Article|International Journal of Current Research and Review

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 6(11), June, 2014

Pages: 24-29

Date of Publication: 13-Jun-2014

Print Article Download XML Download PDF

ENZYMES AND ANTIOXIDANT AS BIOMARKERS IN BREAST CANCER

Author: Pavithra V., Sathisha T. G., K Kasthuri, D. Siva Mallika, S. Jeevan Amos

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Objectives: Current study was undertaken to determine the clinical utility of enzyme biomarkers like Alkaline phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase as well as antioxidant like uric acid in diagnosis , prognosis and metastasis. Methods: 50 clinically and histopathologically confirmed female breast cancer patients of the age group of 30-65 years served as cases and 50 normal healthy females in the same age group served as controls. The parameters were estimated by standard biochemical methods. Results: Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase levels are significantly higher in cases than controls. Where as uric acid levels are non significantly increased in cases. Conclusions: Significant increase of serum enzymes Alkaline phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase along with simultaneous non significant increase of uric acid was observed in the study. These biomarkers can be utilized in remote areas where smaller labs operate at low cost and unexposed to sophisticated knowhow.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Alkaline phosphatise, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Uric Acid, Biomarker

Full Text:

INRODUCTION
Breast cancer is the most devastating cancer for women though for that matter any cancer is catastrophic. This breast cancer doesn’t spare women of either developed or developing countries. It affects both countries and in developing countries like India higher than 40% of total breast cancers are prevalent. [1,2] Oxidative stress causing cellular injury has been implicated in the initiation and progression of cancer.[3] Animal and human studies support the part of oxidative stress in the causation of breast cancer.[4,5,6] Antioxidants help in scavenging, disposal and inhibit the production of free radicals or oppose their action and increase with the degree of the disease. [7] Current study is done to reveal the changes in oxidant antioxidant status in breast cancer patients by estimating uric acid an antioxidant. Lactate Dehydrogenase mediates conversion of pyruvate to lactate which is the bottle neck step of anaerobic glycolysis. Increased rates of glycolysis is found in tumour cells producing more amount of lactate by upregulation.[8] Cancers have elevated rate of glycolysis causing high Lactate Dehydrogenase levels. High Lactate Dehydrogenase may mark presence of neoplasia. Alkaline phosphatase is a serum hydrolase enzyme causing removal of phosphate group from nucleotides and proteins in an alkaline medium. Though present in all tissues, it is predominantly concentrated in liver, bile duct, kidney, bone and placenta. Osteoblats produce high quantity of enzyme whenever there is bone repair activity like bone metastasis. Even a mild biliary obstruction is indicated by ALP which implicates liver involvement. Half of all breast cancers go for distant metastases.[11] Current study was undertaken to determine the clinical utility of enzyme biomarkers like Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase as well as antioxidant like uric acid in diagnosis, prognosis and metastasis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our study consisted of 50 breast cancer women and 50 apparently healthy women who are age matched with them were selected. The cancer patients were from Manipal Super Specialty Hospital and City Cancer Centre, Vijayawada. Controls were randomly selected women attending the above hospital. The duration of study was from 2011-2012. Institutional ethical clearance was obtained and informed consent was taken from patients. Inclusion criteria: freshly diagnosedfemale breast cancer Patients and controls in the age group 30- 60 years. Exclusion criteria: Female Patients or controls suffering from tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, hemolyticanemia, hypertension , diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, jaundice, pregnancy or breast feeding, bone diseases, pancreatic disease, congestive cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, ulcerative colitis, other malignancies and patients who had already received or were under treatment for malignancy were excluded from study. Clinical investigations and questionnaires formed the basis of enquiry. Collection of blood Under strictly aseptic conditions 5ml of fasting venous blood was drawn from median CUBITAL /BASILIC vein into BD red capped plain Vacutainers. Vacutainers were made to stand for 10 min at room temperature to allow clotting. Later they were centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes using Remi8RC centrifuge. Serum was separated and parameters assayed on same day. The parameters were estimated by UV- Visible Spectrophotometer CHEM 7 [manufacturer TransAsia ] using Tulip diagnostics (P) Ltd kits. Alkaline Phosphatase: pNPP method ALP at alkaline pH hydrolyses pnitrophenylphospahate to p-nitrophenol and phosphate. The rate of formation of p-nitrophenol is measured as an increase in absorbance which is proportional to the Alakaninephospahatase activity measured at Hg 405nm Lactate Dehydrogenase: Modified IFCC method Lactate Dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of pyruvate with NADH to form NAD. The rate of oxidation of NADH to NAD is measured as decrease in absorbance which is proportional to activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase. The wave length used is 340nm. Estimation of uric acid Uricase method Uricase converts uric Acid to allantoin and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide formed further reacts with phenolic compounds and 4-aminoantipyrine by the catalytic action of peroxidase to form a red coloredquinonimine dye complex. The intensity of color formed is directly proportional to the quantity of uric acid present. Statistical method The results were tabulated and analyzed by SPSS software version 16.0 using Independent samples T Test.

