International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 7(11), June, 2015

Pages: 58-64

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CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMAL DESIGNS OF ADENINE LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES

Author: Han Seong Lee, Sang Mok Jung, Seul Gi Kang, Han Joo Lee, Ji Su Son, Jae Hyuk Jeon, Hyun Woung Shin

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:We discuss the design of bilayer organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) formed using adenine sandwiched between indium tin oxide (ITO) and Al, which were fabricated into four types of device structure. The electroluminescence intensities were characterized as a function of the current and voltage. The efficiency was significantly greater in bilayer devices in which adenine were used. The performance of green light emission with adenine-based devices was significantly greater than that reported to date (we find a luminance of -4227cd/m2 at a voltage of -8 V). The multi-layer OLED devices were formed of ITO, N,N'-bis(naphthalen- 1-yl)-N,N?-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB), adenine, Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium (Alq3) and aluminium (Al). We find that the thickness of the adenine light-emitting layer determined the brightness and efficiency, as well as the operating voltage. The thickness of the adenine layer was optimized to improve the efficiency of the OLEDs.

Keywords: BioLED, Adenine, Luminance

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Digital displays using organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are widely used in commercially available mobile phones, computer monitors, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and television displays (Kamtekar et al., 2010). OLEDs are hetero-junction devices that are composed of electron and hole transport layers, as well as an emissive layer (Mathew et al., 2001). Electrons from the cathode and holes from the anode are transported to the emissive layer, and form an excited state, which then relaxes to ground state, giving rise to electroluminescence (EL). Organic materials are usually chosen for the emissive layer that have a large energy gap, and where a low charge density exists, which leads to excitation and emission by injecting electrons and holes (Howard, 2004). In 1987, Tang and Vanslyke first reported high-performance double-layer EL devices, in which electrons and holes recombined within an organic emitting layer. With this simple OLED structure, however, disorder limited the transport of charge carriers into the emitting zone (Bernius et al., 2000). For this reason, multilayered OLEDs devices have been developed, in which a well-ordered transparent conducting oxide anode, or hole transport layer (HTL), as well as an emissive layer(EML)an electron transport layer (ETL) and a metal cathode were used, each with specific functionality (Yersin, 2004). The improved efficiency offered by these multilayer structures has enabled the current technology, which has been implemented using two types of organic material: small molecules and polymers. Tang et al. (1987) first introduced small-molecule OLEDs, including coordination complexes such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3), which is a common compound of quinoline rings with luminescence properties (Montes et al., 2006). Such compounds, including perylene, rubrene and quinacridone derivatives, exhibit emission at wavelengths in the range 400–600nm (Sato et al., 1998). Triphenylamine derivatives have been used as HTLs (Bellmannet al., 1998), and Alq3 has been used not only as the emitting layer, but also as the ETL (Cheng et al., 2000). The first invention of a polymer OLED used poly(p-phenylene vinylene), which emits light when connected to an external voltage (Burroughes et al., 1990). Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene derivatives are also widely used, and the substitution of side chains can alter the color of the emitted light (Heeger et al., 1993). Those polymers are more stable and soluble than small molecules, and are easier to process (Kiebooms et al., 2001). Typically, polymer OLEDs formed by spin-coating and inkjet printing have better workability, lower costs and are more suitable for large-area displays than small molecules, which typically require vapor deposition. Small molecules generally have longer lifetimes and better color purity; however, despite the improved color purity, many of colors cannot be achieved using existing small molecules. For this reason, a diverse range of compounds is required for using emission layer as well as electron and hole transport layers. In this work, a new small molecule candidate is investigated for applications in OLED devices: adenine. Four different device structures featuring adenine were fabricated, with the following layer sequences: indium tin oxide (ITO)/adenine/Al, ITO/adenine/Alq3/Al, ITO/N,N’-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl) benzidine(NPB)/adenine/Al and ITO/NPB/adenine/ Alq3/Al. The current–voltage characteristics, luminance– voltage characteristics, and the EL intensities were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adenine was diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 1,000mg/ml, and1mlof the solution was placed in a cuvette for measurements using an ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 365nm. The luminescence was monitored using a Minolta spectroradiometer (CS-1000, Japan), as shown in Figure 1. To fabricate the OLED devices, transparent and conductive ITO was spin-coated on glass substrates purchased from Samsung Corning. The ITO layer had a surface resistance of 8.8±1.8Ω and a thickness of 1850±200Å. Photolithography was used to form stripe patterns. First, the ITO layer was coated with a photoresist (PR)developer using spin-coating, and baked at 100°C to remove any residual solvent and to harden the surface of the PR (Kang et al., 2015). Positive and negative PR processes were carried out to form the stripe patterns. The positive PR was removed using UV exposure, and the negative PR was non-UV. The patterned layer was hardened for 10 min at 130°C, and the ITO layer was etched for 3 min at 40°C ?Cin a nitrogen atmosphere. The patterned ITO layer was cleaned using ultra-sonication for 30 min in acetone, and then in MeOH and isopropyl alcohol for 5 min at 60°C. Finally, it was exposed to UV irradiation (184.9nm) for 20min, at a distance of 1°C. Vacuum evaporation was carried out at 5.5 ´ 10-6Torr in a heated chamber, and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to measure the thickness of the coating during deposition. The rate of vacuum evaporation was 1–1.5Å/s. Four types of adenine-based multilayer OLED structures were formed: ITO/adenine/Al, ITO/NPB/adenine/Al, ITO/adenine/Alq3/Al and ITO/NPB/adenine/ Alq3/Al, as shown in Figure 2. The OLED devices were controlled using Labview (version 8.0) using a desktop personal computer and general-purpose interface bus (GPIB). The devices were placed in a darkroom and current was applied using a source–measure unit (SMU) (Keithley 236) PR (Kang et al., 2015). The emitted light was collected using a photodiode, and the resulting current was measured using a picoameter (Keithlye 487), to convert the signal into a luminance. The spectrum of the emitted light was measured using a spectroradiometer (Minolta CS-1000) to determine the red–green–blue (RGB) color coordinates.

