basis of reduction of ferric ions to ferrous ions by Vit-E and the formation of red colored complex with 2-2’ dipyridyl at 520nm(15). The activity of Ascorbic acid was determined by the method of Teitz(16). All the results were expressed as mean±SD and statistical comparisons were done using student t-test using the SPSS package and ANOVA correlation study.

Evaluation of oxidative stress is done based on the levels of MDA and statistically significant increase in the levels of MDA was observed in diabetics with retinopathy when compared to controls. Statistically significant decreases were observed in the levels of enzymatic antioxidants like GSH and non enzymatic antioxidants like vitaminE and C in cases when compared to controls.

DISCUSSION
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes and ranks as a common cause of blindness worldwide(17). Diabetic retinopathy could become a major threat to public health in the future due to the global prevalence of diabetes of diabetes, which is projected to affect 438 million people by 2030(18). Both the duration of diabetes and its metabolic control have been identified as the risk factors most strongly associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy(19). Diabetic retinopathy occurs in 70% of all persons having diabetes for more than 15 years. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among urban subjects with diabetes in India was reported to be about 17%(20), whereas in a clinical study it was found to be 34% among patients with type 2 diabetes(21). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 0.5% in the general rural populations of south India and 10.5% among patients with diabetes(22). Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by the appearance of vascular lesions of increasing severity, culminating in the growth of new vessels. Several hypotheses have been tested on the cause and pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. In non proliferative retinopathy, prolonged hyperglycemia may produce microaneurysms because of the selective decrease of cells in the vicinity of the retinal microvasculature and may also induce thickening of the vascular fundus membrane, endothelial proliferation, microvascular dilatation due to decreased endothelin-1 synthesis, increased vascular permeability and vascular occlusion in microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, prolonged hyperglycemia may increase blood flow and viscosity, resulting in increase of shear stress against the vascular wall, as well as injury of the vascular wall, in severe cases, it is known to induce macular edema(23). However, the main pathogenesis of proliferative retinopathy is known to be neovascularization caused by several factors including insulin like growth factor released from a retinal ischemic area(23). Recently, four biochemical pathways including enhanced glucose flux through the polyol pathway, increased intracellular formation of advanced glycation end-products, activation of protein kinase C isoforms, and stimulation of the hexosamine pathway have been suggested for eye disorders caused by hyperglycemia induced vascular injury in diabetes. These pathogenic mechanisms also appear to be associated with superoxide overproduction by the mitochondrial electron transport chain(24). In our study it was found that MDA levels of subjects with diabetic retinopathy were significantly higher than the levels of healthy controls. MDA level acted as markers of lipid peroxidation which represents oxidative stress and the reasons for increased lipid peroxidation products may be due to increased oxygen products as a result of auto-oxidation of glucose and glycosylated proteins, polyol pathways and decreased non enzymatic antioxidants. In addition, hyperglycemia increases the formation of triose phosphate, whose oxidation causes the formation of two free radicals alpha aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide(25). The increased levels of lipid peroxides can cause oxidative injury to blood cells, cross linking of membrane lipids and proteins, increasing of cell ageing, imbalance of prostacyclin/prostaglandin and vasoconstriction(26).GSH has a key role in enzymatic defense systems and helps in removing peroxides. In our study, there was statistically significant decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione when compared to healthy subjects. In the literature, different results have been reported in different organs and tissues regarding the levels of these two enzymes in diabetes mellitus. The low levels of antioxidant enzymes in diabetes mellitus may be because of the inactivation of the antioxidant enzymes by non enzymatic glycation due to persistent hyperglycemia or GSH could be overused implying a reduction of protection against reactive oxygen species, possibly due to a defective redox cycle or it may be due to defective intracellular synthesis. Statistically significant low levels were observed in the levels of vitamin- C and E in cases when compared to controls. Vitamin-C is water soluble vitamin and vitamin-E is fat soluble and they are the most important antioxidant vitamins, inactivates free radicals found in the cytosol, plasma and extracellular environment. The low levels of these vitamins suggest the overusage which again increases the oxidative stress. Thus, this study concluded that the increased oxidative stress and the decreased antioxidant status can predict the micro-vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. The raised MDA levels indicate the oxidative stress and the decreased GSH, Vitamin-C and E levels indicate the reduced anti oxidative status in diabetic retinopathy.

CONCLUSION
Hence, for the early detection and prevention of diabetic retinopathy, it is advisable to estimate the oxidative stress markers. It is also advised that vitamin supplements should also be taken to allow the non enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant systems to respond to oxidative stress.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes. Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 2004;27:1047-1053.

2. Gupta.M.M, Chari.S. Lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant status in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2005;49(2):187-192.

3. Nguyen TT, Alibrahim E, Islam FM et al. Inflammatory, hemostatic and other novel biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1704-9.

4. Kowluru RA, Atasi L, Ho YS. Role of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci, 2006; 47(4):1594- 1599.

5. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature, 2001;414(6865):813-820.

6. Soliman GZA. Blood lipid peroxidation(superoxide dismutase,Malondialdehyde,glutathione) levels in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients. Singapore Med J, 2008;49(2):129- 136.

7. Van den Enden MK, Nyengaard JR, Ostro WE, Burgan JH, Williamson JR. Elevated glucose levels increase retinal glycolysis and sorbitol pathway metabolism: implications for diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1995;36:1675- 1685.

8. Williamson JR, Chang K, Frangos M et al. Hyperglycemic pseudohypoxia and diabetic complications( Perspectives in Diabetes). Diabetes, 1993;42:801-813.

9. Aiello LP, Northrup JM, Keyt BA, Takagi H, Iwamoto MA. Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells. Arch Ophthalmol, 1995;113:1538-1544.

10. Lu M, Kuroki M et al. Advanced glycation end products increase retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression. J Clin Invest,1998;101:1219-1224.

11. Armstrong D, Ueda T et al. Lipid hydroperoxide stimulates retinal neovascularization in rabbit retina through expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet derived growth factor. Angiogenesis,1998;2:93-104.

12. Yagi K. Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chem Phys Lipids,1978;45:337- 351.

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17. Kempen JH, O’ colmain BJ et al. Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol, 2004;122:552-563.

18. International Diabetes Federation. The Diabetes Atlas, 2009; 4th edition. Brussels. 19. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med,1993;329:977-986.

20. Rema M, Prem kumar S et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study(CURES) eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2005;46:2328-33.

21. Rema M, Ponnaiya M, Mohan M. Prevalence of retinopathy in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus at a diabetes center in southern India. Diab Res Clin Pract.1996;34:29-36.

22. Nirmalan PK, Katz J, Robin AL et al. Prevalence of vitreoretinal disorders in a rural population of Southern India: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol,2004;122:581-586.

23. Kim TW.Pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. J Korean Diabetes Assoc,1997;21:115-21.

24. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature,2001;414:813-20.

25. Sundaram RK, Bhaskar A, Vijayalingam S et al. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without complications. Clin Sci,1996;90:255-60.

26. Jain SK, Mc Vie R, Jaramillo JI et al. The effect of modest vitamin E supplementation or lipid peroxidation products and other cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients. Lipids,1996;31:87-90.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
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A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
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A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
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A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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