RESULTS
Significant stepping up of enzymes Alkaline Phospahatase (p=0.08) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (p=0.02) observed in cases than controls in association with non significant rise of uric acid in cases.

DISCUSSION
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance generation causes the promotion and progression of breast cancer. [12] Human body encounters these free radicals by enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant systems.[13] Purine metabolism end product is uric acid. It being an antioxidant scavenges free radicals there by reducing oxidative stress. [14, 15, 16] Uric acid enhances human life span by protecting against oxidative stress induced aging and cancer. Our study showed non-significant higher levels of uric acid in breast cancer patients. Greater amounts of serum uric acid observed in previous studies establish the protective action against oxidative stress.[17,18]. The elevated levels of serum uric acid may be a compensatory mechanism to regulate the increased oxidative stress. Lactate Dehydrogenase exists in fiveisoenzymes in human tissue. It consists of four monomers composed of two major subunits M and H encoded by Ldh –A and Ldh –B. Ldh-A is mainly expressed in neoplastic cells was revealed by a immunohistochemical study. This property of Ldh-a can be exploited as a biomarker for malignancies.[19,20] Ldh –A the important isoform is expressed in breast tissue. It essays a major role in glycolysis, growth properties as well tumour maintenance of breast cancer cells.[21]. Its activity is up regulated in cancer tissue and serum of breast cancer patients.[22] The up regulation gene for Ldh-A causes its elevated levels in serum. High levels of serum LDH enzyme activity is because of the rupture of cell membrane of a major portion of dividing malignant cells whose metabolism is characterized by anaerobic glycolysis.[23] Our study revealed significant elevation in the serum Lactate Dehydrogenase in breast cancer patients than controls is in accordance with these studies.[24,25,26,27] Alkaline Phosphatase is a very sensitive indicator of liver affection. High serum levels indicate bone or liver metastases. [28] Breast cancer death autopsies reveal 55-75% of them had hepatic metastases.[29] Patient survival relies mainly on hepatic metastases.[30] Hence early diagnosis of liver metastases leads to better prognosis by timely treatment. CT, MRI, PET support in diagnosing liver metastases originating from breast cancer.[31,32] Symptoms of hepatic pathology like jaundice, hepatomegaly, ascitis are found at a later stage of involvement and they bring about worst prognosis. [33] Our study had significant increased serum Alkaline Phosphatase in women affected with breast cancer is supported by these studies.[34,35,36].

CONCLUSION
Our study demonstrated significant increase of serum enzymes Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase along with simultaneous non significant increase of uric acid. Both these enzyme markers can be utilized as one of the biomarker in diagnosis of breast cancer in developing country like India and in remote areas where smaller labs operate at low cost and unexposed to sophisticated knowhow.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We sincerely remember with gratitude Dr. Anupama K, Consultant Pathologist, Manipal Super speciality Hospital, Vijayawada for permitting to work in their lab. We thank Oncologists Dr Krishna Reddy of Manipal Super Speciality Hospital and Dr. M Gopichand of City Cancer Centre, Vijayawada as well oncosurgeon Dr.Srikanth, Manipal Super Speciality Hospital, Vijayawada for providing us samples and guiding us. Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are citied and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/ editors/ publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature of this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

1. Coughlin, S.S., and Ekwueme, D.U. Breast cancer as a global health concern. Cancer Epidemiology 2009; 33:315-318.

2. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60: 277-300.

