International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 6(21), November, 2014

Pages: 11-14

Date of Publication: 11-Nov-2014


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STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF LINKS BETWEEN INCOME AND CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY IN BIST DOAB PART OF PUNJAB, INDIA

Author: Anandvir Kaur Saini

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:The aim of this paper is to examine the role of income in determining cardiovascular mortality in rural areas of Bist Doab region of Punjab state. For collecting data, a sample size of 1.5% was selected out of the total 6796 cardiovascular deaths recorded in 2009. A detailed interview schedule was prepared and administered on the family members of the selected 100 deceased persons. The questions pertained to the socio-economic and behavioral aspects of the persons who died from cardiovascular diseases. It has been found that the income has a close association with the cardiovascular health of population under study. The people falling in lower income categories have recorded maximum cardiovascular mortality. Thus it can be concluded that the socio-economic attributes of a region have a direct bearing on the cardiovascular well-being of the concerned population.

Keywords: Cardiovascular mortality, Income, Poverty, Socio-economic status, Bist Doab

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Out of all diseases, cardiovascular diseases are world’s largest killers that claim 17.1 million lives every year, representing 29% of all global deaths. There are wide differences in cardiovascular mortality in different parts of India and the highest proportion of cardiovascular deaths out of total deaths (49.2%) is found in the economically prosperous state of Punjab. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of income in determining cardiovascular mortality in rural areas of Bist Doab region of Punjab state (Map 1). The Bist Doab region shares 17.6% (8844 sq. km.) of state’s total geographical area and is one of the three traditional cultural regions of the state, the other two being Majha and Malwa. According to 2001 census, the population of Bist Doab is 4,770,477 which accounts for 19.64% of Punjab’s total population. Out of this 68% people live in rural areas. The literacy rate of the region is nearly 70% and 67.5% of the population is engaged in non-agricultural activities. Administratively, the region consists of four districts namely, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and S.B.S. Nagar (Nawanshahar), which encompass 30 Community Development Blocks. There are 3,528 villages, 35 towns and 2 cities (Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur) in the region. The present study pertains to the rural areas of the region.

DATA AND METHODS
This paper has been based on primary data. For collecting data, a sample size of 1.5% was selected out of the total 6796 cardiovascular deaths recorded in 2009. A detailed interview schedule was prepared and administered on the family members of the selected 100 deceased persons. The questions pertained to the socio-economic and behavioral aspects of the persons who died from cardiovascular diseases. The sampling design was divided in two stages. At the first stage around 20 villages were sampled from all the major hot spot clusters of villages recording high cardiovascular mortality using proportionate sampling. Bigger the hot spot, higher was the number of villages in sample. At the second stage snowball sampling was used to choose five deaths from each selected village with the help of the concerned village officials. The collected data was processed and analyzed in MS Excel software appropriate statistical diagrams and tables were used for data representation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average monthly income profile of the sampled persons who died from cardiovascular diseases (Table 1) shows that as many as 34% of the deceased had no income from any economic source. Another 33% of the sampled population earned less than Rs. 5000 per month. The income category of Rs. 5000 to Rs. 10,000 encompassed 13% of the deceased and 14% belonged to the next higher category of Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 15,000. Only 2% of the sampled persons earned an average income between Rs. 15,000 and Rs. 25,000 per month and just 4% had an earning above Rs. 25,000. These figures clearly show that a major chunk of the sampled populations who died from cardiovascular diseases had very low levels of income and the incidence of cardiovascular deaths decreased with an increase in income, pointing towards the comparatively healthier lifestyles of the people having higher economic status.

The general pattern observed in the foregoing paragraph holds true for both males and females in the sample. Nearly 90% of the sampled females earned no income at all. On the other hand around 11% of the males fell in this category and nearly 44% of them had a monthly income of less than Rs. 5000 (Fig 1). Around 17% of the males belonged to the income group of Rs. 5000 to Rs. 10,000 per month and 20% were in the group of Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 15,000. The highest income categories of Rs. 15,000 to Rs. 25,000 and above Rs. 25,000 contained only 3% and 5% of the sampled males respectively. Thus most of the men belonged to the lower income groups and the men with higher income had lower incidence of cardiovascular mortality.

As far as the contribution of the deceased persons to the family income is concerned, it has been observed that more than 35% of the sampled males contributed be tween 50 to 60% of the total monthly household income (Table 2). Around 13% men earned between 60 to 70% and the income of approximately 18% of the sampled men composed more than 70% share of the total household income earned in a month (Fig 2). On the other hand, only 22% of the males had income contribution of less than 50% and just 11% of the men made no financial contribution of the monthly household income. Since most of the females were non-working, therefore a major chunk of them (nearly 90%) had no contribution to the household income before their death. Thus it can inferred that 2/3rd of the males in the sample were responsible for earning more than half of their respective household incomes before their death. It points towards the economic burden incurred by deaths caused due to cardiovascular diseases on the family of the deceased.


The association between income and cardiovascular diseases has been explored by various scholars. Stelmach et al. (2004) found that younger males with a lower level of education and income exhibited highest prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and smoking. Moreover, the incidence of cardiovascular deaths in patients with no job was associated with the highest risk of living in poverty (Kwada, 2012). Sallis et al. (2009) confirmed that the adults living in high-income neighbourhood had a lower BMI and higher physical quality of life. Mobley et al. (2006) found that the financially disadvantaged women were associated with higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Thus the existing literature also reflects a clear link between income and incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

CONCLUSION
In this paper it has been found that income has a close association with the cardiovascular health of population under study. The people falling in lower income categories have recorded maximum cardiovascular mortality. The deaths of working males from cardiovascular mortality posed serious economic burden on the families of the deceased. Thus it can be concluded that the socioeconomic attributes of a region have a direct bearing on the cardiovascular well-being of the concerned population.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books where literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

Kawada, T. Income poverty and cardiovascular disease. International journal of cardiology 2012; 156(1):97-98.

Mobley, L. R., Root, E. D., Finkelstei and n, E. A., Khavjou, O., Farris, R. P., and Will, J. C. Environment, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low-income women. American journal of preventive medicine 2006; 30(4):327-332.

Sallis, J. F., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., Conway, T. L., Slymen, D. J., Cain, K. L., ... and Kerr, J. Neighborhood built environment and income: examining multiple health outcomes. Social science and medicine 2009; 68(7):1285-1293.

Stelmach, W., Kaczmarczyk-Cha?as, K., Bielecki, W., Stelmach, I., and Drygas, W. How income and education contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the elderly in a former Communist country. Public health 2004; 118(6):439- 449.

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


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A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
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List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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