International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 6(24), December, 2014

Pages: 11-15

Date of Publication: 20-Dec-2014


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A DETAILED STUDY OF HYPEREOSINOPHILIA OR SEVERE EOSINOPHILIA IN PATIENTS WITH HOOKWORM INFECTION FOUND WHILE DOING UPPER GASTRO INTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Author: Govindarajalu Ganesan

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Objective: Eosinophilia occurs very commonly in hookworm infection. But so far detailed study was not done to know about the occurrence of hypereosinophilia in various grades of hookworm infection with or without anaemia. Hence a detailed study was done to know about the occurrence of hypereosinophilia in various grades of hookworm infection found in patients while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in our institute. Methods: A study of 1259 patients who had undergone upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy for a period of 5 years from May 2009 to April 2014 was carried out in our institute. In each of these 1259 patients, the first and second part of duodenum were carefully examined to find out the presence of hookworms. In all the patients found to have hookworms in duodenum, investigations were done to know about the presence or absence of hypereosinophilia and anaemia except in the very few patients who were lost for follow up. The results were found as given below. Results: Of these 1259 patients, as many as 18 patients were found to have hookworms in duodenum while doing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Of these 18 patients, 4 patients were lost for follow up and full details about their investigations were not available. The remaining 14 patients were taken into consideration for our study. Of these14 patients, as many as 10 patients were found to have eosinophilia(71%). Severe eosinophilia or hypereosinophilia was found in 4 out of 10 patients with eosinophilia(40%).3 out of 4 patients with hypereosinophilia with hookworm infection in our study had anaemia, but one patient with hypereosinophilia did not have anaemia. Conclusion: Hence, hypereosinophilia is an extremely important indicator of hookworm infection with or without anaemia. Hence upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy should be done to confirm the presence of hookworms in all patients with hypereosinophilia even when there is no anaemia in tropical and subtropical countries.

Keywords: Hypereosinophilia, Hookworm infection, Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Eosinophilia occurs very commonly in hookworm infection (1to13). But so far detailed study was not done to know about the occurrence of hypereosinophilia in various grades of hookworm infection with or without anaemia. Hence a detailed study was done to know about the occurrence of hypereosinophilia in various grades of hookworm infection found in patients while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in our institute.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted in the department of general surgery, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry. A study of 1259 patients who had undergone upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in our institute for a period of 5 years from May 2009 to April 2014 was carried out. In each of these 1259 patients,the first and second part of duodenum were carefully examined to find out the presence of single or multiple hookworms. In all the patients found to have hookworms in duodenum,investigations were done to know about the presence of hypereosinophilia and anaemia except in the very few patients who were lost for follow up. Anaemia is defined as haemoglobin < 12g/dl or 12g% in women and haemoglobin < 13g/dl or13g% in men. Mild anaemia is taken as haemoglobin 10to12g/dl or g%, moderate anaemia is taken as haemoglobin 7 to10g/dl or g% and severe anaemia is taken as haemoglobin or = 500 cells/cu.mm (14). Severe eosinophilia or hypereosinophilia is defined as eosinophils>1000 cells/cu.mm (4). The results were found as given below.

RESULTS
1. Of these 1259 patients, as many as 18 patients were found to have hookworms in duodenum while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy.

2. Of these 18 patients, 4 patients were lost for follow up and full details about their investigations were not available. The remaining 14 patients were taken into consideration for our study.

3. Of these14 patients, as many as 10 patients were found to have eosinophilia(71%).

4. Severe eosinophilia or hypereosinophilia was found in 4 out of 10 patients with eosinophilia(40%).

5. Of the 4 patients with hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia,
a. One patient did not have anaemia.
b. One patient had mild anaemia.
c. One patient had moderate anaemia.
d. One patient had severe anaemia.

Hence the 4 patients with hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia can be divided into 4 groups as follows
a. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia without anaemia( 1patient) . b. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with mild anaemia( 1 patient). c. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with moderate anaemia( 1 patient). d. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with severe anaemia( 1 patient).

a. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia without anaemia [1patient]
1. One patient with hypereosinophilia with hookworm infection did not have anaemia(haemoglobin 18g%, absolute eosinophil count - 1000cells/ cu.mm) which is of extremely great significance.

2. This patient with hypereosinophilia had adequate amount of haemoglobin(18g%) indicating that there was only very minimal loss of blood due to very early stage of hookworm infection.

3. Thus hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia can be present when there is no anaemia due to very early stage of hookworm infection.