3. Halliwell, B. Oxidative stress and cancer: Have we moved forward? Biochemical Journal 2007; 401: 1-11.

4. Kasapovi?, J., Peji?, S., Stojiljkovi?, V., Todorovi?, A., Radoševi?-Jeli?, L., Sai?i?, Z.S. and et al. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in the blood of breast cancer patients of different ages after chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Clinical Biochemistry 2010; 43: 1287-1293.

5. Yeon, J.Y., Suh, Y.J., Kim, S.W., Baik, H.W., Sung, C.J., Kim, H.S. et al. Evaluation of dietary factors in relation to the biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in breast cancer risk. Nutrition 2011; 27: 912-918.

6. Mianying Wang, KapilDhingra, Walter N Hittelman, Joachim G, LiehrMariza de Andrade, Donghui Li. Lipid Peroxidation induced Putative Malondialdehyde - DNA Adducts in Human Breast Tissues’. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 1996; 5:705-10.

7. Singh R, Singh RK, Mahdi AA, Singh RK, Kumar A, Tripathi AK. Circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxides and other antioxidants as putative markers in gynecological malignancies. In Vivo 2003; 17:593-600.

8. Cross W.E. et al. Control Mechanisms in Cancer .eds, Raven Press, New York 1976; 411-423.

9. Arathi G, Sachdanandan P. Therapestic effect of Semecarpusanacardium Linn, nut, milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing and mitochondrial TCA cycle and respiratory chain enzymes in mammary carcinoma rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. Inc 2003; 55 : 1283-1290.

10. Surya Surendren P., Jayanthi G and Smitha K.R. In Vitro Evaluation of the Anticancer Effect of Methanolic Extract of Alstoniascholaris leaves on Mammary Carcinoma. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2012; 02 (05):142-149

11. Er O, Frye DK, Kau SW, et al. Clinical course of breast cancer patients with metastases limited to the liver treated with chemotherapy. Cancer J 2008; 14: 62-68.

12. Aghvami T, Djalali M, Kesharvarz A. Plasma level of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in breast cancer patients. Iran J. Publ. Health 2006;35- 42

13. Yeh CC, Hou MF, Tsai SM, Lin SK, Hsiao JK, Huang JC, et al. Superoxide anion radical, lipid peroxides and antioxidant status in the blood of patients with breast cancer. ClinChimActa 2005; 381(1-2): 104–111.

14. FarukTas, Hansel H, Belce A, Ilvan S, Argon A, Camlica H, et al. Oxidative stress in breast cancer. Med Oncol 2005; 22 (1): 11-15.

15. Ames, B.N., Cathcart, R., Schwiers, E. and Hochstein, P. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant and radical caused aging and cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.1981. A hypothesis lipid peroxidation/ascorbic acid/pri- mate evolution/erythrocyte aging.1981;78:6858- 6862

16. Cohen, A.M., Aberdrotha, R.E. and Hochstein, P. Inhibition of free radical induced DNA damage by uric acid. FEBS Letters, 1984;174: 147-150

17. Muraoka, S. and Miura, T. Inhibition by uric acid of free radicals that damage biological molecules. Toxicology and Pharmacology 2003; 93: 284-289. 18. Stinefelt, B., Leonard, S.S., Blemings, K.P., Shi, X. and Klandorf, H. Free radical scavenging, DNA protection, and inhibition of lipid per oxidation mediated by uric acid. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science 2005; 35: 37-45.

19. O. M. E. Abdel-Salam et al. Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology 2011; 1: 29-35

20. G. Krishna Veni Et Al. Clinical Evaluation of oxidative stress in women with breast cancer.Recent Research in Science and Technology 2011; 3:55-58.