RESULTS

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were obtained using UV excitation at 365nmand measured over a broad range of wavelengths from 400 to 800nm, as shown in Figure 3.The optical emission was stronger in the range 380– 560nm, which corresponds to green. The maximum luminance was 1.7cd/m2 with a wavelength of 417nm. Figure 4 shows the current–voltage characteristics of the ITO/adenine/Al device with various thicknesses of the adenine layer in the range 30–100nm. With an adenine thickness of 30 nm, a current of 197mA flowed when the operating voltage was 14V. With an adenine thickness of 40 nm, a current of 97mA flowed when the voltage was 8V. The highest luminance was achieved with a thickness of 80nm, which was 1.6cd/m2 at a voltage of 23V, as shown in Figure 5. The emission spectrum was investigated in the ranges 380–400 and 780–800nm, which corresponds to color coordinates of X: 0.1526 and Y: 0.2364, respectively, as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows the current as a function of voltage with the device structure ITO/adenine/Alq3/Al with thicknesses of the adenine layers in the range 20–80nm and a 40-nm-thick Alq3 layer. For a 20-nm-thick adenine layer, a current of 10mA flowed when the operating voltage was 20V. When the thickness of the adenine layer was 20, 40 or 60nm, less light was emitted than with the ITO/adenine/Al structures. The luminance as a function of voltage is shown in Figure 8 with an adenine layer that was 20-nm-thick optical emission was observed at voltages of 10 V or greater, and the largest emission was 13cd/m2 at 17V. The device emission spectrum was examined at wavelengths around 400nm, as shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 shows the current–voltage characteristics of devices with the ITO/NPB/adenine/Al layer sequence for thicknesses of the adenine layer in the range 40–80nm, and where the NBP film was 40nm thick. When the adenine layer was 40nm thick, a current of 24 mA flowed when a voltage of 15V was applied. For the 60-nm-thick film, the current was 25mA when the voltage was 20V. When the adenine layer was 80nm thick, the current was 21mA when the voltage was 27V. Figure 11 shows luminance as a function of voltage. For the 40-nm-thick adenine film, optical emission was observed at voltages of 10V or greater. A maximum luminance of 1.6cd/m2 was observed at 15.5V. For the 60-nm-thick film, optical emission was observed at voltages greater than 16 V, and the maximum luminance was 2.6cd/m2 at a voltage of 20V. For the 80-nm-thick film, optical emission was observed at voltages of 20V or more, and the maximum luminance was 1.8cd/m2 at 27V. The emission spectrum was examined in the range 450–480 nm, as shown in Figure 12. Figure 13 shows the current as a function of voltage for the ITO/NPB/adenine/Alq3/Al devices with thicknesses of adenine layers in the range 40–60nm. The NPB and Alq3 layers were 40-nm-thick. When the adenine layer was 40nm thick, the current was 23mA when operating voltage was 15V. For the 60-nm-thick film, the current was 12mA when the voltage was 20V. Figure 14 shows the luminance as a function of voltage. With the 40-nmthick adenine film, optical emission was observed at voltages of 8 V or greater, and a maximum luminance of 4,227cd/m2 was observed at 14V. For the 60-nm-thick film, optical emission was observed at voltages of 12V or greater, and the maximum luminance was 2,603cd/m2 at 16V. The emission spectrum was examined at wavelengths around 540nm, as shown in Figure 15; this emission wavelength corresponds to green.