4. Hence hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia can be the earliest sign of hookworm infection and can be present in the very early stage of hookworm infection even before the onset of anaemia. b. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with mild anaemia [1 patient]. 1. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia occurring along with mild anaemia was present in one patient in our study(haemoglobin 11.7g%, absolute eosinophil count - 1248cells/cu.mm). 2. Multiple hookworms in duodenum with hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia[absolute eosinophil count - 1248cells/cu.mm)] and with mild anaemia( haemoglobin 11.7g %) seen in this patient indicating mild hookworm infection due to mild anaemia despite multiple hookworms is shown in Fig1, 2. c. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with moderate anaemia [1 patient]. 1. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with moderate anaemia was present in one patient in our study( haemoglobin 8.6g%, absolute eosinophil count - 1260cells/cu.mm) . 2. Moderate anaemia is due to significant loss of blood due to more number of hookworms and is associated with stage of moderate hookworm infection. 3. One study has also shown the occurence of moderate anaemia with hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia (15).

d. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with severe anaemia [1 patient].
1. Severe anaemia is due to significant loss of blood due to large number of hookworms and very heavy burden of hookworm infection and indicates late stage of hookworm infection or stage of severe hookworm infection.

2. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with severe anaemia was present in one patient in our study(haemoglobin 3.2g%, absolute eosinophil count - 1100cells/cu.mm) .

3. Multiple hookworms in duodenum with hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia(absolute eosinophil count - 1100cells/cu.mm) and with severe anaemia (haemoglobin 3.2 g%)indicating late stage of hookworm infection or stage of severe hookworm infection is shown in Fig 3, 4.

4. Other studies have also shown the occurence of severe anaemia with hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia (2, 9, 13, 22).

5. But stool examination was negative for hookworm ova in this patient despite heavy burden of hookworm infection with severe anaemia. Many studies have also shown negative stool examination for hookworm ova despite heavy burden of hookworm infection with severe anaemia (1, 9, 13, 16 to22).

6. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia persisted in this patient throughout the period of 6 months despite her improvement of haemoglobin to 9.2g% and negative stool examination for hookworm ova .

7. This is of extremely great significance since persistent hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia was the only indicator of hookworm infection due to which upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy was done and hookworm infection was confirmed in this patient.

DISCUSSION
Persistent hypereosinophilia helping in the diagnosis of hookworm infection which was greatly delayed due to persistent negative stool examination for hookworm ova

In this female patient with severe anaemia and hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia(hemoglobin 3.2g%, absolute eosinophil count - 1100cells/cu.mm) , upper gastro intestinal endoscopy was done only after 6 months of the initial presentation since repeated stool examination done in these 6 months were persistently negative for hookworm ova in this patient. At her initial admission , despite severe anaemia and hypereosinophilia, upper gastro intestinal endoscopy was not done since the stool examination was negative for hookworm ova. She was treated with two pints of blood transfusion and haematinics and her haemoglobin improved significantly to 9.2g% after 6 months. But stool examination was again negative for hookworm ova even after 6 months. But despite her improved haemoglobin of 9.2g% and persistent negative stool examination for hookworm ova, her hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia( absolute eosinophil count >1000 cells/cu.mm) never resolved and persisted throughout this period of 6 months. Due to the persistent severe eosinophilia or hypereosinophilia,upper gastro intestinal endoscopy was finally done and the diagnosis of hookworm infection was finally made after a delay of 6 months which occured due to the persistent negative stool examination for hookworm ova. Hence upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy should always done in all patients with hypereosinophilia to confirm the presence of hookworms in tropical and subtropical countries even when there is no anaemia and even when stool examination is negative for hookworm ova. The diagnosis of hookworm infection was completely missed at her initial admission since upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy was not done due to the negative stool examination for hookworm ova. Hence stool examination should never be considered as a single diagnostic criterion to diagnose hookworm infection.

CONCLUSION
Severe eosinophilia or hypereosinophilia was found in 40% of our patients indicating that significant number of patients with hookworm infection had very high eosinophil count. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia can be the earliest sign of hookworm infection and can be present in the very early stage of hookworm infection even before the onset of anaemia. Hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia can also be present in the late stage of hookworm infection with severe anaemia. In the female patient with severe anaemia due to severe hookworm infection with hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia with multiple hookworms in duodenum, stool examination was negative for hookworm ova. But, hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia persisted in this patient throughout the period of 6 months despite her improvement of haemoglobin to 9.2g% and negative stool examination for hookworm ova. This is of extremely great significance since persistent hypereosinophilia or severe eosinophilia was the only indicator of hookworm infection due to which upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy was done and hookworm infection was confirmed in this patient. Hence upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy should always done in all patients with hypereosinophilia to confirm the presence of hookworms in tropical and subtropical countries even when there is no anaemia and even when stool examination is negative for hookworm ova.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author acknowledges the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. The author is extremely grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript.

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A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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