21. Ming Zhou, Yuhua Zhao, Yan Ding1, Hao Liu, ZixingLiu,Oystein Fodstad, Adam I Riker, et al. Molecular Cancer 2010; 9:33.

22. Mark. E, Stark, MD, CPT, Usaf.MC, Morgan C. D, et.al. Fatal Acute TumorLysis Syndrome with Metastatic Breast Carcinoma. Cancer 1987; 60:762-764.

23. Koukourakis, M., Kontomanolis, E., Giatromanolaki, A.,et al. Serum and tissue LDH levels in patients with breast gynaecological cancer and benign diseases. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2009; 67(3):162-168.

24. Jawed Akther, ShabeehNasar and NajninKhanam. Role of LDH as Prognostic Biochemical Marker for Breast Cancer among Poor Patients, a Study at Rural Hospital Md. Indian Journal of Surgery. 10.1007/s12262- 012-0618-1

25. ChandrakanthKh, Nagaraj, JayaprakashMurthy, D, Satishkumar D, and AnandPyati. Study Of Serum Levels Of Gamma- GlutamylTransferase, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Malondialdehyde And Vitamin-E, In Breast Cancer. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2011 OctDec; Vol 2, issue 4.

26. Sandhyamishra, D.C.Sharma and Praveen Sharma. Studies of Biochemical parameters in Breast cancer with and without metastasis. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 2004;19(1): 71-75.

27. Konjevic, G., Jurisic, V., and Spuzic, I. Association of NK cell dysfunction with changes in LDH characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2001; 66(3):255-263.

28. Crivellari, D., Price, K. N., Hagen, M., et al. Routine tests during follow-up of patients after primary treatment for operable breast cancer. International (Ludwig) Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the EuropeanSociety for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 1995; 6(8):769-776.

29. Hoe AL, Royle GT, Taylor I. Breast liver metastases--incidence, diagnosis and outcome. J R Soc Med 1991; 84: 714-716

30. Singletary SE, Walsh G, Vauthey JN, et al. A role for curative surgery in the treatment of selected patients with metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 2003; 8: 241-251.

31. Clevert DA, Jung EM, Stock KF, Weckbach S, Feuerbach S, Reiser M, et al. Evaluation of malignant liver tumors: biphasic MSCT versus quantitative contrast harmonic imaging ultrasound. Z Gastroenterol 2009; 47: 1195- 1202

32. .Berman CG, Clark RA. Diagnostic imaging in cancer. Prim Care 1992; 19: 677-713.

33. Wyld L, Gutteridge E, Pinder SE, et al. Prognostic factors for patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 89: 284-290.

34. Ramaswamy, G., Rao, V.R., Krishnamoorthy, L., Ramesh, G., Gomathy, R. and Renukadevi, D. Serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase in breast and prostate cancer with bone metastasis. Indian J. Clin. Biochem.2000; 15 (2): 110-113.

35. Lamerz, R., Stieber, P. and Fateh - Moghadam, A. Serum marker combinations in human breast cancer (review). In Vivo 1993; 7 : 607-13

36. Cao et al. Serological Diagnosis of Liver Metastasis from Breast Cancer. Cancer Bio Med 2012; 57-62

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021

Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award:

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23

A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22

A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21

A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20

A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19

A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.

A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17

A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.

A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15

A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14

A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13

A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12

A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11

A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10

A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09

A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08

A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07

A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06

A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05

A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04

A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03

A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02

A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01

A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24

A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23

A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22

A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21

A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20

A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19

A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18

A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17

A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16

A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15

A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14

A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13

A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12

A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11

A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10

A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09

A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08

A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07

A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness

A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06

A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia

A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05

A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04

A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03

A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02

A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01

A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24

A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23

A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22

A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21

A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20

A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19

A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18

A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17

A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16

A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15

A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020

A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

RSS feed

IJCRR

ENZYMES AND ANTIOXIDANT AS BIOMARKERS IN BREAST CANCER

RSS feed

ABOUT US

Useful links

Useful links

Contact