DISCUSSION

Over the past decade, organic light-emitting devices have seen considerable development. The flexibility of these devices, coupled with the thin-film characteristics and transparency has resulted in a considerable global market. OLED technologies have made a significant contribution to the display industry. Academic and industrial research groups have developed this technology to advance the quality and workability of new materials (Borchardt, 2004). The light-emitting material is typically sandwiched between metallic materials, which are designed for efficient charge injection from the electrodes. Alq3 is widely used as electron-transport and light-emitting layers (Mathew et al., 2001). There has been much interest in utilizing biological molecules, for example, cytochrome, myoglobin, hemin and chlorophyll (Tajima et al., 2003; Tajima et al., 2005; Ikeda et al., 2005; Shimatani et al., 2005; Tajima et al., 2006). These materials are known to exhibit effective electron transport properties in biological systems. We fabricated OLED devices that employ adenine as the light-emitting layer, together with ITO, NPB, Al and Alq3as charge-transport layers. Vacuum deposition was used to fabricate uniform thin films (Tang and VanSlyke, 1989; Kido and Lizumi, 1998). PL from adenine was observed at wavelengths in the range 380–560nm. Adenine is a purine derivative, and is related to cellular respiration, forming adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), is involved in protein synthesis, and is a base of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). OLED devices combined with adenine were investigated, in which the various thickness adenine films were formed. The simplest structure was a single-layer of adenine sandwiched between ITO and Al. When the thickness of the adenine layer was 30nm, the device exhibited a larger electric current than with a thickness of 100nm. We observed a broad optical emission spectrum. With the ITO/adenine/Alq3/Al structure, this luminance was lower when the adenine layer was thicker; however, this structure exhibited a six-fold increase in the luminance compared with the ITO/adenine/Al devices. Furthermore, characteristic adenine emission was observed at a wavelength of less than 400nm. OLED devices that incorporate DNA thin films as electron blocking layers have been reported, and significant increases in the luminance and luminous efficiency were observed (hagen et al., 2006). The ITO/NPB/adenine/Alq3/Al structure exhibited the lowest operating voltage, and also exhibited the largest EL intensity, with a peak luminance at a wavelength of 510nm. Choi et al. (2006) reported that the performance and stability of OLED devices is an important factor, and that interfacial issues such as poor adhesion are significant. Adenine is a biomolecule related to electrical and optical properties in nature, and has potential applications in optoelectronic devices. This biomolecule can be modified; for example, DNA and cetyltrimethyl ammonium may be chemically coupled so that is it insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol (Hagen et al., 2006). Furthermore, naturally occurring biomaterials are a renewable resource and are inherently biodegradable. We have shown that adenine can lead to high photoemission efficiency in OLEDs. Adenine functions as both a hole-transport and light-emitting layer, and has previously been shown to function as an electron-blocking layer. This study of adenine OLEDs indicates that their favorable charge transport properties, relative low cost, minimal pre-fabrication processing, and natural origin makes them attractive for applications in natural optoelectronic devices.

CONCLUSION

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adenine light emitting materials for OLED devices. These results were showed that adenine has potential lightemitting activity and its multilayered devices have effects on the electrical and luminance performances. Naturally occurring substances as adenine has advantages of renewable organic compound, environmental friendly and low cost to OLED industries for future. Base on this study will be contributed to fundamental technology of OLED application of light emitting materials.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was supported by the Basic Core Technology Development Program for the Ocean and the Polar Regions of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2010-0020711)

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A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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